Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sidsham
Sidsham
impact factOR : 5.2331(Uif) UGc appROved JOURnal nO. 48514 issn: 2249-894X
Dr. M. B. Waghmare
Shri Shiv Chhatrapati , Collage Junnar.
ABSTRACT
The society of the Nizam period consisted of Bramhins, Marathas, Kolis(Fishermen), Sutar
(Carpenter) , Lohar (Ironsmith) , Koshti, Muslims, Mali, Vanjari, Mahar, Mang, and Chambhar (Cobbler)
castes. The Mahar, Mang, Chambhar and Dhor were included amongst the Dalits. They were mentioned as
untouchables or atishudras. Mahar was a major caste amongst the Dalits. Then comes the Mangs and the
Chambhars. In 1941 the population of the dalits in Hyderabad state was 2928040. Here it is necessary to
have a look at the history of the dalit castes and their social and financial position.
.
KEY WORDS: society , atishudras , social and financial position.
From this it can be concluded that - the name Maharashtra is derived from the word Mahar.
Mahars were the original inhabitants and rulers of Mahrasrashtra. They reached their Nadir due to
political defeat. The Konkan region mainly constituted the Mahars, Mang, Bhills, Thakur, Koli and
Kongs. But the Kadambas defeated Mahars, Chalukyas defeated the Mangs and Mauryasdefeated the
Kolis and won their kingdoms25. Hence Mahars the sons of the soil became astray.
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Residence outside the Village limits
The Mahar caste was included in the Atishudras and untouchable classes. Hence their touch
was a taboo. They also were not allowed to stay in the villages. There is ancient practice to built a
village wall ( Gavkus)29for the protection of the village. The huge wall surrounding the village is known
as Gavkus30. This wall contained many entrances. During the Nizam period i.e. Medieval period, every
village31used to have a wall. The Mahars and other untouchables use to reside just outside this wall to
the east of the village. Today also Maharwada and Mangvada is to the east of the village. The theology32
also instructed that Antyaj should reside outside the village. Mahar, Mang and Chambhar were also
known as Antyaj.
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The Mahars were granted 52 rights during the Nizam Period. But for that, they had to be in the
service of the society and the government for 24 hours. Their social and economic status did not
change due to this. The Mahars remained in the slavery of the upper castes due to this charter of 52
rights. In short the charter of 52 rights turned out to be a fetter of social and economic slavery.
Untouchability
Untouchability means unfit for touch. Out of the 8000 castes in India, 429 castes were declared
as untouchables. A person born in the untouchable caste died as an untouchable only. Mahar was an
untouchable caste. The upper castes felt desecrated due to the touch of the untouchables. They had to
undergo some expiation for removing the effect of desecration. Even though the theology did not
recognize untouchabilty, the Mahar, Chambhar and Mang people were treated very badly with
contempt and insult. The untouchables were oppressed by the Hindus and the Muslims during the
Nizam period. Hence the dalit castes became slaves of the Hindus and the Muslims. The untouchables
were banned from entering temples36and public watering places. They were made to sit separately.
The teachers also did not touch the untouchable students, but beat them with a wooden stick. On 24th of
December 1934, Dr Ambedkar went on a picnic to Ellora caves along with his colleagues Shivtarkar,
Pradhan, Asaikar, Kavdi, Madkebuva, DiwakarPagare, DevjiDolas, AmrutraoRankhambe, BhadujiBIkale
and Tukaram Kale. On his way to Ellora, they halted to see the Daulatabad( Devgiri) fort. They
refreshed themselves on a water tank outside the fort and washed their hands and legs. So the Muslims
used slang language towards Dr Ambedkar37and his colleagues for making the water tank unholy. The
Muslims were abusing that the untouchables have become arrogant and have forgotten their religion.
To be ribald and cheap is their religion and they should be taught a lesson. One should obey his level in
the religion. Ultimately they permitted Dr Ambedkar to see the fort on the condition that he will not
touch water in the fort. Since they were untouchables they were not allowed to enter public watering
places, temples and schools. Hence the untouchable workers submitted a memorandum to the Nizam
demanding digging of separate wells for the untouchables. Then the Nizam dug separate wells for the
untouchables and made arrangements for their drinking water.
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The jobs of the Mahars
The Mahars were the servants of the Government and the people. They had to do every job of
the government and the people. The Nizam Government had an unwritten instruction that the Mahars
should do all the work in the village. The Mahars also considered it their duty to do all the work. They
performed all the following work in the village. :
1) Jagla (Watchman) – Since the Nagalki was a subdivision of the Mahar Vatan, the watchmen belonged
to the Mahar caste. Nagla means the Police of the village40. The Jagla was a inferior servant than the
Patil and the Kulkarni. Jagla was the watchman of the village. This watchman was called as Taral in
Karnatak, Mahar in Maharashtra and Jagla41 in Khandesh.
2) Veskar- SinceVeskarki was also a Subdivision of the Mahar vatan the veskars in every village also
belonged to the Mahar caste. Veskar means a person patrolling under the guidance of the steward
at night and searching for criminals in the village42. Since the Mahar appointed for the purpose used
to sit at the village boundary all the 24 hours, he was called a Veskar . He kept a watch on the
persons entering and exiting the village.
3) Rabta (Working) Mahar - A Mahar working for a particular person or Kunbi in the village is known
as Rabta Mahar43. He performed all the work at the house of that particular person.
4) Padewar – The Mahar appointed for doing all the work in the village was known as Padewar44.
5) Bethbigar( Bonded Labor) – Mahar was an all purpose peon and bonded laborer of the village.
Bonded labor means getting all the work done without any return45.
Administrative Jobs
1) To clean the village
To clean the village was the main duty of the Mahar appointed in the village. All the dirty work
in the villages was done by the Mahars. Since the Mahars were untouchables, all the dirty linen was
allotted to them. To clean all the village roads, to dump the dead animal stock out of the village, to clean
the village office, and to meticulously maintain the cleanliness of the village were the main duties of the
village48.
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fields49. Jaglya Mahar was the Policeman of the village. Jaglya Mahar also investigated the thefts
occurring in the villages50. The Patil investigated the thefts with the help of the Jaglya.
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thick forests. But if a Mahar accompanied them, they were not so scared. Any new traveler invited the
Mahar through the Patil of the village. Thus it would become mandatory for the Mahar to accompany
the traveler as his path finder and a guide57. No dodging was allowed here.
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marriage, Mahar had to accompany him. The arrangement of his bullock cart was done by the Mahar.
In addition, the presence of the Mahar was a prestige point for the person and the Patil.
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At Hingoni in Vaijapur Tehsil in Aurangabad District, the dalits refused to contribute for the
Mari Aai festival. So the high caste Hindus severely beat the Dalits and drove away the male dalits out
of the village. They were not allowed to meet their family for days together. They dropped poisonous
plant in the public well. The high caste Hindus also severely beat the Dalits at Kichargaon in Vaijapur
Tehsil72. The Dalits at Aadgaon in Kannad Tehsil tried to hold a public meeting in 1946. So the high
caste Hindus beat them and drove them outside the village. The hands and legs of one dalit named
Behere was tied up for two days. In Jintur tehsil, the Muslim goons beat up the 13Dalits reciting
Bhajans at the Math. The women were also beaten up. Some Dalits were harnessed to bullock carts73.
Many such incidents were happening in Marathwada. B S Vyankatrao and J H Subayya petitioned the
Nizam to save the lives of the Dalits.
CONCLUSION
Mahar was an important Balutedar, Village Vatandar and Government Peon of the village. He
held a Maharkivatan. Similarly he received some land for performing the government work. But since
this land was very infertile, the Mahar vatan did not have any prestige as the other Vatans. Mahars had
to perform all the job of the village due to this vatan. But since the financial returns for this work were
very meager, they were financially dependent on the high caste Hindus. In short, the Mahars were
financial slaves and bonded labors of the people and government due to the Mahar vatan. They did not
satisfy their basic needs like food, clothing and shelter. Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar initiated struggle
against the Mahar vatans since 1927. As a result the Mahar vatans were totally abolished in
Maharashtra in 1958.
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