Prelim Quiz 1

Question 1
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This principle not only brings all other principles together but is actually part and parcel of each and every
principle of digital development.
Question 1Select one:

a.
Design with the User

b.
Use Open Standards, Open Data, Open Source, and Open Innovation

c.
Be Collaborative

d.
Understand the Existing Ecosystem
Question 2
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It is a period in human history that started when computers were introduced in the 1970s. It is evident in the
rapid shift from mechanical industrialization to technological innovation.
Question 2Select one:

a.
Middle Age

b.
Digital Age

c.
Bronze Age

d.
Iron Age
Question 3
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One of the principles of digital development having a core tenet: "Develop new digital codes or
technologies that are freely viewed, copied, modified, shared, and distributed in open or public platforms".
Question 3Select one:

a.
Design For Scale

b.
Reuse and Improve

c.
Open Standards, Open Data, Open Source, and Open Innovation

d.
Build for Sustainability
Question 4
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An Italian inventor pioneered long-distance radio transmission and transmitted the first transatlantic radio
signal from Cornwall to Newfoundland.
Question 4Select one:

a.
Samuel Morse

b.
Jack Dorsey

c.
Guglielmo Marconi

d.
Alexander Graham Bell
Question 5
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It was created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Business Stone, and Evan Williams in 2006. Rapidly gained
popularity as of 2017 has 100 million daily active users.
Question 5Select one:

a.
Instant Messaging

b.
Twitter

c.
Facebook

d.
Blog
Question 6
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One of the principles of Digital Development which involves careful consideration about which data are
collected and how they are stored and shared.
Question 6Select one:

a.
Design For Scale

b.
Be Data Driven

c.
Be Collaborative

d.
Address Privacy and Security
Question 7
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An Athenian Herald or Courier was said to have run from Marathon to Athens to report that the Greeks won
against the Persians in the Battle of Marathon.
Question 7Select one:
a.
Phedippides

b.
Pheidippides

c.
Pheidippids

d.
Pheidipides
Question 8
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One of the principles of Digital Development which can only be attained through conversation, observation,
and co-creation with the people, client, or target market who will be using the eventual digital product or
tools.
Question 8Select one:

a.
Build for Sustainability

b.
Design with the User

c.
Reuse and Improve

d.
Design For Scale
Question 9
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One of the principles of Digital Development which is about ensuring user and stakeholder support be
maximized and uninterrupted.
Question 9Select one:

a.
Build for Sustainability

b.
Address Privacy and Security

c.
Be Data Driven

d.
Design For Scale
Question 10
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Best known as the designer of the phone, worked at a school for the hard of hearing while at the same time
endeavouring to imagine a machine that would transmit sound by power.
Question 10Select one:

a.
Noah Glass

b.
Samuel Morse

c.
Guglielmo Marconi

d.
Alexander Graham Bell

Prelim Quiz 2
Question 1
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___________________ is a factor that affects the evolution of technology
Question 1Select one:

a.
Technological Theory
b.
Computer Theory

c.
Systems Theory

d.
Digital Age Theory
Question 2
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Social Evolution is the ain hypothesis produced for human sciences specifically for _______________.
Question 2Select one:

a.
Anatomy

b.
Political Science

c.
Anthropology

d.
Psychology
Question 3
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This pertains to the differences in tastes, choices, or pressure from society that affects how technology
evolves in different markets or geographical locations.
Question 3Select one:

a.
Cultural Evolution

b.
Technological Variation
c.
Societal Revolution

d.
Cultural Variation
Question 4
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The long waves of evolution depict how technology has advanced through ___________.
Question 4Select one:

a.
Space

b.
Time

c.
Culture

d.
Matter
Question 5
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These are 2 more examples of factors that affect the evolution of technology:
Question 5Select one:

a.
Nice Construction and Niche Destruction

b.
None of the choices and all of the choices

c.
Niche Deconstruction and Nice Differentiation
d.
Niche Construction and Niche Differentiation
Question 6
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What Social Development definition of Herbert Spencer refers to "society always moves toward an ideal
setting"?
Question 6Select one:

a.
Social Requirements

b.
Social Advancement

c.
Social Movement

d.
Social Progress
Question 7
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According to Brian Arthur, technological evolution happens because of the phenomenon he calls as
Question 7Select one:

a.
Combine Evolution

b.
None of the choices

c.
Combination Evolution

d.
Combinatorial Evolution
Question 8
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_____________________ is a factor that affects the evolution of technology which pertains to the pressure
from the market which makes the innovation adjust to its needs?

d. Selection Pressure
Question 9
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__________________ is critical for anyone to be able to understand the changing values and behavior
patterns of people in the now that affect the future
Question 9Select one:
Continual Learning

Question 10
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These are stories of the 15th and 16th Century western pioneers.

b. Voyage Literature

Module 01 INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL AGE

What does it mean when we say Digital Age?

It is a period in human history that started when computers were introduced in the 1970s. It is evident in the
rapid shift from mechanical industrialization to technological innovation.

The Digital Age is also termed as the Information Age, Computer Age, or New Media Age.
An important thing to note is that the meaning of the Digital Age will continue to change over time as new
technologies or devices will be developed through research and development that will ultimately impact
how we as humans will interact.
Now let us define what is ICT?
ICT or Information and Communication Technology pertains to the unification and integration of
telecommunication lines (wireless or not), computers, software and systems that enable access, storage,
transmittal, and manipulation of information. It concentrates on advancing the way we communicate in this
Information or Digital Age.

So how did Communication Evolve?

Figure 1. The Evolutionof Communication

Cave Paintings and Carve Stones

Imaginative art or some form of communication were discovered by archaeologists in the cave paintings
and carved stones done by Neanderthals or early homo sapiens that dates backs to around 130,000 to
100,000 B.C.

Carrier Pigeons
Another means of communication was the use of homing pigeons which dates back tono less than 2,900
BC, when ships coming into Egyptian ports discharged pigeons to report imperative guests. The Egyptian
army likewise utilized bearer pigeons for military correspondence. Homing pigeons were additionally
utilized for correspondence in China, India, Persia, and numerous different parts of Asia. Around 2,350 BC,
King Sargon of Akkadia sent a homing pigeon out with every one of his detachments. By 776, transporter
pigeons were being utilized to convey the news of Olympic triumphs to Athens.

Marathon Man
The Story of Pheidippides is that which inspired the sporting spectacle of Marathon running. Pheidippides
an Athenian Herald or Courier was said to have run from Marathon to Athens to report that the Greeks won
against the Persians in the Battle of Marathon.

First Daily Newspaper

The first daily newspaper ever to be distributed was the Einkommende Zeitungen in July 1, 1960 in Leipzig,
Germany. The name of the newspaper means “approaching daily papers”.

Telegraph
The Telegraph was created in the 1840s by Samuel Morse (1791-1872) and different designers. It worked
by transmitting electrical flags over a wire laid between stations. Notwithstanding designing the broadcast,
Samuel Morse built up a code (bearing his name) which came to be known as the Morse code.

The Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922), best known as the designer of the phone, worked at a school for the
hard of hearing while at the same time endeavoring to imagine a machine that would transmit sound by
power. Bell was awarded the principal official patent for his phone in March 7, 1876, however he would
later face a very long time of lawful difficulties to his case that he was its sole creator, bringing about one of
history's longest patent fights.

Radio Signal
In 1901 Guglielmo Marconi an Italian inventor pioneered long-distance radio transmission and transmitted
the first transatlantic radio signal from Cornwall to Newfoundland.

Television Broadcast
In April 7, 1927, AT&T (Bell Telephone Company) held the first public demonstration of long-distance
television transmission. Reporters watched as a TV image of Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover was
sent from Washington, D.C. to New York by phone lines. Internet Inter-networking began with when Packet
switching networks which included the ARPANET project of the US Protection Office joined multiple
separate networks into a network of networks.

World Wide Web

The World Wide Web was developed from 1989 to 1994 at the European Council for Nuclear Research and
was made freely available to the world in 1994.

Instant Messaging
Instant Messaging basically began in the 70s and 80s but the new era of instant messaging can be credited
to America Online (AOL) AIM which gained popularity in May 1997

Blogging 1999
In 1999, the word blog sprung up and after five years, the term blog, was announced the expression of the
year by Merriam-Webster.

Facebook
Facebook, the world's most mainstream interpersonal interaction site was launched in February 2004. It
was founded by Mark Zuckerberg.

Twitter
Twitter was created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Business Stone, and Evan Williams in
2006. Rapidly gained popularity as of 2017 has 100 million daily active users.
That is how communication evolved. Now let us discuss the importance and benefits of ICT to the Society
and individuals

For Health:
–Easy access to patient records.
–Access to medical information
–Online Appointment/s.
–Database for Medical Inventory
–Organized information about individual patients

For Education:
–Research and Resource over the internet.
–New ways and style of learning.
–Remote learning.
-Skills for life.

For the Solution of Crimes:

-Media and Communication.
-Storage and access of information.
-Forensic, Tracing and Fraud prevention.
-Database and prevention of fraud.
-Saves time.

For Communication:
-Ways of communication using ICT.
– Communication using E
- mail, IM etc.
-Easy communication system benefits.

For Business:
- Changing ways of business.
- Information technology.
- E-commerce (selling/buying).
- Online Banking.
- For Work
- Work can be carried out easily.
- Information about work can be accessed from anywhere.
- Work can be taken to different location.
- Efficient and organized way of storing file.

By using ICT systems we are: more productive as we are able to deal with transmit and receive vast
amounts of information and process it quickly

Module 2: Digital Development

There are 9 Principles of Digital Development

1. First is, Design with the User.
This is different from designing for the user. Designing With The User can only be attained through
conversation, observation, and co-creation with the people, client, or target market who will be using the
eventual digital product or tools.

The Core tenets of this first principle Design with the User are as follows:
It should Incorporate multiple user types and stakeholders in each phase of the project lifecycle to direct
feature needs and revise the design.
It should have clear objectives and open to a process of repetition
It should improve users’ current processes
And aside from considering the needs of the underserved it should always be open to people opting out
of the design process

2. The second Principle is, Understand the Existing Ecosystem.

The Ecosystem is the political, economic, social, technological, environmental, legal and other factor
within the group or geographical location where the final design product will be used. A very important thing
to note is that the ecosystem is ever changing thereby requiring that digital developers check and analyze
their assumptions.

The Core tenets of this principle are the following:

Coordination, consultation, and constant engagement with civil society groups, the government, or all
stakeholders from the start of the project until project completion to avoid duplication and ensure smooth
integration with the existing technical system if any.

3. The third Principle is Design For Scale.

The elusiveness of achieving scale is a goal that has been hard for digital developers because of pilotitis.
The Health describes it as the inability to move initiatives beyond the pilot stage. From the start it is a must
to Design For Scale. Designing for scale means planning and strategizing beyond the pilot stage. Aside
from the obvious concern about funding the initiative and continuously funding it after the pilot stage, digital
developers must take into consideration its usability and bottom line affordability in order to achieve scale in
the future.

The Core tenets:

Design and Plan for Scale from the start. Keep the design simple but flexible and adaptable.Devise a
funding model that incorporates the partners who can help fund and sustain the initiative. And remember to
demonstrate the impact after gathering enough evidence that validates the initiative before any attempt to
scale.
4. Principle number 4 is to Build for Sustainability.
Very closely related to designing for scale is building for sustainability because this fourth principle is
about ensuring user and stakeholder support be maximized and uninterrupted. Working hand-in-hand with
NGOs, Corporations, or the Government ensures that the initiative achieves institutionalization in the
policies, processes, and user workflow.
The 4th principle’s core tenets are:
Plan, build, and implement a sustainable model from the start. Collaborate and engage with all
stakeholders particularly partners for funding. And design a program that is adaptive to changes in user
context.

5. The 5th principle of Digital Development is Be Data Driven.

Informed decisions by the decision makers can only be achieved if the initiative is data driven. Data
produced and collected from such as those from surveillance, research, operations, project management,
and even secondary sources enable the right people to make the right course of action.

The core tenets are:

Always design with a focus on the outcome which is measurable and incremental. Similar to starting the
initiative where in developers engage all stakeholders, data sourcing, collection, and analysis must also be
holistic. It must also bridge the gaps of knowledge within the development community and adhere to
international standards of interoperability.

6. The 6th of the 9 Principles is to Use Open Standards, Open Data, Open Source, and Open
Innovation.
More often than not, digital content and innovations are locked away behind licensing fees only to be
used and available to specific sectors. To help increase collaboration in the digital development world an
open approach through open source technologies, open innovation, open data and open standards that still
takes into account the practical, technical, security, and privacy constraints should be the way to go.

The core tenets of the 6th principle are:

Develop new digital codes or technologies that are freely viewed, copied, modified, shared, and
distributed in open or public platforms. In the same manner adopt and expand on open data, standards, or
innovation done by other digital developers in the community. This enables a wide collaboration and co-
creation of software, systems and tools.

7. The 7th Principle is Reuse and Improve.

This is very much related to the 6th principle. Reusing and improving an existing or currently available
resource, tools or products greatly makes you more efficient because of reduce costs of development and
testing. Your improvement of the existing technology will help the global development community once you
have shared it openly.

The 7th principle’s core tenets are:

Identify and evaluate existing tools or software used by your target market or users and see how you will
be able to improve them. Ensure that what you reuse, develop, and improve on will also be easily adopted
and further improved by others.

8. The 8th and penultimate principle is to Address Privacy and Security.

This involves careful consideration about which data are collected and how they are stored and shared.
Organizations or entities collecting data should be responsible enough to be transparent in how they collect
and use personal data. Security measures and policies that protect and uphold an individual’s dignity and
privacy should be in place and made known to the individual.

The core tenets are:

Consider and understand the risks by performing a risk-benefit analysis not only to countries but more so
to individuals and communities who would be impacted positively or negatively if the data collected leaks
out.
Always keep the best interest of the individuals or end-users particularly their privacy and security before
collecting any data. It is imperative to define who will own the data, who will have access, and how
collected data will be used before any data can be collected or captured. Always implement an informed
consent so that participants understand why data is being collected and that they have an option to refuse
participation.

9. The 9th and Last principle is to Be Collaborative.

This principle not only brings all other principles together but is actually part and parcel of each and every
principle of digital development. Simply put, collaboration is the sharing of strategies, insights, and
information across individuals, sectors, projects, and organizations leading to increased impact and
efficiency of the initiative.

The core tenets are:

Engage with local and international partners, leaders, experts and organizations across disciplines,
industries, and countries in all phases of the project life cycle. Document and share findings and
advancements in a creative Commons License as well as participate in conferences of the digital
community.

Module 3: Technological Change

What is Technology?
Depending on when and how the word is used, technology is defined as:

-Those devices and machines that assist us to tackle issues or do new things;
-It is also a term to portray the level of accomplishment in science, mathematics and designing of a
gathering or culture.
-It is a branch of knowledge that deals with applied sciences or engineering

How technology does evolve?

According to Brian Arthur of the Sante Fe Institute and author of the book titled The Nature of Technology,
“Technology evolves over time” and that technological evolution happens because of the phenomenon that
he calls as combinatorial evolution.

The greater number of new technologies and the combinations or permutations that are and can be
generated from them, the faster will be the technological advancement or evolution over time.
What are the factors that affect technological evolution?

1) Systems Theory–simply put, a successful system is one that is stable but is able to adapt over
time.

2) Feedback between Technology and Society – Societal needs create the need for new and
improved technologies, as new technologies spawn new needs of society. Technologies that fail to
meet or adjust to the needs of society will become extinct and be discontinued but those that are
able to answer and meet the needs of society will continue to thrive.

3) Maladaptive Features–successful or stable tools, systems, or software in one platform may be

unstable or unsuccessful in other platforms thereby digital developers needed to improve the
product or evolve the technology in order to adapt.
 4) Niche Construction –technological companies like that of Apple who are able to create demand for
a technological product through their marketing initiatives are able to create a niche market. That
niche market on its own was able to create evolution of technology for that niche market but at the
same time able to change the landscape of the overall technological environment.

5) Competition for the same niche – two technologies can co-exist if their overlap on a niche is
minimal. Technology manufacturers today try to avoid competing on one and the same niche and
they just try to build their own niche market. Sometimes though because of the needs of society,
technological advancements or products even from the own line-up of products of a single
manufacturer compete or overlap in a niche. That which answers better the needs of society
survives.

6) Niche Differentiation -Two important kinds of differentiation are morphological and conditional.
Morphological differentiation is when two competing products or technologies evolve and move into
distinct niches. Conditional differentiation on the other hand is when two competing technologies or
products differ in their abilities or features to be used by consumers in different situations. Product
differentiation (morphologically or conditionally) is the key to be able to coexist with other
technologies competing in the same market, a very good example of morphological differentiation
to be competitive is the dual-use ultrabook with detachable tablet screen.

7) Selection Pressure -The evolution or development of the smartphone is a concrete example of

selection pressure also known as environmental or market pressure. That pressure exerted by the
end users of a technological product. The inclusion of different features and functionalities in the
smartphone from its inception to the current models is due to the pressure of society on technology
to adapt to the needs of society.

8) Evolutionary vs. Revolutionary Products-the development of evolutionary products requires an

understanding of customer needs, while the development of revolutionary products depends on a
visionary approach. Techcompanies that want to be successful need to work on both evolutionary
and revolutionary products in order to be profitable and sustainable in the long term. Diversification
can be good strategy to survive the unstable moments, but this costs of production will have to be
taken into consideration.

9) Cultural Variations–basically points out that differences in culture, beliefs, attitudes, skills, customs,
and even financial capabilities also affect how technology advances and evolves in a particular
geographical area or culture.

Module 04 Social Evolution

Social Evolution
-Proposed in the 19th century, social advancement, which is infrequently alluded to as Unilineal Evolution,
was the main hypothesis produced for human sciences specifically for anthropology. This hypothesis
asserts that social evolution occurs based on a single universal order, meaning evolution of societies follow
one singular path but differences in societies are present because social evolution happens at various
rates. This is why there were/are distinctive kinds of societies existing on the planet.
-Proponents of Social Evolution, who by the way mainly relied on secondary
-data, classified societies into universal evolutionary stages with technology or technological advancements
being the primary basis.
-Social development is the thing that researchers term an expansive arrangement of hypotheses that
endeavour to clarify how and why present day societies are not quite the same as those before.

Social development has a wide assortment of opposing and clashing elucidations among researchers
-actually, Herbert Spencer [1820-1903] as indicated by Perrin (1976), one planner of present day social
evolution had four working definitions that he modified throughout his career.

According to Perrin, Spencerian social evolution studies a mixture of all of the following:

1. Social Progress: Society always moves toward an ideal setting, where though there exists
individuality and specialization based on different achieved qualities, there is voluntary cooperation
among individuals who have high discipline.
2. Social Requirements: Society is shaped by its set of functional requirements like sexual
reproduction and food sustenance, environmental aspects like climate, and social existence
aspects, the behaviors that makes living together possible.
3. Increasing Division of Labor: the evolution of society happens by intensifying the functioning of
each class, group, or individual.
4. Origin of Social Species: it is believed that society’s development like an embryo echoes the
stages and change that has been experienced by its ancestors, albeit the final direction of those
changes may and can still be altered by outside forces.

Where Did This Notion Come From?

In the mid-19th century, the physical evolution theories of Charles Darwin influenced social evolution but lo
and behold social evolution did not come from the theories or writings of Charles Darwin.
The 19th-century anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan is credited to be the first to apply the principles of
evolution to social phenomena. Morgan pointed out that society moved relentlessly through stages that he
coined as savagery, barbarism, and civilization.

But it wasn't Morgan who observed that first. Before the 19th-century social evolutionists, researchers in the
17th and 18th Centuries like that of Auguste Comte, Condorcet, Cornelius de Pauw, Adam Ferguson,
among others reacted to "voyage literature", stories of the fifteenth and sixteenth century western pioneers
who brought back reports of newfound plants, creatures, and social orders. And those researchers
attempted to give explanation as to why there were differences in their societies. One example is Thomas
Hobbes who in 1651 stated that Native Americans were in ararified state of nature, a condition that all
societies were before becoming civilized and establishing political structure.

But then again, ancient scholars such as Polybius and Thucydides describing the early Roman and Greek
cultures as barbaric versions of their own present, built histories of their own societies.
Society developed from a family-based organization, into village-based, and finally into the Greek state,
that is Aristotle's idea of social evolution Greek and Roman literature contains a lot of the modern concepts
of social evolution.
Despite the differences of social evolutionists whether modern or ancient they all have a classical view of
change as growth, that progress is natural, inevitable, gradual, and continuous according to Bock (writing in
1955). All of them write in terms of successive, finely-graded stages of development; all seek the seeds in
the original; all exclude consideration of specific events as effective factors, and all derive from a reflection
of existing social or cultural forms arranged in a series.

Long Waves of Social Evolution

Figure 4.1. Long Waves of Social Evolution

Similar to how social evolutionists categorized what is a more socially evolved culture or society, the long
waves of social evolution depict how technology has advanced through time. From early stone tools to the
development of the water wheel which in itself marked the industrial revolution. From the discovery or
invention of electricity and engineering which also marked the start of computers until what it is today as we
know it, the Internet Age.

It can also be seen that the long waves of social evolution aside from being benchmarked with technology,
the waves overlap with each other. As discussed in previous topics the end of a wave could actually mean
the end of a certain or specific technological advancement that which has not adapted to the needs of the
society or that which has seen the last of its usefulness to society.

Global Information Explosion

Due to more and more people gaining access to information in the World Wide Web and more so with more
and more individuals or groups making information easily available in the internet, information explosion
has become a reality if not already very close to it. The effects can already be seen in the cyclical uploading
and downloading of information. With so much information it can easily lead to erosion of work efficiency.
Take for example, the simple browsing or surfing the net. People tend to get lost in the moment or get lost
in the information for that matter and time flies without them knowing they have not really accomplished
what can be called a productive work or time. Albeit not all impacts and effects of online information
overload is negative:

•Access to and availability of more information enables ideas, comparability and interlinkages. Are we doing
the right thing? How do others handle the same challenge or situation?

•There are always problems behind more problems-and so there will always be solutions for more
solutions. By understanding the cause-effect dynamics, better and more information enable a holistic and
integrative approach to be built

•When we link the problem at hand to others who have encountered similar concerns, and have attempted
different solutions, more ideas can be generated when people have a broader and deeper understanding of
the issues involved.

•Access to a wide range and gamut of information aids local creativity, inspires action, and generates
innovative ideas and ways of doing things.

•Continual learning is critical for anyone to be able to understand the changing values and behaviour
patterns of people in the now that affect the future. Continual learning becomes an anytime-anywhere
process due to the easy access of information. Based on how information is interpreted and used in the
global arena or in the local area, easy access to a broader and deeper range of information facilitates
convergence of concepts, visions and ideas or maybe even a divergence of it.

In the end, there needs to be self

-restraint, self
-control, and self
-discipline in filtering the vast universe of information available online in order to overcome some of the
problems associated with information overload.