Energy Conservation System for Classroom using
Microcontroller: An Innovation
Alaina Thea A. Villanueva
Bulacan State University
Guinhawa, City of Malolos, Bulacan, 3000
alainathea.villanueva@bulsu.edu.ph
+63928-136-3881 mobile number
Abstract — Schools are now focusing on power saving
measures aimed at conserving energy, going green and saving
money. The main concept behind this study is to measure
electricity consumption and display the number of people entering
a classroom by counting through a system built in device.
When number of people inside the room is equal to zero,
the power supply inside the room can be cut using a relay interface
and when the person’s count is greater than zero, the
microcontroller turns on the room lights and fans. By using this
device the school can conserve energy. By these, the schools can
benefit better foster student learning, increase knowledge, and
serve as centers of community life. In view of the foregoing issues
and concerns pertaining to high energy consumptions, the use of
Energy Conservation System for Classroom may be considered as
possible solution to the aforementioned issues.
The system was found highly acceptable in terms of
functionality; reliability; usability; efficiency; portability. The
acceptability of Energy Conservation System for Classroom is not
only strongly recommended to be used and adopted by the school
administration to reduce their energy consumption and reducing
their energy bills but also to be available for use by other colleges
or schools.
As a whole the researcher was found highly acceptable
and was strongly recommended for adoption for further
improvement of the system in the field of industrial technology.
Keywords— Conserving Energy; Microcontroller; Relay
Interface; Student learning; Industrial Technology; Schools;
Classroom.
I. INTRODUCTION
The demand for electricity is on the rise. As the
world population increases and global industrialization
continues at a rapid pace, the need for reliable electricity
grows. The number of new connections and general load
growth has continued at a rapid pace, in line with economic
growth. Not only has the demand for electricity increased
with more and more people connecting to the electric grid,
but also the needs and demands of electricity customers
have increased due to the extent of technology deployed in
the average household.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3429842
Anthony U. Concepcion
Bulacan State University
Guinhawa, City of Malolos, Bulacan, 3000
anthony.concepcion@bulsu.edu.ph
+63949-647-7689 mobile number
As the world demand for energy rises, the concern
for the natural resource has become vital. These natural
resources are in inadequate supply. Government and
concerned individuals are working to make use of
renewable resources a priority, and to lessen the
irresponsible use of natural supplies through increased
conservation.
Using less energy has some benefits. It allows
people, governments and businesses to save money, and it
lets power plants avoid costly upgrades. However, global
warming has made energy efficiency a big issue in recent
years and experts agree that reducing electrical usage results
in less carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere.
Through a commitment to a high performance,
school districts are discovering that smart energy choices
can create lasting benefits for students, communities, and
the environment. Through this, the system contains
additional supporting information for design, renovation and
retrofit projects. The primary resource for developing and
implementing this study should be in a district or school
wide operations and maintenance program that focuses on
energy efficiency. Also, the objective of this study is to
provide organizational and technical information for
integrating energy and high-performance facility
management into existing Operations & Maintenance
(O&M) practices.
The development of Energy Conservation
System for Classroom is an example of
innovation. Which smart predictive
informatics tools are needed to help make
sense of ever increasing configuration of
data, and thereby aid in day-to-day
productivity as well as support instruction
goals of economic competitiveness this
premise under the CHED Memorandum
Order No. 03 Series of 2015 where it is
stated that Philippine higher education
institutions face critical and urgent
challenges in major fronts of the research
and development and extension (RDE)
 enterprise. RDEs was supported in any of
the following six multidisciplinary and
trans-disciplinary research platform. One
of the six multidisciplinary and trans-
disciplinary is developing Smart Analytics
and Engineering Innovations. This
research platform is aimed at fostering
and enabling research that can help data
users such as small to medium business
enterprises, industry, local governments,
legislators, policy makers, teachers,
students, individuals, families and other
stakeholders harness the potential of data
in varying levels of complexity in order to
make informed decisions.
Today, much electricity is consumed in schools.
With air conditioning units, computers, multimedia and
laboratory equipment, mobile phones, and laptops plugged
in halls, offices and classrooms, energy saving programs
have become a massive challenge to the school
administrator. Forgetting to turn off the electricity is one of
the major problems that cause high energy consumption in
many schools. Moreover, the high cost of electricity in the
Philippines takes its toll on large-scale power consumers
like schools. To make the establishment financially viable,
the cost is shared among students, thus, contributing to the
expensive price tag of education.
Nowadays, schools are focusing on power saving
measures aimed at conserving energy, going green and
saving money. The main concept behind this study is to
measure and display the number of people entering a
classroom by counting through a system built in the gadget.
When number of people inside the room is equal to zero, the
power supply inside the room can be cut using a relay
interface and when the person’s count is greater than zero,
the microcontroller turns on the room lights and fans. By
using this device the school can conserve energy. Beyond
these, the schools can benefit better in fostering student
learning, increase knowledge, and serve as centers of
community life. In view of the foregoing issues and
concerns pertaining to high energy consumptions, the use of
Energy Conservation System for Classroom may be
considered as possible solution to the aforementioned
issues.
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the literature and studies after
the thorough and in-depth search done by the researcher. A
number of published and unpublished theses were also
examined and reviewed which helped provide directions in
preparing the basic framework of the research.
The significance of the related literature used is to
be aware and helped this study what would be the
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3429842
importance of conserving electricity by using or providing
system that use different parts like microcontroller, sensors
and power regulations which could be an eye-opening to
those beneficiaries for saving money also for conservation
of energy.
In 2011 a lot of companies now are still not aware
of how can they conserve electricity and what means can it
cause to our environment. A solution to this problem lies in
tapping the potential of advanced lighting controls - the
automatic light switch. Lighting management systems use a
microprocessor to act as the programmable brain of a
facility's lighting system. Based on a preset schedule, it
turns the lights on or off in a number of zones throughout
the facility. Properly applied, the use of this technology has
been documented at monitored installations to generate
anywhere from a 10% to 35% energy savings.
III. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The main objective of the study is to design and develop
an Energy Conservation System for Classroom, the
researcher adopted the IPO model, which stand for input,
process and output.
IV. REASEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodology
that utilized in obtaining, analyzing and interpreting the data
requirements of the study. Included in this section are
methods and techniques used in conducting the study,
population and sample of the study, research instruments,
data collection procedure, and data processing and statistical
treatment in developing Energy Conservation System for
Classroom.
Research Design
Methods and Techniques of the Study
The study utilized the developmental or action
research method in developing Energy Conservation System
for Classroom. The focus on the procedures and processes
involved analysis, development and evaluation of Energy
Conservation System for Classroom.
The descriptive method of research present and
describe quantitative evaluation of the system, as it exists.
Descriptive research contributes much to the establishment
of standard norms of conduct, behavior or performance,
generalizations of principles.
The research method used by the researcher is
descriptive development method of research. It is a process
used to develop and validate the system. Steps involved in
this method include the following: (1) studying research
findings pertinent to the products; (2) developing the
product based on the findings, (3) field testing of the
product, and (4) revising the product.
Population and Sample of the Study
The respondents of this study consisted of five (5)
competent person in the field of Industrial Technology: (1) a
computer programmer at Save22 Company Pasig city,
Philippines, (1) Quality Control Engineer at Freyssinet
Filipinas Corporation; (1) Software Engineer at Accenture
Philippines; (1) Assistant Store Manager at Starbucks
Marilao; and (1) Graphic Designer at 7th Media Digital.
Research Instrument
The research instrument used for determining the
acceptability of the device is an adaptation of an ISO 9126.
Through the instrument was originally intended for the
evaluation of software, same items were modified by the
researcher to suit it for the present project.
The instrument was composed of several criteria
namely: functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency and
portability.
A five point Likert was the basis for determining
the numeric evaluation of the device.
Data Collection Procedure
After the development of the Energy Conservation
System for Classroom, the researcher asked the help of the
professors and professional system developer in the field of
Industrial Technology to evaluate Energy Conservation System
for Classroom and to determine the acceptability as a
technical tool. The five competent person in the field of
Industrial Technology; (1) a computer programmer at
Save22 Company Pasig city, Philippines, (1) Quality
Control Engineer at Freyssinet Filipinas Corporation; (1)
Software Engineer at Accenture Philippines; (1) Assistant
Store Manager at Starbucks Marilao; and (1) Graphic
Designer at 7th Media Digital. After the evaluation, the
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3429842
researcher summarized the conclusions based on the five (5)
categories of the acceptability of the system.
Data Processing and Statistical Treatment
The data gathered was processed by the researcher
by using statistical mean procedures utilized in data
analysis. Weighted mean and standard deviation were
analyzed.
Data Gathering Procedure
The instrument used in the form of survey forms
was handled out to the target respondents. The imminent
results were studied and tallied. The interview that was
conducted with the respondents was gathered for data as
well. And observation became the basis for the
interpretation of data gathering through surveys.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The statistical tools were determined the
effectiveness of the proposed utility. The following
statistical tools were used in the analysis and interpretation
of data.
V. PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
OF DATA
This chapter presents, analyzes and interprets the
data relative to the designing, developing, and validation of
the Energy Conservation System for Classroom. This chapter
presents the discussions of the answers to the following
objective of the study on how an Energy Conservation System
for Classroom was developed for electrical power
consumptions.
Part I. The Design and Development of an Energy
Conservation System for Classroom
Planning. This phase is the foundation of all the
phases of any system development design. Planning,
analyzing and needs assessment is very important in system
development. The researcher focused in defining clearly the
requirements of the system. Using detailed requirements
analysis the researcher produced a user – oriented
description particularly the specification of the system,
which includes identification of for whom the system is to
be developed, the environment in which it will be used, the
constraints which it will be developed, objectives and the
assessment that will be used. After considering the
specification of the system the researcher planned and
analyzed the problem and conducted a study to assess the
overall requirements needed in the development of an
Energy Conservation System for Classroom.
Design Phase. The primary objective of design
phase is to identify user requirements and to build a system
that satisfies these requirements. During systems design, the
researcher identifies all necessary inputs, interfaces,
processes and output. It is the systematic and specific
process of identifying set of strategies aimed at attaining a
particular goal containing elements attaining to precise
details.
Energy Conservation System for Classroom is designed
to detect people entering and leaving the room to turn on
and turn off the classroom electricity. In every person
entering and leaving the room, the system is equipped with
an Arduino Microwave that reads the digital input from two
receivers and calculates the number of persons inside the
room, and then displays it on the Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD). When the person’s count is greater than or equal to
one, the microcontroller turns on the room lights and fans
and when the person’s count is zero, it turns off all the lights
and fans as explained in the flowchart shown in
Figure1below.
Figure 1. System flowchart of Energy Conservation
System for Classroom
The system also has a transmitter side; a regulated
DC power drives the entire transmitting circuit wherein
different sensors like Infra-Red (IR) and PIR temperature
sensors are attached to the microcontroller.
Fabrication Phase. This phase elaborates and
builds on the system objectives that were produced in the
design phase. It is a process of successive refinement in
which the requirements are translated into computer
programs and hardware requirements depending on the
system to be produced.
Assembly and Mounting Phase. It is the process of
putting the system into operation. It involves testing to
verify that the system works properly. After the system has
been developed, it must be tested thoroughly. Testing refers
to the evaluation of program and the system execution.
The researcher verified if the system works as
intended. The researcher conducted testing activities to
make sure that the automated classroom energy
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3429842
management system was accurately translated to operating
procedures, and then to rectify any flaws in the solutions
that were then uncovered.
Evaluation and Revision Phase. It is the systematic
process that determines the quality of the final product. It is
an ongoing activity conducted at each phase that is used to
determine whether the objectives have been met and to
identify those parts where modifications are required. The
last phase requires that the new system developed will be
tested to determine the weakness for modification.
Evaluation should be done throughout the entire system
design stage and even after implementation to identify the
areas that still need revision.
Part II. The Required Components to Implement the
System
Type of sensors. This study used Ultrasonic Sensor
a type of Infrared Sensor (IR) which is used to detect the
presence of people by sending out ultrasonic waves into a
space and measuring the speed at which they return. Also
the study used a sensor that are highly suitable for detecting
motions. Ultrasonic sensors was used for a higher sensitivity
of detecting movements and that are highly suitable for
spaces. Examples of such spaces include restrooms, open
offices, classrooms and stairways, etc. space where a higher
degree of detection is desirable.
Figure 2. Ultrasonic Sensor (www.Mtechlog.com)
Microcontroller system. Most electronic
devices that we use today have a Microcontroller in them of
some form or another. To control the system Arduino
Microcontroller was used as the “brain” of the Automated
Classroom Energy Management System. Like any other
computer Microcontroller have input ports to easily detect
actions by a user, and output ports through which it
expresses the results of its program. A lot of other devices
such as lights, heat, or motion sensors, motors, our sound
devices, are attached to these pins to allow the
Microcontroller to be sensitive to the world and to express
itself.
 Figure 3. Arduino atMega328p microcontroller
(www.arduino.com) Part III. The Cost Analysis of Power Consumption of the
Electrical interface. The Electrical Interface Developed Energy Conservation System for Classroom.
electrically connects the different devices that supports the
Automated Classroom Energy Management System. The To identify if the system is acceptable the
schematic design of the system is shown in Figure 4. researcher conduct a cost analysis installed a Sub-Meter in a
classroom to measure the consumed kilowatts of a regular
The program is loaded in the microcontroller lecture room with and without using the system.
that indicates all the designed input, process and output.
Power supply is automatically turned on when it receives Table 1 presents the comparative cost of
desired voltage and everything starts to happen at high electrical consumption in a month with or without the use of
speed. The control logic unit keeps everything under the device
control. It disables all other circuits to operate. While the
preparations are in progress. All the wires connected are Table 1
being filled with bits reflecting the state of all circuits within Electrical Consumption per Month
the microcontroller. All pins are configured as inputs. The
overall electronics starts operation in rhythm with pulse
Time Sub- Comput Mont
sequence.
Frame Meter ation hly
A measured (base on Cost
Entry Exit
C the
Senso Sens
A So Meralco
r or
C ur Gneratio
So ce n
ur 22 charge)
ce 0 Without January 16, 20.950 20.950 * Php
22 V the use 2017 – kw/h 4.9014 102.6
0 A The of February16, 8
V re device 2017
C is/a
A re
C DC
Vol
tag Per
0 With
the use
February
16, 2017 –
17.750
kw/h
17.750 *
4.9014
Php
86.99
of March 16,
e son
Figure 4. Block Diagram of Energy Conservation s System device 2017
Reg Insi Difference in monthly consumption ( with and Php
for Classroom. de
ulat without device) 15.69
or
From now on the time is measured in micro and
nanoseconds. Program counter is set to zero. Instruction Without the use of the device the consumption
from that address is sent to instruction decoder which from the previous month in kilowatt per hour is 20.950
recognizes it, after which is executed with immediate effect. multiply by 4.9014 which is the meralco generation charge.
The value program counter is incremented by 1 or it can be The researcher found out that the monthly cost is Php
decremented by 1 in opposite, and the whole process is 102.68.
repeated million times per second. With the use of the device the consumption
from the previous month in kilowatt per hour is 17.750
Power regulation. To give energy needed for multiply by 4.9014 which is the meralco generation charge.
the system a power supply is used to directly give The researcher found out that the monthly cost is Php 86.99.
availability of power only from the source with
inappropriate electrical characteristics by alternating current The difference in monthly consumption with or
(AC) instead of direct current (DC), also it is used to alter without the use of the device is Php 15.69. The researcher
the power to meet the device requirements. Digital devices found out that the use of Automated Classroom Energy
are so numerous, run on fairly high voltage AC, power Management System has difference in consuming electricity
supplies commonly change AC to DC raise and lower the in the classroom compared without using the
voltage as required. It is used to condition power and system.
protects against power source failures that might damage the
device.

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3429842

 Table 2 present the Comparative of Annual The evaluation results and acceptability of
Projected Cost of Electrical consumption with / or without the Energy Conservation System for Classroom was
the use of the device examined in terms of file criteria: functionality, reliability,
usability, efficiency and portability.

Table 2 Table 3
Annual Project Cost of Electrical Consumption Summary of User Acceptability of the System.

Criteria Mean Interpretation

Time Sub- Compu Mont Projected
Functionality 4.68 Highly Acceptable
Frame Met tation hly Annual
Reliability 4.80 Highly Acceptable
er (base Cost Cost
Usability 4.65 Highly Acceptable
mea on the (monthly
sure Meralc cost x 12) Efficiency 4.80 Highly Acceptable
d in o Portability 4.75 Highly Acceptable
a Gnerati Highly
Overall Mean 4.73
mon on Acceptable
th charge)
With January 20.9 20.950 Php 1,232.16 The Energy Conservation System for Classroom as
out 16, 2017 – 50 * 102.68 a whole was found Highly Acceptable as shown by the
the January kw/h 4.9014 grand mean of 4.73 and was strongly recommended for
use of 15, 2018 adoption for further improvement of the system, the flowing
devic suggestion/comments were given by the experts.
e
With February 17.7 17.750 Php 1, 043.88 VI. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
the 16, 2017 – 50 * 86.99
use of February kw/h 4.9014 This chapter presents the summary of results, the
devic 15, 2018 conclusions drawn, and there approvals offered by the
e respondents. This study was to regulate the effect of
Difference in annual consumption ( with and 188.28 advertising alcohol on young people. Questionnaires were
without device) ran out to gather required data to accomplish and outline the
study.

Without the use of the device the monthly Summary

consumption in kilowatt per hour is 20.950 multiply by
4.9014 which is the meralco generation charge. The
monthly cost is Php 102.68 multiply by 12; the researcher
found out that the annual projected cost of electrical
consumption is Php 1, 232.16.
With the use of the device the monthly
consumption in kilowatt per hour is 17.750 multiply by
4.9014 which is the meralco generation charge. The
monthly cost is Php 86.99 multiply by 12; the researcher
found out that the annual projected cost is Php 1,043.88.
The difference in annual projected cost
consumption with or without the use of the device is Php
188.28. The researcher found out that the projected annual
cost consumption with the use of Automated Classroom
Energy Management System has difference in consuming
electricity in the classroom compared without using the
system.
Part IV. Evaluation results and acceptability of the
Energy Conservation System for Classroom as a
technical tool.
1. Today, substantial amount of electricity is consumed in
schools. With air conditioning units, computers,
multimedia and lab equipment, mobile phones, and
laptops plugged in halls, offices, and classrooms,
energy saving programs have become a massive
challenge to the school administrator. Majority in
schools, their problems are forgetting to turn off the
electricity that causes high energy consumptions.
Energy Conservation System for Classroom help
schools by managing the energy in each classroom.
Also the main target of the developed system was to
conserve energy by which schools is allocating large
amount of money in energy consumption in paying
electric bill. Conservation can slow the effect of climate
change, reducing the occurrence of disastrous weather
events. Beyond the basic goal of conserving the
planet’s resources, conservation has economic, political
and cultural benefits. Conservation is personally
empowering as well. Every students and citizens can
takes steps to conserve energy, and a unified effort can
result in significant, positive results.

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3429842

 The main concern of the study was to design and
develop Automated Energy Management System for
electrical power consumptions and to help the school in
conserving energy.
2. The researcher believes that Energy Conservation
System for Classroom can contribute in enhancing to
reduce the power consumptions of the school. The
integration of ultrasonic sensor a type of infrared sensor
(IR), Arduino microcontroller, electrical interface, and
power regulation to make the system functionality to
further enhance in conservation of energy power.
3. The study utilized the developmental or action research
method in developing Energy Conservation System for
Classroom. The focus was on the procedures and
processes involved analysis, development and
evaluation of Energy Conservation System for
Classroom. The examination was done through the pool
judgment of five competent persons in the field of
industrial management; (1) a computer programmer at
Save22 Company Pasig city, Philippines, (1) Quality
Control Engineer at Freyssinet Filipinas Corporation;
(1) Software Engineer at Accenture Philippines; (1)
Assistant Store Manager at Starbucks Marilao; and (1)
Graphic Designer at 7th Media Digital.
4. To determine evaluation results and acceptability of the
Energy Conservation System for Classroom was
examined in terms of five (5) criteria: functionality,
reliability, usability, efficiency and portability.
The acceptability of the Energy Conservation System
for Classroom was assessed in five dimensions based
on the Likert scale: 4.51 – 5.0 Highly Acceptable, 3.51
– 4.50 Very Acceptable, 2.51 – 3.50 Acceptable, 1.51 –
2.50 Moderately Acceptable, and 1.0 – 1.50
Unacceptable.
Conclusions
Base on the finding of the study, the following
conclusions were drawn:
1. The Energy Conservation System for Classroom has the
advantages that improve in reducing electrical power
consumptions. Advantages are: (a) automatically turn-
off electricity when the counter turns zero, (b) can be
installed in any single door rooms, and (c) it can also
identify how many persons are inside the classroom.
The system may also help the Schools to reduce their
energy bills; the school administration can use that
money for other purposes.
2. The integration of all parts; The Ultrasonic Sensor a
type of Infrared Sensor (IR), Arduino Microcontroller,
Electrical Interface, and Power Regulation have been
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3429842
properly designed and selected to appropriate by
function as designed.
3. Energy Conservation System for Classroom is deemed
highly acceptable system by proposed end users as
evaluated by the pool judgment of five competent
persons in the field of industrial management; (1) a
computer programmer at Save22 Company Pasig city,
Philippines, (1) Quality Control Engineer at Freyssinet
Filipinas Corporation; (1) Software Engineer at
Accenture Philippines; (1) Assistant Store Manager at
Starbucks Marilao; and (1) Graphic Designer at 7th
Media Digital.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following
recommendations are presented.
1. It is strongly recommended that schools should
consider the installation of the Energy Conservation
System for Classroom in classrooms in order to
minimize electric consumption thus, reducing operating
costs.
2. To properly operate the system, users are advised to
properly position the sensors to accurately detect the
ingress and egress of individuals monitored by the
system.
3. It is recommended that the Energy Conservation
System for Classroom be installed in a two door lecture
room to have an accurate of the system in of detecting
people who entering and leaving the class room.
4. Future researchers may use this study as baseline data
in further improving the device.
VII. REFERENCES
A. Books
[1] Alvarez, R. (2010). How to Connect a Voltage Regulator
in a Circuit. Telecommunication weekly. p.472
[2] Bartunek, H., Cerny, M. (2014). Dual Beam Sensor and
Edge Detection System and Method. Oxford
Review of Education, 38 (1). pp. 9-24. ISSN 0305-
4985.
[3] Delaney, D., O’Hare, G., Ruzelli, A. (2014). Evaluation
of Energy – Efficiency in Lighting Systems using
Sensors Networks. Workshop on Embedded
Sensing Systems for Energy-Efficiency in Buildings
pages 61-66.ISBN-978-1-60558-824-7
[4] Mills, R. (2013), Lights Off. Dairies Industries
International, Bell Publishing Ltd. Vol. 71. pp. 22-
23. July 2013
B. Publication
[5] DiLouie, C. (2011). Automated Controls can Save
Energy. Facilities Design & Management. Vol. 14.
p. 35. ISSN 02794438
[6] Sven337 (2014). Automatic and Lighting in the
Bathroom Using a Motion Sensor. Published
Article https:// perso.aquilenet.fr /~sven337
/english/ 2014/03/30/
Automatic_lighting_in_bathroom.html
[7] Vieira, M. A .M, Coelho, C. N. (2013). Survey on
Wireless Sensor on Network Devices.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1247753
[8] Wang, C. P. (2012). Performance of a Laser Beam Wave
Front Sensor. A new Technique. Applied
Optics Vol.23, Issue 9, pp. 1399-1402, 2012.
[9] Wladawski, I. (2013). Managing Complex innovation.
Retrieved from February 11, 2013 from http: //
blog. irvingwb.com / blog / 2013/ 02 /managing-
complex-disruptive-innovations-some-lessons-
learned.html
Published Theses
[10] Martirano, L., (2011), Environment and Electrical
Engineering (EEEIC), 2011 10th International
Conference on Lighting systems to save energy in
educational classrooms.
C. Electronic References
[11] Gionet, D., Wikkerink, L., Nguyen, H. V. (2015).
Automatic Door Safety System.
https://www.google.com/patents/US4914859
[12] Malik, B. (2015). Advanced RISC Machines (ARM)
Microcontroller.
http://microcontrollerslab.com/arm-
microcontroller/
D. Other Sources
[13] Ched Memorandum Order No. 03 (Series of 2015).
“Policy Reforms for the Grants-In-Aid Funds of
the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) for
Research and Development, and Extension”

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3429842