Methodical instructions

to individual task in the discipline

" Methodology and organization of scientific researches"
for masters of specialty 073 "Management"
(specialization - Innovation Management) Ternopil National
Technical University Ivan Puluj

Scientific discoveries of the XXI century

Instructor : Федишин Ірина Богданівна (к.е.н., доцент),

Student : Pemba Ngoyi Christelle
Group : ІБМм-52
Abstract
This research work aims to provide an in-
depth examination of significant scientific
discoveries made in the 21st century,
shedding light on their impact on various
fields and their potential implications for the
future.
The study encompasses breakthroughs in
physics, biology, medicine, technology, and
environmental science, showcasing the
remarkable progress achieved by the
scientific community in the last two decades.
 Introduction
Background:
The 21st century has witnessed a rapid acceleration of scientific discoveries,
shaping our understanding of the universe, life, and technology. This research
endeavors to explore and analyze the most influential and transformative
findings that have emerged in various scientific disciplines during this period.
Objectives:
- Identify and discuss key scientific discoveries of the 21st century.
- Examine the implications and applications of these discoveries across
different fields.
- Assess the potential future developments stemming from these
breakthroughs.
 Methodology

A comprehensive literature review have been conducted, drawing on peer-

reviewed articles, scientific journals, and reputable sources to identify and
analyze the most noteworthy scientific discoveries of the 21st century.
For the past centuries, there have been countless of developments and
advancements in the world. Scientists and researchers have continued to
discover new things and expand our understanding and knowledge of the
natural phenomena happening around us.
In the 21st century, there are thousands of scientific breakthroughs. These have
helped in improving our way of living while some are the key to greater
innovation in the future.
In this presentation, we ranked the greatest scientific discoveries and inventions
of the 21st century.
 Detection of Gravitational Waves
Scientists considered this as the greatest
discovery of the 21st century. Let us go back to
the time when Albert Einstein first predicted in
his theory of relativity that time travel will be
possible. Now, it has been proven by the recent
findings. The LIGO project based in the United
States has detected gravitational waves that
could allow scientists to develop a time
machine and travel to the earliest and darkest
parts of the universe. This was the first time
that the witnessed the “ripples in the fabric of
space-time".
 T. Rex Tissue
Paleontologists have discovered a partially
fossilized and decomposing femur of a
Tyrannosaurus rex which was believed to
be 70 million years old already, or a date
closer to the biblical date of creation. Mary
Higby Schweitzer of North Carolina State
University and Montana State University
found out flexible and transparent vessels.
This soft tissue discovered is preserved
because of the iron between the leg bones.
 T. Rex Tissue
The T.Rex tissue is very essential
in determining the physiology of
dinosaurs and to study its cellular
and molecular structures. They
have found out that dinosaurs are
closely related to big birds, like
the ostrich.
On April 28, 2018, Schweitzer
became the first recipient of the
Dr. Elizabeth 'Betsy' Nicholls
Award for Excellence in
Palaeontology at the Canadian
Fossil Discovery Centre's Dig
Deep Gala event.
 Advancement in HIV Cure
According to HIV.gov, there are over 36.7 million
people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, in which
1.8 million of it is children. HIV/AIDS remain to
be one of the deadliest diseases in the world. On
the other hand, HIV treatment has been available in
Germany for more than two decades already.
Antiretroviral therapy allows HIV/AIDS patients
to live longer. However, no definite cure is still
discovered. In 2007, Dr. GeroHütter was the first
one to successfully cure an HIV/AIDS patient
named Timothy Ray Brown by transplanting bone
marrow from an HIV-immune patient.
 Water as Fuel
German Cleantech Company has developed a
futuristic machine that converts water into
fuel. Through Power-to-Liquid Technology,
they can convert water and carbon dioxide into
liquid hydrocarbons which take the form of
synthetic diesel, petrol, and kerosene. This
technology was based on Fischer-Tropsch
process and solid oxide electrolyzer cells
(SOECs) which converts electricity to steam.
In 2017, Joint Center for Artificial
Photosynthesis (JCAP) and Berkeley Lab’s
Materials Project also devised a technology
that turns sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide
into fuel which can be a viable source of
power, replacing coal, oil and other fossil
fuels.
 Creation of Human Organs

The Stem Cell research has paved the way to greater access to organs, instead
of waiting for donors or taking harsh medications. Scientists from
Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School have discovered
how to regenerate the function of human heart tissue through adult skin cells.
Through stem cells, humans can grow another organ. This is associated with the
regenerative nature of living organisms. Recently, various research all around
the world enables growing fallopian tubes, heart, brain, lung, and kidney,
among others through stem cells.
 Discoveries
Human Genome Project and CRISPR-Cas9 Gene
Precision Medicine Editing
the completion of the Human Genome the revolutionary CRISPR-Cas9 gene-
Project the subsequent advancements in editing technology, its impact on
precision medicine, Precision medicine genetic research, medical treatments,
(generally considered analogous to and ethical considerations surrounding
personalized medicine or individualized its use.
medicine) is an innovative approach that
uses information about an individual's
genomic, environmental and lifestyle
information to guide decisions related to
their medical management.
 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

The role of artificial intelligence and machine

learning in transforming various :
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare
has the potential to significantly improve the
accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnosis and
treatment. For example, AI algorithms can analyze
vast amounts of patient data to identify patterns and
predict outcomes, helping doctors make more
informed decisions.
 The role of AI in automating and optimizing
financial processes, such as risk assessment and
fraud detection
The financial industry is one of the key areas where AI is being adopted, with
many companies using machine learning algorithms to automate and optimize
various processes. For example, AI can be used to assess risk, detect fraudulent
activity, and optimize trading strategies. By analyzing large amounts of data, AI
algorithms can identify patterns and make predictions that would be impossible
for a human to discern, In addition, the use of AI in finance can help reduce the
need for manual labor, freeing up employees to focus on more complex tasks.
The ethical considerations surrounding the use of AI in these industries include
issues of bias and job displacement:
As with any technology, the use of AI in industries such as healthcare, finance,
and transportation raises a number of ethical considerations.
 Future Implications of Scientific discoveries

One of the key concerns is the potential for bias in AI algorithms, which can
perpetuate and amplify existing societal biases.
The future implications of scientific discoveries are broad and transformative,
influencing various aspects of human life, technology, and our understanding of
the world. Here are some overarching implications:
1. Medical Breakthroughs : Advances in genetics, regenerative medicine and
Precision medicine.
2. Extended Human Lifespan: Discoveries related to aging, genetics, and
biotechnology Innovative medical interventions could address age-related
diseases and enhance overall health and well-being.
 Future Implications of Scientific discoveries

3. Environmental Sustainability: Scientific breakthroughs in renewable energy,

waste management, and conservation
4. Technological Innovation : Scientific discoveries often drive technological
innovation, leading to the development of new materials, devices, and
communication systems. Quantum computing, nanotechnology, and materials
science breakthroughs.
5. Space Exploration and Colonization: Ongoing discoveries in astronomy and
astrophysics Developments in propulsion systems, life support, and terraforming
could contribute to the eventual colonization of other planets.
6. Neuroscience and Brain-Computer Interfaces: Advancements in neuroscience
and brain-computer interfaces; Brain-machine interfaces could enable direct
communication between the brain and external devices
 Future Implications of Scientific discoveries

7. AI and Machine Learning Integration : Continued scientific discoveries will

likely lead to more advanced applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and
machine learning in various fields.
8. Biological Engineering and Synthetic Biology: Progress in biological
engineering and synthetic biology
9. Global Connectivity and Communication: Advances in telecommunications,
quantum communication, and high-speed internet.
10. Ethical and Societal Considerations: ethical considerations become
increasingly important.Society must grapple with the ethical implications of
new technologies, ensuring responsible and equitable use and considering the
potential social impact of scientific breakthroughs.
 Conclusion
In summary, the future implications of
scientific discoveries are vast and
interconnected, shaping the trajectory of
human progress and offering solutions to
some of the most pressing challenges we
face. However, ethical considerations and
responsible implementation are essential to
ensure that these discoveries benefit
humanity as a whole.
The importance of science in the 21st
century is to make ourselves free, to
observe reality, the world and everything
that surrounds us with a critical look. It
formed the underpinnings of research that
would ultimately lead to a wide variety of
practical applications, including DNA
fingerprinting, genetically engineered
crops, and tests for genetic diseases.
 Aspect, A., Dalibard, J., & Roger, G. (2015).
Experimental Test of Bell Inequalities Using Time-
Resolved Photons. Physical Review Letters, 49(25),
1804–1807. Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2014).
The new frontier of genome engineering with
CRISPR-Cas9. Science, 346(6213),
1258096. Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A. K., Morozov,
References S. V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S. V., ... &
Firsov, A. A. (2004). Electric field effect in
atomically thin carbon films. Science, 306(5696),
666-669. ; Barrangou, R., & Doudna, J. A. (2016).
Applications of CRISPR technologies in research and
beyond. Nature Biotechnology, 34(9), 933-
941. LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015).
Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436-444.