PTI DC35.1-14 Recommendations for Prestressed Rock and Soil Anchors PEEL akgPTI DC35.1-14 Recommendations for Prestressed Rock and Soil Anchors PT|DC-35: Prestressed Rock and Soll Anchor Cemmittoe Matthew Nirman Schnabel Foundation Conny ‘Chale Francs Aland om atic Macser Rade Conaing US, Bureau of Reclamation — Engineers, emer Ofice Richard Basows| echard Heinemann Federal Highoay Aadmintrtion CST Ait Bax! anil MacLean ast Exinering I Con Teck Sytem id "TAB Contact Michael McCay Andrew Baxter 1S, Army Cons of Engineers Sehnabal Erinerng, I Geo Soundatons Contractor, Is. Nonvaing amber POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE® ‘38900 Country Cub Deve Farming Hil, MI 48331 Phone: 248) B88 3180 Fx (248) 648.3181 ‘Website: wow postensioing og ‘Tomas Pitz Witians Form Engineering Cop Keon Parnas Dywideg Sens International Usk he ‘Tomas Ricarés ‘Mchotion Construction Company Mica Vivo? Pas Tensioning neDISCLAIMER: ‘This pblctin is intended forthe use of profesionals competent to evaluate aa implemen te signiicace and inatons of tx eta who wil accep responsibilty forthe application ofthe costes. The incorporation byteferens or quan of tral in this pblcaton in any speihcatons,conract documents, purchase eres, rvvigs rot dtl nj applications shall be undraten tthe sole ik of those persons compas, or tgences making uch refreoe or quo nd sal poset the Pos-Tensonng Insite, its Boudof Decors, ts member, ad the autor of he palstos any bit. and ese perce, companies, or agencies making such reference or quotation wate any elms spans the PotTensoning laste, ts Board of Director, is members andthe authors ofthis publeton. Nether the Post-ensonng Inte ("PTI") aor the authors of is plication in crating is pubiation makes ny repreemon or warty, expres Impl singe sateen cotaned. Ferein including warts of quality, acarcy, wrkmanip or safety, fate nclaing. tu ot ied, imglid aaanies a "THE POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ITS BOARD OF DIRECTORS, ITS MEMBERS, AND THE AUTHORS OF THIS PUBLICATION SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCLUDING ‘CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM USE OF ANY INFORMATION OR RECOMMENDATION PROVIDED IN THIS PUBLICATION, Copyright © 2014 By the Pos-Tensioning Insite Fis edition, 1980 Second edition, 1986 ‘Third eton, rst praing, 1996 Furth edition, frst pining, 2004 Fifth edition, fist printing, 2014 Printed in US.A, ISBN 978-0-87031-987-1 Cover photo: Worl Tate Center, New York, NY, courtesy of Nicholson Consruction Company ‘All RightsReserved, This publication or any part thereof may nt be reproduced in any form ‘without the writen permission ofthe Post-Tesioning Instat,Recommendations for Prostressed Rock and Soll Anchors PTiDc36.1-14 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0—Seope 20 — Definitions ‘30 — Specifications, Responsitlits,and Submits 3.1 — Specieations 3.1.1 — Prescriptive specifications 3.1.2 — Performance specications = Open specifications 32—Responsibilites 33 Submittals 33.1—Genenl 332 — Preconsruction subminals 333 —Av‘ult records 40—Materiats 41— General 42—Presessing see! 421— Stand 422 par 423 — Bpoxy-costed sand 424 Epoxy-coated bar 425 — special prestessing materials 42.6 — Puching materiale 43 —Anchorages 44— Couplers 4.5 — Centalizers and pacers 46 — Corosion inhibiting compounds 461 — Grease 452—Ga 463 —Wax 47 Plato tabing 4.1 — Bond breaker 472— Sheath 41.3 — Tendon bond length encapsulstions 48 —Hear-shrnk sieves and tapes ‘48.1 — Heatshrink sleeves 482 — Heatsink 483 — Penrolatam (wx) tapes 434 — Adhesive per 49 — Groat wes 4.10— Groat socks 4.11 — Cement rot “4411 Cement 411.2— Wate 4113 — Aggregates 411'6— Admintree 4.11'5— Supplemental comentious materials ‘$0 — Corrosion protection S.1.—Designanpects ‘52 —Corosion protection selection criteria, 521 Senteetife 5.22 — Ageresiviy of anchor environment 5.22.1 Soil resistivity 5222 pH 5223 — Chemical propete of ol and groundwater {52.2.4 —Physial properties of soil and round 52.2.5 — Potential stray curet sources 5.3 —Comosion protection requirements 54 — Comosion protection details 54.1 — Anchorage protection ‘54.1 — Anchor heads 54.1.2— Bearing plates and anchor head coves 5413—Trumpets 542 — Free scessing length protection 542.1 — Permanenily unbonded fee stressing length 54.22— Fully o parualy bonded fee stressing length 543 —Free stressing engybond length transon protection 54.4 — Tendon bond length protection ‘S441 — Chase I protection $5442— Chase I protection 54.5 — Protection agains stray caren 54.6 — Coupler protection 60— 61 — Introduction (62 —Feasblity of anchors 63 — Design objectives 64 — General considerations {64.1 — Corrosion protection requirements 64.2 — Filly bonded, parialy bonded, of ‘bonded anchors 64.3 —Resuessable anchor systems 644 —Destessable and removable anchor systems 6.5 —Site evaluation {65.1 — Rock anchors 63.2 — Soll anchors (66 — Anchor desig loud and safety factors 67—Bond eng 67.1 — Rock anchors 67.2 — Soll anchors 6.8 —Free sessing length 69 — Anchor geometry {69.1 — Anchor pacing in bond length 69.2— Dall hole damier {69.3 — Overburden depth {69.4 — Anchor inclination 6.10 Tendon components 6.10.1 — Anchorage 6102 — EncapsulationPTI Commitee 06-25 6.103 — Spacers and centaizers 6.11 — Groat mixture 6:12 — Grout socks 19 — Construction 1.1 — General 1.2 — Fabrication 13— Storage and banding 74—Deiling 741 — Open hoe ailing 742 — Cased holes 7.43 — Hollow stem augers 744— Combination methods 745 — Hole alignment and olerancee 746 — Hole cleaning and overdiling — Water pressure testing, pregrostng, and ‘editing rock anchor del holes 1.6 —Tendon repairs 1.7 —Tendon insertion 78— Growing 178.1 — Grouting equipment and mixing 7.8.1.1 — Neat cement grouts 781.2 Site mixed sanded grouts 78.13 — Ready mixed sanded grous 7.82-—QAIQC for mixed grout 7.82.1 — Preprodvcton lab ets 7.82.2 — Preprodueton feld tests 7.823 — Routine QAIQC during production 7824 — Test metiods for cement-based 1 outs 7.83 — Grouting operations "783.1 Grouting uncaed hoes 7832— Grouting cased or hollow-stem auger holes 7.83.3 ~ Grouting encapsulate tendons 7.83.4 — Grouting very permeable grand 1.83.5 — Temperature considerations 784"— Pos grouting 79 — Installation of anchorage ‘8.0 —Stresing loa testing, and acceptance —Oeneral 8.1.1 — Preparation prior osressing 82— Equipment "Requirements fr equipment 822 — Equipment setup 83.— Testing 83.1 —Preprodusion tests 83.2 — Performance tests 833 —Prooftest 834 — Supplementary exended crep tests 84 —Lock off procedure 35 — Initia litt eading B65 — Acceptaneneiterin 861 —Crep 2 32 3 ss 55 55 862—Movement 86 ‘862.1 — Residual movement $622— Minin spent ee tndon 67 £1623—Misinum appara tndon 87 length 86.3 — itil ito eading 87 7 — Prosar nthe ret of fe dung ting #7 ‘88 — Finishing work for permanent anchore 88.1 — Cutting stressing als ® 882 —Comosion poteeion (Class Tor) 89. 8.9 —Monitoring servos behavior 9 9.0— References 2 — Referenced standards 2 9.1.1 ASTM Ineraational 2 9.1.2 — American Asocaton of State Highway 93 ‘and Transportation Oficials (AASHTO) 9.13—Amercan Pblic Heats Assocation 93 (APHA) 9.14 —Amercan Water Works Association 93 (awwa) 9.1.5—Amedican Concrete latin (AC) 93 9.1.6 — American Parole isiute(APD_ 93 9.11 — Federal Test Moto Standard FTMS) 93 9.1.8 — Post Tesorng Iai (PTD) 93 9.2 Cited references 93 Supplement A — Supplementary requirements 95 forepoy-coted strndtendons SAIO™ Scope 98 SA30— SpeciicatiosResponsibiltes,and 9 Stimitals 43:32 — Preconsnction xbminals 95 SAA0— Materials 55 95 “anchorages 7 SA80— Design a SAG6— Anchor design nad and safe factors 37 SAG8— Fre sessing leigh 37 5A7.0 — Conaructon 38 SA12— Fabiction 58 SA73— Storage and handing 98 ‘$A77 — Tendon inseron 98 ‘SA79 — losalltion of anchorage 9 SARO— Stressing, Load Testing, And Acceptance 99 SAB. — Genera, 9 ‘SAB 1.1 — Preparation prior to stressing 99 99 SA82— Equipment SA82.1 — Reuirement for equipment 100 SAB3—Testng 100 SABA — Lockett procedue 100 SA86— Acceptance criteria 101 SABGI Creep 101 SABG1.1—Creepcorectin values ‘101‘commendations for Prestressed Rock and Soll Anchors Pripcas.-14 $A86.12— Creep test options 101 SAR6.14— Accepanoe erieria 102 'SAR62—Movenent 03 SA8622—Minimum apparent free 103, tendon length SA8.7 — Procedures in the event of stand 103 slippage trough wedges '$A9.0— References 104 SA9.2— Cd references 104 ‘Supplement B — Requirements for polyester 105 ‘esa rock anchors ‘SBL.O— Scope os ‘SBI. — Defnions 105 ‘SBI.2— Specification esponsibilites, and 105 submit ‘$B13 — Materials, tos 'SBI-A— Corrosion protection 106 SBLS— Design ior ‘SBI.6— Installation 108 SBI? — Testing 109 $B17.1 — Performance esting 108 'SBI.7.2— Proof testing 109Recommendations for Prestressed Rack and Soll Anchors Princas.1-1 RECOMMENDATIONS 1.0—SCOPE ‘These Recommendations provide. practical guid- ‘ance in the application of permanent and temporary ‘rostrossod rock and eol anchor using Nigh-stfengi Drestressing stool. They represent the currant stato of practice and provide recommendation forthe design, Installation, and testing of grouted prestressed rock {and soll anchors, bt are not necessary applicable ‘other anchor systems ‘Due tothe broad nature of these Recommendations, Particular sections shal be clearly referenced when Included inthe specications fora spectic project. These Recommendations contain signieant revi- sions and supersede PTI DC36.1-04. The revisions fenhance the consistency of the recommendations ‘and provide adaltonal guidance in many subjects, Including: Special prestressing materials protection Corrosion Dring methods Ve i Resin anchors (Supplement 8) A lst of the standard specications and reterences ted throughout this document can be found In Section 9.2 ‘The values stated in ether S units or info units are to be regarded as standard. Within the txt, the Inib Units are shown in brackets. The values stated In ‘each system are not exact equivalents, and so each system must be used independently ofthe other. ‘These Recommendations were propared by PT! Commitee 00-35, Prestressed. Rock and. Soil ‘Anchors, with inpul and review by the ADSC = Intor- ‘ational Association of Foundation Dring Anchored Earth Retention Commitee. COMMENTARY C1L.0—SCOPE ‘These Recommendations do not address the design of anchored structures in general, but are limited to consider- ‘Hon specie tote pestressed anchors themselves ‘The applicability of certain sections ofthese Recommen- dations will depend on the type of spcifetion used and ‘whether the anchor are for'a permanent or temporary tepliction Anchor systems not considered by these Recommendations include mechanical anchors, helical anchors, and soil malPTI Commitee 0-25, RECOMMENDATIONS ‘COMMENTARY 2.0 — DEFINITIONS. ‘Admixture ~ Substance added to the grout compo- rents during mixing to modi fuld grout propetioe in ‘8 controlable fashion (for example, bleed, prossure ‘tation, shrinkage, hydration, theology) of set prop- ‘erties (for exami, strength, permeabity, durabily). ‘Alignment load (AL) — A nominal minimum load ‘appled to an anchor during testing to Koop the testing ‘equipment correctly positioned, “Anchor -& tendon installed in a driled and grouted hoe inthe ground (sol or rock) that is stressed after installation (Fig. 2.1). ‘Anchor head- The devies by which force s permanently transmitted rom the prestressing steel to the bearing plate (wedges and wedge plate for strand tendons or anchor nut for bar tendons) ‘Anchor nut ~The threaded devi that tansters the Prestressing force In a bar toa bearing plate. “Anchorage ~ The combined system of anchor head, bearing plate, trumpet, and corrosion protection that 's capable of ransmting the presressing foros trom the prestessing steel to the surface ofthe ground or the supported structure. ‘Anchor head cover ~ A cover to protect the anchor head rom corrosion and physical damage. ‘Apparent free tendon length - Theoretical length of tendon that would undergo an identical magnitude of ‘elastic movement during unloading as that measured during oad testing. ‘Bearing plate ~ A steel plate under the anchor head ‘hat disttbutos the prestressing force tothe anchored structure, restressing ‘Bleed - The autogenous flow of mixing water within, ‘orits emergence trom, newly placed grout; caused by the setlement of the soll materials with the grout ‘mass and further facta In anchors by fering action of strands (wicking) Bond breaker - A sieeve placed over the tendon init free stressing length te allow elongation of the {tendon free stressing length during sessing.Recommendations for Prestrssed Rock and Soll Anchors PTiposs.1-14 RECOMMENDATIONS COMMENTARY ‘Bond length - The length of the grout body that trans- mits the applied tensile load tothe surrounding sol or ‘Tock. (See also the definition of tendon bond length) Cast The amount of curvature ofa longth of strand, hich isnot restrained when placed on a flat euace, Contraizer ~ A device to support and postion the tendon Inside the allt hole of te shea, so taal minimum grout cover is provided ‘Coarse-grained soils ~ Soils wth mare than 50%, by ‘weight, of material larger than the No, 200 sieve size. Cohesive soils - Soils that exhibit plastcly. Atter- borg limits are commonly used to determine plasty ‘and better define a sol as cohesive or non-cohesive. Contractor ~ The personfirm performing the anchor ‘construction, Corrosion-inhibiting compound Material used to protect against corosion, lubricate the prestressing Stee, or both. Coupler — The means by which the prestressing force can be transmtied from one partial length of Prestressing steal to another (mainly fr bar). Creep movement - The movement that occurs Under a constant load and as measured during the ‘creep test ofan anchor. CCroop test - A tost to determine the long-term load carrying capacity ofan anchor under a constant load. Design load — Anticipated final maximum effective toad inthe anchor aftr allowance for time-dependent losses or gains (also rferrod to as working loa), Detensionable anchor head ~ An anchor head that 's restressable and, n addition, pormits the tendon to bbe completely detensioned in a controlled way at any time during the ite ofthe structure. Elastic movement ~ Tho recoverable movernent ‘measured during an anchor test. A comugated or deformed sheath protecting the prestressing steel against corrosion.PTI Committee DC-35 RECOMMENDATIONS ‘COMMENTARY Epoxy coating ~ A product containing pigments, thermosetting epoxy ‘resins, cross-linking agents, {and other addtives, which Is applied Inthe form of & powder onto a clean, heated metalic substrate and fuses to form a continuous barter coating, Extended temporary anchor ~ Any prestressed anchor for temporary use having a service ie of 210 5 years. Fxg ~ Spectiod minimum tensile strength of the pféstressing steel, as dalined in the pertinent ASTM ‘specication. Fine-grainod soils - Sols with at least 50%, by ‘weight, of material smator than the No. 200 sieve ize, Free stressing (unbonded) length ~ The designed length of the tendon that is not bonded to” the ‘surrounelng ground or grout during stressing, Fully bonded anchor - Anchor in which the tree ‘stressing length without bond breaker Is eurtounded by grout, after stressing, and so Is bonded to the ‘surrounding structure or ground. Go! time ~ Time betwoon the start of mixing of a poly- ‘ster resin withthe catalyst, and th point at which the liquid phase changes toa viscous stato, Grit - Fine-grained material impregnated onto the ‘uter surface of the epoxy coating, which Improves. {the epoxy-coating bond io cement grout. Grout ~ A mixture of portand coment and water that can provide corrosion protection, transfer loads ‘between the tendon and the ground, or both. Poly: ester resin is used In pace of cement grout in some applications, Grout sock - A gectextle encasement around all or par ofthe ground anchor length, used te control grout loss in certain highly permeable ground condtions. = A discontinuty in a coating that ie not dlscemibie to a person with normalor corrected vision. ‘Jack length ~ The length of stressing tall that Ie tensioned during tasting. Liftoff load — The load inthe tendon determined at ‘anytime by doing itt test.Recommendatons for Prestrassed Rock and Soll Anchors PTIDO36.1-14 RECOMMENDATIONS COMMENTARY Liftoff test - Procedure to measure the actual load ‘na locked-of tendon by reapplying force unt inal ‘movement ofthe anchor head or wedges is observed. Lock-off load ~ The prestressing foro inthe tendon Immediately after transfering te load from the jack to the anchor hea. = The tendency of sevon-wir prestressed strand to retain the poston in which k has previously been, such as on a reel or spool Non-cohesive solls ~ Material that Is generally ronplasti. Patching material - A quid two-part epoxy used to repair damaged coating areas. Permanent anchor ~ Any prestressed anchor for permanent use having atleast a 5-year service ie. Performance test - Anincromental oye test oading fof an anchor, wherein the total movement of the anchor at each increment, nciuding AL, is recorded. Power seating ~ Uso of hydraulc force to push ‘wedges Into the wedge cavity i the wedge pate. Pregrouting — Injection of portland-coment-basod ‘grout ito the dil hole or encapsulation prior to ether Injection of primary grout or placement of the tendon into the dell hole. Pregrouting ofthe di hola may be Used fo reduce the permeabilly ofthe rock immed aloly surouncing the dil hole oo otherwise the ground condtions (for example, improve dl hole stabi). Post-grouting ~ The injection of grout along the anchor bond length aftr the primary grout has set Post grouting is performed to Increase the pullout resietance ofthe anchor Pressure filtration - Tho expression of water from ' cement-based grout under the application of pres- Sure, through a permeable medium, In anchor work, this tiation i feciltated bythe existence of interstices in the strand as well as the natural permeability of the surrounding ground. Prestrossing steel — High-strength steel consisting of seven-wire strands, sold bars, or groups of such ‘lemenis,PTI Commitee DC-35, RECOMMENDATIONS COMMENTARY ‘Primary grout ~ Grout that is injacte into the di hole prior to or after the installation ofthe tendon to allow the tendon to transfer load tothe surrounding {ground along the tendon bond length (also known 28 Anchor grout). Proof test-Incrementalloacing ofan anchor, wherein the total movement of the anchor at each Increment is recorded. Putin head Temporary anchor head that tansters force from the jack to the prestressing steel during {esting and tossing (also krown asa stressing head) Pull rod ~ Bar used during stressing and testing to eliminate the need for long stressing tals on bar anchors. it is attached above the anchor nut and ‘extonds through the hydraulc jack. Relaxation -The decrease of stressor load with ime hile the prestressing steelisheld under constant stain, Residual movement ~ Tho nonslastic (non-recover- ‘able) movement of an anchor measured during load testing at retum tothe alignment load, Fesin cartridge - Package containing polyester resin ‘wit ile material anda separated catalyet (hardener) ‘Restressable anchor head ~ An anchor head that Permits the anchor load, throughout the Ife of the structure, o be measured by ite and adustes, Rheology ~ The study of the deformation and tow ‘of materials. The Amorican Conerete Inetiuta (ACI) \afines rheology as the science dealing with flow of ‘materials, Including studies of deformation of hard- ‘ened concrete; the handling and placing of freshly ‘mixed concrete; and the behavior of sures, pastes, ‘and the ke. ‘Safety factor ~ The ratio of the ultimate capacty to the working load used for the design of any compo: nent or intertace. Secondary grout — Grout that is injected into the dll Role after lock off of the tendon and within its free stressing length for cortosion protection or load transfer. ‘Sheath — A smooth or corrugated pipe or tube or heat-shvnk sleeve protecting the prestressing stos! ‘against coroaion.Recommendations for Prestressed Fock and Soll Anchors Pricas.1-14 RECOMMENDATIONS ‘COMMENTARY Singl-stage grouting ~ To Weston of grout @ sing oper along btn te Bond lng and the fro evesongiength Spacer A device to separate cloments ofa muliple- ‘element tendon to ensure ful bond development of ‘each prestossing steal lament. ‘Stressing head - Temporary anchor head that rane fers force rom the jack othe prestressing stool during testing and stressing (also known as a pulling head), ‘Stressing tall- Tho potion ofthe prestressng stoo! ‘extending cut beyond the anchorage tobe gripped for Stessing. ‘Supplemental cementitious materials — Materials having cementing properties that are added to por: land cement grout. anchor — Any prestressed anchor for temporary use having a service fe less than 2 years. Tendon - An assembly consisting of prostressing stool, spacers, anchorage, corosion protection, bond breakers, and centrazers. Tendon bond length The length o he prestressing stool that is bonded tothe grout. Test load (TL) - Tho maximum load to which the anchor is subjected during testing Thixotropy ~ The property ofa material that enables Io ston ina short time while at rest, but to aoque 4 lower viscosty when mechanically agitated, the process being reversible. TTranation tubo — A common sheath thats inserted nto the top ofthe fd grout and extended into the trumpet. Tremie grouting ~ Injection of grout by means of introducing the grout atthe owes elevation within the ai hat, Trumpet - Device to provide corosion protection in the transition length trom the bearing plate tothe free ‘stressing length. Unbonded anchor — Anchor in which the tree stressing longth remains permanently unbonded to the surounding ground or suctue.PTI Commitee 0¢-35 RECOMMENDATIONS COMMENTARY Wedge ~ Tho device that transfers the prestressing {force inthe strand tothe wedge plat, plate - The device that holds the wedges of mmatt-strand tendons and transfers the prestressing force tothe bearing pate. Wedge seating - The process in which elastic short- ning of the strand puis wedges into the tapered Wedge cavities and causes the hardened teeth of the wedges to bite into the strand, enabling the prestressing force to be transtrred from the strand to {he wedge plat, Wedge seating load ~ The load in the strand Immediately aftor wedge seating (with shims in place "under the wedge plate, i applicable). Wedge seating loss Tho oss of slongation asa wedge ‘slides into the tapered wedge cavly during look-oft Joadin the anchor after allowance for time-dependent 4oss0s or gains (alo rferrod to as design load). Fig, 2.1— Typical anchor components,‘Recommendations fr Prestressed Fock and Soll Anchors RECOMMENDATIONS 3.0 — SPECIFICATIONS, RESPONSIBILITIES, ‘AND SUBMITTALS 3.1 — Specifications ‘The three types of specications most commonly Used for rock and sol anchor work are as follows. sat! rescriptive specifications ‘The Owner describes spect procedures that must be followed, These may not necessary fuly define the objective ofthe work 8.1.2 — Performance specifications ‘The Contractor assumes greater control over certain design, construction procedures, or both, but must ‘demonstrate to the Owner through testing, certiica- ‘ion, or both, tha the final product meets the specied project pertormance ertera, 3.1.8 — Open specifications ‘These loave tho scope and design ofthe installation ‘completely up tothe anchor Contractor. This method | especially Common for socuring Bde on temporary “anchor work. The responsibilty for dasign and perfor ‘manes is placed entirely on the Contractor. Open specications are not recommended for permanent anchor applications. The corosion protection require- ‘ments must aivays be spectied by the Owner. 3.2 —Rosponsibititis ‘The contract documents must clearly describe the respective responsibities of the Owner, Engineer, ‘and Contractor. Prior to commencing the work, the Contractor shall demonstrate tothe satisfaction of the ‘Owner that he has suffciont resources and exper. ‘once, both organizatonally and individually 1 {he work in accordance withthe specications. Ast ofthe major tasks to be performed on an anchor Project ic chown in Tablo 8.1. Tho reaponaiie party foreach task must be clearly Kentited and mutually PTiD035.1-14 COMMENTARY (C30 — SPECIFICATIONS, RESPONSIBILITIES, (C3. — Specifications (C3.11 — Prescriptive specications ‘When prescriptive specifications are used, the Owner is responsible fr the sasfatory performance of the system, ‘The Contac is responsible for satisfying the detaed requirements the specications (€3.12— Performance specifications ‘This method allows and encourages the Contact to provide a ovaive anchor system design ‘within the framework of te overall design requirement The responsilties for the work are shared berween the (Owner andthe Contractor in well defined caepois, Iti important when sing this method to provide the infor maton thatthe contactor needs for design, or 10 allow suficienttime(or the contactor to obeai it An example of {his is data on coroson potential of the ground. (€3.13 —Open specications ‘his method allows the Contactor to select the most economical anchor system and keeps change ondes fo 2 €3.2.— Responsibilities ‘The allocation of responsibilities wil depend onthe type of specification and whether the work is temporary oF eminent. The installation of anchors equze specialized fquipment, Knwiedge, techniques, and expert workman- ‘hip. Not every deta! of the work can be specified, and ‘not every poeta problem can be aniipsted. Therefore, only Consactos who are thoroughly experienced in anchor ‘work should eseleced.PTI Commitee D¢-35 RECOMMENDATIONS COMMENTARY ‘agreed upon al the eariest point in the contacting process. Tho process of continuous communication between all the parties involved, regardless of the allocation of responsibilies and tasks, is essential 1 ‘achieve a resut of suitable qually. Clear communica: tion and close cooperation are particulary Important in the startup phase of a project. n addon, timely ‘reparation ‘and review of all submitals is always, beneficial in any project Table 3.1 — Tasks and responsibilities to be allocated for anchor works ‘Steinvestaton, pete! vesigaon and rer | pretation ae survey and ptetal were oscars Decsion to wean anchor syst, rgutamens fora 2. | precontat ting premem, pe of secon ard brosreman mated era Ctra reunion 3. [Otaning easements poo, permesns Ovra sope ofthe wom design of he anchored Sect, ana eon of cafe tos Detnton of sence le temporary, eended 5. | temporary, o pemanen and eqired copra of orenion prtcton fa | A2eterspeang and orariaton, ini wal anchor fang te anor ng and anchor ond, 7. | aneerconponeris rd eae. 2 | Oetrinaton fond enh o._| Daas fate pressure testing eproving end rearing thle 7a_[ Beate of coroson protection. 1h [Type andrarber fee 12 Evataten of ot ots 18, [Conseston maha. 4 | Requenanis to ONG pogrem. 15. | Superson othe wor 76, | Maintenance ane eng montana, 10Recommendations for Prestressed Rock and Soll Anchors PTIDO36.1-14 RECOMMENDATIONS 3.3 — Submittals 3.3.1 — General Project specications shall estabish the requirements {or submis. Proper submitals and records. are ‘essential for both temporary and permanent anchor instaiatone I requited by the project specications, records ‘covering sts investigation, cing, grouting, tessing, ‘and accoptance testing shal be compled for future feloronce, Cotiates of Conformance forall mat tals ana tha relevant properties sha be relained. 3.8.2 — Preconstruction submittals “The following items shall be submited for approval required by the contact specticalione: + Contractor qualification and experience statement. ‘+ Contractor constuction method statement. These must include al dotals of drling, ‘grouting, and water pressure testing actos, Including means, methods, and material. + Contractor designed toms. * Shop drawings describing tendon fabrication {and corosion protection det. ‘+ Instlation requirements. and repair Padres or corein protection (een or + Sequence of construction necessary to eatlty identified design requirements. + Materials corifcalions for all grout components + Equipment to be usedtortestng and stressing and-formeasunng movement including calbration records + Construction Gualty Plan, desenbing tne testing and recordkeeping tobe conducted, by whom and a what frequency ‘The Contractor shall ensue that athe aforementioned Feferenced submitals are Intorally consistent in detail and are in compliance with the requirements 100 mega-ohm, Inappropriate test methods may lead to erroneous resi. Environmental factors, such a6 huidicy, may also skew ‘esos, Present expesince wih elec isolation testing in the United States is curently Kite (C546 —Coupler protection ‘The tendon manufacturer may provide specific details of coene precio necting the imam requirements of 1ASs pROTECTON fame Naar ease ‘COUPLER I REE STRESSING LENGTH, CLASS. Fig, 85—Coupler protection.Recommendations for Prestressed Rock and Soll Anchors Pri0c36.1-14 RECOMMENDATIONS ‘COMMENTARY Couplers located in the free stressing length of Case | and Class I protected bar tendans shall De protected by a heat-shrink sleeve over corrosion inhibiting compound and petrolatum tape (Fig. 5.5) ‘Voids inside the coupler shal bo filed with corrosion- Inhibiting compound. The coupler and bars shall be \wrapped with atleast two layers of petolatum tape ‘and covered with the heat-shrink sleeve. The heat: ‘Shrink sleeve shall overap the free stesing length sheath by at least 75mm (3 in}. The coupler and Corrosion protection shall ft Inside a bond breaker that allows the coupler to move during stressing. Couplers located in the bond length of a Class | protected bar tendon shall be protectd by a heat shrink ‘sleeve over corrosion inhibiting compound and patro- latum tae (Fig. 5.5). olds inside the couper shall be filed with corosion-inhbiting compound. The coupler ‘and bars shall be wrapped with at loast two layers (of petrolatum tape and covered withthe heat-shrink sleeve. The heat-shrink sleove shall overlap the ‘encapsulation by at least 75 rm (3 in), Couplers located in the bond length of a Class 1! protected bar tendon othe fee stressing ength of fay 1 partly bonded bar tendon in sound rook oF ‘concrete do not need special protaction other than the minimum grout cover of 13 mm (0.5 In), except that ‘they shall be epoxy-coated the bar ls epoxy coated 37NotesRecommendations for Prostrassed Rock and Soll Anchors PTiDc36.1-14 RECOMMENDATIONS 6.0— DESIGN 6.1 — Introduction ‘This section focuses solely on the design of anchors and not on the design of anchored structures. The ‘overall stabity ofan anchored structure shall be deter- ‘mined by an experienced Engineer. Ths analysis must consider the system's factor of safety, anchor spacing, ‘minimum free stressing length, and the abiity ofthe anchored structure to withstand the applied anchor loads, group action, sol and rock prole, sol and rock strength, groundwater condtons, the geometry ofthe situcture or site, and the consequences o the failure of single anchor. — Feasibility of anchors Prior to designing anchors, a determination must b made to determine it anchors are feasible. Consi ‘ration shall be given to: underground. obetuc- tions, ullties, the aggressiviy of the ground and the ‘groundwater, the condition and properties of he rock ‘oF sol in the bond length, aocess tothe sito, potental ‘damage to the structure being anchored, sifay elec trical currents ight of way and easement limitations, and effects on adjacent structures during instalation. 6.3 — Design objectives ‘The design objocve for anchors shall be to arrive at safe, economical systems that most the acoap- tance cttria (Chapter 8) during load testing and that Porform satstactony throughout the Me ofthe project. 30 (C61 — Introduction In most instances, project design may consider either & large numberof low-capacity anchors ora smaller number of high-capacity anchors, The final choice should tke into ‘consideration the design economics ofthe overall srctre, ‘well sf, References 12, 13,14, and 16 provide additonal guidance forthe selection and design of ancors. C62 — Feasibility of anchors ‘The load-carying capacity of anchors may be relatively tow in sols with Standard Penetration Tes (SPT) values leas than 10 (for noncobesive sll), or witha iguidry index greater than 0.2 (or cohesive soil). ‘Anchors located in highly fractured rock or rock containing larg voids may require the Conractr to employ special dalng and grouting techniques (Chapter 7). In situations where seulement may cause bending in the tendon, such fl that spaced around or above fer instal. lation of the anchor, the following deals are suggested: + Use of strand tendon; and Installation of the tendon in an empty conduit of sufficient size for selement and ‘suficientsuength forthe overburden loud (refer to Seedon 6.45). Location of the bond length of anchors within sanitary Tandfills oe weak organic soli not recommended Consultation with an experienced anchor Contractor can Yield useful information on the feasibility of anchors in a {ase of uncertain. (C63 —Design objectives ‘A unique aspect of prestessed anchors, compared to other structural elements, is that the load-carying capacity of teach anchors verified by load testing afte installation and roe to being placed inservice.PTI Commitee DC-35 RECOMMENDATIONS Inthe design of anchors, consideration must be given to the spoctic site conditions, corrosion protection, ‘construction means, methods and materials, and the ‘performance requiremonts. 6.4 — General considerations 6.4.1 — Corrosion protection requirements Corrosion protection requirements are govemed by the service ie of the anchors and the aggressiviy of the environment. Corrosion protection shall be Provided in accordance with Chapter 8. ‘The Engineer shall determine whether the tree stressing length of an anchor shall be fuly bonded, Partial bonded, or unbonded to the surrounding ‘round or structure. COMMENTARY ‘Construction means, methods, and materils can have a. significant impact onthe oad-cuyng capacity of anchors (teferto Chapter). C64 — General considerations (©6441 — Corrosion protection requirements ‘Temporary anchors generally rote less extensive como- sion protection than permanen: anchor systems, Perma nent anchors often require a lrger del ole diameter as compared to temporary anche to accommodate added ‘comosionprocetion eguiemen. €6.4.2— Fully bonded, partially bonded, oF unbonded anchors Generally the fee stressing lng should remain unbonded aller stressing, excepto sas specie sacral requte- ‘ieee Fees. > | | Gees A see gessne i 4 ig. C6.1—Paraly bonded enon.Recommendations for Prestressed Rock and Soll Anchors PTIDO36.1-14 RECOMMENDATIONS When fully or partly bonded tendons are Intended for redundancy of the anchor head, the upper bond length must be designed for adequate grout to struc- ture bond and tendon to grout bond, 6.4.3 — Restressable anchor systems For anchors to be restressable, the free stressing length ofthe anchor must remain unbonded fom the ‘surrounding grout ia restresable syetom is desired, provisions must be made at the anchor head to allow for restressing ‘Wedges shall not be allowed to release and regrip the strand during load adjustments. 4 COMMENTARY Fully bonded free stressing lengths force the anchor to sin with the structure. Unbonded fee stressing lengths Allow more flexible anchor and the aver. ‘ging of seuctresuans result in les Toad change in indi ‘idual anchors Panially bonded fee stressing lengths provide redun- ant load transfer at the anchorage while atthe same ime leaving a certain amount of undonded ee srestng length (Be C51). ‘Typically fully bonded and paraly boned fee sessing lengths are only applicable in massive concrete sivtures (uch a dame ad diaphragm wal T-panels) Fully and parlly bonded anchors require tht grouting be complished in two stages—the fst grout the bond length andthe secondo grout the fe sessing length afer the anchor as been stressed and eed Parally bonded free stressing lengths can be designed ‘by terminating the bond breaker at some depth below the anchor eed and limiting the primary grout oa level below the tp of bond breaker. This upper bond length is then ‘onde to the suctureby secondary grou. For tendon grout bond in the upper bond length, the depth to the tp of bond breaker is similar o transfer length in restessed precast concrete, whichis presented in ACII8, (©6.4.3 — Restresable anchor systems Generally, anchor loads should not need 0 be adjusted caring thir servic ie, Restressble systems may be required when a significant portion ofthe lockoff load may be lest or gained due to ‘movement of the round, suctre, or Bot, ‘Load adjosiment of stand anchors is typically accom plished by ling the anchor head in is earety and instaling or removing shins. An option sto provide ring ‘ut around the anchor hea, which allows the position of {he anchor head tobe adjusted, ‘The lod in bar tendons is adjusted by applying a load to tnseatthe anchor nut, turing he nut required, and then releasing the load back onto the nt‘After an anchor has fulfiled ts design intent, special ccondtions ‘may require its destressing ‘or even ‘emoval. Destressing may be accomplished by uso of ‘wedge plat that lowe destressing, by unthreading ‘ofthe nut on a bar tendon, or by the controlled app cation of heat tothe prestressing stool. 6.5 — Site evaluation Prior to design, a geotechnical ste Invetigation shall be performed. Such studies shall include an eval ation ofthe site geology and an interpretation ofthe {ock, sol borings, oF bath The geotechnical site investigation shall determine the nature of the block of ground that is influenced by or that influences the instalation and behavior of anchors. Borings shal be located to identity the gaologie profile and those strata which contol the assessment of 4 ‘COMMENTARY (C644 — Destressable and removable anchor ystems, Removable anchors may be required where permanent easements cannot be cbained ot local regulation apply. When removal of the anchor is necessary, consideration should be given to remove only the prestressng sel inthe fice sessing length, ‘The removal of anchors bas tradonally proved dif calt and expensive and can be justified ony n rae cass, ‘Before selecting removable anchors th overall impact on the planned consriction sequence and details such as floor slab instalation and waterproofing ofthe sirture must be considered. Even if designed for, some anchors may resist removal in practice. Removal ofthe prestressing stein the free stressing length say be accomplished by: + The use ofa coupler in bar tendons; ot + Contlled weakening ofthe strand atthe top ofthe tendon bond length ‘Removal of all prestressing tel may be accomplished by: + Using a sleeved bar tendon with «loadsransfer ‘mechanism a the bottom end Drilling to remove preswessing set: Proprietary loops of sands with sales and short reinforcement. These smal tee element remain inthe ground; or + Proprietary metalic compression elements that ‘connect to unbonded srand and transfer load to the grout body. The malic elements remain in the ground after removal ofthe sand C6.5 — Site evaluation ‘Where possible, borings shoudl be located so tha the strata profil can be interpolated rather tan extrapolated from he ‘borehole information.