Engineering Mechanics (II)

Dynamics
second Semester 2023-2024

LECTURE 7
Engineering Mechanics: II 2023/2024
 CHAPTER 3

Kinetics of a Particle
Work and Energy
The work of a Force

dU = F  dr

dU = F ds cos

The basic unit for work

in the SI system is
called a joule (J).
1J =1 N  m
In the FPS system work is generally defined by
writing the units as ft  lb
Work of a Variable Force.
r2 s2
U 1− 2 =  F  dr =  F cos ds
r1 s1
Work of a Constant Force Moving Along a
Straight Line.
s2
U1− 2 = Fc cos s 1
ds

= Fc cos Δs

Δs = ( s 2 − s1 )
Work of a Weight.
r2 r2
U 1− 2 =  F  dr =  (−W j)  (dx i + dy j + dz k )
r1 r1

dr = dx i + dy j + dz k
W = −W j
y2
U1− 2 =  −W dy
y1

= −W ( y2 − y1)
= −W Δy
Work of a Spring Force.

Fs = k s
 Fs = k s
The work done on the spring is formulated as
s2 s2
U1− 2 =  Fs ds =  k s ds
s1 s1

1
= k ( s22 − s12 )
2
The work done by the spring force on the particle is
written as

1
U 1− 2 = − k ( s2 − s1 )
2 2
2
Example 3.1
The 10-kg block shown in Fig. rests on the smooth
incline. If the spring is originally stretched 0.5 m,
determine the total work done by all the forces acting
on the block when
a horizontal force
P = 400 N
pushes the
block up
the plane
s = 2 m.
Horizontal Force P.
U P = (400 cos 30 )(2) = 692.8 J
o

U P = (400)(2 cos 30 ) = 692.8 J

o

Free body diagram.

Spring Force Fs
1
U P = − (30)[(2.5) − (0.5) ] = −90 J
2 2
2
s1 = 0.5 m
s2 = 0.5 + 2 = 2.5 m
Weight W.
UW = −98.1(2 sin 30 ) = −98.1 J
o

UW = −(98.1sin 30 )(2) = −98.1 J

o
Normal Force N B
This force does no work since it
is always perpendicular to the
displacement.
Total Work.

UT = 692.8 − 90 − 98.1 = 504.7 J

Principle of a Work and Energy

FR =  F

dv
at = v
ds
dv
 Ft = mat = mv ds
 s
s2 v2
Ft ds =  m v dv
1 v1
 s
s2 v2
Ft ds =  m v dv
1 v1

1 1
 s
s2
Ft ds = m v2 − m v12
2
1 2 2
 Ft =  F cos
1 1
U1− 2 = m v2 − m v12
2
2 2 1
T = mv 2
T1 + U1− 2 = T2 2

 Fn = man
 n
F = ma n = mv 2
/
Principle of a Work and Energy for a System
of Particles

T1 + U1− 2 = T2

Work of Friction Caused by Sliding.

1 1
m v1 + P s −  k N s = m v2
2 2
2 2
Example 3.2
The 3500-lb automobile shown in Fig. is traveling
down the 10° inclined road at a speed of 20 ft/s. If
the driver jams on the brakes, causing his wheels to
lock, determine how far s his tires skid on the road
until it come to rest. The coefficient of kinetic
friction between the wheels and the road is  k = 0.5
 Fn = man = 0 Work (Free-Body Diagram).

N A − 3500 cos10 = 0
o

N A = 3446.8 lb

FA = k N A = 0.5(3446.8) = 1723.4 lb
Principle of Work and Energy
N A = 3446.8 lb
FA = 1723.4 lb
T1 + U1− 2 = T2

1  3500 
(20 ) + [3500 ( s sin 10 ) − 1723 .4 s ] = 0
2 o

2  32 .2 

s = 19.5 ft
 Solution II
Kinetics.

 Ft = mat
3500
3500 sin 10 − 1723 .4 =
o
a
32 .2
a = −10.3 ft/s 2
kinematics. v = v0 + 2a(s − s0 )
2 2

0 = (20) + 2(−10.3)(s − 0)
2

s = 19.5 ft
Thankyou