SYNDICATE 2023

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

PRESIDENT’S OFFICE
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

FORM SIX SPECIAL SCHOOLS SYNDICATE JOINT EXAMINATION

132/1 CHEMISTRY-1

Time: 3:00 Hrs Friday 10-March-2023 AM

Instructions

1. This paper consists of sections A and B with a total of ten (10) questions.

2. Answer all questions in section A and two (02) questions from section B.

3. Each question carries ten (10) marks in section A and fifteen (15) in section B.

4. Mathematical tables and non-programmable calculators may be used.

5. Cellular phones and any unauthorized materials are not allowed in the examination room.

6. Write your Examination Name on every page of your answer sheet.

7. For calculations, you may use the following:

 Rydberg constant, RH = 1.09678 x 107m-1

 Gas constant, R = 8.31Jmol-1K-1 or 0.0821 atml-1K-1dm3
 GMV = 22.4 dm3
 1 dm3 = 1 litre = 1000 cm3
 Standard temperature = 273 K
 Standard pressure = 760mmHg = 1.0 x105 Nm-2 = 1atm
 Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 x 10-34Js
 Velocity of light, c = 3.0 x 108 m/s
 Cryoscopic constant of water = 1.86 K /mol-1 kg

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 Ebullioscopic constant of water = 5.2 ºC/kg mol-1

 Avogadro’s constant, NA = 6.022 x 1023
 Mass of electron = 9.71 x 10-31kg
 Atomic masses: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, Cl = 35.5, K = 39, I = 127

SECTION A (70 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section

1. (a) (i) Explain any three (3) postulates and (3) shortcomings of Bohr’s hydrogen model.
(ii) Why do the spacing between lines in the hydrogen spectrum decrease as one
goes away from the nucleus? (04 marks)
(b) An electron moves from infinity to a lower energy levels in Paschen series. Calculate the:
(i) Frequency of radiations emitted
(ii) Energy possessed by the electron in the new energy level and energy emitted during
transition. (03 marks)
(c) Identify the geometrical structure and one example of the molecule formed from the
following types of hybridized atomic orbitals.
(i) Sp hybridized orbitals (ii) Sp2 hybridized orbitals (iii) Sp3 hybridized orbitals (03 marks)

2. (a) Give reasons for the following observations:

(i) The boiling point of water, ethanol and ethoxyethane (diethyl-ether) are in the reverse
order of their relative molecular masses unlike those of their analogous Sulphur compounds,
H2S, C2H5SH, C2H5SC2H5.
(ii) BF3 is non-polar but NF3 is polar.
(iii) Aluminium fluoride has a much higher melting point than aluminium chloride.
(03 marks)
(b) X, Y and Z represent elements of atomic number 9, 19 and 34.
(i) Write the electronic configuration of X, Y and Z.
(ii) Predict the type of bonding which would expect to occur between X and Y,
X and Z, and Y and Z.
(i) Predict by giving reasons for relative volatility, electrical conductance and Solubility
in water of the compounds formed between X and Y compared to that formed between
X and Z. (04 marks)
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(c) What is the effect of hydrogen bonding on the boiling point and solubility of a compound?
(03 marks)

3. (a) Explain the following terms;

(i) Degree of dissociation
(ii) Partial pressure of gases (02 marks)
(b) (i) Real gases are those which disobey gas laws. Outline two assumptions of kinetic
theory of gases which must be modified for gas to behave ideally.
(ii) Calculate the root mean square velocity for the atoms in a sample of helium gas at
25ºC. (05 marks)
(c) The relative density of Iodine at atmospheric pressure and 1250 ºC is 87. Calculate the
percentage dissociation of Iodine into atoms under these conditions. (03 marks)

4. (a) Briefly explain two effects of soil pH on plant growth (02 marks)
(b) Why is it important to manage the soil pH? (01 marks)
(c) A certain soil sample was analyzed in the laboratory and found to contain the following ions
in meg/100g of oven dry soil;
K+ = 0.28, Mg2+ = 0.12, Ca2+ =1.00, Na+ = 0.03 and H+ = 10.00.
If the cation exchange capacity (C.E.C) of the soil is 3.83meq /100g of oven dry soil , calculate
the percentage base saturation (PBS) and comment on the soil sample. (04marks)
(d) Wearing protective masks can protect an industrial worker against harmful chemical fumes.
Suggest any other three protective measures to the same. (03 marks)

5. (a) State Hess’s law of constant heat summation. (02 marks)

(b) Differentiate each of the following terms;
(i) Standard heat of formation from standard bond dissociation energy of a substance.
(ii) Heat of reaction and Thermochemical equations (04 marks)

(c) 500 cm3 of 0.5M ethanoic acid were mixed with 500 cm3 of 0.5M sodium hydroxide solution in
a polystyrene beaker which has negligible heat capacity. The initial temperature was 24.65 oC.
Calculate the enthalpy of neutralization of sodium hydroxide and ethanoic acid under these
conditions if the temperature rose to 29.65 oC. Assume the specific heat capacity of the solution
is the same as that of water which is 4.18J/g k. (Note: Density of each solution is 1.00 g/cm3).
(04 marks)

6. (a) (i) What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion? (02marks)
(ii) When 15g of glucose, C6H12O6 was dissolved in 50 g of solvent with relative molecular
mass of 180g, the freezing point was depressed by 8.0 oC. Using these data calculate the freezing
point depression constant for the solvent. (03marks)
(b) (i) Calculate the freezing point of a solution of 22.5 g of cane sugar (C12H22O1l) in 450 g of
water

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(ii) If a solution of potassium chloride in water had a freezing point of -0.048 ºC, compare this
value to the one obtained in (i) above and state from which solution will the ice first separate.
(05 marks)

7. (a) Explain the following observations;

(i) Methane does not dissolve in water.
(ii)Alkenes are more reactive than saturated hydrocarbons. (01 marks)
(b) Given the following equations

Identify the conditions number 1, 2 and 3 and the molecular structures of A, B and C.
(0 6marks)
(c) Explain the various applications of alkenes in industries, domestic and agriculture.
(03 marks)

SECTION B (30 Marks)

Answer Two (2) questions in this section.
8. (a) State the following:
(i) Equilibrium law (ii) Le Chaterlier’s principle (02 marks)
(b) In preparation of ethyl ethanoate shown in the equation below, concentrated H2SO4 is often
added to the mixture.

(i) State two (2) functions of concentrated H2SO4 in the production of compound. (02 marks)
(ii) What will be the effect of adding NaOH(aq) instead of concentrated H2SO4 in the production of
compound? (01 marks)
(c) When 1.00 mol/dm of CH3COOH were heated with 0.18 moles of C2H5OH in a 1 dm3 closed
3

vessel, 0.829 moles of CH3COOH remained at equilibrium.

(i) Calculate the value Kc (05 marks)
(ii) What mass of Ethylethanoate should be present in the equilibrium mixture formed under the
same experimental conditions as 5(c) (i) above if 0.30 moles of ethanol were heated with 0.20
moles of ethanoic acid in 1.0dm3 closed vessel? (05 marks)

9. (a) Write an equation to show the;

(i) Burning of sodium in oxygen
(ii) Decomposition of metal carbonates by heat
(iii) Dissolving of sodium oxide in dilute HCl
(iv) Dissolving aluminium in concentrated nitric acid
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(v) Dissolving chlorides of aluminium and sodium in water (05 marks)

(b) (i) Explain the importance of storing hydroxides in containers which are tightly closed.
(05 marks)
(ii) Give two (2) examples of water soluble and insoluble hydroxides.
(iii) Describe using Chemical equation(s), a chemical test that can be used to identify
sulphates in solutions.
(iv) When lead carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, why the reaction stops after a
short while? (05 marks)
(c) Briefly explain four (4) uses of metal carbonates. (05 marks)

10. (a) In the bromination reaction of methane to yield halogenated methane, ethane is formed as
one of the products. Using chemical equations, explain how ethane is formed. (4 marks)
(b) An alcohol is prepared by the reaction between water and an alkene despite that the two
reagents are of the same type.
(i) Briefly explain the similarity between water and any named alkene with respect to
organic reactions
(ii) With the help of chemical reaction(s) show how the reaction for formation of alcohol
from the two reagents in (a) above is made possible (03 marks)
(c) Addition of bromine water to an alkene A (C4H8) gave compound B. Acid-catalysed
dehydration of B yielded two isomeric bromoalkanes C and D. Cleavage of compound C with
trioxygen with subsequent reductive hydrolysis resulted into ethanal being isolated as one of the
products. Similar treatment of compound D yielded propanal rather than ethanal. Explain the
observations described above and identify compound A, B, C and D.
(08 marks)