Engineering Mechanics (II)

Dynamics
second Semester 2023-2024

LECTURE 6
Engineering Mechanics: II 2023/2024
 Equation of Motion:
Normal and Tangential Coordinates
F = m a
 Ft = mat
 Fn = man
 Fb = 0
at = v

v2 [1 + (dy / dx) ]
2 3/ 2
an = =
 2
d y / dx 2
Example 2.8
Design of the ski jump shown in Fig. requires
knowing the type of forces that will be exerted on the
skier and his approximate trajectory. If in this case the
jump can be approximated by the parabola shown in
Fig., determine the normal
force on the 150-Ib skier at
the instant he arrives at the
end of the jump, point A,
where his velocity
is 65 ft/s. Also,
what is his
acceleration at this point ?
 Free-Body Diagram.

Equations of Motion.
 

2
 Fn = man N A − 150 = 
150

( 65 )  (1)
 32.2   
 150 
 Ft = mat 0=  at a = 0
 32 . 2  t
The radius of curvature  for the path can be
determined at point A, x = 0 and y = −200 ft
as follows:

y=
1 2
x − 200
dy
= 0.01 x d2y
= 0.01
200 dx dx 2
[1 + (dy / dx) 2 ]3 / 2 [1 + 0]3 / 2
= = = 100 ft
d 2 y / dx 2 0.01
x=0

 150  (65) 

2
N A − 150 =   
 32.2   

N A = 347 Ib
Kinematics. The acceleration at point A is
v2 (65) 2
an = = = 42 .2 ft/s 2
 100

a A = an = 42.2 ft/s 
2
 SOLVING PROBLEMS WITH n-t COORDINATES

• Use n-t coordinates when a particle is moving

along a known, curved path.
• Establish the n-t coordinate system on the
particle.
• Draw free-body and kinetic diagrams of the particle. The
normal acceleration (an) always acts “inward” (the
positive n-direction). The tangential acceleration (at) may
act in either the positive or negative t direction.
• Apply the equations of motion in scalar form and
solve.
• It may be necessary to employ the kinematic relations:
at = dv/dt = v dv/ds an = v2/
Example 2.7
The 3-kg disk D is attached to the end of a cord as shown
in Fig. . The other end of the cord is attached to a ball-and
-socket joint located at the center of a platform. If the
platform is rotating rapidly, and the disk is placed on it and
released from rest as shown, determine the time it takes for
the disk to reach a speed great enough to break the cord.
The cord can sustain a maximum tension of 100 N, and the
coefficient of kinetic friction between the disk and the
platform is  k = 0.1
Free-Body Diagram.
F = k N D = 0.1N D

W = (3)(9.81) = 29.43 N.

an = v / 
2
 Equations of Motion.
 Fb = 0 ND − 29.43 = 0 (1)
 Ft = mat 0.1N D = 3at (2)
2
 Fn = man v
T = 3( ) (3)
1
Setting T = 100 N,

N D = 29 .43 N at = 0.981 m/s 2 v = 5.77 m/s

Kinematics.
vcr = v0 + at t vcr = 5.77 m/s
5.77 = 0 + (0.981)t t = 5.89 s
Example 2.9
Packages, each having a mass of 2 kg, are delivered
from a conveyor to a smooth circular ramp with a
velocity of v0 = 1 m/s
as shown in Fig. .
If the radius of the
ramp is 0.5 m,
determine the angle
 =  max
at which each
package begins to
leave the surface.
W = (2)(9.81) N = 19 .62 N
Equations of Motion.
v2
 Fn = man − N B + 19 .62 cos = (2)( )
0.5
(1)

 Ft = mat 19.62sin = 2at (2)

At the instant  =  max

the package leaves the surface of the ramp so that
NB = 0

Free-Body Diagram.
 Kinematics.
Using r = 0.5 and ds = rd
dv v dv dv
at = v = = 2v (3)
ds r d d
By substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (2) and separate the
variables we get
19.62sin = 2at (2)
vdv = 4.905 sin d
Integrate both sides, and using the initial condition;
v0 = 1 m/s at  = 0
 vdv = 4.905 sin d v0 = 1 m/s at  = 0
v 
1 vdv = 4.9050 sin d
2 v 
0.5v = − 4.905 cos 0
1

v = 9.81(1 − cos ) + 1
2 (4)
Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (1) with N B = 0
and solving for cos max , yields
v2
− N B + 19 .62 cos = (2)( ) (1)
0.5
19.62 cos max = 4(9.81(1 − cos max ) + 1)
19.62 cos max = 4(9.81(1 − cos max ) + 1)

43 .24
cos max =
58 .86

 max = 42.7 o
Thankyou