Music
Focus more on sahitya
Hindustani music
1. Drupad =oldest and grandest form even mention in
natya shastra .reached to zenith during akbar time
prominent singer was Tansen, baba gopal das , swami
haridas and even baiju bawra and even in court of raja
man singh tomar of gwalior.
It start with aalap. Instrument tanpura and pakhawaj.
Four sub gharanas
1. Dagari gharana example gundecha brothers
2. Darbhanga gharana example mallik family
3. Bettiah gharana example mishras family
4. Talwandi gharana sing khandar wani of pakistan
2. Khayal
Attribute to amir khusrau
Of two types bada khayal Chota khayal
Major gharana
A. Gwalior gharana oldest famous artist nathu khan and
vishnu palushakar .
B. Kirana gharana of up famous artist pundit bhimsen
joshi
C. Agra gharana a k.a rangeela gharanagive emphasis to
bandish .
D. Patiala gharana famous artist bade gulam ali khan
E. Bhendibazaar gharana .. control breath for long time
3. Tarana style
Fast tempo invented by amir khushro also used by guru
govind singh famous singer pandit rattan mohan sharma of
mewati gharana.
Semi classical style in hindustani
Lighter version of ragas and taal. Faster in tempo.
Emphasis more on bhav and alap jor jhala
A. Thumri.
Based on mixed raag either romatic or devotional.
Inspired by bhakti movement.
Also linked with kathak dance.
Main gharana based in varansi and lucknow.
Famous singer begum akhtar girja devi
B. Tappa.
Rythm play imp role.
Orginate form folk song.
Very quick trun of phrases are seen.
C. Ghazal.
Consist of rythemic couplets.
Origin in iran.
Amir khusrau was first to use it.
Traditionally deals with one subject ex love
Carnatic music
Several parts
Pallavi
in hindi called mukhra
Anu pallavi.
Follow the pallavi sung in begining and in end also repeat.
Charana
is final and longest verse and conclude thr song.
Imp fact.
Annamacharya 1 st known composer of carnatic music.
Composition mainly in telugu a.k.a grandfather of telugu
song writting.
Trinity of carnatic music
Tyagraja. Muthuswami dikshitar. And syama sastri all born
in tiruvarur.
Folk music
1. Baul. Of bengali baul caste a form of sufi song famous is
lalon fakir
2. Wanawan. Of jammu and kashmir sung during wedding
3. Pandwani. Based on epic mahabharat and bhim as hero.
Well famous artist teejanbai from CG won padma shree
padma bhushan .
4. Alha. Form mp heroic ballad song
5. Panihari. Of rajasthan realted to water
6. Ovi. Of महाराष्ट and goa. Usually sung by women during
leisure time
7. Pai song. Of mp sung in rainy season festival for good
monsoon and harvest and saira dance is also performed
8. Lavani of maharashta and mp
9. Maand. Of rajasthan sung the glory of rajput rulers.
Close to thumri aur gazal. Famous kesariya balam padharo
mahre desh.
10. Dandiya of gujrat on holi and on krishna lila
11. Powada of maharashtra sung for hero of past like
shivaji
12. Khongjom parba. Of manipur narrate battle of
khongjom btw british and manipur state in 1891
13. Bhavageete. Of karnataka and maharashtra emotional
song close to ghazal. Theme araound nature and love.
14. Mando. Of goa
15. Kolannalu or kolattam of andhra pradesh similar yo
dandiya
Fusion of classical and folk
1. Bhajan origin in bhakti movement prominent meera
kabir tulsi surdas etc.
2. Shabad rise in sikhism sung in gurudwaras.
3. Qawwali. Praise of allah and profet Mohammed.
Composed in single raag. Tempo generally built up. Amir
khusrau is the orginatior of qawaali.
4. Abhanga in maharashtra to praise vithobha god. Sung
by tukaram namdev.
5. Bhatiali. In west bengal by boat drivers Mostlly represent eternal conflict of good and evil. Themes
6. Tevaram. In tamil nadu. Sung by shaiviate community taken from epic and puranas. Lagaunge used is
7. Kirtan. In west bengal. manipravalam mixture of malyalam and sanskrit.

Rabindra sangeet. 4. Mohiniattam represent air

Currently more than 2000 ravindra sangeet sung by music
lover in bengal.
Gana sangeet.
Sung in chorus. All about patriotic feel other than protest.
Genrally try to bring social change. Ex vande matram.
Solo dance. Performed in kerala. Malyali poet v n menon
along with kayani amma revived it.
Feature
Footwork is gentle. Narrate feminine dance of vishnu.
Lasya aspect ( beauty and grace) is dominent. Mainly by
female dancer.

Haveli sangeet. 5. Odissi. represent water

Mostly in Rajasthan and Gujrat. Udaygiri and khandegiri caves give early example of dance
Primarily practiced by maharis patronized by kharavela
dance ruler.
Classical dance form Gotipuas =male dressed as female
1. Bharatnayam Nartala= practice in royal court
Also refers as dashiattam mean dance of devdasis in tamil Similar to Bharatnatyam in mudras and postures.
nadu. E krishna iyer freedom fighter revived it. Initially Tribhanga posture is innate in Odissi
pwrformed by female only. Rukmani devi arundale Dueing dance lower body remain largely static and
proponent figure in it. movement of torse
Element of bharatnatyam Dancer creat geomatrical shape hence k.a. mobile
A. Alarippu= blessing of god sculpture.
B. Jatiswaram= nritta component devoid of rxpression Elements of odissi
C. Shabdam = include abhinay in song Mangalacharan is beginning
D. Varnam= nritya component dance and emotion Batu nritya has tribhanga and chowk posture
component . Lallavi has facial expressions
E. Padam mastry over abhinay Tharijham pure dance and conclusion
F. Jawali= short love lyrucs on fast tempo Conclude in two forms 1 is moksha include joys another is
G. Thillana = concluding part pure dance compreise called trikhanda majura.
nritta
Karan, [13-03-2024 05:50]
2 . Kuchipudi = sybolize earth Classical dance
Of Andhra pradesh in 17 century siddherndra yogi 6. Manipuri. Prominent in 15 c when vaishnavism
formalize it. emerged. Got prominence in shantiniketan.
S9me features Features.
Difficult foot movement. Genrally team performance. Emphasis on devotion and not sensuality.
Based on stoires of bhagwat purana but with secular Both tandav and lasya ephasis on latter.
them. Shringar ras. Principal character introduce them Focus on slow and gracious movemet.
through "daaru" all three component of dance found Nagabandha mudra imp dance mudra
nritta natya qnd nritya. Both lasya and tandava element Ras leela recurring theme
are important in it. Thang ta and sankirtana influenced by manipuri dance.
Famous artist jhaveri sisters
3. Kathakali Represent sky
Combinatoin of music dance and drama 7. Kathak
Revived in 1930 by v n menon under mukunda raja Of up derived ne form kathika or story teller. Influence by
Features persian costume. Revived by lady leela sokhey in 20 c.
All male troupe performance Features.
Ellobrate facial makeup with different colure Have different gharanas
Green show nobility divinity Lucknow. Reached its peak during nawab wajid ali shah of
Red on nose show royality awadh ,Jaipur initated by bhanuji ,Raigharh under raja
Black shoew evil chakradhar singh ,And banaras gharana develop by
Yellow for saint amd women janakiprasad.
White beard show higher conciousness and divinity
Elements.
Ananda introduction part
Thaat soft and vaired movement
Todas and tukdas small piece of fast rythem
Jugalbandi a competition play
Padhant
Tarana pure rythemic movement
Karmalaya concluding piece
Gat bhaav without any music or chanting
Usually accompaind with dhrupad music.
Famous burju maharaj. Lacchu maharaj. Sitara devi. Etc
8. Sattriya.
Intorduce by vaishnav saint shankar dev in 15 cen in
assam. Inspired by bhakti movement.
Features.
Mainly in assam by ojapali and devdasi. Devotional aspect
of dance narrate mythological stories of vishnu. Performed
by male monk group k.a. bhokots. Custom was dhoti aur
paguri and female wear ghuri and chador.
Ankia naat. A type of satturya written in brajwali another
similar form is bhaona based on story of krishna.
Folk dances
1 chhau dance Three types
Saraikella chhau jharkhand
Mayurbhanj chhau oddisha
Purulia chhau west bengal
In 2010 comes under unesco intengible cultural hertiage
2 garba gujrat
3dandiya raas
4 tarangamel Goa on dussera and holi
5 ghoomer or gangore by bhil tribe of rajasthan
6 kalbelia by kalbelia community of rajasthan In 2010
comes under unesco intengible cultural hertiage
7 charba of himachal pradesh on dusshera
8 bhangra or giddha punjab giddha is female counterpart
9 dadra uttar pradesh popular in lucknow region
10 jawara on harvest season in budelkhand of mp
11 matki of malwa region on festival and marriage
12 gaur muria by muria tribr of bastar region CG
13 alkap in jharkhand and malda of west bengal
14. Biraha another vRient is bidesia in rural bihar
15. Paika martial dance by odisha with long spear
16. Bagurumba by bodo of assam related to nature and
environment
17. Jat jatin in north bihar in mithila
18. Jhumair harvest dance by tribr of jharkhand and
odisha
19. Danda jatra one of the oldest folk dance mainly in
odisha
20. Bihu assam dance
21. Thang ta martial dance of manipur
22. Rangma war dance of nagas
23. Singhi chham mask dance of sikkim symbolise snow
lion and worsship kanchenjunga
24. Kummi of tamil nadu and kerala by women during
pongal without music only thorugh rythemic clapping
25. Mayilattam of kerala and tamil nadu by young girls
dressed as peacock a.k.a peacock dance
26. Butta bommalu by west godavari dist of andhra
pradesh
27. Kaikottikali of kerala by both male and female on
onam for rich harvest
28. Padayani martial dance of kerala dancer wear huge
mask k.a kolams to workship goddes kali
30. Kolkali parichakali in kerala and Lakshadweep dancer
uses mock weapon
31. Pata kunitha of mysore by men used long bamboo
pole
32. Chakyar koothu of kerala dressed himself as snake
33. Jhoomer by sikh of punjab in harvest season
34. Karma naach of chota nagpur tribal
35. Raut naach of CG by yadav community on diwali
36. Dumhal by jammu and kashmir by wattal tribe
37. Fugdi by konkan region of maharashtra and goa by
women
38. Cheraw of mizoram uses bamboo stiks
39. Dalkhai of odisha on dussrea by tribrs
40. Hulivesha of coastal karnaktaka to honour durga in
navratra
41. Tippani of gujarat by women
42. Garadi of puducherry for victory of lord ram
43. Tera tali by kamar of rajasthan
44. Hojagiri of tripura only involve movement of lower half
of the body.
Theatre
Indian theatre
Introduction..
sitabena and jogimara caves represent world oldest
amphitheater.
Classical sanskrit theatre
Rupaka. Drishyakavya. Preksakavya. Other words used of
natak.
In ancient india two types of play-
Lokadharmi. Depection of daily life
Natyadharmi. More styled narration and over symbolism.
Sariputraprakarana by ashvgosh is first example of classical
sanskrit drama.
Another was bhasa who composed 13 play.
Sudraka was 1 to intorduce the essence of conflict in play
mricchakatika.
Kalidas malvikaagnimitram abhijananashakuntalam
classical treties of indian drama.
Others are uttarm ram charitam . Mahavir charitram of
bhavbhuti and mudarakshasa by vishakhadutt also thr
ratnavali of harshavardhana.
 12 bhand pather. Of jammu and kashmir.
Classical sanskrit play have some bound convention 13. Bhaona. Of assam
1. Generally 4 to 7 act play. 14. Dashavtar. Of konkan region
2. Have always happy ending. 15. Naqal aur bhand. Of punjab and up.
3. Protagonist was male always achieve desired goal at
end. C. Theatre of south india
4. Play have opening. Progression. Development. Pause. Emphasis on dance
And conclusion. 1. Villu paatu. Bow song of kerala and tamil nadu story of
ramayana.
Sanskrit play follow almost ritualistic progression 2. Yakshagana. Oldest theatre tradition. Of karnaktaka and
1. Start with pre play rituals kerala. Origin in vijaynagar empire.
2. Follwed by sutradhar manager offer worship to diety 3. Bhurra katha. Of Andhra pradesh
3. Play announc3d by sutradhar 4. Pagati veshaalu. Of telanagana and Andhra pradesh
4. Stages were two stored 5. Bayalata. Of karnataka of radha krishna love
5. Curtain used. Mask were not used. 6. Tal maddale. Predecessor of yakshgana of karnataka and
kerala
Character in sanskrit play 7. Theyyam of kerala similar to bhuta kola of karnaktaka.
1. Nayaka hero 8. Krishnaattam. Of kerala
2. Nayika heroine 9. Kuruvanji. Of tamil nadu.
3. Vidusaka. Clown comic Character usually friend of hero.
Indian puppetry
Reason for decline of sanskrit play. Indian puppetry
Sanskrit play writer diverge to poetry. A.String puppet
Rigid orthodoxy restrict creative space 1. Kathputli Of rajasthan unique feature absense of legs.
Sanskrit lang is tough enough not catch the masses 2. Kundhei Of odisha have more joints
Advent of muslim ruler sanskrit play took back seat as 3. Gombeyatta Of karnataka. Use of more than one
dance and music got prominence. puppeteer
4. Bommalattam Of tamil nadu it is largest and heaviest
Folk theatre marionettes in india
A. Ritual theatre
1. Ankia naat. One act play of assam start by sankardev B. Shadow puppet
depict incidence of krishna life 1. Togalu gombeyatta Of karnataka. Unique feature
2. Ramlila. Of up. variation of puppet size. Based on social status ex king.
3. Raslila. Og gujrat region Religoius figure have big puppet.
4. Bahuta ardhana. Of karnaktaka. Worshipping dead 2. Ravanchhaya Of odisha. Made of deer skin donot have
ancestors any joints
5 ramman of garhwal region of uttrakhand. Dedicate to 3. Tholu bommalata Of andhra pradesh. Have mythological
bhumiyal devta. and devotional tales of epics.

B. Theatre of entertainment of north west and estern C. Glove puppets

part. 1. Pavakoothu Of kerala influence of kathakali dance
1. Bhavai of rajasthan
2. Daskathia. Of odisha to praise lord shiva D. Rod puppets
3. Garoda of gujrat use painted picture. 1 yampuri of bihar made of wood have no joints.
4. Jatra. Of estern india intiated by chaitnya mahaprabhu. 2. Putul nachh. Of bengal odisha assam region have
5. Kariyila. Of himachal pradesh. generally three joints.
6. Maach. Of malwa in mp. Of mahabharat and ramayan
theme.
Martial art in india
7. Nautanki of north india also mention in ain i akhbhari of
1. Kalaripayattu Of kerala. Imp key is foot work.
abul fazal
2. Silambam. Kind of staff fencing. Of tamil nadu. Evidence
8. Ojapali of assam
found in silappadikaram in tamil of 2 ad.
9. Powada of maharashtra depict heroic deeds of shivaji
3. Thang ta and sarit sarak Of manipur. Lethal combat.
10. Swang. Of rajathan and haryana.
Sarit sarak is unarmed art. Thang refers to sword and ta
11. Tamasha. Of maharashtra known for heroic and exotic
refers to spear. Thang ta and sarit sarak togather called
content.
huyen langlon.

4. Cheibi gad ga Of manipur use sword and sheild
5. Pari khanda By rajput of bihar. Widely used in chahu
dance.
6. ThodaOf himachal pradesh. Held during baisakhi.
7 gatka. Of sikh of punjab. Use talwar kirpan nad kataar.
8. Mardani khel Of maharashtra. Widely in kolhapur.
Shivaji performed it.
9. Lathi. World oldest weapon. In punjab and bengal
majorly practiced.
10. Inbuan wrestling. Of mizoram
11. Kuttu varisai 1 mention in sangam litreature. Mainly in
tamil nadu.
12. Musti yudda Of varansi unarmed martial art .
Literature
A. Hindu literature of ancient india
1. Vedas. 2. Brahamanas. 3. Aranyakas. 4. Upnishads.
5. Mahabharat and ramayan. 6. Puranas. 7. Upa puranas.
There are 19 upa purana based on 5 major subject given
by amarsimha of gupta era. That is sarga. Pratisarga.
Manvantra. Vansa. Vanshanucharita.
Classical sanskrit literature.
1. Sanskrit drama. Rules regarding performance and acting
gesture illustrate in natya shastra of bharata.
Major drama
Kalidas. Malvikaagnimitram. Abhigyana shakuntalam
Sudrak. Mricchakatika
Vishakhadutta. Mudarakshasa
Bhavbhuti. Uttam ram charitam
Harshvardhana. Ratnavali. Nagananda. Priyadarshika.
2. Sanskrit poetry.
Kalidas. Kumarsambhava. Meghaduta. Ritusamhara
Harisena of samudra gupta court wrote poems to praise
samdragupta even written on ashoka pillar of allahbad.
Gita govind of jaydev in 12 c.
3. Other Sanskrit texts
Arthshastra by chanakya
Other scientific texts are
A. Pingala book on maths called chandasatra
B. Charak samhita by charak on medicine
C. Sushruta. Worte sushruta samhita book on surgery.
D. Madhava. Worte madhav nidana book on pathology
E. Varahamihira. Worte pancha sidharata book on maths
astrology And brihat samhita book on geology palentry
movement etc
F. Aryabhata. Wrote aryabhatiya book on astronomy and
maths.
G. Lagadha. Wrote vedanga jyotisha.
Other sanskrit work
Rajtarangini of kalhana book on history of kings of kashmir
and Somadeva katha sarit sagar a poetic work.
Literature in pali and prakrit
Buddhist literature
divided into canonical and non canonical works.
A. Canonical work includes tripitaka or basket of
knowledge in pali language.
1. Vinay pitika. Cover rules and regulation followed by
monks
2. Sutta pitika contain speech of budha dwals with
morality and righteous dharma
3. Abhidhamma pitaka. Contain discussion on ethics.
Theory of knowledge. And pyscology.
B. Non cononcial work include jatakas stories of previous
birth of budha also contain story of bodhisattva. There are
550 birth of budhha
Another example is buddhacharitra by asvaghosha was
buddhist literature in sanskrit.
Other buddhist literary texts are.
Dipavamsa. Written in srilanka consider chronical of island
mention budhha visit to srilanka
Milinda panho. Consist of dialogue between meander and
buddhist monk nagsena
Mahavamsa. Epic poem in pali similar yo dipvamsa
Mahavastu. Contain jataka and avadana tales. Written in
mixed sanskrit pali and prakrit.
Lalitavistara sutra. An imp mahayana text consist story of
budhha life form its first serman.
Udana. Oldest theravada mean old school of buddhist text.
Bodhi vamsa. Prose poem written in 12 c in srilanka. By
upatissa in sanskritised pali language.
Visuddhimagga. Written by buddhaghosa in 5 century in
sri lanka. Text of theraveda doctrine. Contain discussion on
various teaching of buddha.
Jain Literature
Apart form prakrit and ardha magdhi jain also wrote in
other languages ex wrote in tamil during sangam age. Also
in sanskrit shauraseni gujrati and marathi.
They also diveded into canonical called jain agmas and
agam. And non canonical literary works.
Jain agamas
Sacred text contain teaching of jain tiryhankars. Orginally
compiled by ganadharas who was cheif deciples of
mahavir.
Present angas re complied in coincil of vallabhi gujrat by
svetambar monks. Which rejected by digambars.
Agamas comprises 46 texts. Have 12 angas 12 upangas 10
prakirnakasutras 4 mulasutras 6 chedasutras 2
culikasutras. They are written in ardh magdhi prakrit
language.
Digambar gave sacred status to two works one is
karmaprabhrita and the kashayaprabharita.
Other imp jain works
Bhadrabahu wrote uvasaggaharam stotra. Kalpa sutra(
biography of jain tirthankar) belong to digambar sect.
Acharya kundkunds. Worte samayasara and niyamasara
discuss jain philosophy.
Samanta bhadra wrote ratna karanda sravakachara and
aptamimansa written around 2 ad.
Umaswati wrote tattvartha sutra in sanskrit. Accepted by
both sects.
Jinasena digambar monk wrote mahapurana and
adipurana.
Hemchandra suri famous jain scholar awarded a title
kalikalasarvajna. Mean the all knowing of kalyug.
Btw 9 to 12 century pampa ponna and ranna are three
jems of kannada writers wrote for jainism.
Sikh Literature
Adi granth compiled by bhai gurdas. Under the aegis of 5
guru arjun dev in 1604. It contain teaching of sikh guru and
15 bhagats of bhakti and sufi.
Guru granth sahib. Adi granth further expanded in 1678
under 10 guru gobind singh and it regarded 11 and final
sikh guru. Written in gurmukhi script. And is in language
called santa bhasha.
Teaching of bhagat includes ramaananda namdev ravidas
parmanada sain surdas etc 2 muslims kabir and baba farid.
Dasam granth. Hymns written by guru gobind singh
compiled in this book contain fables and puranic stories.
However many donot agree wuth it.
Janamsakhis. Contian mythological and exaggerated
stories of 1 guru guru nanak. Most popular book is bhai
bala janamsakhi.
Dravedian Literature
Comprises 4 major dravidian language tamil kannada
telugu and malyalam. Among this tamil is oldest. Close to
sanskrit. Most famous work in tamil is sangam Literature.
Tamil sangam Literature
Contain 2381 poems attribute to 473 poets. Composed
during sangam period 300 bc to 300 ad.
Two major school of sangam Literature.
1. Aham or agam. Inner field. Concentrate on love sexual
relation etc.
2. Puram school. Outer field. Discusses social life ethics.
Valour. Custom. Etc.
There are three sangam assembiles
1. Under pandya king of madurai headed by agastya or
shiva and there are no book available today.
2. Under pandya of kapatapuram. Headed by initially by
agastya then his diciple tolkappiyar in which around 2000
poems colleected and compiled into tolkappiyam.
Tolkappiyam is a book on tamil Grammer.
3. Under pandya of madurai. Headed by nakkirar in which
most of the existing corpus writtrn.
In sangam Literature 30000 line of poetry arranged in 8
anthologies called. Ettuthogai.
Tamil saint thiruvalluvar contribute tirukkural to sangam
Literature. Divided into 3 parts, epic polity governance and
love.
Avvaiyar female saint contribute to sangam.
Others tamil Literature
Silappadikaram. tales of anklet. Written by ilango adigal.
Manimekalai. Story of manimekalai written by satthanar.
Text during bhakti movement between 7 to 12 century.
Based on two groups alvars and nayanars. There are 12
alvars worship vishnu and its incarnation eg. Andal
(women). And nayanar worship shiv.
Other secular tamil writing are. Periya puranam. And
kambarramayanam.
Malyalam Literature
2 major works of medival period are kokasandisan and
bhasa kautilya( a commentry on arthshastra)
Another work is ramacharutram epic poem by cheeraman
in 12 cen.
Ezhuthachan strong proponent of bhakti movement
known as father of malyalam language.
Telugu Literature
Nannayya 11 cent. 1 poet in telugu.
Telugu work reached its zeinth during vijaynagar empire.
Most successful work during this time was
uttaraharivamsam by nachana somanatha well court poet
of bukka 1.
Even krishnadevraya himself composed amuktamalyada.
Krishnadevraya court consist of ashtdiggaja. In which
allasani peddana a.k.a andhra kavita pitamaha. Worte
manu charita. And other wrote there composition.
Krishnadev ray also patronize tamil poet haridas.
Kannada Literature
Jain scholar made 1 foray in kannda like
dharmanathapurana written by madhav on life 15
tirthankar. Others like uritta vilasa by dharma parikeshe in
jain teaching. 1 recorde text in kannada id called
kavirajamarga written by amoghavarsha 1. In 9 cen.
Rashtrakuta king.
Kannada have 3 gems
pampa 9 to 10 cen.
Ponna 9 to 10 cen.
Ranna 10 to 11 cen.
 Pampa regarded as father of kannada worte adipurana in
champu style and vikramarjuna vijaya he atteched to court
of chalukya arikesari.
Ponna wrote shanti purana
Ranna worte ajitha purana both attached to krishna lll
court
Several quasi religious text also composed. Narhari
composed torave ramayana. Said that 1 story of rama
inspired by valmiki ramayana weitten in kannada. Another
is jaimini bharata written by lakshmisha.
Sarvajna the peoples poet worte tripadi
Hadibadeya( duty of devoute wife) dharma written by
honnamma.
Medieval Literature
Persian
Amir khusrau dehlavi worte divan ( poetry collection in
persia)also worte nuh sipihr and duval rani khizr khan a
tragic love poem.
Barani wrote tarikh e firoz shahi.
Several travellor account eg ibn batuta.
Babur wrote baburnama in turkish.
Jahagir wrote tuzuk i jahangiri autobiography.
Gulbadan begam wrote humayun namah ( sister of
humayun).
Abul fazl wrote ain e akbari and akbarnamah.
Badauni translate mahabharat into persia called
razmnama.
Malik mohd jayasi composed padmawat.
Inayat khan wrote shahjahannama.
Jafar zatalli wrote kulliyat( collection of poetry).
Abdul hamid wrote padshahnama about shah jahan reign.
Urdu.
Mirza galib composed diwan ( collection of poetry) .
Iqbal wrote bang e dara. He also wrote sare jaha se accha.
Hindi and its dilect.
Evolve from apabhramsa in 7 to 14 century. Get boost in
bhakti movement.
Prithivi raj raso 1 hindi book.
Bulk written by kabir famous for his dohas.
Tulsi das give dohas in braj. Wrote ramcharitmanas.
Surdas wrote sur sagar about krsihna infancy and
adolescent affair of gopi.
Rahim bhushan and raskhan also wrote about krishna
devotion and in hindi.
Mira bai also wrote in bhakti movement.
Bihari worte satsai in hindi.
Modern Literature
Hindi.
Bhartendu harishchandra wrote drama andher nagri in
1881. Also the bharat durdasha. He is known as father of
modern hindi Literature.
There are 4 sub section
Bhartendu yug 1868 to 1893
Diwevedi yug 1893 to 1918
Chayawad yug 1918 to 1937
Contemporary pwriod 1937 to now.
Swami dayanand worte satyarth praksdh in 1875. Other
are munsi premchand surykanth tripathi nirala. Maithali
charan gupta. Karmbhoomi worte by premchand.
Other noted writer are sumitranandan pant. Mandhari
singh dinkar. Harivansh rai bachhan who wrote
madhushala. Mahadevi verma. Jaishanksr prasad worte
kamayani. In 1936.
Bengali odia and assamese Literature
Raja ram mohan roy furst to worte in bengali and english.
Ishwar chandra vidyasagar and akshay kumar dutt.
Nationalist bengali Literature reached to zenith under
bankim chandra chatterjee wrote anand math.
1 indian to won nobel prize was rabindra nath tagore. For
his geetanjali. In 1913. Others are shard chandra
chatterjee and qazi nazrul islam and rc dutt contribute to
bengali Literature.
Assamese Literature dominent by buranjis( court cronicles)
. Shankar dev composed devotional poetry in assamese. In
modern assamese Literature padmanath gohain baruah
qnd lakshminath bezbaroa are prominent.
In odia language 1 work came from sarala das in 15 cen.
Other are upendra bhanja worte in 18 cen. In modern
period radhanath ray and fakir mohan senapati.
Gujrati rajasthani and sindh Literature
Narsinha mehta of 15 cen. Worte devotional song on
kirshna. In 19 cen. Narmad worte poetry and govardhan
ram wrote prose and classic gujrati novel saraswati
chandra.
Pinnacle achieved by km munshi wrote fiction and non
fiction work. His finest novel was prithivivallabh in 1928.
Rajasthani Literature main form of fictional writing called
dingal and pingal. Most famous work is dhola maru.
Writing of mira bai in braj.
Literature in sindh influence by gujrati and rajasthani. Two
prominent in sindhi Literature are dewan kauramal and
mirza kalich beg of 18 and 19 cent.
Kasmiri Literature
Kalhans rajtarangini wrote in sanskrit in 12 cen. In bhakti
movement kashmir saw its 1 female poetess called lal ded.
Buy major work done after persian and islam arrival in
valley. Famous one is noor din a.k.a nund rishi. Bring hindi
and islamic tradition combinedly. Kashmir has been
ecliped by dogri language dur to comming of dogra family
in jammu in 1846.

Punjabi Literature
Adigranth wrote in gurumukhi. Also have doha of kabir
dadu and nanak. In hindi and braj.
Guru govind singh contribute to adi granth and wrote
savaiya poetry in punjabi.
Other is heer ranjha composed by waris shah. Suif poetry
of baba farid and bulleh shah composed many songs and
classicla composition called kafi.
Modern punjabi also affected by nationalistic hero bhagat
singh worte rang de basnti chola.
Marathi Literature
Oldest is from 13 cen. By saint jnaneshwar. Begin kirtan in
maha. Worte detailed commentry on bhagvatgita. In
marathi.
Others are namdev ..sena and gora. Oldest known female
was janabai of 13 to 14 cent.
Most famous saint was eknath worte commentry on
bhagvat gita and ramayan. Other are tukaram and ramdas.
Bal gangadhar tilak aslo contribute to marathi through his
kesri newspaper.
Fair and festival
Hindu festival
1. Chatt puja. To offer sun god in bihar and jharkhand.
Predominantly.
Muslim festival.
1. Eid ul fitr.
At last day of holy ramadan which is ninth month of islamic
calender.
2. Eid ul zuhu or eid al adha.
A.k.a bakri eid. Celebrate on 10 day of dhu al hijjah. 12
month of islamic calendar. Celebrate to honour prophet
ibrahim devotion to allah. After it there is beginning of
sacred pwriod where people went to macca for hajj.
3. Milad un nabi
A.k.a barah wafat. Birth anniversary of prophet mohd.
4. Muharram.
Associate with death of hussain son of ali. Fall in 1 month
of islamic calender. 10 day of muharram is known as yaum
al ashura as observed day of mourning by shia muslim.
Observed of martyrdam of hussain bin ali grandson of
prophet at karbala 680 ad.
4. Shab e barat
A.k.a night of emancipation. At 14 to 15 day of shaban
month. Shia muslim Celebrate it as birth anniversary of
imam mohd al mahdi.
5. Shab e miraj.
Mean might of ascent. It is believe that prophet mohd
reached near almighty on 27 day or rajab on 2 year before
hijra. And during this journey 5 time daily prayer made
obligatory.
Christian festival.
1. Christmas. Birth anniversary of jesus christ. On 25 dec.
Two things attached to it is Christmas and santa claus.
2. Easter and good friday.
Celebrate for resurrection of jesus christ. It signifies
triumph of life over death. Jewish christan celebrate easter
on 14 day of jewish month of nisan. But this confusion
ended in 325 ad. The good friday celebrated in month of
april for crucification of jesus.
Sikh festival
1. Gurupurab.
To celebrate birth anniversary of all 10 guru specially for
nanak dev ji. And guru govind singh jii.
2. Prakash utsav dasveh patashah
Celebrate on birth anniversary of govind singh ji. On 31 jan
every year.
3. Maghi.
Celebrate annully in muktsar in memory of 40 sikh martyrs
fought with mughals Celebrate on 14 jan.
4. Hola mohalla.
Often took place in march.
Held in anand pur sahib. Started by guru govind singh ji.
For mock battles and military excercise after kirtan. A.k.a
sikh olympics.
5. Vaishakhi or baisakhi
Celebrate on 13 and 14 april. Celebrate as birth of khalsa
panth. Spring harvest festival of sikh.
6. Lohri.
Celebrate on 13 jan. Day before makar sankranti. Signifies
light over darkness.
7. Sodal mela.
Organise to pay homage to baba sodal. In maonth of
bhadon ( sept) in jalandhar. At samadhi of baba.
Jain festival
1 mahavir jayanti.
Al jain temple decorated with saffron flag.
2. Paryushana.
Celebrate for 8 days in month of bhadrapada aug sept. By
svetamabar. Digambar Celebrate for 10 days. Festival wnd
with the celebration of kashamavani ( forgiveness day) .
3. Mahamastak abhishek.
Helf in 12 year in town of shravanabelagola in karnataka. It
is the holy bathing of 57 ft high statue of siddha bahubali
son of rishabdev.
4. Gyana panchami.
5th day of kartik known as gyana panchami. Considered
knowledge day.
5. Varshi tapa or akshay tritiya tapa.
Realated to rishabdev. Who fast for 13 month and 13 days.
People who perform this fasting is known as varshi tapa.
6. Maun agiyara.
11th day of magshar month of jain calender. Oct to nove.
Complete silence is observed in this day. Even meditation
is also performed.
7. Navapad oli.
Nine day oli is a period of semi fasting. During this days
jain take only one time meal. It comes twice a year. During
march april and sept to oct.
Buddhist festival.
1. Buddha purnima.
In moth of april and may. Called saga dawa in sikkim and
vishakha puja in theravada. The celebration include prayer
and listening the surmon of buddha.
2. Songkran.
Obeserved as like a spring cleaining.
Celebrate for swveral days during the middle of april.
People clean there house.
3. Ploughing festival.
Celebrate on buddha f7rst moment of enlightenment.
When he was 7 year old and went to se ploughing along
with ihis father. Celebrate in may.
4. Ulambana. Or ancestors day.
Celebrate in 1 to 15 th day of 8 lunar month. It is belived
that gates of hell are opened on 1 day and the ghost may
visit the world for 15 days. On 15 th day people visit
cemeteries to make offering to departed soul.
5. Hemis gompa.
In hemis gompa monastry in ladakh. To celebrate birth
anniversary of guru rinpoche( padmasambhava) foundwr
of tibetian buddhism. It is Celebrate to victory of good
over evil. Main attraction mask dance performance by rhe
lamas.
Sindhi festival.
1. Chaliho sahib.
40 days fast observed by sindhi in july and aug month. Pary
to lord jhulelal. It over on thanks giving days.
2. Cheti chand.
Occasion of sindhi new year. Celebrate on first day of
chaitra. Celebrate on birth day of jhulelal.
Parsi or zoroastrian festival.
1. Jamshedi navroz.
Celebrate as new year for parsi community. Fall on the roj
hormuzdor the first day of of 1st month of sheshanshahi
calendar. Parsi pay respect to khorshed and meher yazads.
Who r two divine beings. That are harbinger of sun.
Secular festival.
1. Khajuraho dance festival.
Mp kala parishad and goi institute this festival in 1975. To
promote tourism in state.
2. New year.
Acc to local tradition lord brahma created the world on
this day. In different parts of nation celebrate on different
names.
A. Ugadi or chaitra shudhadha paadyami in andra pradesh
and karnataka.
B. Gudi padva in maharashtra.
C. Samvatsar padvo. In goa.
D. Naba barsha in west bengal.
E. Puthandu in tamil nadu.
F. Vishu in kerala.
3. Sair e gul faroshan. A.k.a phool walon ki sair. Annual 3
day festival of flowers conduct in delhi. Symbol of
communal harmony. Initially patronised by mugal emperor
akbar ll. Banned by british but reinstated in 1962 by nehru.
4. Tyagaraja aradhana.
Held annullly to commemorate samadhi day of telugu
saint and composer tyagraja. Held in andra pradrsh and
tamil nadu. Primerily at thiruvaiyaru the samadhi place.
5. onam.
Festival of kerala in month of chigam first month of
malayam calender. It is mainly a harvest festival but also
celebrate the homecoming of asur king mahabali from
patala. Prominent feature is vallam kali the snake boat
race. Most popularity race held in punnamada kake and
winner awarded nrhru boat race trophy.
6. Pongal.
4 day harvest festival celebrate by tamils in world. Held in
January and mark thr beginning of uttarayan held in
month of thai when various crops like rice sugarcane etc
harvested. It is an occasion to give thanks to sun god.
7. Sarhul
Mark beginning of new year. For tribal of jharkhand odisha
and west bengal. Mainly celebrate by munda oraon and ho
tribes. Literally mean worship of sal ( a tree). Held in spring
season in phalgun month. In traditional sarhul dance is
also performed. It is related to sarnaism religion.
Festival of north east india
1. Saga dawa ( tripal blessed festival)
Celebrate in buddhist community in sikkim.a special day
for Tibetan community. Fall in month of may and june and
this month callef saga dawa. Celebrate for the parinirvana
of budha.
2. Losoong festival
It is sikkimese new year. Celebrate during December
month. Traditional it is festival of bhutia tribe. But now
lepchas also celebrate it unique point is people drink
locally brewed wine called chaang.
3. Bihu dance.
Festival of assam. Rongali of bohag bihu in april. Kongali or
kati bihu in October. And bhogali bihu in January. Rongali
bihu is most imp among all.
Festival is Traditionally tied to changing season and
harvests. On first day of festuval cow and bulls are bathed
and fed. This ceremony called gora bihu.
2nd day is main day of celebration as people greet one
another and exchange gamosa ( hand woven cotton cloth)
all houses made pitha or Traditional dish. And all man and
women perform bihu dance.
4. Hornbill festival
Celebrate in nagaland. 10 days festival begin on 1
December every year. All the major naga tribe attend it in
kisama heritage village to showcase there talent and
cultural vividness.
5. Moatsu mong festival.
Celebrate by ao tribe of nagaland. In first week of may
after sowing is done. Sangpangtu a part of celebration
where a big fire is lit and women and men sit around it.
6. Yemshe festival.
Also from nagaland. It is harvest festival Celebrate mainly
in pochuri tribe. Catching of frog is prohibited. Celebrate in
September.
7. Kharchi puja.
Hindu frstival originate form tripura. Began by royal family
of tripura. It is Celebrate in honour of earth and to worship
14 other deities.
8. Cheiraoba festival
All across state of manipur. As it is new year according to
manipuri tribe. Celebrate in month of april. It is also
related to domestic deity called sanamahi worshipped by
meitei tribe.
9. Wangala festival. ( 100 drums festival)
Celebrate by garo tribe in meghalaya. It indicate the
beginning of winter. And it Celebrate as a nod to post
harvest season. Also Celebrate to honour of misi saljong a
local deity. As supposed by all that all good things are
associated to him and they gave thanks to him thorugh
this festival. Extraordinary feature is feathered head gear.
Worn by everyone.
10. Kang chingba. ( rath yatra of manipur)
Biggest hindu festival Celebrate in manipur. Similar to
jagannath puri rath yatra. 10 days long festival Celebrate in
month of july. Yatra begin from holy temple of sru
govindajee situated in imphal.
11. Ambubachi mela
Held at kamakhya temple of guwahati. In assam. Dubbed
as mahakumbh of east. Associated with fertility rituals.
Also with tantric activities.
12. Sekrenyi festival.
Held in feb by angami tribe of nagaland. It is purification
festival.
13. Majuli festival
Held in majuli in assam. In November. Dept for culture of
assam organise various events.
14. Lui ngai ni festival. Almost all branches of naga tribe. In
nagaland. Rejoiced as the mark of seed sowing season. It
spread message of peace and harmony.
15. Dree festival.
By apatani tribe reside in arunachal pradesh. It is biggest
celebration held in the ziro valley. People offer prayer and
offering to 4 main gods tamu. Metii. Medvr. Danyi. And
mepin. Pray for plentiful harvest. Cucumber is distributed
to all the attendees as a symbol of good harvest.
16. Losar festival
Quite popular in arunachal pradesh mainly celebrate by
monpa tribe. It is 3 days festival.
17. Khan festival
Celebrate by miji tribe of arunachal pradesh. Bring people
from every background irrespective of there caste and
creed. In this preist ties a piece of wool in the neck of all
participants.
Bhakti and sufi movement.
1. Adi shankara
8 cen. Probably in kerala. Follow advaita school of vedanta
philosophy. Beleive in atma and brahman.
2. Ramanuja 1017 to 1137
In tamil nadu. Exponent to sri vaishnavism tradition
prponent to vishishtaadvaita sub school of vedanta
philosophy. It believe that all diversity subsuming to an
underlying unity.
3. Madhvacharya 1238 to 1317
Karnataka. Proponent of dvaita school of vedanta
philosophy. He named his philosophy as tatvavada. Acc to
him there is difference between atma and brahman.
4 nimbarka. 13 cen.
Of maharashtra. Later gone to mathura. Proponent to
dvait advait philosophy. He founded nimbarka sampradaya
community for worship of radha madhav.
5. Ramananda. 1300 to 1380
Of uttar pradesh. Vaishnava saint. Founder of ramanandi
sampradaya. Devotee of lord ram. Kabir and ravidas were
his desciple. First to use hindi for teaching.
Art and culture
6. Vallabhacharya 1479 to 1531
In north india. Founder of krishna center pushti marg sect
of vaishnavism. He propounded shuddha advait
philosophy. As per him moksha attain thorugh love toward
god called sneh.
7. Kabir. 15 cent
In uttar pradesh. Believe in vaishnavism. Have strong bent
to monist advaita. Means god present in every person and
in every thing. Belong to nirgun school and against of caste
system. Ideas compiled in bijak trxt. His verses found in adi
granth.
8. Guru nanak 1469 to 1539
Punjab. Inspired by kabir. Belong to nirgun school. Founder
of sikkism.
9. Narsinh meta 15 cent
In gujarat. Belong to vaishnav sect. Famous bhajan
vaishnav jan to. Also referred to adi kavi.
10. Chaitanya mahaprabhu. 1486 to 1534
In west bengal. Proponent of achintya bheda abheda and
gaudiya vaishnavism. Prominent sagun saint. Iskon taken
inspiration form them. He wrote siksastakam. A vaishnav
prayer in 8 verses.
11. Sankardev 1449 to 1568
In assam. Vaishnav saint. Propogated philosophy of
ekasarana dharma or one god. In form of lord krishna.
Sattras institutional center. Famous work include kirtan
ghosa. Written in brajawali. Madhavdev his successor.
12. Surdas. 1478 to 1580
In north india. Blind from birth. But devotee of krishna.
Belong to sagun school. Deciple of vallabhacharya. Famous
composition sur sagar.
13. Meera bai 1498 to 1446
Rajasthan. Treat krishna as her husband. Composed
bhajans.
14. Dadu dayal. 1544 to 1603
Gujarat. Reject vedas authority. Even caste system and
external form of worship. Concentrate on jaapa. Follower
called dadu panthis.
15. Dnyaneshwar. 13 crnt
Maharashtra. Wroshipper of vithoba. Related to varkari
sect. He authored dnyaneshwari a commentry on bhagwat
geeta. And amrutanubhav. This two work are erliest
surviver of marathi literature. He was Contemporary of
namdev.
16. Namdev. 1270 to 1350
Maharashtra. Significant to varkari sect of hinduism.
Worshipped lord vithoba. His writting included in granth
sahib.
17. Eknath. 1533 to 1599
In maharashtra. He was also a varkari sect. Famous work is
eknathi bhagavata.
18. Tukaram. In 17 cen
In maharashtra. Devotee to vitthala or vithoba. Famous for
devotional poetry known as abhanga also promote kirtans.
19. Samarth ramdas. 1608 to 1681
In maharashtra. Devote of ram and hanumana. Famous for
advaita vedanta text dasbodh. Founder of samarth sect.
Shivaji had great respect for him.
20. Guru ghasi das. 1756 to 1836
In chattisgarh. Criticise caste system. Est. Satnami
community. Belong to nirguna school.