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Mahinda College Model United Nations (1st Edition , 2024)

United Nations Environment

Programme

Study Guide
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Table of Contents

Committee Overview 3

Mandate 3

Conference Topic 4

Introduction 4-7

Current Global Initiatives and Challenges 7-8

Best Practices for Safe Decommissioning Techniques 9

Actions to promote sustainable nuclear decommission 10

Role of UNEP Council in Addressing the Issue 11

Key Terminology and International Agreements / Treaties 12

Points to Research About 13

Further Reading 13
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Committee Overview

Mandate

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is the primary global authority on
environmental issues. Established in 1972 in Nairobi , Kenya following the Stockholm
Conference on the Human Environment, UNEP aims to coordinate international efforts
to address environmental degradation. Its mandate involves inspiring and informing
nations and people to improve their quality of life while preserving resources for future
generations. UNEP has led various initiatives focusing on climate change, biodiversity,
pollution control, and the green economy. Governed by the United Nations Environment
Assembly, UNEP operates globally from its headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya. Despite
challenges such as limited resources and competing priorities, UNEP strives to
strengthen global environmental governance and promote sustainable development in
alignment with the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement. In essence, UNEP serves as
a crucial advocate for environmental protection and sustainability worldwide.

UNEP, the United Nations Environment Programme, has several specific goals aimed
at promoting environmental sustainability and conservation. In briefest, these goals
include:

1. Promoting sustainable development practices worldwide.

2. Protecting biodiversity and ecosystems.
3. Combating climate change and promoting renewable energy.
4. Addressing environmental pollution and waste management.
5. Supporting the transition to a green economy.
6. Advancing environmental education and awareness.
7. Facilitating international cooperation on environmental issues.

These goals align with UNEP's mission to provide leadership and encourage
partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations
and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future
generations.
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Conference Topic

“ Addressing the environmental and life-threatening implications of Nuclear

Reactor decommissioning with special emphasis on achieving SDG 14 and 15 on
a global scale. “

Introduction

A. Overview of Nuclear Decommissioning

Nuclear reactor decommissioning is the process of safely shutting down and

dismantling a nuclear power plant or research reactor at the end of its operational life. It
involves several stages, including planning, decontamination, dismantling, and site
restoration. During decommissioning, radioactive materials are removed, and structures
are demolished or safely managed. The process requires careful consideration of
safety, environmental protection, and regulatory compliance. Decommissioning can take
several years or even decades, depending on the size and complexity of the facility.
Proper management of decommissioning ensures the safe disposal of radioactive
waste, minimizes environmental impact, and allows for the reuse of the site for other
purposes.
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B. Environmental and Life-threatening Implications

Addressing the environmental and life-threatening implications of nuclear reactor

decommissioning is paramount, particularly concerning the attainment of Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) 14 and 15 on a global scale. Nuclear reactors, once
decommissioned, pose significant environmental risks due to radioactive materials and
potential contamination of surrounding ecosystems. Safeguarding marine life (SDG 14)
and terrestrial ecosystems (SDG 15) from these hazards demands comprehensive
strategies that prioritize safety, transparency, and international cooperation. Effective
decommissioning plans must integrate rigorous monitoring protocols to mitigate the
release of harmful substances into oceans, rivers, and soils, thereby preserving
biodiversity and ensuring the long-term health of aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
Furthermore, engaging local communities and stakeholders in decision-making
processes can foster trust and accountability, essential elements for achieving
sustainable outcomes. By aligning decommissioning efforts with the objectives outlined
in SDGs 14 and 15, nations can mitigate the environmental and life-threatening
consequences associated with nuclear reactor decommissioning while advancing global
sustainability agendas.

C. Significance of Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 14 and

15

Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 14 and 15 holds immense

significance in the context of addressing the environmental and life-threatening
implications of nuclear reactor decommissioning. SDG 14 focuses on conserving and
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sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources, while SDG 15 aims to
protect, restore, and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, forests, and
biodiversity. By successfully implementing these goals, nations can mitigate the adverse
effects of decommissioning nuclear reactors on both marine and terrestrial
environments. SDG 14 emphasizes the importance of safeguarding marine life from
pollution and contamination, which is particularly relevant in the context of nuclear
decommissioning due to the potential release of radioactive materials into water bodies.
Similarly, SDG 15 highlights the need to preserve biodiversity and ensure the
sustainable management of land resources, which are crucial for mitigating the
ecological impacts of decommissioning activities on terrestrial ecosystems and habitats.
Achieving these goals not only protects the environment but also ensures the well-being
of communities dependent on these ecosystems for their livelihoods. Moreover, by
promoting sustainable practices and fostering international cooperation, SDGs 14 and
15 contribute to building resilient and inclusive societies capable of addressing the
challenges posed by nuclear decommissioning in a holistic and sustainable manner.
Therefore, the significance of achieving SDGs 14 and 15 cannot be overstated in
mitigating the environmental and life-threatening implications associated with nuclear
reactor decommissioning on a global scale.

D. Environmental and Health Impacts of Nuclear Reactor Decommissioning

Nuclear reactor decommissioning entails various environmental and health impacts that
necessitate careful consideration and management. Environmentally, the process
involves handling radioactive materials and dismantling structures, which can lead to
the release of radioactive contaminants into the surrounding air, soil, and water sources.
This contamination poses risks to ecosystems, including impacts on biodiversity, soil
quality, and water quality. Radioactive substances can persist in the environment for
extended periods, potentially affecting flora and fauna and disrupting ecological
balance.

Additionally, nuclear reactor decommissioning poses health risks to workers and nearby
communities. Exposure to radiation during decommissioning activities can lead to acute
and long-term health effects, including increased risks of cancer, genetic mutations, and
other radiation-related illnesses. Furthermore, inadequate management of radioactive
waste generated during decommissioning can pose long-term health hazards if not
properly contained and disposed of.

To mitigate these impacts, decommissioning processes must adhere to strict safety

standards and protocols to minimize radiation exposure to workers and the public.
Comprehensive environmental monitoring programs are also essential to assess and
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mitigate any contamination that may occur during decommissioning activities. Proper
management of radioactive waste is critical, requiring secure storage facilities and
disposal methods that prevent the release of harmful substances into the environment.

Overall, addressing the environmental and health impacts of nuclear reactor

decommissioning necessitates a multidisciplinary approach that prioritizes safety,
environmental protection, and public health considerations throughout the
decommissioning process.

Current Global Initiatives and Challenges

A. Technical and Financial Challenges

Addressing the complexities of nuclear reactor decommissioning to achieve Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs) 14 and 15 globally involves significant technical and
financial hurdles. Here are the key challenges:

1. Technical Challenges:

● Complexity of decommissioning processes: Involves dismantling structures,

handling radioactive materials, and remediating contaminated sites.
● Radiation management: Ensuring worker safety, preventing environmental
contamination, and managing radioactive waste.
● Waste management and disposal: Safely storing and disposing of different types
of radioactive waste.
● Environmental remediation: Restoring contaminated land, water, and ecosystems
post-decommissioning.

2. Financial Challenges:

● Cost of decommissioning: High expenses for labor, equipment, waste

management, and environmental remediation.
● Financial responsibility: Determining who covers decommissioning and waste
management costs.
● Uncertainty and risk management: Addressing uncertainties in project timelines,
costs, and regulatory factors.
● Access to funding: Difficulty accessing funds, especially for countries with limited
resources.
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Overcoming these challenges requires collaboration among governments,

organizations, industry stakeholders, and the public to prioritize safety, environmental
protection, and sustainable development principles.

B. Role of Stakeholders and Civil Society

Stakeholders and civil society are crucial for managing the environmental impacts of
nuclear reactor decommissioning, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
14 and 15 globally. They contribute by:

1. Advocacy and Awareness: They raise awareness about risks, mobilize support for
safe practices, and advocate for policy changes.
2. Public Participation: Engaging communities in decision-making builds trust and
ensures diverse perspectives are considered.
3. Monitoring and Oversight: They monitor activities, hold parties accountable, and
advocate for corrective actions.
4. Capacity Building: Providing training empowers stakeholders to engage effectively.
5. Policy Advocacy: They advocate for safety, environmental protection, and equity in
policies and regulations.
6. Community Support: Providing assistance to impacted communities ensures their
voices are heard and needs addressed.

This engagement fosters transparency, accountability, and sustainability in

decommissioning processes, aligning with SDGs 14 and 15.
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Best Practices for Safe Decommissioning Techniques

Best practices and innovative solutions for addressing the environmental and health
impacts of nuclear reactor decommissioning include:

1. Robust Planning and Risk Assessment: Implement comprehensive

decommissioning plans that incorporate thorough risk assessments to identify potential
environmental and health hazards. This allows for proactive mitigation measures to be
put in place.

2. Advanced Robotics and Automation: Utilize advanced robotics and automation

technologies to minimize human exposure to radiation during decommissioning
activities. Remote-controlled robots can perform tasks such as dismantling structures
and handling radioactive materials with precision and efficiency.

3. Enhanced Radiation Shielding: Develop innovative radiation shielding materials

and techniques to minimize radiation exposure to workers and surrounding
communities. This includes the use of specialized coatings, barriers, and shielding
structures to contain radioactive contaminants.

4. Sustainable Waste Management: Implement sustainable waste management

practices, including recycling and reprocessing of materials wherever possible to
minimize the volume of radioactive waste generated. Develop safe and secure storage
facilities for long-term management of radioactive waste.

5. Community Engagement and Transparency: Foster open communication and

engagement with local communities throughout the decommissioning process to
address concerns, build trust, and ensure transparency. Involve stakeholders in
decision-making processes and provide clear information about environmental and
health risks.

6. Research and Development: Invest in research and development initiatives to

advance decommissioning technologies and methodologies. This includes exploring
innovative approaches such as laser cutting, plasma arc technology, and novel
decontamination methods to improve efficiency and safety.

By implementing these best practices and embracing innovative solutions, stakeholders

can effectively mitigate the environmental and health impacts of nuclear reactor
decommissioning while promoting safety, sustainability, and community well-being.
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Actions to promote sustainable nuclear decommission

Strengthening the regulatory frameworks plays a very crucial role in nuclear reactor
decommissioning activities which are to mitigate adverse impacts on marine and
terrestrial ecosystems and to enhance environmental stewardship. Comprehensive
regulations and policies must address all phases of decommissioning including
planning, execution, waste management, and site restoration. They must also
incorporate strategies for public participation and general awareness to optimize the
output of the policies. Accommodating technological advancements, enhancing
stakeholder engagement, and aligning with international best practices are just a few
ways to strengthen the regulatory frameworks.

For further reference, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC) which
oversees nuclear decommissioning in the US has implemented robust regulatory
requirements to ensure safe and responsible decommissioning processes. The
International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) has established safety standards and
guidelines for nuclear decommissioning globally. Many nations highlight the role of
international standards in harmonizing regulatory approaches and enhancing safety.

Promoting International cooperation and knowledge is vital to face common challenges

in nuclear reactor decommissioning, leveraging resources and fostering innovation.
Forums such as The International Decommissioning Network(IDN) and the Nuclear
Energy Agency(NEA)Cooperative Programme on Decommissioning (CPD) are to
facilitate collaboration and information exchange.Collaborative initiatives facilitate the
exchange of best practices, technical expertise, and lessons learned among countries,
international organizations, and industry stakeholders.

● NEA Multinational Projects: The NEA's CPD facilitates collaboration among

member countries on decommissioning projects. Case studies from CPD
projects, such as the decommissioning of the Bohunice Nuclear Power Plant in
Slovakia, demonstrate the benefits of shared experiences and resources in
accelerating decommissioning progress.
● International Decommissioning Assistance Programs: International
assistance programs, such as those supported by the IAEA, provide technical
expertise and financial support to countries undertaking decommissioning
projects. Case studies from recipient countries, such as the decommissioning of
the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant in Armenia, illustrate the impact of
international cooperation in enhancing decommissioning capabilities.
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Investing in research and development is crucial for fostering innovative and sustainable
solutions to challenges in nuclear reactor decommissioning. Research and development
efforts must focus on advancing technologies for waste management, environmental
remediation, and robotic and materials science to improve safety, efficiency, and cost-
effectiveness. Investments in advanced robotics, artificial intelligence, and materials
science are beneficial to enhance decommissioning capabilities and address emerging
challenges. Furthermore, research and development must put in their best efforts to
accomplish the SDGs during the decommissioning process.

Role of UNEP Council in Addressing the Issue

UNEP holds a significant mandate in addressing environmental issues, including

sustainable nuclear decommissioning. The UNEP is tasked with reviewing global
environmental conditions, assessing environment-related policies, and promoting
international cooperation to adhere to environmental stewardship. The UNEP
emphasizes the importance of integrating environmental considerations into sustainable
development agendas as it encourages the adoption of sustainable practices in nuclear
decommissioning, such as the use of advanced technologies, waste minimization, and
ecosystem-based approaches. These practices heavily contribute to achieving SDG 14
and 15 by promoting the conservation and sustainable use of marine and terrestrial
resources. The UNEP works to promote policy coherence and synergy across different
policy areas with the ultimate goal of aligning nuclear decommissioning efforts with
sustainable development objectives. This ensures that environmental considerations
are fully integrated into the decision-making process and the relevant actions that are
taken to address nuclear decommissioning contribute to the achievement of SDGs
simultaneously.

International standards and guidelines established by the IAEA provide a framework to

ensure environmental sustainability in decommissioning activities. The UNEP's
advocacy for the adoption and implementation of these standards nourishes
environmental protection efforts and compliance with international guidelines
contributes to achieving SDG 14 and 15 by preserving marine and terrestrial
ecosystems, as the established standards minimize the radiological and ecological
risks. The UNEP's support for research and development initiatives fosters innovation
in emerging technologies such as AI and advanced robotics leading to progress in
sustainable decommissioning practices.
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Key Terminology and International Agreements / Treaties

Key Terminology:

1. Nuclear Reactor Decommissioning: The process of safely dismantling and

decontaminating a nuclear reactor facility at the end of its operational life.
2. Radioactive Contamination: The presence of radioactive substances in the
environment, which can pose health and environmental risks.
3. Radiation Exposure: The amount of ionizing radiation absorbed by a person or
object, measured in units such as sieverts (Sv) or millisieverts (mSv).
4. Radioactive Waste: Materials containing radioactive substances that require special
handling and disposal due to their potential hazards.
5. Environmental Monitoring: The systematic collection and analysis of environmental
samples to assess the presence and impact of contaminants, including radioactive
materials.
6. Health Effects of Radiation: Adverse physiological effects resulting from exposure
to ionizing radiation, including increased cancer risk, genetic mutations, and tissue
damage.

International Agreements / Treaties:

1. Convention on Nuclear Safety (CNS): An international treaty aimed at ensuring the

safe operation of nuclear power plants and the protection of people and the
environment from the effects of radiation. It promotes cooperation and transparency
among member states.
2. Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of
Radioactive Waste Management: A legally binding international treaty that addresses
the safety of spent fuel and radioactive waste management, including decommissioning
activities.
3. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): A specialized agency of the United
Nations that promotes the peaceful use of nuclear energy and assists member states in
implementing nuclear safety standards, including decommissioning practices.
4. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and Their Disposal: An international treaty that regulates the transboundary
movement and disposal of hazardous wastes, including certain types of radioactive
waste generated during decommissioning.
5. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Although not
specifically focused on nuclear decommissioning, this treaty aims to protect human
health and the environment from highly toxic chemicals, some of which may be present
in decommissioning activities as contaminants.
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Points to Research About

1. Challenges and obstacles faced by nations to promote sustainable nuclear

decommissioning including lack of funds, technology and knowledge etc.
2. International collaboration and cooperation in aligning nuclear decommissioning
policies to achieve sustainable development goals and objectives.
3. The social and political dimensions of nuclear decommissioning including
regulatory frameworks and policies, public perception and stakeholder
involvements.
4. Delegate’s representing nation's stance on sustainable nuclear decommissioning
provided analysis of the history, developments, and successes of the country's
nuclear decommissioning projects as well as the steps taken to address
obstacles and work toward collaborating with other countries and international
organizations to advance sustainable nuclear decommissioning internationally.

Further Reading

● European Union - Decommissioning of nuclear facilities

● MSD manuals - Radioactive contamination
● National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - Ecosystems -
Marine Ecosystem
● United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Ecosystems
Terrestrial Ecosystem
● United Nations - Sustainable Development Goals -
https://sdgs.un.org/goals
● United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - UN Environment Programme
● International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - Environmental Impact Assessment
https://www.iaea.org/publications/10391/managing-environmental-impact-
assessment-for-construction-and-operation-in-new-nuclear-power-programmes
● International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - https://www.iaea.org
● NEA Cooperative Programme on Decommissioning (CPD) -
https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_14210/the-nea-co-operative-programme-on-
decommissioning?details=true
● NEA Multinational Projects -
https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_72332/nuclear-safety-research-joint-projects