Nativa, Sinop, v.*, n.*, p.

**-**, mês, 20** ISSN: 2318-7670

Pesquisas Agrárias e Ambientais
doi: 10.14583/2318-7670.v**n**a**
http://www.ufmt.br/nativa

Fertilization times of NH4 + and NO3- in corn and soil characteristics of an Oxisol under
no-tillage in the Amazon

ABSTRACT: Nitrogen (N) is the element that most significantly limits the productivity of corn in Brazilian Oxisols.
The objectives of this study were to assess the influence of NH 4+ and NO3- fertilizer application in corn grown under no-
tillage on (i) productivity parameters, (ii) the macronutrient content of the leaves and (iii) the chemical characteristics of
the soil. The field experiment was conducted in a clayey Oxisol. The experimental design was a randomized complete
block with four treatments and four replications. Treatment 1 was 120 kg/ha N-NH 4+ + N-NO3- applied before and at
planting, 120kg/ha and N-NH4+ applied to the soil surface for a total of 132 kg ha -1 N. Treatment 2 was N-NH4+ + N-
NO3- applied at planting and to the soil surface for a capacity of 132 kg ha -1 N. Treatment 3 was N-NH 4+ applied at
planting and to the soil surface for a total of 132 kg ha -1 of N. The corn in the control condition did not receive fertilizer.
The grain yield was higher with N-NH 4+ + N-NO3- supplied at planting and to the soil surface, and the fertilizer
increased the stem diameter and height of the inserted tang. Corn has a greater capacity to absorb NH 4+-N in the early
stages of crop growth. Following pre-planting application, planting and the in-coverage application of NH 4+-NO3-, the
concentrations of N, P and K increased to appropriate levels.
Keywords: nitrogen, soil fertilization, Zea mays.

Aplicação de NH4+ e NO3- em milho e características de um Latossolo sob plantio

direto na Amazônia

RESUMO: O nitrogênio (N) é o elemento que mais limita significativamente a produtividade do milho nos Latossolos
brasileiros. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a influência da aplicação de fertilizantes NH4+ e NO3- no milho
cultivado sob plantio direto sobre (i) parâmetros de produtividade, (ii) teor de macronutrientes nas folhas e (iii)
características químicas do solo. O experimento de campo foi conduzido em Latossolo Argiloso. O delineamento
experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. O Tratamento 1 foi 120
kg/ha de N-NH4+ + N-NO3- aplicado antes e no plantio, 120kg/ha e N-NH4+ aplicados na superfície do solo
totalizando 132 kg ha-1 de N. O Tratamento 2 foi N-NH4+ + N-NO3- aplicado no plantio e na superfície do solo para
uma capacidade de 132 kg ha-1 de N. O tratamento 3 foi N-NH4+ aplicado no plantio e na superfície do solo para um
total de 132 kg ha-1 de N. O milho na condição controle não recebeu adubação. A produtividade de grãos foi maior com
o fornecimento de N-NH4+ + N-NO3- no plantio e na superfície do solo, e o fertilizante aumentou o diâmetro do caule
e a altura do espigão inserido. O milho tem maior capacidade de absorver NH4+-N nas fases iniciais de crescimento da
cultura. Após aplicação pré-plantio, plantio e aplicação em cobertura de NH4+-NO3-, as concentrações de N, P e K
aumentaram para níveis adequados.
Palavras-chave: nitrogênio, fertilidade do solo e Zea mays.

1. INTRODUCTION growing season for the most efficient fertilization.

In recent years, Brazil has been among the
world’s largest grain exporters, leading to increased
agricultural productivity and a demand for scientific
advances in studies on the nutrition of corn. One factor
that limits the production of corn is inadequate nutrient
supply.
Corn requires substantial amounts of N-based
fertilizers to achieve high yields and productivity. The
supply of N to the plant should match demand during the
Nitrogen is a macronutrient that plants absorb in large
amounts because it synthesizes amino acids and proteins
that stimulate the growth and development of shoots and
roots. Nitrogen is also a component of chlorophyll, and
because N is a mobile element, photoassimilates are
redistributed to plant organs, to tissues for growth by
elongation, or to cells for differentiation (Sajad et al.,
2013).
Autor et al. (20**). Fertilization times of NH4 + and NO3- in corn and soil characteristics of an Oxisol under no-tillage in the Amazon

Generally, Amazonian soils do not naturally 100 50

supply the nutritional demands of corn, so it is necessary 90
80 40
to apply nitrogen fertilizers for high yields. The time of N
70
application may vary, and splitting the timing of nitrogen 60 30
application with an application at sowing and the 50
remainder applied to the soil surface when plants display 40 20
four to eight expanded leaves is commonly recommended. 30
Due to their effect on soil biological properties, tillage 20 10
10
practices could influence the timing and the amount of N
0 0
released from decomposing cover crop biomass (SHIVA jan fev mar abr mai jun jul ago set out nov dez
and PIERRE-ANDRÉ, 2017). Moreover, the time of Rain (mm) Temperature (°C)
fertilizer application and the selection of nitrogen sources
that can provide NH4+-NO3- efficiently can determine the Figure 1. Variation of temperature and rain during the
nutritional status of plants and promote increased experimental period of 2021/2022.
productivity and quality of grain. When NH 4+ and NO3- Figura 1. Variação de temperatura e pluviosidade no
can be applied in the same formulation, plants' nutritional
período experimental 2021/2022.
status and yield may improve.
Three primary forms of nitrogen fertilizers are
manufactured in the world: ammonia sulfate(NH 4+), The experimental area has been in a no-tillage
ammonia nitrate (NO3-), and urea C.O. (NH2)2 (IFA, system for over five years, with a succession of soybeans
2007). However, plants uptake N in the states of NH4+ and and corn and a cover crop of Brachiaria ruziziensis in the
NO3-. Sabir et al. (2013) studied N compounds in maize off-season. The field was limited in 2020 with an
plants and noted the superior assimilation of NH 4+ for the application of 2T.ha-1. In previous years, maize was
production of dry matter in comparison with NO3-. fertilized at 240 kg ha -1 with a formulation of 10:51:00,
Furthermore, plants fertilized with NH4+ had higher and 300 kg ha-1 was applied to the soil surface at
concentrations of micronutrients compared with plants 30:00:20. Soybeans were fertilized at 400 kg ha -1 with a
that absorbed other N sources. formulation of (2:27:35). The corn plants were grown
The forms of nitrogen fertilizer, the timing of until they produced grain.
fertilizer application, and the type of waste produced by Soil analysis
the tillage practices may all influence corn's productivity Samples were collected from the surface layer at
and nutritional content. Research must be conducted to 0-20 cm depths for soil characterisation. Samples were
determine the optimal time of NH 4+ and NO3- application collected at equivalent distances, following a transect in 2
for maize. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to the study areas, for 21 pieces. The samples were air-dried,
assess the influence of NH4+ and NO3- fertilizer homogenised and passed through 2 mm mesh sieves for
application on (i) the productivity parameters, (ii) the chemical and particle size analyses (Table 1), according
macronutrient content in leaves and (iii) the chemical to Embrapa (2006).
characteristics of the soil for corn grown under no-tillage.
The following hypotheses were postulated: (i) the grain Table 1. Chemical characteristics and particle size of clayey
Oxisol Amazon.
yield will be affected by NH 4+ and the form of NO3-
Tabela 1. Caracteristicas quimicas e distribuiição do tamanho de
supplied at planting and coverage, and (ii) the forms of partículas Latossolo da Amazônia.
NH4+ and NO3 will influence the nutritional status of
plants and soil characteristics-. pH N P K Ca Mg Al H+Al OM Sandy Silt Caly

H2 O % mg dm-3 ---------cmolc dm-3------ ------------g kg-1-----------

2. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS
Experimental area
The field experiment was conducted in 2011 in
Paragominas, Pará State, Brazil (02 º 55 '24 "S and 47 º
34' 36 "W). The experimental area was classified as
clayey Oxisol (GAMA et al., 2020). According to the
Köppen classification, the climate is Aw, i.e., rainy
tropical with a well-defined dry season and an average
annual temperature of 26.5 °C (Figure 1). The average
annual rainfall is 1,800 mm with two seasons: a rainy
season from December to May and a less rainy season
from June to November. The relative humidity varies
from 64% to 91% in rainy periods (GAMA et al., 2020).
The predominant topography of the region varies from
flat to gently undulating, with an average altitude of
approximately 200 m. The predominant vegetation is
secondary and regenerating following disturbance
(Rodrigues et al., 2002).
6.4 0.45 3.9 0.11 1.8 0.5 0.0 2.6 32.1 879 50 71
The pH was determined in water at a soil:
solution ratio of 1:2.5. Phosphorus and potassium were
extracted by Mehlich-1 (0.0125 mol L -1 H2SO4 + 0.05 mol
L-1 HCl), P was determined by colourimetry, and K by
flame photometry. Calcium was extracted with KCl 1 mol
L-1 and determined by EDTA. Complexometric H + and Al
were extracted with a 1 mol L-1 solution of calcium
acetate, pH 7.0, and determined by titration. Nitrogen was
determined using the Kjeldahl method by steam
distillation, calculating the nitrate and ammonium
fractions according to (EMBRAPA, 1997).
Characterization of particle size was determined
following the pipette burning of organic matter method
(Table 1), according to Embrapa (2009).

Nativa, Sinop, v.*, n.*, p.**-**, mês, 20**

Autor et al. (20**). Fertilization times of NH4 + and NO3- in corn and soil characteristics of an Oxisol under no-tillage in the Amazon

Description treatments (extremely high) in the other treatments and did not differ
The experiment was conducted in a completely from the control (Figure 2 D).
randomized block with four treatments and four The most significant height to the first ear
replications, and each plot consisted of 10 planting rows (147.56 cm) was found when NH4+ was applied once at
of 10 m, spaced every 0.5 m for a total of 16 experimental planting and again to the soil surface (Figure 2 C).
stories of 50 m2 each. Treatment 1 consisted of applying a Significant results (p<0.01) were found for stem
mixture of 100kg (N-NH4++N-NO3) before seeding as a diameter (Figure 2 B). The largest diameter (8.83 cm) was
source of ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate and found.
32 kg (N-NH4+) after planting as a source of ammonium With applying N-NH4+ and N-NO3- at planting
sulphate, amounting to 132 kg ha-1N, this treatment is and to the soil surface. The treatment increased 11% and
called 1(N-NH4++N-NO3). Treatment 2 consisted of 7% compared to the other treatments.
applying a mixture of 132 kg (N-NH 4++N-NO3) at
seeding, source ammonium sulphate and ammonium
nitrate, and this treatment is entitled 2(N-NH 4++N-NO3).
Treatment 3 consisted of applying 132 kg of N-NH 4+ at
seeding, the source being ammonium sulphate. Treatment
4 was a control with no nitrogen fertiliser applied. P and
K applications were the same for all treatments, with 96
kg ha-1 of P2O5, a super triple phosphate source, and 96 kg
ha-1 of K2O, potassium chloride, applied at seeding.

Plant tissue analysis

When the plants reached the phenological stage
of flowering (R2), leaves were collected to assess the
nutritional status of the plants. Ten leaves were collected
below and opposite the first leaf spike for chemical
analyses of the leaves, according to the methodology
described by Malavolta et al. (1997).
The plant material was washed, dried in a forced-
air oven at 65 °C, weighed and ground to determine the
concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and
calcium. Total N was determined by the Kjeldahl method.
P, K and Ca macronutrients were extracted by perchloric
acid digestion, and the concentration of P was determined
by colourimetry, K by flame photometry, and Ca by
atomic absorption, using methods described by Malavolta
et al. (1997).
The insertion height of the first spike and the
stem diameter were measured 90 days after planting using
tape measures and callipers. The corn was harvested
manually in the four central lines for a total area of 32 m 2
when grain moisture was approximately 13%. Threshing
was performed using a mechanical chopper. Corn samples
were placed in an oven (105 °C for 24 h), and the samples
were subsequently ground in a Wiley mill to prepare for
quantitative assessments.
Production was evaluated by determining the
grain yield (kg ha-1) after correction for moisture content
(13 g kg-1) and considering the number of plants per plot.
Figure 2. Yield, stem diameter, insert first corn and grain
moisture cob to apply NN-NH4+ and N-NO3- in Oxisol in the
Amazon.
Figura 2. Produção de grãos, diâmetro do colmo, inserção da 1º
espiga e umidade dos grãos sob aplicação de N-NH 4+ e N-NO3-
em Latossolo na Amazônia.
3
The forms of nitrogen had no significant effect
on the concentration of N found in the corn leaves
(p>0.05).
The highest P concentration in the leaves (3.87 g
kg-1) was found in the treatment with N-NH 4+ + N-NO3-
applied at planting and first mating. This treatment
differed significantly from the treatment in which N was
applied prior to planting and the control. (Figure 3 B).
The methods and timing of N application did not
affect the concentration of potassium in the leaves (Figure
3 C). The highest concentrations of K (30.65 g kg -1) and
Ca (5.28 g kg-1) in leaves were found in the control.
Neither the N form nor application time affected the
concentrations of K and Ca in leaves (Figure 3 D).
40 6
A B
Content nitrogen of leaf (g kg-1)

Phosphorus content in leaf (g kg-1)

ab 5
ab
The grain quality was assessed by the thousand-grain 30
ab b a
4 b ab
weight (AOAC, 1990). b

All parameters were subjected to analysis of 20

3

variance (p ≤ 0.05), and means were compared by LSD 2

test at 5 % probability with the aid of the SAS software 10

1

package (SAS Institute, 2004). 0

40 10
C D
Potassium content in leaf (g kg-1)

a
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Calcium content in leaf (g kg-1)

a
ab 8 a
30 b
The forms of nitrogen were not statistically 6 a
significant for grain yield (p<0.05), and the averages were 20
ab ab
b
similar (Figure 2A). 4

When NH4+ and NO3- were applied before 10

2

planting, the grain had the lowest percentage of moisture

0
(18.5%). The grain moisture contents were above 20% 0

Nativa, Sinop, v.*, n.*, p.**-**, mês, 20**

 Autor et al. (20**). Fertilization times of NH4 + and NO3- in corn and soil characteristics of an Oxisol under no-tillage in the Amazon
Figure 3. Content nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium when fertilizer is applied before planting, microorganisms
in leaves to apply NN-NH4+ and N-NO3- in Oxisol in the immobilize N and then release the N to the soil in organic
Amazon. form, contributing to increased O.M. and CEC. N losses
Figura 3. Conteúdo de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e cálcio nas
in agriculture are mainly influenced by climatic and soil
folhas sob aplicação de NN-NH4+ e N-NO3- em Latossolo na
Amzônia.
conditions. However, effective agricultural practices play
vital roles in reducing N losses (WU et al., 2019). This
study revealed no influence of the forms of applied N on
A significant correlation was found (Figure 4) grain production and N content in the leaf. Residual N left
between the N content in the leaves and corn yield by the previous crop may have influenced our results by
(p>0.71). Nitrogen values between 30 and 31 g kg-1 in supplying the requirements of maize in different stages of
leaves appear optimal for maize (Malavolta et al., 1997). development. In no-tillage systems, the formation of
High productivity can be expected when N is supplied in straw and biological N2 fixation by legumes leads to
adequate quantities and at appropriate times for maize nitrogen in the soil. Nitrogen effects refer to the improved
during the season. However, the N content of leaves did N nutrition of a subsequent non-legume crop and the
not differ among the treatments. associated reduction in N-fertiliser demand as a result of
the N2-fixing capabilities of legumes (FRANKE et al.,
10000 2018). Although grain yield was not significantly
different among treatments, the 17 % increase in
9000 productivity with the N forms used may represent a
satisfactory gain for the farmer.
8000 High grain moisture content may be linked to high rainfall
Yeild (Mg ha-1 -1-1 )

in the region. The high rainfall from flowering to harvest

7000 may have enabled a more significant water accumulation
in the maize grains. The main means of supplying
6000
nitrogen from the soil to plants occurs through mass flow,
where the nutrient passes through the rhizosphere more
5000
quickly, reducing the likelihood of its immobilization
4000 before reaching the root surface (MCMURTRIE and
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 NÄSHOLM, 2018). which is affected by the amount of N
Concentration leaf nitrogen (g kg-1) present in the soil. This phenomenon explains why water
4
treatments with N application at planting and coverage
Figure 4. Pearson correlation between N content in leaves and showed grain moisture levels close to those of the control.
corn yields with N-NH4+ and N-NO3- application in the Oxisol The lowest levels occurred with the application of N-
Amazon.
Figura 4. Correlação de Pearson entre o conteúdo de N nas NH4+ + N-NO3- prior to sowing, possibly because the rain
folhas e a produção de milho com a aplicação de N-NH 4+ e N- caused N losses by nitrate leaching or denitrification.
NO3- em Latossolo na Amazônia. The most significant increase in height occurred
with P applied once at planting, which may be related to
The forms of N applied to the soil did not
the supply of 45 % P2O5 converting to a form readily
significantly affect the chemical characteristics of the
Oxisol studied (Table 2), this being most likely related to available to the plant at planting. Managing phosphorus
the fact that N can be a mobile element, and the plants can applications in highly weathered tropical soils may not
rapidly absorb it. Only in the application of NH 4+ and in lead to improvements in yield or achieving desired
the control was slight acidity observed. equilibrium levels in plants (Figure 3B), in the soil,
phosphorus (P) is converted from soluble P to insoluble P
Table 2. Chemical characteristics of clayey Oxisol after maize through two critical processes such as adsorption and
cultivation tillage system, according to the application of N-
NH4+ and N-NO3-. precipitation (MABAGALA et al., 2022).
Tabela 2. Características químicas do Latossolo argiloso após o Phosphorus is the second most important nutrient
cultivo de milho, mediante aplicação de N-NH4+ e N-NO3-. for the growth and development of maize. Phosphorus (P)
Trat pH H2O P disp. Ca Mg K Al Al+H CTC MO V NH4+ NO3-
is among the essential macronutrients required by plants
mg dm-3 -----------------mmolc dm-3---------------- g kg-1 % mg dm-3 and animals in large quantities and their role are non-
Controle 4.9a 18a 32a 7a 0.8a 1a 30a 41a 33.1b 56a 20.3c 5.2b
+ -
1(NH 4+NO 3) 5.2a 19a 31a 6.5a 1.1a 1a 32a 40a 34.5a 54b 33.2a 9.5a
replaceable by other elements. P is vital for plant and
+
+
-
2(NH 4+NO 3) 5.1a 20a 31a 7a 1.3a 1.1a 32a 41a 33.9b 54b 33.0a 9.0a animal growth, cell division, and growth. In addition, P as
(NH 4) 4.9a 19a 31a 6.5a 1.4a 1.1a 31a 40a 35a 55a 34.1a 3.5c
CV (%) 10.5 9.0 10.0 8.5 12 7.0 8.5 7.0 7.8 7.8 12.5 13.0 a nucleic acids component is vital in biological energy
1 transfer processes (MABAGALA et al., 2022).
There was a reduction in pH values, although not In their study, Davies et al. (2022) proved the
significant. The increase of N-NH4+ and N-NO3- in the soil positive action of urea on the enzymatic activity of corn,
compared to the control. explaining why the height of the plants, as well as the
The cation exchange capacity was higher in length and number of internodes, increased by the
Treatment 1 compared with the other treatments. This application of nitrogen in the form of urea.
result may be related to N dynamics in the soil because,

Nativa, Sinop, v.*, n.*, p.**-**, mês, 20**

Autor et al. (20**). Fertilization times of NH4 + and NO3- in corn and soil characteristics of an Oxisol under no-tillage in the Amazon
When there was adequate availability of N,
especially in the form most assimilable by corn, stem
diameter increased. Moreover, plants exhibit the
preferential absorption of ammonium (NH4+) because
nitrate (NO3-) assimilation imposes a higher energy
demand than the assimilation of NH4+. Ammonium does
not need to be reduced before its incorporation into amino
acids (SABIR et al., 2013).
Like most plants, corn tends to absorb more
significant amounts of N as NH4+. NH4+ exhibits little
space or seasonal variations in tropical soils compared
with NO3- (Epstein & Bloom, 2004). Corn plants fed with
NH4+ had higher photosynthetic rates and stomatal
conductance and transpiration rates (Sabir et al., 2013).
The symbiosis between leguminous plants and
prokaryotes causes the fixation of atmospheric N 2. Some
prokaryotes called diazotrophs (di=two; azote=nitrogen;
trophs=eaters) evolved with the enzyme nitrogenase,
capable of capturing the nitrogenous gas from the
atmosphere (N2), primarily reducing it to ammonia.
(PAULITSCH et al., 2021), as determined by the level
observed in the control.
The efficiency of fractional N application was
proven in their study by Ren et al. (2022) where there was
a significant increase in nitrogen accumulation (NA),
partial nitrogen factor productivity (PFPN), agronomic
nitrogen efficiency (AEN) and nitrogen recovery
efficiency (REN) of summer corn.
The supply of part of the total P at planting and
the other half to the soil surface may have accounted for P
availability in the early stages of plant growth, reflected in
higher leaf P content. Organic P is a small mobile element
in the soil solution; thus, phosphate fertilizer must be
applied at planting so that it will be near the growing root
system. Phosphorus is also an essential nutrient in the
early stages of crop development because according to
Ihtisham et al. (2020), P is necessary for the synthesis of
nucleic acids and other vital molecules.
With early application of P under the conditions
of the study, P may have become fixed or adsorbed
because the experiment was conducted in clay soils;
phosphorus is capable of adsorbing to clay particles, iron
oxides, aluminium and calcium because these oxides have
large specific surface areas and many adsorption sites.
Concentrations of soil K were within the average
threshold (Table 1) for plants (0.11 to 0.033 cmolc dm-3)
(TOMÉ JR, 1997). Furthermore, it is possible for
potassium (K+) to accumulate in plant remains from
previous crops. Potassium present in remaining plant
material is released to exchange sites on the surface of
organic matter, influencing the levels of potassium
available for plant growth.
Suitable levels of Ca occurred in the control,
possibly because of the surface lime application without
ploughing, a practice common in no-till systems. From
the point of view of productivity and OM accumulation,
the combination of Ca-amendment and NT constitutes a
valuable tool to recover degraded acid soils with a
tendency to develop a perched water table, especially in a
scenario of changing climate with more frequent periods
of drought or excess rainfall (HONTORIA et al., 2018).
Faria (2013) studied the efficiency of different forms of N
in a no-tillage corn system and determined the nutritional
status of plants by foliar diagnosis. By providing
ammonium nitrate, the following yields were obtained in
the 2009/10 season: 31.9 g kg-1, 2.6 g kg-1, 25.5 g kg-1, and
5.0 g kg-1 for N, P, K and Ca, respectively. In the 2010/11
season, the yields obtained were 34.2 g kg-1, 2.5 g kg-1,
24.7 g kg-1, and 5.2 g kg-1 for N, P, K and Ca,
respectively, values close to those found in this study.
Notably, the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus
found in the leaves of all treatments were within the
ranges of total N and P considered adequate (27.5 to 32.5
g kg-1 and 2.5-3, 5 g kg-1, respectively) (MALAVOLTA
et al., 1997). However, the concentrations of potassium
found in the leaves were above the levels considered
adequate (17.5 to 22.5 g kg-1) (MALAVOLTA et al.,
1997).
4. CONCLUSION
. The stem diameter and height of the insert tang
were also positively affected. Corn has a greater capacity
to absorb N-NH4+ in the early stages of growth.
The application of fertilizer prior to sowing and
the application at planting and in coverage (NO 3-and
NH4+) increased the concentrations of N, P and K to
adequate levels. Calcium was not affected by N sources in
the soil.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Federal Rural University of Amazonia -
Campus Paragominas in partnership with Juparanã
Agricultural Company.
5
6. REFERENCES
ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTS - AOAC. 1990. Official methods of analysis.
15th ed Washington, 1990.
DAVIES, B.; COULTER, J. A.; PAGLIARI, P. H. Soil
Enzyme Activity Behavior after Urea Nitrogen
Application. 2022.
EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA
AGROPECUÁRIA – EMBRAPA Centro Nacional de
pesquisa de solos, Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de
solos. Rio de Janeiro, 2006.
EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA
AGROPECUÁRIA – EMBRAPA. Manual de análises
químicas de solos, plantas e fertilizantes. Brasília, 2009.
GAMA, J. R. N. F.; VALENTE, M. A.; OLIVEIRA
JUNIOR, R. C. de; CRAVO, M. da S.; CARVALHO, E.
J. M.; RODRIGUES, T. E. Solos do estado do Pará. 2020.
EPSTEIN, E.; BLOOM, A. Nutrição mineral de plantas:
Princípios e perspectivas. Londrina, second. Trad. Maria
Edna Tenório Nunes, 2004.
Nativa, Sinop, v.*, n.*, p.**-**, mês, 20**
Autor et al. (20**). Fertilization times of NH4 + and NO3- in corn and soil characteristics of an Oxisol under no-tillage in the Amazon

FARIA, L. A. Dinâmica do nitrogênio proveniente de
ureia combinada a tecnologia redutora de volatilização.
2013. 101 f. Tese (Doutorado em solos e nutrição de
plantas). Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de
Queiroz”: Piracicaba, 2013.
FRANKE, A.C.; VAN DEN BRAND, G.J.; GILLER,
K.E. Sustainable intensification through rotations with
grain legumes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review. 2018.
HONTORIA, Chiquinquirá et al. Mid-Long Term Effects
of No Tillage and Ca-Amendment on Degraded Acid
Soils under Contrasting Weather Conditions. Soil &
tillage research 183. 2018.
IHTISHAM, Muhammad et al. The Optimized N, P, and
K Fertilization for Bermudagrass Integrated Turf
Performance during the Establishment and Its Importance
for the Sustainable Management of Urban Green Spaces.
Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland) 12.24. 2020.
INTERNATIONAL FERTILIZER INDUSTRY
ASSOCIATION - IFA. Sustainable management of the
nitrogen cycle in agriculture and mitigation of reactive
nitrogen side effects. IFA, Paris, 2007.
MABAGALA, F. S.; Marco E. M. On the Tropical Soils;
The Influence of Organic Matter (OM) on Phosphate
Bioavailability. Saudi journal of biological
sciences .2022.
in maize (Zea mays L.). Australian Journal of Crop
Science, v. 7, n. 12, p. 1836-1842, 2013.
SAJAD, K.; BARARY, M.; RAFIE, M.; MEHRABI, A.
A.; TAAB, A. R. Response of New Maize Hybrids to the
Method of Urea Application. International Journal of
Agronomy and Plant Production, v. 4, n. 10, p. 2699–
2706, 2013.
SAS Institute Inc. SAS online Doc 9.1.3. Cary, NC: SAS
Institute Inc, 2004.
SHIVA, L.; PIERRE-ANDRÉ, J. Nitrogen availability
and early corn growth on plowed and no-till soils
amended with different types of cover crops. J. Soil Sci.
Plant Nutr. vol.17 no.1 Temuco. 2017.
TOMÉ JÚNIOR, J.B. Manual para interpretação de
análise de solo. Guaíba, 1997.
WU, Yan ; LI, Fei ; ZHENG, Haichun ; HONG, Mei ;
HU, Yuncai ; ZHAO, Bayinnamula ; DE, Haishan .
Effects of three types of soil amendments on yield and
soil nitrogen balance of maize-wheat rotation system in
the Hetao Irrigation Area, China. 2019.

MCMURTRIE, Ross E.; TORGNY, Näsholm.

Quantifying the Contribution of Mass Flow to Nitrogen 6
Acquisition by an Individual Plant Root. The New
phytologist. 2018.

MALAVOLTA, E.; VITTI, G. C.; OLIVEIRA, S. A.

Avaliação do estado nutricional da planta: princípios e
aplicações. 2.ed. Piracicaba: Associação Brasileira para o
Estudo da Potassa e do Fosfato, 1997.

PAULITSCH, F.; REIS, F. B. dos; HUNGRIA, M.

Twenty Years of Paradigm-Breaking Studies of
Taxonomy and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation by Beta-
Rhizobia, and Indication of Brazil as a Hotspot of
Paraburkholderia Diversity. Archives of microbiology
203.8. 2021.

REN, B. et al. Influences of Split Application and

Nitrification Inhibitor on Nitrogen Losses, Grain Yield,
and Net Income for Summer Maize Production. Frontiers
in plant science 13. 2022.

RODRIGUES, T. E.; SILVA, R. C.; SILVA, J. M. L.;

OLIVEIRA-JR, R. C.; GAMA, J. R. N. F.; VALENTE,
M. A. Caracterização e classificação dos solos do
município de Paragominas. Estado do Pará.- Boletim-
Técnico Belém: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. p.64, 2002

SABIR, M.; HANAFI. M.M.; MALIK, M. T.; AZIZ, T.;

ZIA-UR-REHMAN, M.; AHMAD, H. R.; HAKEEM, K.
R.; SHAHID, M. Differential effect of nitrogen forms on
physiological parameters and micronutrient concentration

Nativa, Sinop, v.*, n.*, p.**-**, mês, 20**