Mee 22625

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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WINTER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment 22625: MEE
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the
same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.
Sub
Q. Marking
Q. Answer
No. Scheme
N.
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 Marks
1. a) Classify electrical equipment with regard to protection against electric shock.
Ans:
Classification of Electrical Equipment with Regard to Protection Against Electric
Shock: 1 Mark for
Considering over all insulation level, the equipment are classified on five types as:
each of any
Class 0: two
Class - 0 appliances depend only on basic insulation without a provision for earth so, they are
classifications
not electrically safe to use. = 2 Marks
Class 01:
The operation of Class – 01equipment depends on the Earth provided by the installation
wiring for their safety.
Class I:
In Class I equipment the user protection from electric shock is achieved through a
combination of insulation and a protective earthing / ground.
Class II:
In Class II equipment the user protection from electric shock is achieved through two level of
insulation (either double or reinforced) without the need for earthing.
Class III:
In Class III equipment the input is connected to a safe extra low voltage circuit meaning no
further protection such as earthing is required.
1. b) Explain the term routine maintenance in brief.
Ans:
Routine Maintenance:
Maintenance carried daily for not to have any breakdown of equipment is called as Routine 2 Marks
maintenance. Routine maintenance refers to any periodic maintenance task that is done on a
planned & ongoing basis to identify and prevent problems before they result in equipment
failure. It is generally carried out without dismantling equipment but the equipment must
always be disconnected from supply before any repairs are undertaken.
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1. c) State any two advantages of preventive maintenance.
Ans:
Advantages of Preventive Maintenance:
1. It increases life of machine / equipment / motor / system.
2. It prevents unscheduled interruption of various machines and equipment. It also prevents
premature failure.
3. It keeps the machine in good working condition by reducing wear and tear.
4. It prevents minor faults from developing into major breakdown or fault.
5. It provides greater safety & protection to the workers and employees because of reduced
breakdowns. 1 Mark for
6. It reduces breakdown to minimum and increases the efficiency of equipment and each of any
machinery. two
7. It reduces breakdown period and hence provides maximum utilization of machine / advantages
equipment / motor. = 2 Marks
8. It avoids unnecessary production loss and ensures smooth running of production line.
9. Minimizes repetitive failure / repairs hence avoids inconvenience.
10. It requires less number of standby machines / spare parts / equipment.
11. It determines the need for major & minor repairs.
12. There will be energy saving if equipment or machine is well maintained.
13. It provides satisfactory maintenance of machine / equipment / motor and concern parts at
low cost.
14. It helps to plan flexibility in operation due to accurate knowledge of machine / equipment
/ motor condition.
15. It avoids multi damages due to in time proper maintenance.
16. The work load of maintenance staff can be properly managed / planned.
17. It is possible to have balance attention of all machines / motors equipment.
18. It enables faults to be rectified at early stages.
19. Proper record of faults, repairs, spares etc. are well maintained which is very much useful
in future.
1. d) Explain routine test for measurement of DC resistance of winding in Induction Motor.
Ans:
Routine Test for Measurement of DC Resistance of Winding in Induction Motor:
1 Mark for
diagram & 1
Mark for
explanation
of any one
method
= 2 Marks
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The state of the 3- phase induction motor may be star connected or delta connected. The
terminals are available on the terminal box. Simple test to measure the D.C. resistance of the
motor is the Voltmeter-Ammeter method.
If the stator or rotor winding is internally star connected. Hence any two terminals are taken
whereas 3rd terminal is kept open. Low voltage D.C. supply is switched 'ON' and current is
adjusted to a suitable value by varying rheostat. Ammeter and voltmeter readings are noted.
Resistance is found as R= V/I. This value is the combined value of two winding in series.
Hence resistance per phase is equal to Rdc = R/2Ω.
Same procedure is followed for delta connected winding
Equivalent resistance Rdc per phase = 2R x R/2R + R = 2/3 = 2R/3 = 0.67 times of measured
resistance between two terminals.
1. e) List out any four contaminating agents of insulating oil.
Ans:
Contaminating Agents of Insulating Oil:
1. Water.
2. Moisture. ½ Mark for
3. Dirt / dust. each of any 4
4. Carbon deposits. agents
5. Sulphur. = 2 Marks
6. Acids.
7. Gases.
8. Alcohols.
9. Grease.
10. Acetones and aldehydes.
11. Presence of sludge which is mainly an oxidation product, whose formation is accelerated
by temperature and contact with air.
12. Presence of solid particles.
1. f) List out the different methods of testing of electrical machines.
Ans:
Methods of Testing of Electrical Machines: 1 Mark for
The testing of machines / equipment can be broadly divided into following methods: each of any
1. Direct method of testing / Direct testing. two methods
2. Indirect method of testing / Indirect testing. = 2 Marks
3. Regenerative method of testing / Regenerative testing.
1. g) State the factors affecting life of insulation.
Ans:
Factors Affecting Life of Insulation:
1. Dielectric strength / Electrical stress / High voltage stress.
2. Temperature / Thermal stress / High temperature. ½ Mark for
3. Mechanical stress. each of any 4
4. Moisture absorption. agents
5. Water. = 2 Marks
6. Dirt and dust particles on the surface of insulation.
7. Surface tracking and arcing.
8. Ageing.
9. Improper handling.
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10. Oxidation.
11. Atmosphere.
12. Impurities.
13. Light.
14. Chemical reaction.
2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks
2. a) Describe any one method of providing Artificial Respiration.
Ans:
Methods of Providing Artificial Respiration:
Following are the general methods of applying artificial respiration as:
1. Mouth to mouth method
2. Schafer’s prone pressure method
3. Silvestre’s method (Arm-lift-pressure method)
4. Nielson’s arm lifts Back-pressure method.
Description:
Mouth to Mouth Method:
Step 1: Victim is laid on his back
Step 2: Remove / ensure that there is nothing in mouth of the victim.
Step 3: Put one hand under victim’s neck and with the other hand lifts his chin point upward.
Step 4: Shut the nose of the victim.
Step 5: Put your mouth tightly over the mouth of the victim and then blow vigorously 4 Marks for
(Strongly) so as to expand the chest of the victim. (To avoid direct contact with the any one
mouth of victim, make use hand kerchief) method
Step 6: Remove your mouth to let returning air escape.
Step 7: Repeat this process 3 to 4 seconds.
Step 8: This method supplies 10-12 times more volume of air in to the patient’s lungs than any
other method.
Step 9: Repeat the process slowly 12-15 times in a minute till the breathing to the person is
restored.
Schafer’s Prone Pressure Method:
Step 1: Lay the victim on his stomach (belly) with his face to one side. One arm extends
directly overhead and the other arm bent at elbow.
Step 2: Free his neck from clothing.
Step 3: Kneel (to rest on knees) over the victim back.
Step 4: Place both hands on his back near the lowest ribs.
Step 5: Now press gradually & slowly & swing forward slowly his back for about 2-3 sec.
leaning yourself forwards with arms held straight.
Step 6: Now relax the pressure slowly & come to the original position for about 2 sec.
without lifting your hands from the victim.
restored.
Step 8: Do not give liquid until the patient is conscious.
Silvestre’s Method (Arm-Lift-Pressure Method):
Step 1: The victim is laid on his back with legs straight and face facing towards to sky. Pillow
is given below shoulder and neck is fully extended.
Step 2: Operator sits on his / her heels with knees separated at the victim’s head. The operator
will kneel near patient’s head, facing towards him.
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Step 3: Operator will catch patient’s wrist & by bending forward he will pull patient’s arm up.
This will cause inspiration. Then bending forward, he will put deep pressure on chest
with patient’s hand. This will cause expiration. Inspiration should last for 3 seconds
and expiration for 2 seconds.
restored.
Step 5: Do not give liquid until the patient is conscious.
Nielson’s Arm Lifts Back-Pressure Method:
Step 1: The victim lies in prone position with both arms folded & hands resting one on the
other, under his head.
Step 2: The operator will kneel near patient’s head, facing towards him.
Step 3: To start the cycle operator places his hands on the victim's back so that the thumbs
just touch and heels of the hands are just below a line between the armpits with finger
spread outwards.
Step 4: Then the operator rocks forward slowly, keeping the elbows / arms straight, until his
arms are approximately vertical, exerting steady pressure upon victim’s back, this
completes expiration.
Step 5: Then he rocks backward, releasing pressure and slide the hands downwards along the
victim’s arm & grasp his upper arm just above the elbows.
Step 6: Continuing to rock backward he gently raises and pull the victim’s arms to lift the
chest weight from the floor and expand the chest, this completes inspiration.
Step 7: This method supplies 10-12 times more volume of air in to the patient’s lungs than any
other method.
restored.
2. b) State internal and external causes for failure of equipment. (Four points under each
type)
Ans:
Internal and External Causes for Failure of Equipment:
Internal Causes for Failure of Equipment:
1. Insulation breakdown between winding and earth.
2. Insulation breakdown between different phases.
3. During normal working shot - circuit may occur due to some reasons (e.g. short circuit
between H.V. & L.V.).
4. Some live terminal touches the metallic part hence developing phase to ground fault. ½ Mark for
5. Fault between winding and core leads to failure of machine. each of any 4
6. Failure of magnetic circuit. points
7. Some turns of phase windings get shorted. = 2 Marks
8. Insulation breaks down between adjacent turns i.e. inter-turn fault.
9. Motor shaft may be bent while running.
10. Rotor may not be quite free to rotate. Rotor may be touching the part of stator.
11. In some unavoidable situation the machine may have to be run "over loaded" for a longer
period which causes temperature rise beyond the permissible limit. Resulting abnormal
operation of equipment.
12. Rotating part and stationary part shall have uniform air - gap. If not, then the behavior of
machine becomes abnormal.
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13. Due to facing of stator and rotor teeth sometimes the teeth become magnetically locked
and motion of motor does that possible.
14. Phase winding may electrically touch each other may create problem.
15. Worn out bearings, oiling / lubrication may not have been done frequently involving
more mechanical / frictional losses.
16. Unbalance rotating weights and fault in rotor may also the cause of abnormal behavior of
the machine.
17. Presence of moisture, air bubbles in the transformer oil.
External Causes for for Failure of Equipment:
1. Sometimes in the generating station / receiving station / substation there occurs over
voltage or under voltage which affect the normal working of the machine / equipment.
2. High voltage disturbances.
3. Sustained power frequency over voltage disturbances.
4. Lightning surges.
5. Switching surges.
6. Travelling waves.
7. Arcing grounds. ½ Mark for
8. Resonance conditions. each of any 4
9. External short circuit – the short circuit may occur in two or three phases of feeder / points
distributor lines. = 2 Marks
10. Sometimes due to wind, rains, birds etc. short circuit occurs in the supply system which
affects working of machine / equipment instantly.
11. If supply system generator working in generating station is subjected change in the
speed of prime mover, then supply frequency changes which affects the working of
machine / equipment / system connected to this supply system.
12. Under frequency effect in power transformers i.e. if frequency reduces in a system, flux
in the core changes and causes abnormal operation for the machine / equipment which
are supplied by such transformers.
13. Sometimes negative sequence currents are developed due to unbalance supply system
which affects the normal working of the machine / equipment.
14. If external load on the machine is sustained for a length of period, the insulation may
start burning due to excessive temperature rise.
15. External damage to machine / equipment supply cable, fault in MCCB, fault in MCB,
damage happened by mechanical means as accidental breakage of cable etc.
2. c) With a neat diagram, explain the procedure for blocked rotor test of a single phase
induction motor.
Ans:
Blocked Rotor Test of a Single Phase Induction Motor:
1. Determine the meters and their ratings based on the name plate readings of the single-
phase induction motor under test. 2 Marks for
2. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram. procedure
3. Set / check the single-phase autotransformer to be at zero output.
4. Block the rotor mechanically in such a way that it does not revolve (speed of rotor must
maintain zero).
5. Now switch ON single phase supply and close the DPST.
6. Gradually increase the voltage applied to the motor until up to full load current will
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circulate in the stator winding.
7. Take the corresponding readings of voltmeter (as input voltage Vsc), ammeter (as input
current Isc), wattmeter (as input power Wsc).
2 Marks for
diagram
2. d) State the requirements for static machine foundations.

Ans:
Requirements for Static Machine Foundations:
1. The foundation should be strong / rigid preferably of concrete which should be able to
carry the superimposed loads without causing shear or crushing failure. ½ Mark for
2. The foundation should be able to withstand against the Weight of machine, Erection each of any 8
weight, Operating weight, Super imposed load weight and Accessories weight. points
3. The foundation should be made of concrete with concrete ratio of 1:2:4. = 4 Marks
4. The foundation should be of well cure before installing the machine on it.
5. Depth of foundation should be proportional to the bearing capacity of soil.
6. The surface of foundation must be well protected from the machine etc.by means of
suitable chemical coating or suitable chemical treatment.
7. Level of plinth of foundation should be above the maximum flood level of the site.
8. The location of foundation is such that there should be sufficient space all around the
machine.
9. The combined centre of gravity of machine and foundation should be as far as possible
in the same vertical line as the centre of gravity of the base plane.
10. All amplitudes / settlements / limits should be within permissible limits which are
prescribed by the machine manufacturers.
11. The dimension of foundation should be somewhat more than actual requirements and
proportional to safe bearing capacity of soil.
12. The foundation should be sufficiently rigid to withstand possible horizontal thrust
caused by machine while in operation.
13. The surface of foundation should be perfectly plane to avoid misalignments.
14. The depth of the foundation should be as prescribed by the machine manufacturers.
3. a) State any six precautions to be taken to avoid fire due to Electrical reasons.
Ans:
Precautions to be Taken to Avoid Fire due to Electrical Reasons:
1. Use correct rating fuse and MCB.
2. Follow IE Rules while working with every electrical installation.
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3.
Use ISI Mark material / equipment.
4.
Provide sound and proper Earthing. 4 Marks for
5.
Use correct rating wires, cables, auxiliaries etc. any 6 points
6.
Carry out regular and proper maintenance.
7.
Keep heat - producing appliances unplugged when not in use.
Don’t ignore signs of trouble like as burn marks/discoloration around a socket, burning
8.
smell when an item is plugged in or in use, electrical sparks each time you plug in a
device, one (or all) of your breakers frequently trips or your fuses regularly blow etc.
9. Keep always ready and use proper firefighting equipment.
10. Avoid poor joints and loose connections.
11. Provide proper protective gears / system.
12. Replace or repair loose or frayed cords on all electrical devices.
13. Avoid running extension cords across doorways or under carpets.
14. Follow manufacturer’s instructions for operating every electrical machine / device /
equipment etc.
15. Consider having additional circuits or outlets added by a qualified electrician so you do
not have to use extension cords.
16. Avoid overloading outlets. Plug only one high-wattage appliance into each receptacle
outlet at a time.
17. Place lamps on level surfaces, away from things that can burn and use bulbs that match
the lamp’s recommended wattage.
3. b) Write down the factors affecting preventive maintenance schedule and explain them in
brief. (any four points).
Ans:
Factors Affecting Preventive Maintenance Schedule:
1. Type of machine / equipment and its working conditions.
2. Working environment of industry i.e., presence of dirt, moisture, chemical fumes,
atmospheric temperature etc.
3. Some industry finds heavy load during particular period of year and during other period 1 Mark for
they are lightly loaded, during which maintenance can be carried out, ultimately the each of any 4
operating cycle of plant affect the schedule. points
4. Whether the machine is continuously working or intermittently working? = 4 Marks
5. If the machines / equipment are continuously over loaded, then it needs more
maintenance and also needs suitable time for the preventive maintenance so affects
preventive maintenance schedule.
6. If machine fails, how much loss of money and time, it will cause due to its down period.
7. Ageing of machine / equipment (If the breakdown takes place, the cost of the repair will
be more than cost of the machine, and whether it can be replaced by a new one).
8. Production requirement i.e., the machines / equipment used in production work comes
under essential equipment and they need to maintained very much carefully.
9. Non availability of spares & raw material.
10. Non availability of tools, jacks, fixture required for preventive maintenance.
11. Non availability of trained & skilled technicians.
12. Operating cycle of equipment or machine affect the maintenance schedule.
13. Cost of the maintenance.
14. Due to accident, fires, worker strike the work is held up for certain period. This is also a
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cause of disturbing a preventive maintenance schedule.
15. Load cycle of the machine.
16. Cost of standby machines and equipment.
17. Cost of outage due to failure of supply against cost of maintenance.
18. Improper communication / co-operation with production department.
19. Importance of the machine / equipment.
20. Sometimes even if the maintenance may be necessary but the production requirement
needs that machine may be kept running to complete the production target. It means that
for particular time production is most urgent and profitable than the cost of breakdown
period of machine during the repairs.
21. Large capacity / highly precise machine / equipment used in industry upon which
maximum operation depends are to be maintained properly otherwise affects the
preventive maintenance schedule.
3. c) List out any four tools used in maintenance of electrical machines. Also write their
function.
Ans:
Tools used in Maintenance of Electrical Machines:
Sr. Maintenance
Function / Use
No. tool
1. Bearing 1. Bearing puller is used to remove parts such as bearings, pulleys 1 Mark for
Puller or gears from a shaft. each of any 4
2. Bearing puller is used to put a new bearing on the shaft. tools with its
2. Growler 1. A growler is a device / tool used for testing insulation of a motor one function
winding etc. for shorted coils. = 4 Marks
2. A growler is a device / tool used for finding shorted turns of
armature coil or stator / rotor windings.
3. Filler Gauge 1. A feeler gauge is used for accurate measurements of very small
gaps such as air gaps.
2. A feeler gauge is used for checking shaft alignment at flanges.
4. Spirit Level 1. A spirit level is an instrument designed to indicate whether a
surface level is horizontal or vertical.
2. Spirit levels are an invention typically used to determine if either
a vertical or horizontal platform is exactly aligned.
5. Dial 1. The dial indicator is used to indicate the run-out of the work-
Indicator piece.
2. The dial indicator is used to check the alignment of shafts in
electrical machines.
6. Earth Tester 1. The earth tester is used for measuring the resistance of the earth.
2. The earth tester is used for sizing and projecting grounding grids.
7. Megger 1. This device enables us to measure electrical leakage in wire /
conductor etc.
2. This equipment / tool basically uses for verifying the electrical
insulation level of any device such as motors, cables, generators,
windings, etc.
8. Multi-meter 1. A multi-meter used to measure electrical voltage, current,
resistance & other values.
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2. They are one of the tools used by electricians for troubleshooting
electrical problems on motors, appliances, circuits, power
supplies, and wiring systems.
9. Test Lamp 1. It checks the presence / absence of electricity in the circuit and
checks for open / short circuit.
2. It very effectively checks the earthing points / condition of
earthing.
3. It can be used to check the continuity of circuit.
4. It is used effectively for testing / repair and maintenance work.
10. Screw 1. Screwdrivers are a type of hand tool used for the insertion and
Drivers removal of screws.
2. A screwdriver is a tool, manual or powered, used for screwing
(installing) and unscrewing (removing) screws.
11. Spanner 1. The spanner is a hand-held tool used to provide grip and tighten
or loosen fasteners.
2. The spanner gives a mechanical advantage in applying torque to
turn objects.
3. The spanner tool is used in turning rotary fasteners like nuts and
bolts.
OR Equivalent Answer
3. d) Explain the meaning and cause for -
a) Mechanical fault
b) Electrical fault
c) Magnetic fault
Ans:
Meaning of Mechanical Fault:
½ Mark
The faults which occur due to mechanical failure in the electrical machines are called as
mechanical faults.
Causes of Mechanical Faults:
1. Bent shaft.
2. Snapped or broken binding.
½ Mark for
3. Improper bearing operation or damaged bearing.
any one
4. Misalignment or incorrect alignment.
5. Rotor unbalance.
6. Excessive belt pulls.
7. Failure of lubricating system.
8. Loose / weak foundation.
9. Sparking between commutator and brushes because of scratches on commutator.
10. Mismatching of brush and its holder.
11. Cracks developed in bushings.
12. Damaged gaskets or crack in gaskets.
13. Tap changer not operating properly because of mechanical reasons.
14. Overloaded bearings.
15. Shaft looseness.
16. Eccentricity of rotor.
17. Incorrect / wrong air gap.
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18. Stator looseness.
19. Structural looseness / soft foot.
20. Worn / broken /faulty bearing.
21. Broken gear teeth.
22. Coupling defects.
23. Loose belt.
24. Fatigue cracking.
25. Improper fabrication / support of machine.
26. Gear defects.
27. Improper cooling system.
Meaning of Electrical Fault: ½ Mark
The faults which occur in the electrical machines because of electrical reasons are called as
electrical faults.
Causes of Electrical Faults:
1. Damage in insulation.
2. Wrong electrical connections.
3. Opening of contact / connections or open circuit fault. 1 Mark for
4. Burning and darkening of commutator. any two
5. Overheating of commutator due to sparking.
6. Internal short - circuit or inter - turn fault.
7. Phase to phase fault.
8. Phase to ground fault.
9. Ground fault.
10. Single phasing.
11. Poor contact in armature winding.
12. Over frequency.
13. Under frequency.
14. Over voltage.
15. Under voltage.
16. Sustained over loading.
17. Change in direction of rotation.
18. Breaking of conductor / winding.
19. Lose brush contact.
20. Broken rotor bars / end rings.
21. Short / open circuit in field winding.
22. Wrong setting of relays.
23. Lose connection in starter circuit.
24. Improper MCB operation.
25. Short / open circuit in supply cable.
26. Broken / crack bushings.
27. Contaminated insulation oil.
28. Improper / no earthing.
Meaning of Magnetic Fault: ½ Mark
The faults which occur / causes unbalance in magnetic condition of circuit / system are called
as magnetic faults.
Causes of Magnetic Faults:
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1. Non-uniformity of air gap.
2. Lose fitting of poles.
3. Short circuit between armature laminations. 1 Mark for
4. Failure of inner laminations of stator / rotor. any two
5. Localized heating of core.
6. Abnormal heating of core.
7. Warped and dented (marked) core and burns.
8. Failure of insulation between core clamping bolts and core.
9. Misalignment of poles.
10. Non-uniform distribution of magnetic flux.
11. Increase in core losses.
12. Break / crack in magnetic core.
13. Short / open circuit in field winding.
14. Wrong position of poles / rotor / stator.
4. a) List out any four dos and don'ts for electrical supervisors.
Ans:
Dos and Don'ts for Electrical Supervisors:
Dos for Electrical Supervisors:
1. Work on low & medium voltage mains and apparatus should be carried only by
authorized person(s) and all mains and apparatus to be worked upon shall be isolated
from all sources of supply before starting the work. ½ Mark for
2. Warning boards shall be attached to or kept adjacent to the line apparatus and the limit each of any
of the zone, in which work may be carried out, should be specifically indicated. four points of
3. Ensure that all the safety apparatus such as rubber mats, stool, platforms or other safet y Dos
devices to be used, should be in good condition. = 2 Marks
4. When any live mains are to be earthed, the procedure prescribed should be scrupulously
followed.
5. Maintenance on H.T. Breaker should be attempted only when it is fully isolated and
withdrawn.
6. No work should be done on the transformers unless, it is disconnected from all external
electrical circuits and all windings have been solidly earthed.
7. De - energize incoming power before removing top and side access or cover plates of
any bus cover. Lock out the incoming power source. Earth the main horizontal bus
before working on the bus.
8. Check voltage, if any, by multi meter / test lamp so as to be sure that circuit breaker /
switches are open or that the bus is de - energized.
9. Isolate all remote-control voltage sources when working on the board.
10. Pad - lock breakers with isolated position and test before working on a branch circuit.
11. Follow proper Electrical Isolation procedures to avoid in - advertent activation of any
Electrical equipment i.e., put "Men at Work" tally on the isolated circuit. Remove the
fuses etc. before working.
12. Obey warnings to stay away from electrical circuits and locked - out equipment.
13. Wear rubber gloves and any other assigned protective clothing and safety equipment
while working.
14. Inspect electrical tools before each use.
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15. Keep all electrical circuit contact points enclosed.
16. Do use a quality surge suppresser with enough sockets for every component.
17. Do look out for overhead power lines every time you use an insulated ladder or pole.
Stay at least 10 feet away from any electrical lines.
18. When in doubt, seek help from experts and advice to the juniors.
19. Keep away any chemicals from electrical panels etc.
20. Follow manufacturers’ recommendations and requirements while working on that
machine / equipment.
21. Eliminate all potential tripping hazards in the work area.
22. If any device / machine emits an unusual odor, turn it off and unplug it immediately. Do
not use the device / machine until it is repaired.
23. Wear safety glasses while working.
24. If you see that cables of electrical device are worn or frayed, make sure you replace it as
soon as possible.
25. Ensure every rotating / static machine has been installed properly and is stable.
26. Employers should control any remaining risk by providing the worker / operator with
the necessary information, instruction, training, supervision and appropriate safety
equipment.
27. Ensure control switches are clearly marked to show what they do.
28. Have emergency stop controls where necessary.
29. If machines are controlled by programmable electronic systems, changes made in any
programme should be carried out by a competent person to all the concern persons.
30. Know the work content and work sequentially.
31. Place sign “Men are working” or other warning boards on the Main Switch before
working.
32. Cultivate the habit of turning your face away whenever an electric arc or flash may
occur.
33. Guard against arcs as well as high voltages, remember that burns from arcs may be very
serious.
34. Take extreme care when breaking an inductive circuit as dangerously high voltage is
likely to result.
35. Thoroughly discharge to earth all the cables before working on their cores.
36. Always treat the circuit alive until you have proved them to be dead.
37. Test insulating rubber glows periodically.
38. Place rubber mats in front of electrical switching panels.
Don'ts for Electrical Supervisors:
1. Do not touch a person who is in direct contact with live electrical conductors. By this,
you can receive serious shock too. ½ Mark for
2. In hazardous area, avoid direct contact between explosive mixture and means of each of any
ignition. four points of
3. Do not inadvertently activate any electrical equipment. Follow standard electrical Don’ts
isolating procedure to avoid inadvertent activation on any electrical equipment. = 2 Marks
4. Do not panic in case of power failure. Emergency lighting have been provided in all
working areas in company through Diesel Generating Sets which start automatically
within 10 - 15 seconds of the power failure. Stay calm until then.
5. Do not work alone in main switch or feeder panel enclosure.
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6. Never leave electrical equipment without properly earthed.
7. Do not put in use any piece of electrical equipment that gives a tingling sensation when
touched. This is defective. Inform about it to your supervisor immediately.
8. No live part should be within unsafe distance of a person working on live low and
medium voltage mains, so that he does not come in contact with it unless he is properly
protected.
9. Do not touch or temper with any electrical gear or conductor, unless you have made
sure that it is dead and earthed. High voltage apparatus may give leakage shock or flash
over even without touching.
10. Do not disconnect earthing connections.
11. Do not expose your eyes to an electric arc. Painful injury may result even with short
exposure.
12. Do not close or open switch or fuse slowly or hesitatingly, do it quickly and positively.
13. Do not use metal case flash light around apparatus which is energized.
14. Do not get closer than 10 feet to a power line (if you’re an unqualified employee).
15. Do not reach blindly into a space that may contain energized equipment.
16. Do not use a power tool that smokes, sparks, smells, or shocks.
17. Do not store liquids of any sort near electrical equipment.
18. Do not assume the black coating on wires is insulation – it could be just plastic
weatherproofing that provides no protection from contact injuries.
19. Do not use damaged or brittle electrical cords, even if bare wires aren’t visible.
20. Do not allow untrained, unqualified staff to handle key maintenance or inspection tasks.
21. Do not undertake maintenance tasks in an arbitrary order. You need a way to rank
electrical components in order of how critical they are and then follow that order
logically.
22. Do not take a run - to - failure attitude to electrical parts. You should replace them
before they become inefficient and potentially dangerous.
23. Do not renew a blown fuse until you are satisfied as to the cause and you have rectified
the irregularity.
24. Do not close any Switch / GOS / Breaker unless you are familiar with the circuit, which
it controls and know the reason for its being kept open.
25. Do not work on energized circuits without taking extra precautions as use of rubber
gloves and gauntlets.
26. Do not touch or tamper with any electrical equipment or conductor, unless you have
made sure that it is dead and earthed.
27. Do not work on the live circuit without the specific orders of the supervisor and make
certain that all safety precautions have been taken.
28. Do not disconnect earthing connection or render ineffective safety gadgets installed on
mains and apparatus.
29. Do not use fire extinguisher on electrical equipment unless it is clearly marked for that
purpose.
30. Do not throw water on live electrical equipment in case of fire.
31. Do not remove danger notice plates or other signs or interface with safety barriers or go
beyond them.
32. Do not allow visitors and un-authorized persons to touch or handle electrical apparatus
or come within the danger zone of H.V. apparatus.
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4. b) Explain with diagrams the synchronous impedance method of finding regulation of
alternator.
Ans:
Synchronous Impedance Method of Finding Regulation of Alternator:
Step-I: Plot the OCC and SCC on the same field current base as shown in following figure:
½ Mark for
Step-I
1 Mark for
Step-II: Consider field current If as shown in above diagram. The open circuit voltage
corresponding to this field current is E 1. The short circuit armature current Step-II
corresponding to field current If is I1. On the short circuit P.d.= 0 and voltage E1 is
being used to circulate short circuit armature current I 1 against the synchronous
impedance Zs this is illustrated in following figure:
Now = I1ZS
Step-III: By performing resistance test effective armature resistance Ra can be calculated. ½ Mark for
Step-IV: The synchronous reactance can be calculated as: Step-III &
√( ) Step-IV
Step-V: Once we know Ra and Xs the phasor diagram can be drawn for any load & any p.f. 1 Mark for
Following figure shows the phasor diagram for usual case of inductive load. Here Step-V
current Ia has been taken as reference phasor.
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1 Mark for
Step-VI
Step-VI: Now for any load current,

The E0 can be found out as: √
But, OB = and BC =
√[ ]
4. c) Describe with neat diagram, the impulse test on power transformer.

Ans:
Impulse Test on Tower Transformer:
The set up for impulse test is shown in the following figure as:
1 Mark
For carrying out impulse test “Impulse Generator” is used which will develop unidirectional
desired wave shapes with the help of H. V. transformer, rectifier unit. The rod gap and sphere
gap arrestors are used for producing chopped wave as well as for circuit protection and CRO
is used for measurement / recording purposes. During the test one terminal of the impulse
generator is connected to any one terminal of the transformer and other terminals of winding
under test, frame etc. are effectively earthed. The impulse test is carried out in the following
sequence by application of –
(i) One full wave
(ii) Two chopped waves
(iii) Two full waves
1. One full wave:
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First of all, one full 1/50 wave is applied to the transformer under test, by application of 1 Mark
this wave which has a very steep wave front, it is seen that whether the insulation of
transformer will withstand for the very high rate of rise of voltage to which it will be
subjected at the time of lightning surges. The maximum value of test voltage for different
voltage rating windings is given in the bellow table.
2. Two chopped waves:
If the transformer insulation withstands 1/50 wave without any damage, then two chopped
waves are applied within a very short interval (of 3 micro seconds to 6 micro seconds) of
time as shown in the figure. The aim of application of a chopped wave is that at the time of
puncturing of rod gap the voltage suddenly falls to zero, hence similar situation can be
obtained.
3.Two full waves:
If the transformer insulation withstands above two tests without any damage, then it will
be tested for this part. Here two full 1/50 waves are applied in sequence to the equipment.
The maximum value of test voltage for different voltage rating windings is given in the
bellow table.
1 Mark
Transformer
1 Mark
voltage rating 3.6 7.2 12 17.5 24 36 52 72.5 100 145 170 245
in kV
Test voltage
45 60 75 96 125 170 250 325 450 650 750 1050
in kV
4. d) State and explain any four important properties of transformer oil.

Ans:
Properties of Transformer Oil:
 Dielectric strength or breakdown voltage (BDV):
The transformer oil should have high dielectric strength not less than 40kV (rms) in drums
1 Mark for
and 30kV (rms) in the tank for gap of 4mm of electrodes.
each of any
 Water Content: four
Moisture or water content in transformer oil is highly undesirable as it affects the dielectric
properties
properties of the oil adversely. Water content is expressed as Particles Per Million (PPM)
= 4 Marks
and its permissible value is 50PPM.
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 Acidity Content:
The acidity content value should be equal to or less than 0.4mg of KOH / gm. The oil
should be reconditioned if the value of acidity is 0.5 to 1 mg of KOH / gm.
 Flash Point:
o
It is desirable to have high flash point of transformer oil. In general, it is more than 160 .
 Fire Point:
The temperature at which an oil will ignite and continues for burning is the fire point. This
o
should be about 25% above the flash point so it should be at least of 200 .
 Chemical Stability:
The oil should be chemically stable i. e. should not be affected by chemicals.
 Purity:
The oil must not contain impurities such as sulphur and its compounds. Sulphur when present,
causes corrosion of metal parts.
 Viscosity:
Good transformer oil should have a low viscosity so that it offers less resistance to the
conventional flow of oil thereby not affecting the cooling of a transformer.
 Sludging:
The remedy is use oil which will not contain sulphur & which remains without sludge formation
for long period.
 Density:
3
It indicates mass of substance per unit volume. As per IS, this should be 0.89 gm/cm maximum.
 Appearance:
The oil should be perfectly clear and has pale clear yellow colour, transparent and free from
suspended matter of sediments.
 Pour Point:
o
It is the lowest temperature expressed on a multiple of 3 at which the oil is observed to
o
flow when cooled. The oil should have high pour point at least 9 .
4. e) State the meaning of phasing out test? When is it required? Explain the method of
carrying out this test in brief.
Ans:
Meaning of Phasing Out Test:
Phasing out means a test performed on energized multi-phase circuits from different sources 1 Mark
to ensure that like phases are connected. OR The test which is carried out to find out the
corresponding HV and LV phase winding. OR The test which is carried out on three phase
transformers to identify primary and secondary winding belonging to the same phase.
Requirement of Phasing Out Test:
1 Mark for
1. It is required in case of 3 - phase transformer, when it is manufactured & terminal marking any two
of say LV winding with respect to HV winding of the same phase is not carried out. points
2. It is required in case of 3 - phase transformer, if its terminal markings disappear.
3. It is requiring for parallel operation of three phase transformers.
4. It is required at the point of interconnection like an isolator or bus section, ring main unit.
Method of Carrying out Phasing Out Test:
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1 Mark for
diagram
This test is carried out to find out the corresponding HV and LV phase winding
• The circuit diagram is as shown in figure. Here normal ac voltage is applied to one of the
HV or LV windings. In this case to HV winding and the voltages across all three LV 1 Mark for
windings are measured. explanation
• The winding across which is much more measured voltage obtained compared to other two
windings represent the secondary of the winding to which supply is connected.
The test is repeated for finding out remaining concerned secondary windings in the same
manner. OR
As shown in figure all the phases of three phase transformer are short circuited except a
primary and supposed secondary.
A low voltage D.C. supply is given through a battery to the primary winding. The
galvanometer is connected to the terminals of secondary winding which is not shorted.
The key switch "S" is connected shown. Now the keys pressed and deflection of
galvanometer is observed carefully.
Similarly, galvanometer is connected to the other secondaries and procedure is repeated. The
winding across which maximum deflection occurs is the secondary phase winding that
corresponds to primary winding to which source connected.
Repeat the same procedure for other primary winding and find the corresponding was
secondary side.
NOTE: In place of galvanometer, low range voltmeter or multi-meter can also be used
5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 Marks
5. a) Describe no load test of three phase induction motor with a neat diagram.
Ans:
No Load Test of Three Phase Induction Motor:
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3 Marks for
diagram
1. Determine the meters and their ratings based on the name plate readings of the three-phase
induction motor under test.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram. 3 Marks for
3. Set / check the three-phase autotransformer to be at zero output. explanation
4. First switch on the 3-phase supply and close the TPST.
5. In this test the stator winding is connected to supply through auto transformer.
6. Gradually increase the voltage applied to the machine to the rated voltage. Motor runs at a
speed quite close to its synchronous speed.
7. Take the corresponding readings of voltmeter (as input voltage Vo), ammeter (as input
current Io), wattmeter (as input power Wo) & speed.
5. b) Prepare Trouble shooting chart for three phase transformer.
Ans:
Trouble Shooting Chart for Three Phase Transformer:
Transformer
Fault / Cause Remedies
Problem
Primary side fuses blown Replace the blown out fuses by rectifying
out reason behind it.
Tripping of incoming Check and rectify causes of circuit
circuit breaker / MCCB breaker trippng / MCCB tripping (2 Marks for
Failure of primary Repair if possIble or rewind primary each fault
winding winding with two
Failure of secondary Repair if possible or rewind scondary causes and
winding winding concern
No conact of tap changer Proprly connect of tap changer tappings. remedy) for
No Output
Opening of the bushings Make bushing connections proper and any three
Voltage
connections tight faults
Failure / shot circuit / Repair if possble or errect new supply = 6 Marks
opening of supply cable cable
No incoming supply to Check and rectify causes of incoming
primary winding supply failure
Tripping off incoming
supply because Check and rectify causes of wrong
malfunctionig of one of opreration of protective relays.
the protective relays
Overheating Any internal fault such The core to be lifted for thoroughly
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of Oil as short-circuited core, checking. Take corrective action
core bolts/ clamps according to observations and oil test
insulation failure etc. report.
Low oil level in Check the oil level in conservator and
conservator top up if required
Carry out purification of oil to remove
Slugged oil
sludge
Heavy overloading /
Load the transformer as per its rating
Unbalanced loading
Faulty / inoperative Repair / use effective cooling
cooling system arrengments
Short circit in winding / Check and rectify causes of short circuit
core of transformer in winding / core in the transformer.
Use of improper quality
Use proper quality transformer oil
of transformer oil
Very high ambient Use better cooling system in such
temperature environment
High supply voltage Apply proper rated voltage
Loose conact of tap
Proprly connect of tap changer tappings
changer
Loose connections at Make bushing connections proper and
bushings tight
Failure of primary Repair if possble or rewind primary
winding winding
Failure of secondary Repair if possble or rewind secondary
winding winding
Low Output Faulty OLTC Repair OLTC
Voltage Heavly overloading /
Load properly
Unbalace loading
Incorrect use of turns Make use of correct turns ratio
ratio accordingly.
Check and rectify causes of shorted turns
Shorted turns in the
in the transformer with test lamp &
transformer
correct it.
Check and rectify causes of low primary
Low primary voltage
voltage
Supply transformer with proper rated
High input voltage
input voltage
Carry out purification of oil to remove
Overheating Slugged oil
sludge
of
Faulty / inoperative Repair / use effective cooling
Transformer
cooling system arrengments
Winding
Low oil level in Check the oil level in conservator and
conservator top up if required
Very high ambient Use better cooling system in such
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temperature environment
Heavly overloading /
Load properly
Unbalace loading
Short circit in winding / Check and rectify causes of short circuit
core of transformer in winding / core in the transformer.
Inoperative temperature
Use proper temperature sensors
sensors
Due to overload or Check the windings, all phases would
brazing failure show signs of overheating and charring
then repair accordingly
Coils shrink with Investigate for overloading and take
insulation failure corrective action accordingly
During manufacturing / rewinding of the
Winding Insulation failure transformer, the coils should be pressed
failures down, heated and cooled repeatedly until
the coil height stabilizes
Nomex paper insulation sheet should be
Dead short circuit due to
provided between H.V. and L.V. coils so
lateral or displacement
as to strengthen insulation level. Ensure
of the coil
that this insulation sheet does not cause
any obstruction in the passage of oil flow
Foreign material in Remove foreign materials / improve
threads / poor threads threads.
Insufficient / uneven
Tight gasket properly
compression on gaskets
Oil leakage
Defective / old /
Replace with new / proper gasket
improper gaskets
Imperfect welds / cracks Re weld / repair / replace coupling and
in coupling and joints joints.
Loose clamping of core Tight the clamping bolts
Bad / loose foundation Provide foundation as per manufacture
Noise /
bolts / Faulty foundation recommendation / tight foundation bolts
vibrations
Low / high supply
Provide rated supply frequency
frequency
Lightning discharge or It may be a break in the turns or end
overvoltage lead, flash marks on the end coil and
earthed parts close to it
Bushing Dirty bushing Ensure cleaning of porcelain bushing
failure during each inspection
Ensure proper cleaning and visual
External hitting
checking of porcelain bushing during
each inspection
Low break Leaks around cover
down voltage accessories / breathing Attend leaks / purify the transformer oil
(BDV) air forms leaks
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Moisture contamination
Reactivate the silica jel / replace silica jel
in transformer oil due to
/ purify the transformer oil
inactive silica jel
Loose core Lift the active part and tight all the
pressure bolts and clamping bolts of core
During manufacturing/ rewinding of the
Winding loose due to
transformer, the coils should be pressed
Humming shrinkage of coils
down, heated and cooled repeatedly until
sound
the coil height stabilizes.
The winding pressure bolts and core
clamping bolts should be tightened
Loose clams and bolts
during the first periodical overhauling
after commissioning.
Insulation failure
Properly insulate the windings
Short circuit between turns
between Load Fluctuations Properly load the transformer
adjacent Provide specified supply voltage,
Fluctuating supply
turns frequency. Use power quality
voltage with harmonics
improvement circuitry.
OR Equivalent Answer
5. c) Write down maintenance schedule of distribution transformer as per ISS10028 1981
Ans:
Maintenance Schedule of Distribution Transformer as per ISS10028 1981:
A. Hourly Maintenance:
1. Check & measure Voltage & current - It should be compared with rated figures ½ Mark for
given on name plate. each of any
2. Check & measure ambient temperature. one point
3. Check & measure Oil & winding temperature - Ensure that temperature rise is within
permissible limit.
B. Daily Maintenance:
1. Check oil level in transformer and add dry transformer oil if the oil level is low. 1 Mark for
2. Check the air passage of breather is clear see that there is no dirt, dust accumulated each of any
in the air passages. one point
3. Check the condition of relief diaphragm, replace it if it is cracked or broken.
4. Check the colour of silica gel in breather, the colour should be blue, if it becomes
pink then replace it.
5. Check tank and radiator against oil leakage and unusual noise.
6. Check the oil level in the bushings and add oil if the oil level is low.
7. Check the cooling system against the leakage of water into cooler.
C. Monthly Maintenance:
1. Check oil level in transformer and add dry transformer oil if the oil level is low. ½ Mark for
2. Check and record the oil temperature. Oil level varies with the change in each of any
temperature. one point
3. Check the temperature indicators against their accuracy.
4. Check and tight the terminal / earthing connections.
D. Quarterly Maintenance:
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1.Examine for cracks & dirt deposition on the bushing. Clean dirt & repair / replace
them if cracked / broken.
2. Check oil for dielectric strength and water content, then take suitable actions to 1 Mark for
restore quality of oil. each of any
3. Check for proper working of cooling fans, circulating pumps and overall cooling one point
arrangements, if faulty repair it accordingly.
4. Check operating mechanism of OLTC and correct it if wrong i.e. correct its
operating mechanism.
5. Check relief diaphragm fitted at the end of explosion vent against any damage and
correct it.
6. Check oil level in OLTC and if it is less, then top up with oil as per requirements.
E. Half yearly Maintenance:
1. Check and correct the acidity / sludge of oil in transformer.
2. Test the bushing oil and filter or replace it as per the requirements. 1 Mark for
3. Check for moisture under cover for improvement of ventilation system. each of any
4. Check the gasket joints repair if possible or replace them. one point
5. Check the terminals and connections in the cable boxes.
6. Examine relay and alarm contacts their operations, fuses etc.
7. Check the foundation.
8. Check the earth resistance & insulation resistance.
9. Check the oil against moisture content in OLTC.
10. Check and correct the gauges and general paint work.
11. Check conservator see that level of oil is at marking.
12. Check all the cable boxes.
13. Examine the lighting arrestor whether their working is proper or repair / replace it if
required.
14. All connections of HV & LV side should be tight and replace lugs if required.
15. Examine the operation of relays, alarms, control circuitry. Repair / replace if
required.
F. Yearly Maintenance:
1. Check oil in transformer against acidity, resistivity, sludge formation. Filter or 1 Mark for
replace if required. each of any
2. Check and correct oil filled bushings. one point
3. Check the gasket joints, tighten the bolts evenly to avoid uneven pressure, correct /
replace gaskets as per requirements.
4. Check cable boxes for tightening the connections and for other abnormal conditions.
5. Check lubricating oil in gear box of driving mechanism.
6. Check surge diverter & its gap.
7. Examine the operation of relays, alarms, control circuitry, fuses, relay settings.
Repair / replace if required.
8. Check the earth resistance & take suitable actions for keeping earth resistance within
limits.
G. Two Yearly Maintenance:
1. Filter and then use the oil regardless of its condition. ½ Mark for
2. Examine and correct the contacts of OLTC, radiator for any bent, operation of each of any
buchhol’z relay, all nut - bolts and fasteners, angle of buchhol’z relay, leakage joints one point
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in transformer tank and paint of transformer to avoid rusting etc.
3. Conservator tank should be cleaned from inside.
H. Five Yearly Maintenance: ½ Mark for
1. Carry out the overall inspection of core & winding by lifting of core and coils from each of any
transformer tank. one point
2. Wash the complete winding by hosing down with clean dry oil.
6 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 Marks
6. a) Prepare Trouble shooting chart for 3 phase slip ring induction motor.
Ans:
Trouble Shooting Chart for 3 Phase Slip Ring Induction Motor:
Motor Fault /
Cause Remedies
Problem
Check and correct supply lines for
One phase may be open
open phase.
Change type or size. Consult motor
Wrong application
manufacturer.
Overload Reduce load.
Motor stalls
Check that nameplate voltage is
Low voltage maintained. Check and correct
connections.
Fuses blown. Check and correct
Open circuit
overload relay, stator and push buttons.
Check and correct the leads and
Unbalanced line Unequal terminal volts
connections.
current on poly-
Check and correct for open contacts,
phase motors Single phase operation
blown fuse etc. (2 Marks for
during normal
Check and Correct for the unbalanced each fault
operation Unbalanced voltage
power supply. with two
Replace fuse with proper type and causes and
Blown fuses
rating. concern
Overload control may remedy) for
Check and reset overload in starter.
be tripped any three
Check and correct for rated power faults
Improper power supply
supply which agrees with nameplate = 6 Marks
/ fault with supply
specifications.
Improper line Check connections with wiring
Motor fails to
connections / loose diagram supplied with motor and
start
connections correct / tight the connections.
This is normally indicated by a
Open circuit in stator humming sound when switch is closed.
winding or control Check for loose wiring connections.
switch or in starter or in Confirm that all control contacts are
rotor winding closing. Check and correct for open
circuit in stator / rotor winding.
Mechanical failure Check to see that motor and drive turns
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freely. Check bearings and lubrication.
Correct it
Indicated by blown fuses. Stator / rotor
Short circuited stator /
winding must be repaired / rewound
rotor winding
accordingly.
Remove end belts, locate poor
Poor stator coil
connections with test lamp & correct
connections
it.
Check for broken bars or end rings then
Rotor defective
repair / replace it accordingly.
Motor may be Reduce load or load the motor as per
overloaded its rating.
Wrong connections of
Check physically and correct them.
control circuit
Stator / rotor winding
Check or insulate the stator / rotor
may be earthed or
winding or rewind the faulty winding.
touched with body
In case of slip ring induction motor
Brushes making no check spring pressure on the brushes or
contact with slip rings replace worn out brushes or check and
correct the condition of slip rings.
Check and correct bracket fits or
Air gap not uniform
bearing.
Check and correct the balancing /
Rotor unbalance /
misalignment of rotor or rebalance
Misalignment of rotor
rotor.
One phase may be open Check and correct supply lines for
/ Single phasing open phase.
Rotor rubbing on starter Check and correct the alignment / bent
/ Broken rotor bars / shaft of rotor, check for broken rotor
Bent shaft bars and repair / correct it.
Noisy Operation / Any part of the motor Check and fit all the parts of motor
Motor giving may be loosely fitted correctly.
noise/ Humming Mechanical problems
of motor like squeezed bearing,
cooling fan touching
with stator, improper Check and correct against all concern
belt pressure, improper mechanical problems.
mounting, wrong
coupling, improper
foundation
Magnetic locking Check and correct against magnetic
between stator and rotor locking / use skewed rotor.
In case of slip ring Check and correct against equal rotor
induction motor there is resistance per phase and rectify open
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unequal rotor resistance circuit / inter turn / short circuit fault of
per phase / open circuit stator winding.
on one phase / Inter
turn or short circuit
fault in stator winding
Earth fault with stator / Locate and repair the earth / ground
rotor winding fault.
Incorrect supply
Maintain the rated / constant frequency.
frequency
In slip ring induction
motor the rotor may be
open circuited or
Check and correct against open circuit
brushes are not making
in rotor winding, spring pressure of
correct contact or slip
brushes. Replace the correct slip rings.
ring surface may be
rough or slip rings may
be eccentric
Check for loose connections to line or
Power failure break in cable or blown fuses or tripped
MCB and correct it.
Check for starter contacts and clean /
Starter / starting gear replace them. Check for starter coil,
Motor runs and may be defective repair / replace it. Use proper rating
then dies down starter / overload relay.
Loose connections in
Check and correct for all types of loose
stator / rotor winding /
connections in stator / rotor winding /
burnt supply cable /
replace or repair proper size supply
burnt MCB / burnt main
cable / MCB / main switch.
switch
Reduce load and load the motor
Excessive load
properly
Motor takes too
Low voltage during Check for high resistance. Adequate
long to accelerate
start up wire size.
and / or draws
Defective / short
high current Replace with new rotor
squirrel cage rotor
(Amps)
Improve voltage at terminals of
Applied voltage too low
transformer by tap changing.
Wrong sequence of Reverse connections at motor or at
Wrong rotation
phases switchboard.
Motor is applied for the Consult manufacturer for right
Motor does not
wrong application application of motor.
come up to speed
Use higher voltage on transformer
or Motor runs Voltage too low at
terminals or reduce load. Check
slow or Motor motor terminals
connections. Check and use conductors
starts sluggishly. because of line drop
of proper size.
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Check and correct the load on the
Starting load too high motor which is supposed to carry at
start.
Look for cracks near the rings. A new
Broken rotor bars or
rotor may be required as repairs are
loose rotor
usually temporary not permanent.
Open / short stator
winding or delta wound Locate fault with testing device and
motor connected in star repair / rectify the concern cause.
or single phasing
In case of slip ring
induction motor the
rotor may be open
circuited / external Check and correct against open circuit
resistance may in rotor winding, balanced external
completely cut off / rotor resistance, spring pressure of
brushes are not making brushes. Replace the correct slip rings /
correct contact or slip brushes.
ring surface may be
rough or slip rings may
be eccentric
Reduce load or load the motor as per
Motor overloaded
its rating.
Frame or bracket vents Open vent holes and check for a
may be clogged with continuous stream of air from the
dirt and prevent proper motor / maintain proper ventilation /
ventilation of motor or check and repair the cooling
poor ventilation. arrangements.
Motor may have one
phase open / loose Check to make sure that all leads are
Motor overheats connections / wrong well connected.
while running connections
with load / Motor Grounded coils Locate and repair
runs hot / Thermal Unbalanced terminal
Check for faulty leads, connections and
over load voltage / supply voltage
supply voltage and correct for it.
is too high
Check and correct the alignment of
Rotor rubbing on starter
rotor, for broken rotor bars and repair /
/ broken rotor bars
correct it.
Check against mechanical / load side
troubles like very tight belt / wrong
Mechanical / drive
coupling / gear problems / faulty or
troubles
worn bearings etc. Correct / repair /
replace them.
Hot bearings Bent or sprung shaft Straighten or replace shaft.
Page 28 of 31
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
general Excessive belt pull Decrease belt tension.
Pulley too far away Move pulley closer to motor bearing.
Pulley diameter too
Use larger pulleys.
small
Misalignment Correct by realignment of drive.
Maintain proper quantity of grease in
Insufficient grease
bearing.
Deterioration of grease Remove old grease, wash bearings
or lubricant thoroughly in kerosene and replace
contaminated with new grease.
Hot bearings ball
Excessive lubricant Reduce quantity of grease.
Check and correct alignment, side and
Overloaded bearing
end thrust.
Broken ball or rough Replace bearing, first clean housing
races thoroughly.
Sudden increase /
Check and adjust the supply voltage as
Excessive supply
per rating.
voltage
Motor works with Load the motor as per its rating / avoid
Motor may running
high speed no load / under load running of the
under load / no load
motor.
Starting gear may be Check and correct the starting gear
defective circuitry.
Motor misaligned Realign it.
Weak support / loose Strengthen base / properly support the
foundation motor.
Coupling out of balance Balance the coupling.
Driven equipment/ rotor
Re-balance driven equipment /rotor.
unbalanced
Defective bearings Replace bearing
Bearings not in line / Line up the bearings properly, check
bent shaft and correct for bent shaft.
Motor vibrates
Balancing weights
Re-balance the motor.
shifted
Poly-phase motor
Check for open circuit
running single phase
Excessive end play /
Adjust bearing and belt pressure.
excessive belt pull
Provide specified supply voltage,
Fluctuating supply
frequency. Use power quality
voltage with harmonics
improvement circuitry.
6. b) With a neat diagram explain the procedure to conduct Back-to-Back method on two
single phase transformers to find its efficiency.
Ans:
Back-to-Back Method on Two Single Phase Transformers to Find its Efficiency:
Page 29 of 31
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 T1 and T2 are two identical
transformers, T3 is
autotransformer, S1 (At the input
side of primaries), S2 and S3 are
switches. A-ammeters, V-
voltmeters and W-watt-meters. 2 Marks
 As shown in figure the primaries
of two transformers (T1 and T2) are
connected in parallel across the
supply at rated voltage of primary.
Their secondaries are connected in
phase opposition or back-to-back
fashion. When primaries of two
transformers are energized by
switching ON switch S1, the emfs induced in secondary windings come in phase
opposition. Since the two transformers are identical, there is no circulating current in the
local circuit formed by secondary's even, if primaries energized.
 To ensure that the secondaries are connected in phase opposition, a voltmeter (V 3) and a
switch S3 is connected in parallel as shown. V3 should be of double range of that of
secondary voltage, because, if the polarities are not connected in phase opposition the
voltmeter may receive twice the voltage of secondary. When voltmeter V 3 indicates zero it
ensures that secondaries are connected in phase opposition, then switch S 3 is closed. If
voltmeter V3 does indicate zero or indicate more than zero, then secondary connections are
interchanged.
 To circulate the necessary full load current one auto transformer (T 3) is used in the
secondary circuit as shown. Voltage is injected by switching ON switch S 2 and by varying
the voltage with the help of T 3, full load current is circulated in the secondaries. The 2 Marks
current corresponding to this circulating current also flows in closed circuit formed in
primaries, however it does not appear in the ammeter and wattmeter connected in primary
side so the current taken from supply side is only the total no load current of two
transformers.
 The wattmeter reading (W1) connected in the primary side indicates total no load loss or
iron loss of two transformers.
 The wattmeter connected in secondary side (W2) indicates total copper loss or load loss of
two transformers caused by the circulating current.
 Since both the losses are known efficiency of the transformer can be easily determined.
Determination of Efficiency:
The readings of all ammeters, voltmeters and watt-meters are noted in observation table as
given bellow:
Since two transformers are identical,

Iron loss of each transformer =
Copper loss of each transformer = 2 Marks
Page 30 of 31
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
So %Efficiency of each transformer =
6. c) Describe vacuum impregnation method of varnishing with its neat diagram.

Ans:
Vacuum Impregnation Method of Varnishing:
Vacuum impregnation method of varnishing is done in vacuum impregnation plant which is
shown in following figure.
3 Marks for
diagram
Construction:
The vacuum impregnating plant consist of a large air tight double jacketed vacuum
impregnated chamber which has a removable top cover. The interior part of tank can be
heated up by circulating steam or hot air through the jacket. The insulating varnish is kept
stored in another storage tank. A motor driven compressor cum vacuum pump with suitable
valves to create vacuum in the tank is used which can also create pressure as required.
Working of Vacuum Impregnation Plant:
• First the wound armature, stator or rotor is placed in the vacuum impregnating chamber by
opening the top cover, then it is tightly closed.
0
• The chamber is then heated up to 100 C by circulating steam or hot oil through jacket of
chamber for nearly four hours. During this period the air from chamber is pumped out by
vacuum exhauster and the vacuum is maintained which will help in vaporising the 1 Mark for
moisture present in the coils and removing the air completely. construction
• Now insulating varnish from varnish tank is allowed to flow into vacuum impregnated
chamber till the varnish come up to level in which windings are completely immersed, then
the valve of varnish storage tank is closed.
• The pressure from compressor of about 1.4 to 2.1 kg/cm2 is applied above the varnish
surface, which will make the varnish to be forced in all the porous spaces in the interior of
coils and this pressure is maintained for an hour / two hours according to the size and
weight of the winding. 2 Marks for
• Now the valve of varnish tank is opened and varnish is made to flow back to the tank under working
air pressure till the excess varnish also gets drained out. The valve of tank is is then closed
and the armature is baked in the chamber at 1000 to 1100C for nearly 8 hours or till the
varnish is completely dried out and become bone dry.
• The air pressure and circulating steam or oil in the jacket is then stopped and the armature
or stator is then removed by opening the top cover of chamber.
Page 31 of 31

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

2. d) State the requirements for static machine foundations.

Step-VI: Now for any load current,

4. c) Describe with neat diagram, the impulse test on power transformer.

4. d) State and explain any four important properties of transformer oil.

Since two transformers are identical,

6. c) Describe vacuum impregnation method of varnishing with its neat diagram.

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