CEC1101 Lab Manual

Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering
CEC 1101-Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Laboratory Manual
(1st /2nd Semester)
Chikkahagade cross, Chandapura- Anekal Main Road Bangalore-562106

Basic Electronics and Electrical Lab List of
Experiments
Sub Code : CEC1101 IA Marks :

Hrs. / Week : Exam Hours :
Exam Marks : Session :
DO’S AND DONT’S IN LABORATORY
• Do not handle any Equipment before reading the instructions / Instructionmanual.
• Read carefully the power ratings of the equipment’s before it is switched ON. For
Indian equipment, the power ratings are normally 230v /50Hz. If you have equipment with 115/60Hz
ratings, do not connect directly to normal power supply which is 230v/50Hz, as that will damage the
equipment.
• Observe type of sockets of equipment’s power to avoid mechanical damage.
• Do not forcefully place connectors to avoid the damage.
• Strictly observe the instructions given by the faculty/Lab Instructor.
• Students are instructed to switch on the power supply only after the circuit is checked/ Verified by lab
assistant /faculty. Once the experiment is completed, the students must hand over the circuit board,
wires, CRO probe etc. to the instructors without fail.
• Attend the Instruction class without fail and come prepared to perform the assigned experiment
in the lab.
• Keep your table clean.

ALLIANCE UNIVERSITY
VISION
To be a world-class University that nurtures talent and catalytically transforms the lives of millions through
excellence in teaching, research, service, and community development. To uphold a commitment to shaping lives
through scholarly teaching and learning, and that which contributes to an equitable and holistic transformation of
society at large.
MISSION
To create and sustain a community of lifelong learners in an environment that emphasizes literacy, critical thinking,
and humanistic and scientific inquiry.
The University shall provide a dynamic, challenging, and ethical environment for pursuing high-quality teaching,
research, learning and service across all areas of the University, where students, faculty and other key constituents
can interact, collaborate, and partner with the global community for the creation and dissemination of knowledge and
transform the lives of people through innovation and excellence in higher education.
The University shall
• Pursue excellence in teaching, learning and scholarship.

• Prepare students for leadership through enlightened learning partnerships with faculty mentors and the
community.
• Support faculty and other scholars in pursuing world-class research: clinical, theoretical, empirical,
experiential, and foster creative endeavour.
• Develop mastery of disciplines and professions and instil confidence among its key constituents in their
application for a future of meaningful pursuits and productive work in the service of humanity.
• Channelize faculty and student talent for professionally related service to the University, the community and
society at large.
• Promote and preserve academic freedom, diversity, equality, harmony, and justice.
VALUE STATEMENT
Core Values
Uncompromising Academy Integrity.
Scholarly work and continuous self- Improvement
Encouraging and building students’ ability, character, and creativity.
Pride in self, University and Community.
Leadership, Service, Philanthropy, Social justice, and Entrepreneurship
ALLIANCE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND DESIGN
VISION:
To be a technical institution of repute nationally and internationally in higher learning and research and to produce
creative solutions to societal needs.
MISSION:
To provide every individual with a conducive environment suitable to achieve career goals, with a strong emphasis
on personality development, and to offer resources to the academically inclined, to gain quality education in all
spheres of engineering, applied sciences and management, without compromising the quality and code of ethics to
each student of the Institution.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Vision
To provide a cognizant platform for the Electronics and Communication Engineering students to excel in academics,
career, and research to contribute towards integrated transformation of society at large.
Mission
1. Providing a conducive environment to the students to excel in academics, career, and research through Outcome
Based Education (OBE) and learner-centric approach.
2. Providing high quality education to create world class engineers equipped with research and entrepreneurial skills
to meet global standards.
3. Providing an ambience for the overall skills development needed for future global perspectives.
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO’S)
PEO1. Graduates will demonstrate their knowledge in science and engineering as problem solvers and researchers.
PEO2. Graduates will exhibit skills in cutting edge technologies to solve societal needs in multidisciplinary areas.
PEO3. Graduates will develop an attitude towards lifelong learning and ethics to emerge as socially committed
entrepreneurs.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (ALIGNED WITH GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES) (PO)
On completion of the program, the students can:
PO1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyse complex engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety,
and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including
design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
PO5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and
IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
PO6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues, and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal
and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
PO9. Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams,
and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community
and with the society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation,
make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge understanding of the engineering and management
principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.
PO12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and
life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO’S)
PSO1. Able to understand the fundamentals of electronics and analyze its multidisciplinary applications to benefit
societal needs while upholding the harmony.
PSO2. Able to design advanced communication systems and develop innovative IoT designs to drive the digital
world.
PSO3. Able to develop core competency in the specialized areas like VLSI, Cyber Physical systems, Biomedical
Instrumentation/Automation, AI/ML to meet the industry demands.
STUDENT OUTCOMES(EAC)
At the time of graduation, a student will possess,
SO1: an ability to identify, formulate, and solve complex engineering problems by applying principles of
engineering, science, and mathematics.
SO2: an ability to apply engineering design to produce solutions that meet specified needs with consideration of
public health, safety, and welfare, as well as global, cultural, social, environmental, and economic factors.
SO3: an ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences.
SO4: an ability to recognize ethical and professional responsibilities in engineering situations and make informed
judgments, which must consider the impact of engineering solutions in global, economic, environmental, and societal
contexts.
SO5: an ability to function effectively on a team whose members together provide leadership, create a
collaborativeand inclusive environment, establish goals, plan tasks, and meet objectives.
SO6: an ability to develop and conduct appropriate experimentation, analyze and interpret data, and use
engineeringjudgment to draw conclusions.
SO7: an ability to acquire and apply new knowledge as needed, using appropriate learning strategies.
COURSE OUTCOMES(CO’s)
CO-1: Gain practical knowledge about the behavior, characteristics, and functionality of various active and passive
electronic components essential in electronics.
CO-2: Analyze the principles of Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's current law, Kirchhoff's voltage law, and network-based
theorems. Also, AC-DC Conversions through rectification is analyzed.
CO-3: Conduct experiments with logic gates and Boolean expressions.
CO-4: Analyze the behavior of the DC shunt generator, motor concerning its magnetization characteristics and
performance of a fixed power supply.
INDEX
Expt. No. Experiment name Page Number
1. FAMILIARIZATION OF 1
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
COMPONENTS
2. TESTING OF ACTIVE AND 9
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
3. FAMILIARIZATION OF 11
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
EQUIPMENTS
4.a VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW 16
4.b KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE 19
LAW(KVL)
4.c KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT 21
LAW(KCL)
5.a THEVENIN'S THEOREM 23
5.b MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER 26
THEOREM
6.a HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH & 28
WITH OUT FILTER
6.b FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH & 32
WITH OUT FILTER
7.a VERIFICATION OF LOGIC GATES 36
7.b SIMPLIFY BOOLEAN EXPRESSION 39
8.a MAGNETIZATION 41
CHARACTERSTICS OF D.C SHUNT
GENERATOR
8.b BRAKE TEST ON D.C SHUNT 44
MOTOR
9. FIXED POWER SUPPLY 47
Department of ECE Basic Electrical and Electronics Lab
EXPERIMENT:1
FAMILIARIZATION OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS
Aim: To familiarize electrical electronics components with specification used in electronics laboratory.
THEORY : Electronics components are classified into two categories, called passive and active components.
Components which by themselves are not capable of amplifying or processing an electric signal are called
passive electronic components. Some of the passive components are Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, and
Transformers etc.
RESISTORS:
Resistance is the basic property of a conductor to oppose the flow of current through it. Unit of resistance is
ohm (Ω) .They are manufactured to offer a specific value of resistance to control current in a circuit or to
develop a voltage across it.
Symbol
Fixed type resistors:
Resistors whose value does not change are called fixed resistors. Following are the types of fixed resistors.
1) Carbon composition resistors
2) Wire wound resistors
3) Metal film resistors
4) Carbon film resistors
Variable resistor:
Symbol
1
COLOUR CODING OF RESISTORS:
Observation Table:
Sl. 1st band 2nd band 3rd band 4th band Using color coding Using
No chart Multimeter
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2
CAPACITORS:
Symbol
Capacitor consists of two metal plates kept apart by an insulating material between the plates. It is used to
store and release charge when desired. When a battery is connected across the capacitor, capacitor gets charged.
If the battery is removed it discharges. Capacitor offers a low impedance to ac signal from one circuit to
another and to block dc. Capacitors are widely used in signal generation, tuning, filtering etc.
Capacitors are generally classified as fixed and variable .Capacitors are also called condensers.
Fixed capacitors:
1) Paper capacitor
2) Mica capacitor
3) Ceramic capacitor
4) Electrolytic capacitor
5)Tantalum capacitor
6) Plastic capacitor
Variable capacitor:
The capacitance of variable capacitor is varied by adjusting some parameter. Some of the commonly
used variable capacitors are :
1) gang capacitor
2)Trimmer
3)padder.
3
INDUCTORS:
Symbol
Inductance is the property of inductors by which it opposes any change in the current flowing through it. When
a current flows through a coiled wire an electromotive force will be generated in such a way that it opposes
the flow of current. Inductors are generally specified by its inductance value and current capacity.
TRANSFORMERS:
Symbol
Transformer is a device consisting of two or more coils used to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to
another at different voltages without changing the frequency. It works on the principle of mutual induction.
Basically a transformer consists of two inductors having same core.
ACTIVE COMPONENTS:
Devices which are capable of amplifying electrical signal are called active components. They include vacuum
tube devices, gas tube devices, semiconductor devices. Presently semiconductor devices have almost
completely replaced the tube device in low power applications. Tube devices are still in used in high power
applications. Important active devices are following.
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE:
Symbol
4
The name semiconductor is derived from the fact that its conductivity lies between that of insulators and
conductors. Silicon and germanium are the most popular semiconductors. They have a common feature that
outermost shell of the atom contains 2 electrons.
Zener diode:
Symbol
Zener diodes make use of zener break down phenomenon. In the forward biased mode, it functions as an
ordinary diode. In the reverse biased mode, it conducts at a particular voltage and the voltage across the zener
diode remains constant.
LIGHT EMITTING DIODES:
When a PN junction diode is forward biased, electron-hole recombination takes place. Energy is released when
this recombination occurs. In silicon or germanium diode, the energy is released in the form of heat. The
frequency of the released energy is outside the visible light spectrum. The colour of the emitted light depends
on the frequency of light. The colour of light emitted can be varied by doping with different impurities.
TRANSISTORS:
Symbol
5
It is basically a silicon or germanium crystal containing three separate layers. It can also be considered as
two diodes connected back to back. Transistors are of two types: NPN, PNP. It has three layers; emitter,
Base, collector. In transistors, the collector layer is made larger than the emitter layer since more heat is
dissipated in collector layer while the transistor is in operation. Emitter is heavily doped and the base is
lightly doped and is very thin. The junction formed by the emitter by negative and positive charge carriers.
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
Wires :
Electricity is useless without a way to move it around, so in order to accomplish that task wire came into
existence. A wire is nothing more than a conductor wrapped up in a jacket of insulation. This insulation
prevents conductors from making unwanted contacts . Generally single strand and multi strand wires are used
for interconnections for assembling discrete components, circuits.
FUSES:
A fuse is one type of over current device that is designed to be a sacrificial element in an electrical power
system. Fuses are designed to open circuits when excessive currents are present due to overloads or faults and
to prevent further damage to the system that might result if the fuse were not present.
There are many types of fuse available like some of them are
1)Rewireable fuse
2) Thermal fuse
ELECTRICAL SWITCHES:
It consist of a mechanical or electrical or electronic device for making or braking or changing the connections
in a circuit. It allows to turn current ON and OFF in circuits. Switches are used in all electronic appliances like
lights, computer, electric tools, television etc.
Wide variety of switches are available, some of them are SPDT, DPDT
SPDT Switch:
Single pole double throw switches are used for on/off operations but have two switches and two way to make
a connection, e.g. a light in a hall that can be switched on and off from the hall or the landing.
6
DPDT Switch:
Double pole double throw switch is a pairs of SPDT switches that operate together. Switching the DPDT
switch controls two circuits. It is usually used to change the speed or direction of a motor. For example, when
a hairdryer (with one mechanical switch) two electrical switches are activated inside one to turn ON and the
fan and one to turn ON the heater.
RELAY:
Symbol
Relays are electro magnetically operated switches. The electromechanical relay is a remote controlled
switch capable of switching multiple circuits, either individually, simultaneously, or in sequence. Relay has a
control circuit, which has a small control coil and a load circuit which has got a switch, current flowing through
the control circuit creates a small magnetic field which causes the switch to close. When current stops flowing
through the control circuit the relay de-energized. Without the magnetic field, the switch opens.
DISPLAY:
7 SEGMENT DISPLAY:
The 7-segment display, also written as “seven segment display”, consists of seven LEDs (hence its name)
arranged in a rectangular fashion. Each of the seven LEDs is called a segment because when illuminated the
segment forms part of a numerical digit (both Decimal and Hex) to be displayed. An additional 8th LED is
sometimes used within the same package thus allowing the indication of a decimal point, (DP) when two or
more 7-segment displays are connected to display numbers greater than ten.
7
Dot matrix display:
An LED Matrix consists of an array of LED‟ s which are interconnected such that the positive terminal (anode)
of each LED in the same column are connected and the negative terminal (cathode) of each LED in the same
row are connected together. Note that this could be the other way around as well, with the positive terminals
connected to the rows and the negative terminals connected to the columns.
HEAT SINK:
A heat sink is an object that dissipates heat from another object using thermal contact (either direct or radiant).
Heat sinks are used in a wide range of applications wherever efficient heat dissipation is required; major
examples include refrigeration, heat engines, cooling electronic devices and lasers.
RESULT:
8
EXPERIMENT :2
TESTING OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE COMPONENTS
AIM: To study the testing of various active and passive components used in electronics workshop.
COMPONENTS REQIRED:
Resistors, Capacitors, Diodes ,Transistors, Fuse, Multimeter,
THEORY: The electronic component may be faulty due to many reasons such as ageing, surrounding
temperature, voltages, and currents more than the rated value etc .Before using them in any circuit they have
to be checked.
Testing of resistors:
The most common trouble in resistors is that it may be open usually due to burning. It can be tested using a
multimeter keeping it in the ohmmeter mode. If the resistor is open, it will read infinite resistance. Care must
be taken to select the proper range in multimeter and compare the value with the value obtained by cracking
the colour coding.
Testing of capacitor:
The trouble in capacitor can be either open or short circuit. It is due to excessive voltage, temperature, or
ageing. Capacitor can be checked by measuring the value of capacitor using the digital multimeter. Care must
be taken to select the proper range in multimeter.
OR
Capacitor can be checked using analogue multimeter keeping it in ohmmeter mode with the following
steps
1)Short circuit the capacitor terminals to discharge the capacitor before measurement.
2)Keep the analogue multimeter in high resistance position.
3)Connect the capacitor terminals with the multimeter terminals. If the capacitor is in good condition, the
needle of the meter will suddenly move to zero resistance position. If the capacitor is a short circuited one, the
needle will not return to infinite resistance position. If the needle does not move and remains at infinite
resistance position capacitor may be open.
Testing of diode:
The forward bias resistance of the diode is low and the reverse bias resistance is high. This property is utilized
to test diode.
Testing of transistor:
Transistor can be tested using CRO by pressing the button called component testing. Transistor is equivalent
to two diodes connected back to back. Emitter base terminals are considered as two terminals of a diode which
9
should be forward biased, whereas the collector base terminals are considered as two terminals of another
diode. Emitter, base should be forward biased and it should display the characteristic of a forward biased diode
and the collector, base junction should be reversed biased and it should display the characteristic of a reverse
biased diode.
Testing of UJT:
Using a multimeter, measure the resistance between B1and B2. If the UJT is in a good condition the meter
will read between 3K to 10K. Also the resistance between the emitter and either of the two bases should not
exceed 5K.
Testing of SCR:
Connect the positive test lead of the meter to the anode of the SCR and negative lead to the cathode. Meter
will show high resistance. Now connect the anode to gate momentarily. Meter will continue to show low
resistance even when the connection from gate is withdrawn.
RESULT:
10
EXPERIMENT:3
FAMILIARIZATION OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS EQUIPMENTS
AIM: Familiarization/application of testing instruments and commonly used tools.
1.Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) 2.Multimeter 3.DC Regulated Power Supply(RPS) 4.Function Generator
5.Soldering Iron 6.Wire stripper 7.Screw Driver 8.Tweezer
THEORY:
1. CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE

The CRO is a versatile electronic testing and measuring instrument that allows the amplitude of the signal
which may be voltage to be displayed primarily as a function of time. It is used for voltage, frequency and phase
angle measurement and also for examining the waveforms, from D.C or very low frequency to very high
frequencies. CRO comprises the main sections of (i) Horizontal and vertical voltage amplifiers, (ii) Power
supply circuits and (iii) Cathode Ray Tube (CRT).
Applications:
• Measurement of voltage
• Measurement of current
• Measurement of frequency
• Measure of Phase difference
CRO FRONT VIEW DIAGRAM:
11
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl. Function Vertical Volts Amplitude Horizo Time Time Practical Function
No dimension /div P-P Volts ntal /div Period frequency Generator
dimens [ms] Frequency
ion F= 1/T
Sine
Wave
1.
Square
Wave
2.
Triangle
3. Wave
2. MULTIMETER:
Multimeter is a very popular electronic measuring device . It is an essential equipment to troubleshoot an

electronic circuit. Multimeter is used to measure various electrical quantities such as voltage, current and
resistance. It works in different modes namely ammeter, voltmeter and ohmmeter. The mode can be set using
a selector switch provided in the multimeter. Both AC and DC voltages and current can be measured using
12
multimeter. They are available in two types namely analog and digital. Analog multimeters have a needle
moving over a calibrated scale while the digital multimeters give the digital display of the measured quantities.
3. DC POWER SOURCE:
Almost all electronic circuits need a DC bias voltage. DC power sources are mainly categorized into; fixed
and variable DC power source. Some DC power sources provide only positive voltages while some other
provide positive and negative. DC sources which provide positive and negative voltages are called dual power
sources. The operator can vary the DC voltage output from the variable DC sources using „coarse‟ and „fine‟
knobs provided. Most of the DC power sources are either 0 to 30V variable ± 5V, ± 12V, ± 15V fixed.
4. FUNCTION GENERATOR:
Many of the laboratory experiments need sine waves and square waves mainly. Signal generators provide
various signal with a provision to vary the parameters of the signal such as amplitude, frequency, dc level,
duty cycle etc. In almost all of the signal generators three types of waveforms are available sine, square,
13
triangular. The frequency range of the signal generators is generally 0 to 2 or 3 MHz . A knob named ,offset
is provided to add positive or negative DC voltage to the generated signal. If the operator doesn’t need any
DC shift, buy turning this knob off, offset can be nullified and thus the signal can be made to swing exactly
with respect to the zero reference. Attenuation knobs (-20dB, -40dB or -60dB) are provided to obtain the signal
in mV range. Signal generators are also called function generators.
5. SOLDERING IRON:
It is a tool used to melt the solder and apply at the joints in the circuit. It operates in 230 V mains supply. The
normal power ratings of the soldering iron are 10W, 25W, 35W, 35W, 65Wand 125W. 10W and 25W soldering
irons are sufficient for light duty works. The iron bit at the tip of it gets heated up within a few minutes. Tips
of the bits are either pointed of tapered. Pointed bits are useful for soldering very accurate and small circuits.
It needs a very little amount of solder. In laboratory tapered bits are usually used.
6. WIRE STRIPPER
A simple manual wire stripper is a pair of opposing blades much like scissor or wire cutters. The addition of
a centre notch makes it easier to cut the insulation without cutting the wire. This type of wire stripper is used
by rotating it around the insulation while applying pressure in order to make a cut around the insulation. Since
the insulation is not bonded to the wire, it then pulls easily off the end. This is the most versatile type of wire
stripper.
14
7. SCREW DRIVER
It is used to loosen or tighten or to keep screws in position. It has a wooden or plastic handle and a blade of
high carbon steel.
8. TWEEZER
Tweezers are tools used for picking up objects too small to be easily handled with the human hands. They are
probably derived from tongs, pincers, or scissors used to grab or hold hot objects.
RESULT:
15
EXPERIMENT:4.a
VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW
AIM: Verification of the following laws Ohm’s law.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Sl.No Components Range Required
Quantity
1 Dual power supply 0-30V 1
2 Resistor
3 Ammeter 0-20 mA/0-200mA 1

4 Voltmeter 0-20V/0-200V 1
5 Bread board - 1
6 Connecting Wires - -
THEORY: Ohm's Law states that: The potential difference (voltage) across an conductor is proportional to
the current through it. The constant of proportionality is called the "resistance", R. Ohm's Law is given by:
V α I V = I.R
Where V is the potential difference between two points which include a resistance
R. I is the current flowing through the resistance.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
16
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl. No Source [Vdc] Current Voltage Resistance

I [mA] V [volts] R = V/I [Ω]
Average R [Ω]=
MODEL GRAPH:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram

2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Set the input DC supply voltage to 2V. Note down the Ammeter and
Voltmeter readings. Calculate the value of resistance.
4. Repeat the same for 5 to 6 reading by varying input voltage in steps of 2V.
5. Calculate the average value of resistance.
6. Plot the voltage v/s current graph and find the slope.
17
RESULT:
The resistance of the given R = ................. Ω
18
EXPERIMENT:4.b
KIRCHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW(KVL)
AIM: Verification of the following laws Kirchhoff's voltage law(KVL).

Quantity
2 Resistor

4 Voltmeter 0-20V/0-200V 1
5 Bread board - 1
THEORY: Kirchoff’s Voltage law states that “In any closed path / mesh, the algebraic sum of all the voltages
is zero” or “the algebraic sum of ALL the potential differences around the loop must be equal to zero as: ΣV =
0. The term “algebraic sum” means to take into account the polarities and signs of the sources and voltage drops
around the loop”.
From the circuit diagram,
V = V1 + V2 + V3 in Volts [V]
V1= [R1/ (R1+R2+R3)] V
V2= [R2/ (R1+R2+R3)]
V3= [R3/ (R1+R2+R3)] V
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
19
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl.No VDC V1 V2 V3 V =V1 + V2 + V3

Volts Volts Volts Volts Volts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram.

2.Switch on the power supply.
2. Set the input DC supply voltage to 2V. Measure the voltage across the resistors by using
multimeter.
4.Verify the readings.
RESULT:
20
EXPERIMENT:4.c
KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW(KCL)
AIM: Verification of the following laws Kirchhoff's current law(KCL).
Sl. No Components Range Required

Quantity
2 Resistor

4 Bread board - 1
THEORY: Kirchoff’s current law states that “The algebraic sum of all currents entering and leaving any point
must be equal to zero” or “the sum of currents entering at a node must be equal to the sum of current is leaving
the point”.
V=IR1+I1R2 V=IR1+I2R3
By solving the equation we have I = I1 + I2 in milliamps [mA]
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
21
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl.No VDC I (mA) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I = (I1 + I2) (mA)

(Volts)
PROCEDURE:
1.Connect the circuit as shown in diagram.
2.Switch on the power supply.
3. Set the input DC supply voltage to 2V. Note down the Ammeter readings.
5.Verify the readings.
RESULT:
22
EXPERIMENT:5.a
THEVENIN'S THEOREM
AIM: Verification the Thevenin’s Theorem.

Quantity
2 Resistor

4. Voltmeter 0-20V/0-200V 1
5 Bread board - 1
THEORY: Thevenin’s Theorem: Any two-terminal linear network, composed of voltage sources, current
sources, and resistors, can be replaced by an equivalent two-terminal network consisting of an independent
voltage source in series with a resistor. The value of voltage source is equivalent to the open circuit voltage
(Vth) across two terminals of the network and the resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance (Rth)
measured between the terminals with all energy sources replaced by their internal resistances.
23
To Find Vth:
To Find Rth:
Equivalent Circuit Diagram:
24
PROCEDURE:
1. Give connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Measure the current through RL in the ammeter
3. Open circuit the output terminals by disconnecting load resistance RL.
4. Connect a voltmeter across AB and measure the open circuit voltage Vth.
5. To find Rth, replace the voltage source by short circuit.
6. Give connections as per the Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit.
7. Measure the current through load resistance in Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit.
8. Verify Thevenin’s theorem by comparing the measured currents in Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit with the
values calculated theoretically.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Vth Volts Rth in Ω Current through
resistance IL mA
SL.NO. Vdc V Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical IL1 IL2
Value value Value value mA mA
1.
RESULT:
25
EXPERIMENT:5.b
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
AIM: Verification of the maximum power transfer theorem.

Quantity
2 Resistor 1

4 Bread board - 1
THEORY: Maximum power transfer theorem states that “The power transferred from a supply source to a
load is at its maximum when the resistance of the load is equal to the internal resistance of the source”. Or the
other words" A resistive load will be consumptive maximum power from the supply when the load resister is
equal to the equivalent (Thevenin) network resister"
RL = Rth ……. For maximum power transfer. IL = Vth / (Rth + RL)
= Vth / (Rth + Rth)
= Vth / 2 Rth
where, Pmax = IL2 RL= Vth2 / 4Rth
A graph of RL against P is shown in Fig., the maximum value of power which occurs when RL = Rth
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
26
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl.No RL Ω IL mA Power
Pmax = IL2.RL mW
MODEL GRAPH:
PROCEDURE:
1.Connect the circuit shown in diagram.
2.Switch ON the DC power supply.
3. Set the input DC voltage to the constant value 10V.
4. Set the DRB or load resistance RL value in steps of 100Ω or 200Ω depend upon the Rth value. Note down
the current inammeter.
5. Repeat the same for 8 to 9 steps.
6.Calculate the value of Power.
7.Plot the power v/s load resistance graph.
RESULT:
27
EXPERIMENT: 6.a
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH & WITH OUT FILTER
AIM:To study the operation of Half Wave Rectifier with and without filter and calculate its Ripple Factor and
Efficiency.
Sl.No Component Range Required

1 Diode 1N4007 1
2 Resistor 1KΩ 1
3 Transformer 9V-0-9V or 1
12V-0-12V
4 Capacitor 470µF 1
5 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope(CRO) - 1
6 Bread board & Wires - -
THEORY: Rectifier is a circuit which converts AC input signal to DC output signal. The halfwave rectifier
circuit passes one half of each complete sinewave of the AC supply in order to convert it into a DC supply. It
is called as halfwave rectifier because it passes only half of the AC power supply.
During positive half cycle of the AC sinewave, the diode is forward biased ,resulting in current flowing through
the diode. (Vout = Vin).During negitive half cycle of the AC sinewave, the diode is reverse biased , resulting
in no current flowing through the diode. (Vout = 0).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Half Wave Rectifier (without filter):
28
CALCULATION:
Without Filter:
Ripple factor (Theoretical) = 1.21
Ripple Factor (practical)

Vm=?
Vm
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2
were
Efficiency:
ɳ=(PDC/PAC) x100
PAC=V2rms/RL
PDC = V2dc / RL
ɳ = (V2dc / V2rms) x100
Half Wave Rectifier (with filter):
Ripple Factor (Theoretical)
29
where, f = 50Hz, R = 1KΩ & C = 470µF
Ripple Factor (Theoretical) = 0.012
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to AC mains and the secondary side to rectifier input.
3. Connect the CRO probe across the input side that is secondary of transformer and note down the amplitude
of the sinewave.
Without filter :
• Connect the CRO probe across the load resistor to measure the voltage Vm at the output of the rectifier.
• Using output voltage Vm calculate and verify the ripple factor and efficiency of the halfwave rectifier.
With Filter:
• Connect the CRO probe across the capacitor to measure the voltage Vm and Vr(p-p) at the output of
the rectifier.
• Using output voltage Vm and Vr(p-p) calculate and verify the ripple factor of the halfwave rectifier.
• Verify the waveforms of halfwave rectifier with and without filter.
30
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
RESULT:
The operation of Half Wave rectifier is studied, and the following are calculated.
Type of Rectifier Ripple factor Efficiency
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
HWR without filter 1.21 40.6%
HWR with filter 0.012 -- --
31
EXPERIMENT: 6.B
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH & WITH OUT FILTER
AIM: To study the operation of Fullwave bridge Rectifier with and without filter and calculate its Ripple
Factor and Efficiency.
Sl.No Component Range Quantity
1 Diode 1N4007 4
2 Resistor 1KΩ 1
3 Transformer 9V-0-9V or 12V-0- 1
12V
4 Capacitor 470µF 1
5 Cathode Ray - 1
Oscilloscope(CRO)
6 Bread board & Wires - -
THEORY: The bridge rectifier is a type of full wave rectifier which uses four diodes namely D1, D2, D3, D4
and load resistor RL. The four diodes are connected in a closed loop (Bridge) configuration to efficiently
convert the Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC). During the positive half cycle, the terminal A
becomes positive while the terminal B becomes negative. This causes the diodes D1 and D3 forward biased
and at the same time, it causes the diodes D2 and D4 reverse biased. The current flow direction during the
positive half cycle from A to D to C to B.
During the negative half cycle, the terminal B becomes positive while the terminal A becomes negative. This
causes the diodes D2 and D4 forward biased and at the same time, it causes the diodes D1 and D3 reverse
biased. The current flow direction during negative half cycle from B to D to C to A.
Then the direction of current flow across load resistor RL is same during the positive half cycle and
negative half cycle. Therefore, the polarity of the output DC signal is same for both positive and negative
half cycles. Thus, a bridge rectifier allows electric current during both positive and negative half cycles of
the input AC signal.
32
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Bridge Rectifier (without filter):
Bridge Rectifier (With Filter):
Bridge Rectifier (with filter):
Calculations:
Without filter:
Ripple factor (Theoretical) = 0.48
Vm =?
33
Vdc = 2 Vm /π
where,
Efficiency:
ɳ=(PDC/PAC) x100
PAC=V2rms/RL
PDC = V2dc/RL
ɳ = (V2dc / V2rms)x100
With filter:
Ripple factor (Theoretical)
Where f = 50Hz, R = 1KΩ, C = 470µ F.
Ripple factor (Theoretical)=0.0061
Ripple Factor(Practical)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to AC mains andthe secondary side to rectifier input.
3. Connect the CRO probe across the input side that is secondary of transformer and note down the
amplitude of the sinewave.
34
Without filter :
1.Connect the CRO probe across the load resistor to measure the voltage Vm at the output of the rectifier.
2.Using ouput voltage Vm calculate and verify the ripple factor and efficiency of Bridge rectifier.
With Filter:
1. Connect the CRO probe across the capacitor to measure the voltage Vm and Vr(p-p) at the output of the
rectifier.
2. Using output voltage Vm and Vr(p-p) calculate and verify the ripple factor of the Bridge rectifier.
3.Verify the waveforms of Bridge rectifier with and without filter.
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
RESULT: The operation of Full Wave rectifier is studied, and the following are calculated.
Ripple factor Efficiency
Type of Rectifier Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
FWR without filter 0.48 81.2%
FWR with filter 0.0061 -- --
35
EXPERIMENT:7.a
VERIFICATION OF LOGIC GATES
AIM: To study the operation of logic gates and verify their truth table.
Sl.No Components Quantity

1 Digital trainer Kit 1
2 IC 7404(NOT gate) 1
3 IC7408(AND gate) 1
4 IC7432(OR gate) 1
5 IC7486(Ex-OR gate) 1
6 IC 7402(NOR gate) 1
7 IC 7400(NAND gate) 1
8 IC 4077 (EX-NOR gate) 1
THEORY: Logic gates are digital circuits with one or more input signals and only one output Signal. Gates
are digital circuits because the input and output signals are either low or High voltages. Gates are often called
logic circuits because they can be analysed using Boolean algebra.
NOT GATE: IC7404
SYMBOL TRUTH TABLE PIN CONFIGURATION
36
AND GATE: IC7408
OR GATE: IC7432
SYMBOL TRUTH TABL PIN CONFIGURATION
NAND GATE: IC7400
37
NOR GATE: IC7402

EX-OR GATE: IC7486
EX-NOR GATE: IC4077

RESULT:
38
EXPERIMENT: 7.b
SIMPLIFY BOOLEAN EXPRESSION
AIM: Simplify Boolean Expression by using SOP and note down the output using basic gates.
Sl.No Components Quantity

1 Digital trainer 1
2 IC 7408(AND gate) 1
3 IC 7432(OR gate) 1
4 Patch chords 5
THEORY: Boolean algebra is an area of mathematics that deals with logical operations and binary variables.
Function, X=AB+BC+AC
TRUTH TABLE:
A B C X=AB+BC+AC
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
39
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Plot the truth table for the problem statement.
2. Obtain the Simplified Boolean expression using K-Map or Boolean laws.
3.Design the logic diagrams as per the problem statement.
4. Check the ICs for proper working.
5. Connect the gates as per the pin numbers required.
6. Observe the output by changing the input as per the requirement.
7.Note down the results and verify the truth table.
RESULT:
40
EXPERIMENT :8.a
MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERSTICS OF D.C SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM: To obtain the no load characteristics of a DC shunt generator and to determine the critical fieldresistance
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
S.NO Characteristics D.C Motor D.C Generator

1 Voltage 220V 220V
2 Current 13.6A 20A
3 Speed 1500rpm 1500rpm
4 Power 5HP 3KW
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Name Of The
S.NO Type Range Quantity
Equipment
1 Voltmeters MC 0-300V 2NO
2 Ammeters MC 0-2A 1NO
3 Rheostats WW 370 Ω /2A 2NO
4 Tachometers Digital 0-10000rpm 1NO
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
41
THEORY: Magnetization curve is relation between the magnetizing forces and the flux density B. this is also
expressed as a relation between the field current and the induced e.m.f , in a D.C machine.Varying the field
current and noting corresponding values of induced e.m.f can determine this.For a self-excited machine the
theoretical shape of the magnetization Curve is as shown in the figure. The induced e.m.f corresponding to
residual magnetism exists when the field current is zero. Hence the curve starts, a little above the origin on y-
axis. The field resistance line Rsh isa straight-line passing through the origin. If field resistance is increasedso
much that the resistance line does not cut the OCC at all then obviously the machine will fail to exist .If the
resistance line just lies along the slope, then machine will just excite. The value of the resistance represented
by the tangent to the curve is known as critical field resistance Rc for a given speed.
CRITICAL FIELD RESISTANCE: it is the resistance of the field winding of the generatorbelow which
generator fail to build up the voltage. First OCC is plotted from the readings then tangent is drawn to its initial
position. The slope of this curve gives the critical field resistance.
From the graph the critical field resistance Rc = AB/BC.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in fig.
2. Keep the motor field rheostat Rsh at minimum position and generator field rheostat atmaximum
position.
3. Check that the belt on the pulley is free so that there is no load on the pulley.
4.Switch on the DPST swatch. Start the motor slowly by using starter.
5. Adjust the current so that the motor runs at its rated speed.
6. Now vary the generator field rheostat to increase the field current and take the no loadvoltage and field
current readings.
7. Take the no load voltage values until field gets saturated.
8. Finally set the field rheostats to initial positions then switch off the supply.
9. Draw the graph between generated voltage and field current. Find the critical fieldresistance from the
tangent line.
42
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Residual Voltage = Speed=
SNO If(A) Eg(V)
MODEL GRAPH:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The rheostat is connected such that minimum resistance is included in field circuit of motor.
2. The rheostat is connected such that maximum resistance is included in field circuit of
generator.
3. Starter handle is moved slowly.
RESULT:
43
EXPERIMENT :8.b
BRAKE TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR
AIM: To conduct the brake test on a D.C shunt motor and to draw its performance curves.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
S.NO Characteristic D.C Motor

1 Voltage 220V
2 Current 20A
3 Speed 1500rpm
4 Power 5HP
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S.NO Description Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter MC 0-20A 1NO
2 Voltmeter MC 0-300V 1NO
3 Rheostat WW 370 Ω /2A 1NO
4 Tachometer Digital 0-10000rpm 1NO
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
44
THEORY: This test is direct test to find the efficiency of the DC shunt motor. In this test the motor directly
loaded by connecting brakes which are with pulley and motor is subjected to rated load and entire power is
wasted. belt around the water cooled pulley has its ends attached to spring balances S1and S2.The belt
tightening hand wheels h1 and h2 help in adjusting the loadon the pulley so that the load on the motor can be
varied. Output power of the motor = (S1-S2)*Re*9.81*w (watts)S1, S2 = weights on the pulley. Re= Effective
radius of the pulley.w=motor speed in rad/sec.If V is the terminal voltage IL is the line currentPower in put
=V*IL watts.
Efficiency (%η) = (w (S1-S2)*Re*9.81/V*IL)*100

PROCEDURE:
1.All the connections are as per the circuit diagram.
2.220V, DC supply is given to the motor by closing DPST switch.
3. Move the 3-point starter handle form ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ position slowly and motorStarts running.
4. Vary the field rheostat until the motor reaches its rated Speed and take voltmeter andammeter readings.
5. Apply the land by break drum pulley and for each applications of load the Corresponding Voltmeter (V),
Ammeter (I), spring forces S1 & S2 and Speed (N)Readings are noted.
6. Calculate output & efficiency for each reading.
7. Note down all the readings in the tabular form carefully.
8. Remove the load slowly and keep the rheostat as starting position and switch
‘OFF’ the supply by using DPST switch.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. NO Volta Curre Input Forces Net Torque(T) Speed O/p= %Efficiency

ge(V) nt(A) =VI inKG force =F*Re*9. in 2πNT/ η=(output/input)*1
watts F = 81(N-M) RPM 60 00
S1 S2 S1~S (N) (Watts)
2
in kg
45
GRAPH:
The graph is drawn between

a) Output in Watts Vs Speed(N) in RPM
b) Output in Watts Vs Torque (T) in N-m
c) Output in Watts Vs Current (I) in A
d) Output in Watts Vs Efficiency (%η)
By taking output in Watts on X axis and speed, Torque, current, Efficiency onY- axis .
MODEL GRAPH:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially 3-point starter should be kept at ‘OFF’ position and later it must be varied slowly and uniformly
from ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ position.
2. The field regulator must be kept at its minimum output position.
3.The brake drum of the motor should filled with cold water.
4.The motor should be started without load.
RESULT:
46
EXPERIMENT:9
FIXED POWER SUPPLY
AIM: To set up a fixed regulated power supply using transformer, PN junction diodes and Zener diode/IC’s.
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENT’S REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Component/Equipment Name Range Quantity
1. Transformer 12-0-12V 1
2. Diodes 1N4007 4
3. Resistors 1KΩ,470Ω 1 Each
4. Capacitors 1000µF 1
5. Zener Diode 5.6V 1
6. Dual CRO 30MHz 1
7. General purpose PCB -- 1
8. Soldering Iron -- 1
THEORY: This type of single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes connected in aclosed loop
“bridge” configuration to produce the desired output. The main advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does
not require a special center tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The single secondary
winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge networkand the load to the other side.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Wire the half wave rectifier circuit without capacitor after testing all the components.
47
2. Switch on the main supply. Observe the transformer secondary voltage waveform and the output voltage
wave form across the load resistor. Simultaneously on the CRO screen. Notethe peak values.
2. Connect the capacitor filter and observe the wave form.
3. Connect the Zener diode and measure the output voltage using the voltmeter or CRO.
RESULT:
48

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Department of Electronics and Communication

(1st /2nd Semester)

Chikkahagade cross, Chandapura- Anekal Main Road Bangalore-562106

Sub Code : CEC1101 IA Marks :

DO’S AND DONT’S IN LABORATORY

• Do not handle any Equipment before reading the instructions / Instructionmanual.

• Observe type of sockets of equipment’s power to avoid mechanical damage.

• Do not forcefully place connectors to avoid the damage.

• Strictly observe the instructions given by the faculty/Lab Instructor.

wires, CRO probe etc. to the instructors without fail.

• Keep your table clean.

The University shall

• Pursue excellence in teaching, learning and scholarship.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO’S)

SO3: an ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences.

CO-3: Conduct experiments with logic gates and Boolean expressions.

FAMILIARIZATION OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS

Fixed type resistors:

1) Carbon composition resistors

2) Wire wound resistors

3) Metal film resistors

4) Carbon film resistors

COLOUR CODING OF RESISTORS:

used variable capacitors are :

LIGHT EMITTING DIODES:

AIM: Familiarization/application of testing instruments and commonly used tools.

1. CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE

Multimeter is a very popular electronic measuring device . It is an essential equipment to troubleshoot an

AIM: Verification of the following laws Ohm’s law.

3 Ammeter 0-20 mA/0-200mA 1

Sl. No Source [Vdc] Current Voltage Resistance

1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram

The resistance of the given R = ................. Ω

AIM: Verification of the following laws Kirchhoff's voltage law(KVL).

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

3 Ammeter 0-20 mA/0-200mA 1

From the circuit diagram,

Sl.No VDC V1 V2 V3 V =V1 + V2 + V3

1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram.

AIM: Verification of the following laws Kirchhoff's current law(KCL).

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No Components Range Required

3 Ammeter 0-20 mA/0-200mA 1

By solving the equation we have I = I1 + I2 in milliamps [mA]

Sl.No VDC I (mA) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I = (I1 + I2) (mA)

1.Connect the circuit as shown in diagram.

2.Switch on the power supply.

AIM: Verification the Thevenin’s Theorem.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

3 Ammeter 0-20 mA/0-200mA 1

Equivalent Circuit Diagram:

1. Give connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Measure the current through RL in the ammeter

3. Open circuit the output terminals by disconnecting load resistance RL.

5. To find Rth, replace the voltage source by short circuit.

6. Give connections as per the Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit.

7. Measure the current through load resistance in Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit.

AIM: Verification of the maximum power transfer theorem.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Sl.No Components Range Required

3 Ammeter 0-20 mA/0-200mA 1

RL = Rth ……. For maximum power transfer. IL = Vth / (Rth + RL)

Efficiency (%η) = (w (S1-S2)Re9.81/VIL)100