Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Origins of Persian Words
The Origins of Persian Words
Indo-European
Me: to measure اندازه گرف ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ 1ـ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﮏ "ﺷﺠﺮﻩ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ"
Mênôt: moon used to measure time
ماه که در اندازه گ ی زمان ار م فت ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ
POK 1459
Persian
measure POK
moon, month
mâh, mâhya: moon, also month ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ.
م Avestan Latin POK, SYN
AHD
MON vi-mad: care giver,
physician; see root Wi French Persian Avestan Old Persian
POK, SYN
ماه fra-ma-na: to
Pahlavi Persian POK, BQT, SNS
paiti-mâ: measure; see root Per 3. measure
beforehand,
vîmâr: patient مدل ،مدرن ،مد âiz-mâ, uz-mâ-ta: measure, test decide, order; see
MON
ni-mâ: measure down, display; see root Per 1.
Persian root Nî. â-mâ: extend
ب مار HRN, BQT, FFD KNT
BQT, HRN
Persian Persian
paymûdan: to measure, walk فرمان
Avestan / Old BQT, FFD
Persian پ مودن )پ مان(
âzmûdan: to test آزمودن )آزما ش(
azdâ: indicator,
hint, news nomûdan: to show نمودن )نما ،نماینده (
POK BQT
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ 2ـ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﮏ "ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ" ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺮ ﻟﻐﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ.
الف
ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﴼ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻬﺠﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳپس ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ .ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﻨﮕﺮﻳﻢ ،ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ صﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻣعﻨﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑعﻀﻲ
ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣعﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ كﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍصﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﻲ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ, ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﺮﺕ ﻓﺮﻭ ﻣﻴﺒﺮﺩ .ﺑﺎﻳﺪ
ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻮﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ,ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻧﺒﺎل ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﻧظﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻴچ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎﺭﻳخ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﺼﻮﻥ
ﺑﺎ كﺸﻒ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ كﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻟﻐﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ كﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﴼ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺘﺪ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ،ﺩﺭ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ
ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ظﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻫﻢ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺸﺨﻴص ﺩﺍﺩ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣثﺎل, ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ،ﺑﺎﻋث ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺭﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺮﻭك ﺷﺪﻥ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺭة 4ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ صﺪﺍﻱ ) (Pﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪ_ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺋﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ صﺪﺍﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﺎﺩل ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ،ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ صﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﮑﻨﺪ ،ﮔﺎﻫﯽ
) (Fﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ژﺭﻣﺎﻧﻴﻚ )ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ( ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﻳﻦ صﻮﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣعﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻐﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻋﻮض ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ .ﻫﻤﺎﻧطﻮﺭﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ
ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﻭ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ )ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﻻﺗﻴﻦ( ﻣحﻔﻮظ ﺷﻤﺎﺭة 3ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﻳﮏ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ
ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻟﻐﺎﺗﻲ ﻧظﻴﺮ )ﭘﻨج ـ (fiveﻭ )ﭘﺎ ـ (footﻭ )ﭘﺪﺭ ـ ﮐﻪ ،ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ،ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﺎﺩل ﻟﻐﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ
(fatherﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﮑﻨﺪ. ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺍكﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻫﻨﺪ_ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺁﻧﻬﺎ
ب
ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﭘس ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺱ ﻭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﮐثﺮ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ
ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ .ﻫﻤﺎﻧطﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ 3ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗعﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ،ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ،ﺧﺼﻮصﺎ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ،ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
ﺍﺯ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﭘس ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ .ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ
ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ 2ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺸﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ ﺣﺎل ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍصﻞ
ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ـ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ. ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ 1ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ
ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ .ﺑعﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ
ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ 1ـ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ
ر ﺸﻪ ﻫﺎی ﻫند و ارو ﺎ سط و تغی مع در ز ﺎنهﺎی واسطﻪ ﻟغﺖ ﻫند و ارو ﺎ در ز ﺎن فﺎر
لغات از فار ه عر رفته و از گشته اند( )ع س از عبور از ز ﺎن عر
Ab: آب ،درخشش فار :آب )درخشش ،،آبرو( ّابهت
Ab + Raiĉ: آب +ترک کردن .ب ون رخ فار :آب ز اب ق
َ
Stâ: ا ستادن :
ﻻت )اس بولوم( محل ا ستادن اسط ل
Skand اﻻ رف ﻻت :له ،نرد ان اس له
Keup: خم کردن ﻻت )ک ّ ا( :ظرف گود ا واب
Ne: من ،نه ﻻت )ن اره( :ان ار کردن ان ار ،نکره
سا سک ت ّ
)اوچا( :اﻻ
Ud: اﻻ ،ب ون اوج
ُ
Ret: دو دن ،قلت دن فار :راه ت ّرهات
Gheul: خم ده ،ناصاف :
پهلوی )زور( دروغ تزو ر
Gwhedh: خواس ،طلب کردن فار :گدا تکدی
Gwa: قدم زدن فار :اه )مقام و م لت( جاه
Wi + Nek: جدا از هم +خراب کردن فار :گناه جناه
Ken: کندن پهلوی :کندک خندق
Teig: ،ــع ت دار، نوک اوستا :رود ــع دجله
Leuk: روشنا فار :روز رزق
Rêp: خ دن فار :رف رواج
Nei: درخش دن فار :رو +ن ک رونق
Mei 3: حرکت کردن ﻻت )سمی یتا( :راه َسمت
Ter: گذر ا غل ه کردن فار استان ) اده( :ا ،خانه ُ ادق
Sekw: دن ال کردن ﻻت )س گنوم( :شان ،امضا سﺠل
Sekw: دن ال کردن ﻻت )س گنوم( :شان سقرﻻت
عر :ارچه نقش دار
Teub: طرف ،جهت فار :سو ،سوی سوق ،اسواق
Keu: سوراخ سا سک ت :خا صﻔر
Ker 2: ب دن ،اره کردن ﻻت :از هم جدا کردن غ ال
Ed + kwos: خوردن +اسب اوستا :غذای اسب فسﻔسه ،فﺼﻔﺼه
Kas: قطع ا جدا کردن ﻻت :مح جدا از ق ه ق
Kak: قرص نان فار :ا )نان خشک( کعک
Alek دفاع کردن سا سک ت :صد هزار از ل ّﺠه
عر ) :عمق( زاد
Mei 1: نرم ،مﻼ م پهلوی :میهما ما ده
Ned: س اوستا ) سک( :اغذهای بهم چس ده ،کتاب سخه
Nem: اختﺼاص دادن ﻻت :سهم ،قسمت ،شماره نمره ،نمرات
Teku + Sem: دو دن +هم اوستا :کنار هم گذاش برای اندازه گ ی هندسه ،مهندس
Kwer + Wi: ساخ +جدا اوستا )و چ ( :کس که قدرت شخ ص دارد وزر ،وزارت
پ
ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ 2ـ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ
ر ﺸﻪ ﻫﺎی ﻫند و ارو ﺎ سط و تغی مع در ز ﺎنهﺎی واسطﻪ ﻟغﺖ ﻫند و ارو ﺎ در ز ﺎن فﺎر
)عمدتﺎ ز ﺎن یونﺎ ( س از عبور از ز ﺎن عر
Gwel 1: پرت کردن ،تهمت زدن )د ا بولوس( :تهمت زن ،موذی یونا الس
Werg: ار کردن )ارانون( :ابزار یونا ارغنون
Kei دراز کش دن ،اس احت کردن )اری کی ( :تخت خواب یونا ارکه
ُ ُ
Steigh: لند شدن ،قدم زدن :عن ،قوت یونا اسطقس
Spongo: ﻔ ،خا یونا اسﻔنج
Kwen: مقدس )ا س ن یون( :نو گ اه یونا افس ت
Klei: ما ل ،ش ب دار ) ل ما( :زم ش ب دار یونا اقل م
Derk: د دن :اژدها ا چشمان خ یونا ترخون
Ghel + Mel: زرد +س اه ،کث ف :صﻔرای س اه یونا خ ال
:مال خول ا ﻻت
Lithra: تراز ،ترازو :واحد اندازه گ ی ما عات یونا رطل
Yeu: جﻔت ا مساوی کردن )زوگن( :تراز ،ترازو یونا زوج ،ازدواج
Pôl: لمس کردن :چنگ زدن)آلت موس ( یونا س تور
َ
Kand: سﻔ د و روشن بودن خ رنگ )سند َر ( :صم یونا سندروس
Kiph: شاخه نرم )خ ﻔوس( :شاخه یونا سف
Dheye: د دن :نما یونا س ما
Seip: ب ون رخ :صابون یونا صابون
Ster: خش و پهن کردن :راه هموار شده یونا اط
Kwel: چخ :انتهای حلقه ،دست ن افت ،رمز یونا طلسم
Dheu: دود ،مه :طوفان یونا طوفان
Gras: خوردن :فساد گوشت دن یونا غانغرا ا ،غانقرا ا
Gwel 2: سورا خ کردن )ابولوس( :میﺦ ،سکه میﺦ ش ل یونا یونا فلس ،مﻔلس
Bhilo: دوستانه :دوستدار عقل و منطق یونا فلسﻔه ،ف لسوف
+ Sophos: عاقل
Pin: چوب ،کنده درخت یونا :تخته ،شقاب فنﺠان
فار :پن ان
Kû + Pod: سوخ )ه م ،چوب( +ا )قالب کﻔش( یونا :ای چ قالب
Gher: محﺼور کردن ،شامل شدن یونا :آنچه همه چ را در بر م گ د )زمان( قرن
Yeu: جﻔت ا مساوی کردن یونا )زوگن( :تراز ،ترازو قسﻂ
عر :متعادل ،مساوی
Kap: گرف ،نگه داش یونا :جع ه ،قﻔس قﻔس
kû: سوخ )درخش دن( یونا ) او اسوس( :کوه های درخشان قﻔقاز
Kolemos: علف، یونا ) ل ُمس( :برای نوش قلم
Kem پوشاندن یونا ) م سیون( :پ اهن قم ص
Kand: درخش دن ،سﻔ د بودن یونا :چراغ قند ل
Skel: خم ده یونا :روده بزرگ قولون
Ker 1: ،شاخ )ک َرس( :میوه شاخ ش ل درخت خرنوب که واحد وزن بود یونا ِ ق اط
Skhai: ب دن ،اره کردن یونا ) ا ( :نام ام اطور روم که ا ارن دن ا آمد ق
َ )کﻔا (:
Ghebh-el: یونا ِ ق ﻔال
Leigh: ترک کردن یونا )اِ لی س س( :ترک ا قطع شدن نور کسوف
َ )کﻔا (:
Ghebh-el: یونا ِ کوف ه
ایتال ا )کوف ا( :رو ی
Menth: دهان ،ج دن یونا :آدامس مﺼط
Mel نرم ،مﻼ م یونا :ماده نرم ملغم
Nem: اختﺼاص دادن یونا )نوموس( :قانون ،اصول ناموس
ت
ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ MON:389ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ صﻔحﻪ 389ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﻣعﻴﻦ ﺭﺟﻮﻉ ﻣﻴﮑﻨﺪ. ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﺮ صﻔحﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ
ﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﻧظﻴﺮ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺮﻳﺸﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣعﺎﻧﯽ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻧﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻮﺱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ
ﺩﺭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻟﻐﺖ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ 3 ﮐﻮﭼﮑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺎﻧطﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ 2ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ،ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ
ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺧﺎصﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ كﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭة 4 ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﭼﻮﺑﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺴﺘطﻴﻞ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﯼ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ
ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻣثﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ. ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺂﺧﺬ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ
ﻟﻐﺖ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺸﺪ ؟
ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺮﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ ،ﭘﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺸﺪ
ث
IEC Stuart E. Mann, An Indo-European Comparative Dictionary, Helmut Buske Verlag, Hamburg 1987
IRN A. Farahvashî, Irânvîj, Tehran University Press, 1368 (1989). ایران ــچ
IS S H. W. Baily, Indo-Scythian Studies (Khotanese Texts - volume VI), Cambridge University Press, 1967.
KLN D. Klein, A comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Two volumes, Elsevier Publishing Co.,
1966.
KNT R. G. Kent, Old Persian - Grammer, Text, Lexicon, American Oriental Society, 1953.
MON M. Mo` în, Farhang Fârsî Moî`n, Six volumes, Amîr Kabîr press 1363 (1984). مع فرهنگ فار
M P P W. Henning, "A List of Middle – Persian and Parthian Words", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
(BSOAS IX:1937-39) pp 79-92, University of London.
NYB H. S. Nyberg, A Manual of Pahlavi, Wiesbaden 1974.
OEW J. T. Shipley, The Origins of English Words, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1984.
PHD D. N. MacKenzie, A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary, Oxford University press, London 1971.
PLA Asya Asbaghi, Persische Lehnworter im Arabischen, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1988
POK J. Pokorny, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Worterbuck, Two volumes, Francke verlag, Bern 1959.
PRT B. Partridge, Origins - A short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, MacMillan Co., NewYork 1958.
SIN G. Laufer, Sino-Iranica, Chinese Contributions to the History of Civilization in Ancient Iran, Field museum of natural
History, publication 201, Anthropological Series, Vol XV, No. 3, Chicago 1919.
SKT W. W. Skeat, A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Clarenden press, Oxford 1882-1967.
SLW W. B. Henning, "Sogdian Loan-words in New Persian", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS
X:1939-42) pp 93-106, University of London
SNS M. Tavoosî, A Glossary of Shâyast Nê Shâyast, Shirâz University publications, 1986. واژه نامۀ شا ست شا ست
SOD B. Gharîb, Sogdian – Persian – English Dictionary, Farhangân Press, Tehran, 1374 (1995). فرهنگ سغدی ـ فارس ان ل
SYN C. D. Buck, A Dictionary of the Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago
press, 1949-1988.
TAD T. Unaysî , Tafsîr al-Alfâz al-Dakhîleh fe al-Loghat al-Arabîyeh, Dâr al-Arab, Cairo, 1964.
TZ F M. Abolghâsemî, Târîkh Mokhtasar Zabân Fârsî, Bonyâd Andîsheh Eslâmî Press, Tehran, 1373 (1994).
زان فار تار ــﺦ مخت
VDQ G. Badreh-î, Vâjheh-hây Dakhîl dar Qorân-e Majîd, Translation of A. Jeffrey's book with Comments (see FVQ). Toos
Publishers, Tehran 1372 (1993). واژه های دخ ل در قرآن مﺠ د
VOP M. Moshîrî, Farhang Vâjheh-hây Orûpâyî dar Fârsî, Alborz Press, Tehran 1371 (1992). فرهنگ واژه های ارو ا در فار
WLD A. Walde, Vergleichendes Worterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen, two volumes, Walter de Gruyter & co., Leipzig
1930-1973.
ZMA F. Jonaydî, Zendegî va Mohâjerat Âryâîân Bonyâd Nayshâbûr, Tehran, 1374 (1995) زند و مهاجرت آرائ ان
ج
A EF Jalâl Khâleqî Motlaq, Asâs Eshteqâq Fârsî ,Vol. I (a - kh), Bonyâd Farhang Irân, 1977. اساس اشتقاق فار
AFM Addi Shir, Al-Alfâz Al-Fârsîyya Al-Mu`arraba, (A Dictionary of Persian Words in the Arabic Language), Library of
Lebanon, 1980.
AHD W. Morris, The American Heritage Dictionary, New College Edition, 1975, Appendix on Indo-European Roots, pp 1505-
1550.
AHM I. Gershevitch, The Avestan Hymn to Mithra, Oriental Publications No.4, Cambridge University Press, 1959.
AKD H. Zimmern, Akkadische Fremdworter Als Beweis, Fur Babylonischen Kultureinfluss, Leipzig 1917.
ARK M. H. Rokn Zâdeh - Âdammîyat, Arkân Sokhan, Sharq Press, Tehran 1347 (1968). اران سخن
ARN M. Aryan Pour Kashani, Farhange Rishehaye Hend Oroupaee Zaban Farsi, University of Esfahan, 1384 (2005).
فرهنگ رشه های هند و ارو ا زان فار
BLY H. W. Baily, "Hvatanica II", (Glossary of some Khotanese words with reference to Avestan and Persian words), Bulletin
of the School of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS IX:1937-39) pp 69-78, University of London.
BQT M. H. Tabrîzî (Borhân), Borhân Qâte`, Etymological footnotes by Dr. M. Mo`în, 4 vol, Amîr Kabîr Press, Tehran 1362
(1983) برهان قاطع
BRT C. Bartholomae, Altiranisches Worterbuch Zusammen Mit Den Nacharbeiten Und Vorarbeiten, Walter de Gruyter
Press, 1979.
CEL S. K. Gupta, A Comparative Etymologic Lexicon of Common Indo-European Words, 6 Vol., Sverge Haus Publishers,
Milton, Ma, 1997
EIV J. Cheung, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb, Vol. 2, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series,
Brill Press, Linden, Boston, 2007.
ETM M. Abolghâsemî, Rîsheh Shenâsî – Etîmologî, Ghoghnoos Press, Tehran 1374 (1995). ـ ات مولوژی رشه شنا
FAF A. Dâneshgar, Farhang A`alâm Fârsî, Hâfez Novîn Press, 1370 (1991). فرهنگ اعﻼم فار
FFD M. Abolghâsemî, Fe`lhây Farsî Darî, Ghoghnoos Press, Tehran 1374 (1995) دری فعل های فار
FRS Asadî Tûsî, Farhang Fors, Khârazmî Press, Tehran 1365 (1986) فرهنگ فرس
FSF A. H. Noushîn, Farhang Shâhnâmeh Ferdowsî, Vâjheh Nâmak, Donyâ Press, Tehran 1363 (1984) فرهنگ شاهنامه فردو
FVA S. M. Nahvî, Farhang Vâme Vâjhehhây Arabî, Dakhîl, Tolû` Âzâdî Press 1368 (1989). فرهنگ وام واژه های عر ـ دخ ل
FVF S. M. A. Emâm Shûshtarî, Farhang Vâjhehhây Fârsî dar zabân Arabî, Anjoman Âsâr Mellî, No 58, Bahman Press,
Tehran, 1347 (1968). در زان عر فرهنگ واژه های فار
FVQ A. Jeffrey, The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur'ân, (see VDQ). Oriental Institute, Baroda, Stephen Austin & Sons Press,
Great Britain 1938
HJB H. Yule & A. C. Burnel, Hobson Jobson, A Glossary of Colloqual Anglo-Indian Words, Oriental Publishers, Delhi 1903-
1968.
HRN Paul Horn, Grundriss der NeuPersischen Etymology, Verlag von Karl J. Trubner, Strassburg 1893-1974.
HUB H. Hubschmann, Persische Studien, Verlag von Karl J. Trubner, Strassburg 1895.
چ
۱آب
Indo-European
Ab 1: water آب
Avestan
âp: water
Pahlavi
âp: water
Persian
âb: water ۱آب
۱آب
POK:1 KLN:2 KLN:2 âbân: name of the eight month in the Persian calendar آ ان
AHD, BQT, IRN, MON
Indo-European
Ab 1: water آب
Avestan
âp: water
Pahlavi
âp: water
Persian
âb: glitter (as on water surface) ۲آب
۲آب
POK:1 KLN:2 KLN:2 âberû: "facial shine", reputation آبرو
درخشش
HRN, AEF
Indo-European
Pa: to protect, feed
Av/Old Pers
pa: to guard
Pahlavi
pây, â-pây: to protect
Persian
Âbâd: prosperous, cultivated آ اد
آ اد
غذا دادن،حفاظت کردن HRN:41,72, KLN:114, AHD:1532 â-pât: protected, thriving, cultivated Âbâdân: a port city at Persian Gulf آ ادان
IRN, BQT, EIV
POK:787,842, SYN:103 â-pât-ân: name o a city (with protected
waterways)
Indo-European
Kel 1: cold or warm, a year سال،د ا گرم
Old Persian
thard, sard: year
Persian
âbsâl: spring season (آ سال )آ ساﻻن
آ سال
NOTE- This root has two opposing meanings همان ش پور ا صد راه ناﻻن بهار
upa-sard: toward the
POK:551, SYN:1078 year, beginning of the ( سـ ــان ــل ــل ان ــدر آ ـ ـس ــاﻻن )و س و رام
Indo-European Av/Old Pers year, spring
Upo: to, from below از ای،سوی upa, upâ: to, toward SYN:1012, KNT:188, BQT:7
BQT:7
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Indo-European
Tenu: thin
Avestan
tanu: stretched, body
Persian
âbestan: "holding child in body"
آس
POK:1064,1067 AHD, POK a-puthra-tanu: with child in آس
Indo-European body
HRN, BQT
Pôu: small, young جوان،کوچک
POK:1069, BQT:411,515
POK:842
1
. آ ادانا
Indo-European
Dhê 2: to do, set چ دن،انجام دادن
Avestan
apa-dâna: the separate (special)
Persian
âpâdânâ: the throne room آ ادانا
آ ادانا
part of a palace
AHD:1512, POK:235 BQT:2211, 2214
Indo-European Avestan POK:235, HRN:236, KNT:168, FFD:52
Apo: off دور،جدا ap 2, apa: off, away, to
POK:53 POK:54, BQT:1086
Indo-European
Ater: fire آش
Avestan
âtarš, âthra: fire
Pahlavi
âtur: fire
Persian
âtaš: fire (آ ش )آذر
آش
POK:69 âthur-pât-gan: fire guard BQT:13 MON, ETM:59
POK:69, KLN:123
Indo-European
Agh, Aghlo: depressed, disagreeable
Avestan
ağô, ağâ: bad, ugly
Pahlavi
âğ, âk: trouble
Persian
âx, ax: a word of rejection and grief اخ،آخ
آخ
ناسازار،اف ده POK:8 SNS:38 SNS:38, BQT:90
POK:7,8
Indo-European
Dheye: to see د دن
Old Persian
vâe-na, vaina: observer
Pahlavi
adhvênak: ornament
Persian
âzîn: ornament آذین
آذین
آینه:هم
POK:243 adhi-vaina: ornament BQT:340 âdîneh: day of "ornaments", Friday آدینه
KNT:191, AEF:322, FFD:55 BQT, SNS:291, AEF:80
Indo-European
As: to burn سوزاندن
Latin
arêre: to become dry (land)
French
are: area
Persian
âr: 100 square meters آر
آر
ara: an area (of dry land) هکتار:مق
POK:68 AHD:69 MON:39, 5159
KLN:102
area :هم
2
آراس
Indo-European
Apo: off
Avestan
ap 2, apa: off, away, to
Avestan
â: a prefix for making verbs
Avestan
â-râd, â-râs: to set up
Persian
ârâstan: decorate
آراس
دور،جدا POK:54, BQT:1086 KNT:168, BQT:1086, FFD:24 پ اس:هم
NOTE- EIV:196 derives this from (آراس )آرا ش
POK:53
Indo-European the root "Reg 1: straight" order :هم
Ar 1: to fit together جور و درست کردن BQT, AEF, FFD
WLD:74, POK:56
POK:55
Indo-European
Bhergh: high لند،اﻻ
Avestan
barz-ahva: higher world
Avestan
bereg, â-bereg: high,
Pahlavi
âwarzog, ârzôk:
Persian
ârezu: wish آرزو
آرزو
desirable wish, hope لند:هم
POK:140 POK:140, KLN:188, KNT:200, VDQ:36 BQT, MON:42
SOD:1 SOD:1
Indo-European
Ghel: to shine, also a bright yellow
Avestan
zairita, zareta:
Persian
zarnîx: arsenic
Arabic
az-zarnîx
Greek
arsenikon
Persian
ârsenîk: arsenic
آرس ک
color golden, yellow زرد:هم
زرنیخ SKT:26, KLN:108 KLN:108
آرس ک
زرد روشن،درخش دن POK:429, KLN:667,
SOD:411 HRN:145, BQT NOTE- through
POK:429 Latin and French
VOP:41
Indo-European
Leuk: light, brightness روشنا،نور
Avestan
raočah: light
Persian
Âraš: "bright", a male name آرش
آرش
a-raxša: bright "" اهوش
POK:687, KNT:205 BQT, FSF:176
HRN:23,136,140, SYN:470,991, BQT:31 light :هم
Indo-European
El 1 : to bend, elbow آرنج،خم کردن
Avestan
arethna: arm, elbow
Persian
ârenj: elbow آرنج
آرنج
elbow :هم
POK:308, KLN:509 POK:308 BQT:32, MPP:79
Indo-European
Aulos: jaw آرواره
Avestan
hanuharena: jaw
Pahlavi
êrwârag
Persian
ârvâreh: jaw آرواره
آرواره
POK:88, ARN:55 ARN:55 ARN:55 ARN:55
Indo-European
Reug: to vomit, belch, produce smoke or vapor تول د دود ا خار، آروغ زدن، استفراغ
Persian
roğ: belch ُرغ
آروغ
POK:871 âroğ: belch آروغ
POK:871, MON
Indo-European
En: in, inside داخل
Old Persian
adi-var: in truth
Pahlavi
ê-var: indeed
Persian
ârî: yes آری
آری
POK:311
well :هم
POK:311 HRN:6,20 HRN
Indo-European
Wel 1: to wish, desire آرزو کردن
POK:1137
Indo-European
Al 1: beyond, above اﻻتر،فراتر
Indo-European
Aryo, Ario: Lord, ruler
AV/Old Pers
aria: noble
Persian
Ârîyâ (آر ا )ایران
آرا
ف
POK:24 POK:24,67 AHD, POK, ارا،اران
IRN:7,28
PRT, MON5, PRT, IRN, FSF
Indo-European
Angh: tight, compressed ف ده،تنگ
Avestan
âz, âzi: need, desire, greed
Pahlavi
âz: greed
Persian
âz: need, desire, greed آز
آز
Az: to drive, lead (راندن )ف دن NOTE- EIV is not certain about this derivation.
BQT:34, EIV:172 BQT
POK:42, EIV:171 BQT:34, EIV:172
Indo-European
Gene: to give birth to زای دن
Avestan
zan 1: to give birth to
Persian
âzâd: free آزاد
آزاد
POK:373 â-zâta: free born, noble POK:373, BQT, HRN:181,231
POK:373, SOD:462
Indo-European
Gher: to grasp, enclose محصورکردن، گرف
Av/Old Pers
zar 1: to harm
Persian
âzâr: harm آزار
آزار
POK:442, 444 â-zâr: harm âzordan: to harm آزردن
WLD1: 603, HRN:6, HUB:6, FFD:25 WLD1: 603, FFD:25
PRT:863, AHD:1500
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
َ
Ne 1, An 3: no, not نه a-, â-, an-: no, not
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Ger 2, Grnom: to become ripe, grow old. Also means grain zarwân, zaurva: old
age
همچن غﻼت. پ شدن،رس دن
POK:390-391, AEN:444 POK:390
Indo-European
Me 1: to measure اندازه گرف
Av/Old Pers
mâ 1: to measure
Avestan
âiz-mâ, uz-mâ-ta: measure, test
Persian
âzmâyeš: test
آزما ش
POK:703, 731 POK:703,731, SYN:54,877,1010
measure :هم
HRN:80,233, ARN:60, BQT:37, FFD:25 (آزما ش )آزمودن
Indo-European
Ud 1: up, out, away ب ون،اﻻ BQT
POK:1103
Indo-European
Gwhen 2, Jan: to
Avestan
žata, jan., jaiti: to hit, harm,
Pahlavi
zîn: to poke, to sew
Persian
âzdan, âjdan, âždan: to poke آجدن، آژدن،آزدن
آژدن
strike, hurt bite
ه داغـی ج ـگــرشـ ــان کـن ــی آژده سوراخ کردن
EIV:29
آزردن،زدن â-ža-ta: harmed ( که خشا ش آرد بر ا شان دده )فردو
POK:492, EIV:222 POK:492, HRN:204, BQT:324, HRN, BQT, FSF, EIV
Indo-European
Gwei, Jai: to live زند کردن
Avestan
žîra, â-žîra: alert
Persian
zîrak: alert, smart آژ ر
آژر
س ـ ــه را ـ ـ ــارای و آژ ــر ــاش آ اه
POK:467, EIV:222 POK:468
( اش )فردو شب و روز ا ترکش و ت
FAF:28
Indo-European
Ak: sharp, also a sharp stone
Av/Old Pers
as, asan: stone
Pahlavi
âs: mill, mill stone
Persian
âs: mill آس
آس
سنگ ت، ت âs-âp: water mill âsiyâb: water mill (۱آس اب )آس ا
سنگ:هم
POK:19, KLN:18, KNT
4
آستان
Indo-European
Stâ: to stand ا ستادن
Av/Old Pers
sta: to stand, to set
Av/Old Pers
â-stana: entrance
Persian
âstân: threshold آستان
آستان
stand :هم
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008, KNT:210 BQT, MON
Indo-European
Wes 3: to wear, put on پوش دن
Avestan
vah, vahna,vanhna, vasta: cover, clothes
Pahlavi
wastar: lining
Persian
âstar: lining آس
آس
wear :هم
POK:1172 POK:1172, KNT:219, ARN:62 KLN, AHD, ARN:62 ARN:62
Indo-European
Ambhi: around پ امون،اطراف
Avestan
aiwi, abi, aiwiš, ubê:
Avestan
abi-dasta, a-dasta, a-dsta: over hands,
Persian
âstîn: sleeve آست
آست
over, above, both sleeve
POK:34 AHM:220
POK:34
Indo-European Av/Old Pers AHM:220
Indo-European
Ak: sharp, also a sharp stone سنگ ت، ت
Av/Old Pers
as, asan: stone
Pahlavi
âs-mân: sky
Persian
âsmân: sky آسمان
آسمان
POK:18, KNT:173 ""سنگ مانند
Indo-European Indo-European as-man, as-mana: BQT:39,42,43 BQT
like stone, sky
Me 1: to measure اندازه گرف Mân: to resemble ش ه بودن
POK:703, 731 EIV:272 POK:19, KLN:18, KNT
Indo-European
Asksâ, Aksas: axis محور
Avestan
ashyâ: axis
Persian
âseh: axis آسه
آسه
محور
POK:6, ARN:64 POK:6, ARN:64 ARN:64, MON:57
axis :هم
Akkadian
Âsû : to rise, come out (said of the sun)
Greek
asia: land of sunrise, the East
Latin French Persian
âsîyâ: Asia ۲آس ا
آس ا
(اﻻ آمدن )خورش د "محل طل ع
KLN:113, AHD:77 MON5: 37
KLN:113, AHD:77
"آفتاب
Indo-European
Ak: sharp, also a sharp stone سنگ ت، ت
Av/Old Pers
as, asan: stone
Pahlavi
âs: mill, mill stone
Persian
âsiyâb: water mill (۱آس اب )آس ا
آس اب
POK:18, KNT:173 POK:19, KLN:18, KNT
âs-âp: water mill BQT
Indo-European Avestan
Ab 1: water آب âp: water BQT:39,42,43
POK:1 KLN:2
Indo-European
Neku: to reach, arrive, carry حمل کردن،رس دن
Old Persian
âs, âsa: to arrive, come رس دن،آمدن
Persian
âsîdan: to arrive, come آس دن
آس دن
ز ــان ـه ــلوی هرک ــو ش ـ ـنــاس ـ ــد رس دن
POK:316, KLN:524 TZF:62
( خراسان آن بود کزوی خورآسد )فخر گر ا
TZF:62
Indo-European
Ed: to eat خوردن
Avestan
adâiti: to eat
Persian
âš: a kind of soup آش
آش
asa 1: food eat :هم
POK:287 BQT:2099
POK:287, BQT:44,1624
Indo-European
Kwen 3, Kwem, Ĉîam: to swallow لع دن
Avestan
šam: swallow
Persian
âšâmîdan: to drink آشام دن
آشام دن
۲ ام:هم
EIV:40 EIV:40 EIV:40
5
. آش
Indo-European
Stâ: to stand ا ستادن
Av/Old Pers
sta: to stand, to set
Avestan
â-x-stâ, axštî: put in place, put in peace
Persian
âštî: peace آش
آش
POK:1008,1009 stâ, stata, šta, šti KLN:1222, POK:1008, SYN:1376, SOD:439 BQT, HRN
BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008
Indo-European
Kweye, Ĉiah: quiet, comfortable راحت،آرام
Av/Old Pers
šâ 2, šyâ: to rest
Persian
âšîyâneh: nest آش انه
آش انه
â-šyâ: resting place, nest quiet :هم
KLN:1740, POK:638,EIV HRN, BQT. EIV
POK:638, KLN:1740, KNT:210
Indo-European
Gherto: milk, butter کره، ش
Persian
âğâr: wetness, humidity آغار
آغار
از هرچه سبو پر ک از ز ر و ز ــهلوش نم
POK:446
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step قدم زدن
Indo-European
Gwheh, Gahz: to wade, step, start
Persian
âğâz: start آغاز
آغاز
POK:463,EIV:98 EIV:98 EIV:96
Indo-European Avestan Avestan
Apo: off دور،جدا ap 2, apa: off, away, to â: a prefix for making verbs
POK:53 POK:54, BQT:1086 KNT:168, BQT:1086, FFD:24
Indo-European
Tep: to be warm گرم بودن
Avestan
tap 2, tab: warm, glowing
Avestan
ap-tab: heat emitting glitter, sun
Persian
âftâb: sun آفتاب
آفتاب
POK:1069 POK:1069, KLN:1589
tepid :هم
BQT:49,453,1252,1958 BQT, HRN
Indo-European Avestan
Ab 1: water آب âp: water
POK:1 KLN:2
ُ
Indo-European
Apo: off دور،جدا
Avestan
ap 2, apa: off, away, to
Pahlavi
afdom, awdum: last
Persian
âfdom: last, at last
ُ ُ
افدم،آفدم
آفدم
گرچه هرروز اند برداردش عاق ت،آخر
POK:53 apama, apatama: last SNS:26
ُ
( افدم روزی ه ا ان آردش )رود
POK:54, BQT:1086
MON:72,462, FRS:184
6
آف دن
Indo-European
Prî: to love, praise ستا ش کردن، دوست داش
Avestan
âfritan: to create
Persian
âfarîdan: to create آف دن
آف دن
â-frî-nami: I praise âfarîn: praise آف ن
" "دوست داش
POK:844
POK:844 BQT
NOTE- Avestan "a-, â-" from the Indo-European root "Apo: off" is a prefix used for making verbs.
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig کندن
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt out
Avestan
â-kand, â-gand: to
Persian
âkandan: to fill
آ ندن
EIV:232, POK:534 and mound it up, build fill
آ ندن
POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49 POK:491, HRN:194
Indo-European Avestan Avestan BQT, FFD:26
Apo: off دور،جدا ap 2, apa: off, away, to â: a prefix for making verbs
POK:53 POK:54, BQT:1086 KNT:168, BQT:1086, FFD:24 NOTE- compare "Ken 2"with "Gwhen 1: to fill"
Indo-European
Kwek, Kas 1: to appear, see, show نما ش، د دن،ظاهر شدن
Avestan
â-kasat: he saw, is informed
Persian
âgâh: aware آ اه
آ اه
ن اه:هم
POK:638, EIV:245 POK:638, KLN:42, SYN:1436 BQT, HRN
Indo-
Ghdhem:
Av/Old Pers
zam: earth
Av/Old Pers
u-vâra-zmi:
Persian
Xârazm: a city
Arabic
Al-Xwarazmî: the
French
algorisme
Persian
âlgoritm:
آل ورتم
earth good ... land in central Asia, ninth century algorithm " "بنام خوارز
AHD, BQT:1032, modern Khiva mathematician from NOTE- through
زم KNT:177 Middle Latin
KNT:177 Khârazm who آل ورتم
POK:414,SYN:16 introduced algebra
,AHD:1513 BQT:781,805, MON5:
Indo-European Old Persian 488,491, KLN:49 AHD:33 VOP:17
7
. آله
Indo-
Akwa: water
Latin
aqua: water
Avestan
arva, arvâ: eagle
Pahlavi
alûh:
Persian
âleh: eagle (آله ) ِله
آله
eagle eagle :هم
آب aquilus: dark colored NOTE- see discussion on َمـ ـث ـ ــل دشـ ـ ـمـ ـ ـن ــان ت ـ ــو ـ ــا ت ـ ــو
NOTE- Pokorny suggests a derivation, along ARN:68 about possible BQT:58,
POK:23 with Aquilo (“the North wind”), from aqua. roots MPP:79 (ح لۀ ک ک و حمله های ِله است )فرقدی
ARN:68
AHD MON:85, BQT:58
Indo-European
Mat:pick لنگ
Persian
âmâj: plow آماج
آماج
اوآهن
POK:700, ARN:69 ARN:69 NOTE - through Spanish & Italian mattock :هم
Indo-European
Me 1: to measure اندازه گرف
Avestan
â-mâ-: to prepare,
Persian
â-mâdeh: ready آماده
آماده
be ready
POK:703, 731 EIV:256, BQT
Indo-European Avestan Avestan
EIV:256
Apo: off دور،جدا ap 2, apa: off, away, to â: a prefix for making verbs
POK:53 POK:54, BQT:1086 KNT:168, BQT:1086, FFD:24
Indo-European
Mer 1, Smer, Hmar: to remember
Avestan
mar.1, smer: to remember
Persian
âmâr: census آمار
آمار
َ remember :هم
ب اد آوردن â-mar: (count) to remember hamâr: number, quantity, size همار
POK:969, EIV:137 MON, KLN:961, FFD:64 HUB, HRN, BQT, EIV
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step قدم زدن
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Avestan
gâman: step
Persian
gâm: step ام
آمدن
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318
come :هم
Indo-European Avestan Avestan
a-gam: to come âmadan: to come
Apo: off دور،جدا ap 2, apa: off, away, to â: a prefix for making verbs POK:463 (آمدن )آینده
POK:53 POK:54, BQT:1086 KNT:168, BQT:1086, FFD:24
HRN:11, BQT
Indo-European
Mêlg, Marz?: to wipe off, rub, milk دوش دن، ا کردن،لمس کردن
Avestan
â-marz: wipe out sins
Persian
âmorzîdan: to forgive آمرز دن
آمرزدن
POK:722, EIV:180, 269 POK:722, BQT:1448, HRN:12 MON
Sanskrit Persian ُ
آملج
Amalaka: emblic tree ُ ) آمله
(آملج ُ درخت âmoleh: emblic tree ُ ) آمله
(آملج ُ
درخت آمله
KLN:513 BQT:61, MON:90
Indo-European
Mauč: to learn, teach آموخ
Pahlavi
hammôz-: learn
Persian
âmuxtan آموخ
آموخ
EIV:270 EIV:270 FFD:27, MON:91
Pahlavi
Âmon: full, filled with پر از،پر
Persian
âmûdan: to fill with آمودن
آمودن
هم ز ا شــان ز فـحـش آمــوده
ُپر کردن
SNS:6
8
آم خ
Indo-European
Meig: to mix مخلوط کردن
Avestan
a-minašti: to mix, mixed
Persian
âmîxtan: to mix (آم خ )آم ش
آم خ
POK:712-714, AHD POK:714, BQT:1835 HRN, BQT
mix :هم
NOTE- Avestan "a-, â-" from the Indo-European root "Apo: off" is a prefix used for making verbs.
Indo-European
Ne 1, An 3: no, not
َ
نه
Av/Old Pers
a-, â-, an-: no, not
Av/Old Pers
an-âhita: not
Persian
ânâhîtâ: "innocent, pure" (آناهیتا )ناه د
آناهیتا
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167
dirty, innocent "" ع ب
MON, BQT
Avestan Avestan BQT:36,72,788
a-hu: not good, defect, fault ع ب،نقص âhita: dirty, faulty
FAF, BQT:72 BQT:72, FAF:36, KNT:167
Indo-European
Wekw: voice صدا
Av/Old Pers
vak, vačah, vaxš: word, voice, sound
Av/Old Pers
â-vač: voice, song
Persian
âvâ: voice, song (آوا )آواز
آوا
POK:1135 POK:1135 POK:1135, KLN:1719, SYN:26 BQT, HRN
Indo-European
Wel 2, War: to tear, wound, plunder غارت کردن،کردن زخ،اره کردن
Avestan
varenâ: to rob, pluck
Persian
âvâr: to plunder, rob ۱آوار
۱آوار
غارت و چ اول
POK:1144, EIV:208 EIV:208 BQT, EIV:208
Apo: off دور،جدا ap 2, apa: off, away, to â: a prefix for making verbs
POK:53 POK:54, BQT:1086 KNT:168, BQT:1086, FFD:24
Indo-European
Bher 1: to carry حمل کردن
Av/Old Pers
bar: to carry
Avestan
â-vare, â-bar-a: bring
Persian
âvardan: to bring آوردن
آوردن
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128 BQT:66, MON:1395, FFD:28 BQT, FSF:58
NOTE- Avestan "a-, â-" from the Indo-European root "Apo: off" is a prefix used for making verbs.
Indo-European
Weik: to shake, swing تاب دادن،لرزاندن
Av/Old Pers
vyâxa, vyâxman: assembly, collection
Persian
âvang: pendulum آونگ
آونگ
POK:1130 POK:1130 BQT, HRN, MON
Indo-European
Weik: to shake, swing تاب دادن،لرزاندن
Av/Old Pers
waix, waig: to swing
Persian
vîxtan: to sling وخ
آو خ
âvîxtan: to hang (آو خ )آو ز
ب خ:مق
POK:1130 POK:1130
Indo-European
Aios: metal فلز
Avestan
ayô, ayah, ayanh: metal
Pahlavi
âsîn, âhên: metal, iron
Persian
Âhan: iron, anything hard آهن
آهن
POK:15, KLN:1093 POK:15, KLN:1093 BQT:70, HRN:14 BQT:70, SYN:612
NOTE- KLN:1093 claims that this word may have been driven from Ayashya, ancient name of Cyprus, meaning Cyprus metal.
Indo-European
Su 1: well, good خوب
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
a-hu: not good,
Pahlavi
ahûk: fault
Persian
âhû 2: defect ۲آهو
۲آهو
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
defect, fault عب
BQT:72 آهو ن ا ک زگیتـی
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
َ ع ب،نقص
Ne 1, An 3: no, not نه a-, â-, an-: no, not ( )و س و رام ا ر چند دارد ه ها
FAF, BQT:72
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167 BRT:345
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Avestan
thang, â-thax, hanč: to pull, also a path
Persian
hîxtan: to pull هخ
آه خ
POK:1064,1067 BQT:1481,2376,2381, SNS:7 فروه خ:مق
âhîxtan: to pull out آخ، آهخ، آه خ
Indo-European Avestan tension :هم
Apo: off دور،جدا ap 2, apa: off, away, to BQT, HRN, SNS
Indo-European
Au: away, off, down ای، دور،جدا
Av/Old Pers
ava 1, aorâ: down
Avestan
ava-par: fill down
Persian
obârdan: to swallow ( ا اردن )ا اش
ا اردن
obâsh: gangsters او اش لع دن
POK:72 KLN:132, POK:72 AEF:175, BQT:180
Indo-European Avestan
س ـ ـ ـ ـ ارد ا شان را ه ـم ــه
Pel 1: to fill پر کردن par 1, perana: full
( رمه )رود ، ش ان را م ش زنده
POK:799, EIV:299 POK:799
BQT:180, AEF:175, FFD:31
Indo-European
Nebh, Nembh: cloud, moisture
Avestan
awrem, awra, awar: cloud
Pahlavi
abr-âmûn: cloudy
Persian
abrâmûn: cloudy ابرآمون
ابرآمون
رط ت،ابر KLN:772, POK:316, SNS:11 SNS:11 POK:316, SNS:11
POK:315 Pahlavi
Âmon: full, filled with پر از،پر
SNS:6
10
ابرو
Indo-European
Bhru 1: eyebrow ت چو،ابرو
Avestan
brvat: brow
Pahlavi
brûk
Persian
abrû: eyebrow (ابرو ) ُبرو
ابرو
POK:172 POK BQT:80 POK:172, BQT:80, FSF:81
Indo-European
Ghei 2: to propel جلو بردن
Indo-European
Ghaise: spear ن ه
Avestan
zaêna 1: weapon
Pahlavi
abzâr: tools
Persian
abzâr, afzâr: tools افزار،ابزار
ابزار
POK:410,424 POK:410,424 zaya: tools, equipment ISS:16 ISS:16
POK:424, KLN:666, SYN:1384
NOTE- For a different derivation of these words see root "Geu 2: to hasten".
Indo-European
Geu 2: to hasten عجله کردن
Avestan
zavah, zâvar: power, force
Persian
abzâr, afzâr: tools افزار،ابزار
ابزار
POK:399 api-zâwar: tool POK:399, BQT, HRN:149
POK:399, BQT:148 NOTE- For a different derivation of "abzâr & afzâr" see root "Ghei 2: to propel".
Indo-European
Dwo: two عدد دو
Greek
di, dis: two
Greek
dia-ballein: to throw across, slander
Arabic
iblis: devil
Persian
eblîs: devil الس
الس
dia: through, across, apart "" تهمت زن
POK:230, diabolos: slanderer, devil BQT:83, FVQ:48 BQT:83
AHD
Indo-European
KLN:440, AHD:361
Gwel 1: to throw, reach رس دن،پرتاب کردن
POK:472
Indo-European
Ab 1: water
Avestan
âp: water
Persian
âb: glitter (as on
Arabic
ab-baha: "glittering shine", elegance
Persian
obbohat: elegance
ا ّبهت
water surface)
آب KLN:2
۲آب abboha: magnificence, elegance ا ّبهت
POK:1 AFM:7, FVF:11 MON:131
HRN, AEF
Indo-European
Swekwo: resin, juice عصاره،صمغ
Greek
opos: juice
Persian
apyûn: opium (اپیون )افیون
اپیون
POK:1044 opion: poppy juice BQT:86
AHD
11
. اخ
Indo-European
Agh, Aghlo: depressed, disagreeable
Avestan
ağô, ağâ: bad, ugly
Pahlavi
âğ, âk: trouble
Persian
âx, ax: a word of rejection and grief اخ،آخ
اخ
ناسازار،اف ده POK:8 SNS:38 SNS:38, BQT:90
POK:7,8
Avestan
Apânk: turned backwards, north شمال،ازگشت
Pahlavi
apâxtar: north, north star
Persian
axtar: star, fate اخ
اخ
SYN:873
axtar: star BQT, FSF
SYN:870, BQT:99, FSF:58
Sumerian
Dub: tablet, scripture نوشته،لوحه
Old Persian
dipi: to write
Persian
teacher ( دیوان، دی اچه،دب )د ستان
Arabic
adab:literature
Persian
adab: literature
ادب
AKD:19, BQT:823 BQT:823 BQT:824, KLN:467, AKD:19, ETM:36 FVF:13,273 ( ادب ات،ادب )آداب
FVA:28, FVF:273
Indo-European
Algwh: worth, value ارزش
Avestan
arej, arejah: value
Persian
arj: value ( ارزش، ارز دن، ورج،ارج )ارز
ارج
POK:32 varejah, varecah: value نه تنه ــا ش ــه و خ ـس ــروکشور است
( که شاه است و ا ورج پ غم است )فردو
POK:32, SYN:826
BQT, HRN:241, MON
Indo-European
Ekwos: horse اسب
Avestan
aspa: horse
Avestan
arejat-aspa: (with) valuable horses
Persian
arjâsp: "with valuable horses"
ارجاسپ
POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819
"دارای اس ان
BQT, POK:1082, KNT, HRN:206, MON5: 419 ارجاسپ
Indo-European Avestan "ارزشمند
Algwh: worth, value ارزش arej, arejah: value MON
Indo-European
Ar 1: to fit together جور و درست کردن
Av/Old Pers
arta 2, areta: just, holy
Persian
ard: just ارد
ارد
arata, aradra: true عدالت
POK:55 BQT:98-101, IRN:28
POK:56, IRN:28 reason :هم
Indo-European
Ar 1: to fit together جور و درست کردن
Av/Old Pers
arta 2, areta: just, holy
Persian
Ardešîr: "just king"
اردش
POK:55 ""شاه عادل
Indo-European Av/Old Pers arta-xšathra: a just king. اردش
Ksei 1: to be able, qualify, rule xšača: king, ruler POK:56, IRN:28
فرمانروا کردن،قادر و شا سته بودن POK:626, KNT:181
POK:626, KLN:272
12
اردﻻن
Indo-European
Al 1: beyond, above اﻻتر،فراتر
Indo-European
Aryo, Ario: Lord, ruler
AV/Old Pers
arân: land of Aryans
Persian
Ardalân: "holy Aryan land" اردﻻن
اردﻻن
POK:24 POK:24,67
ف " زم
Indo-European Av/Old Pers art-arân: holy Aryan land PRT, MON5, PRT, IRN, FSF
"آر ای ان
Ar 1: to fit together جور و درست کردن arta 2, areta: just, holy AHD, POK, IRN:7,28
POK:55 POK:56, IRN:28
Indo-European
Ar 1: to fit together جور و درست کردن
Av/Old Pers
arta 2, areta: just, holy
Persian
Ardavân: "protector of justice"
اردوان
""حافظ عدالت
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
POK:55 arta-pa: protector of justice. اردوان
Pa: to protect, feed غذا دادن،حفاظت کردن pa: to guard BQT:98-101, IRN:28
POK:56, IRN:28
POK:787,842, SYN:103 HRN:41,72, KLN:114, AHD:1532
Indo-European
Isto: most or last سوند صفت عا
Av/Old Pers
išta: a superlative suffix
Avestan
arta-vah-išta: best true goodness
Persian
Ordîbehešt: "best justice"
اردیبهشت
KLN:35 KNT:191,202
""به ن عدالت
Indo-European Avestan
KNT:202, TZF:26, BQT:2133 اردیبهشت
Su 1: well, good خوب vohu, vahu: good MON, BQT, TZF
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1174
Indo-European Avestan
Ar 1: to fit together جور و درست کردن aša 2, arta: true
POK:55 POK:56, BQT:142
Indo-European
Ger 2, Grnom: to become ripe, grow old. Also means grain همچن غﻼت. پ شدن،رس دن
Pahlavi
arzan: millet
Persian
arzan: millet (ارزن )ارژن
ارزن
grain :هم
POK:390-391, AEN:444 MON:199 IEC:406
Indo-European
El 1 : to bend, elbow آرنج،خم کردن
Old Persian
arašn, arašni: elbow
Persian
arš, araš: unit of distance from elbow to finger tips ارش
ارش
ارش مندی ف ا بر آرنج:هم
POK:308, KLN:509 ARN:81, MPP:79
elbow :هم
( ما ب ازو زره در برش )فردو
MON:201, ARN:81
Indo-European
Ersen: ejector of semen, male نر، دفع کننده م
Av/Old Pers
aršan, varešna: male, man, hero
Persian
Aršâsp: "with male horses" ارشاسپ
ارشاسپ
POK:335
""دارای اس ان نر
Indo-European Avestan aršan-aspa: (with) male horses BQT
13
. ارشام
Indo-European
Rk-tho: bear (animal) خرس
Avestan
areša: bear
Persian
Aršâm: "with power of a bear"
ارشام
POK:875, SOD:70 "" ا ن وی خرس
Indo-European Avestan areša-ama: with ارشام
power of a bear
Ome: to move with energy ama: strength, attack (injury) force BQT:31,733
ا انرژی حرکت کردن POK:778, SYN:298
POK:875
POK:778
Indo-European
Eres 1: to flow, to be wet خ س بودن، ج ان داش
Av/Old Pers
aršan, varešna: male, man, hero
Persian
Aršân: "man, masculine" ارشان
ارشان
" مذکر،"مرد
POK:335 POK:336, AHD:1480, SOD:414 BQT
Indo-European
Ere, Arš: to have bad will, envy ا حسادت کردن دشم
Avestan
araska: enmity
Pahlavi
arešk: envy
Persian
arašk, rašk: envy, zeal َرشک،ارشک
ارشک
POK:335 POK:337 EIV:167 BQT:952
Indo-European
Er, Ar 2: to set in motion, excite
Indo-European
Ergh : to excite, tremble
Avestan
ereğant: angry, evil
Persian
arğandeh: angry ارغنده
ارغنده
بر انگ خ،ه حرکت در آوردن POK:339 POK:339 س آن ـی درفش ل د و سـتـرگ
Indo-European
Werg 1: to work ار کردن
Greek
organon: tool
Arabic Persian
arğanûn: a musical instrument ارغنون
ارغنون
POK:1168 AHD MON:203 BQT:106, MON:203
Indo-European
Orghi: testicle خا ه
Greek
orxis: orchid flower named after its testicle-shaped root
Latin
orchis
French Persian
orkîdeh: orchid ارک ده
ارک ده
POK:782 POK:782
Akkadian
Erêbu: to enter, to go down (sunset)
Hebrew
`erebh: sunset, west
Greek
europa:
Latin
eurôpa
French
europe
Persian
orûpâ: Europe
ارو ا
غروب خورش د، فرو رف land of sunset
ارو ا ""مغرب
AKD:64, KLN:550 AHD:452
AKD:64, KLN:550 KLN:550,
Indo-European
Er, Ar 2: to set in motion,
Av/Old Pers
aurva, aurvant: swift,
Pahlavi
alvend: fast
Persian
Arvand: "fast", Tigris river (۱اروند )الوند
اروند
excite fast
Alvand: name of a mountain in Hamadan with many springs "عت "ا
BQT:160
بر انگ خ،ه حرکت در آوردن run :هم
POK:331, IRN:112, KNT:170 ۲الوند
POK:327, EIV:165 BQT, IRN
Indo-European
Srisâ, Sernh, Harn: file, saw اره،سوهان
Persian
arreh: saw ّاره
ّاره
IEC:1277, EIV:132 IEC:1277, MON:209, EIV:132
Indo-European
Kei 3: to lie down, rest
Indo-European
Koi-to: bed, couch,
Greek
koite, ari-koite:
Arabic
arîkeh: throne
Persian
arîkeh: bed, throne, domain ارکه
ارکه
home, domain (decorated) bed
اس احت کردن،دراز کش دن TAD:2, FVA:30 FVA:30, MON:210, BQT:112
POK:539 POK:539 POK:539, TAD:2
Indo-European
Sekw: to follow دن ال کردن
Avestan
hačâ: followed from
Pahlavi
aj: from
Persian
az: from از
از
POK:896 POK:896 HRN:12,150 BQT:113,1051
14
ازغ
Indo-European
Ozgho: branch, bud, offspring فرزند، جوانه، شاخه
Pahlavi
azg: branch, offspring
Persian
azğ: branch, shoot ۱ ازگ،ازغ
ازغ
azm: child ازم
شاخه
POK:786 POK:786, IEC:863
Indo-European
Angwhi: snake مار
Avestan
aži: snake
Persian
ّ ) اژدها،اژدها
eždehâk: serpent ( ضحا
اژدها
POK:43 aži-dahâkô: biting snake aždar: torpedo اژدر
POK:44, KLN:86 BQT:116,1339, PLA:5,190, FSF:43
Indo-European
Spereg: to swell, sprout, jump, begin
Avestan
spareğa: a kind
Pahlavi
sparm: a plant
Persian
esparğam: a plant اس غم
اس غم
پ دن، جوانه زدن، متورم شدن
of sprout
spêg: blossom šâh-esperam: an aromatic plant شاه اس َ َ م
اسفراج:هم
PRT:645, KLN:1481, spring :هم
POK:996,998, OEW:337 SNS:175,177 BQT:1118
SYN:525
Indo-European
Spereg: to swell, sprout, jump,
Persian
esparûd: sparrow (اس ود )اسفرود
اس ود
begin
نما د آب رود پ ش عمان گنجشک
پ دن، جوانه زدن، متورم شدن (ب ازد اسفرود )لغت نامه پ ش شاه
POK:996,998, OEW:337 MON:232, AEF:105, HRN:19, HUB:13 NOTE- These are cognates with the German word "Sperling: sparrow".
Indo-European
Ekwos: horse اسب
Avestan
aspa: horse
Avestan
aspa-asa: horse
Pahlavi
aspast:
Persian
aspast: alfalfa (اس ست )س ست
اس ست
POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819
food horse food, ""غذای اسب
alfalfa س ل و سوسن کجا آمد دست از روضه ای
Indo-European Avestan alfalfa :هم
BQT:1819
Ed: to eat خوردن asa 1: food BQT:119 (اندرو تخم س ست و س و س سن برند )سنائـی
POK:287 POK:287, BQT:44,1624
15
. استاد
Indo-European
Stâ: to stand ا ستادن
Av/Old Pers
sta: to stand, to set
Avestan
ava-stata, hvô-îstâ: standing in front (of students)
Persian
ostâd: teacher استاد
استاد
stâ, stata, šta, šti "آنکه جلو
POK:1008,1009 BQT, HRN
BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008
KLN:1222, POK:1008, SYN:1376, SOD:439
"ا ستاده
Indo-European
Stâ: to stand ا ستادن
Avestan
sta-xra: firm, hard
Persian
estaxr: "firm" استخر
استخر
POK:1008,1009 POK:1009,1011, KLN:1508, HRN:205 HRN, BQT
Indo-European
Ost: bone استخوان
Avestan
ast, ascu: bone
Pahlavi
astag, astak, astuxan: bone
Persian
ast: bone ( )استخوان۲است
استخوان
POK:783 asča: shin bone BQT:124, HRN:20 xastu: core ( )هسته۱خستو
SYN:207, POK:783, KLN:1099 MON
Indo-European
Ekwos: horse اسب
Sanskrit
asva-tara: related to a horse
Pahlavi
astar: mule
Persian
astar: mule اس
اس
""از سل اسب
POK:301 MON:246, BQT:125 MON:246 BQT:125
َ
Indo-European
Stomen: mouth دهان
Avestan
staman: mouth (of a dog)
Persian
astam: mouth (obsolete)
َ
استم
استم
دهان
POK:1035 POK:1035, KLN:1518 HRN:267 .این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد
Indo-European
Es-ti: to be بودن
Avestan
asti: it is
Pahlavi
ast, hast: is
Persian
astan: to be (۱)است اس
اس
is :هم
POK:340,341,342, IEC:254 POK:340, KNT:214, IEC:254, EIV:152 IEC:254, EIV:152, ARN:528 hastan: to be ()هست هس
IEC:250,254, MON:260,345, EIV:152
Indo-European
Stebh: support, stem ساقه، ش ی ا
Avestan
stawra: firm
Pahlavi
stapr, stawr: strong
Persian
ostovâr: firm, an army rank
استوار
POK:1012 POK:1012, BQT:1098, SOD:363
ست:هم
hôstubâr, astô-bâr: firm استوار
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Bher 1: to carry حمل کردن bar: to carry BQT:1098, FVQ:59, MON:261,262 BQT, FVQ, MON
َ ۱استوان
۲ خستو:رج ع شود ه
۲ ُستوان:رج ع شود ه ۲استوان
Indo-European
Stâ: to stand ا ستادن
Latin
stabulum: standing place
Arabic Persian
establ: barn اسط ل
اسط ل
POK:1008,1009 AHD MON MON:266
ُ ُ
Indo-European
Stoigh: to stride, step, rise
Greek
stoixeion: shadow line, element
Arabic
istoqos: element
Persian
ostoqos: substance, strength
ُ ُ
اسطقس
اسطقس
لند شدن،قدم زدن POK:107, AHD TAD:3 MON:266
POK:1017
16
اسطوره
Indo-European
Weid: to see, to know
Greek
histôr: wise
Arabic
ostûreh: historical tale, myth
Persian
ostûreh: myth ( اسطوره )اساط
اسطوره
دا س،د دن NOTE- FVQ:56 & VDQ:113,257 derive this from " "داستان تار
istoria: history Arabic "s.t.r"; from Akkadian "šatarû: to write". MON:225
history :هم
POK:1125 POK:1127, AHD TAD:3, FVQ:56
Indo-European
Ne 1, An 3: no, not
َ
نه
Greek
a-sphallein, asphaltos: "not
Latin French Persian
âsfâlt: "not slippery"
اسفالت
POK:756, KNT:167
slippery", asphalt "سطح غ
Greek اسفالت
AHD "لغزنده
Sphallein: cause to fall, slip افتادن،ل خوردن VOP
NOTE- From an unknown Semitic root
KLN:114, AHD:78
Indo-European
Spereg: to swell, sprout, jump, begin
Avestan
spareğa: a kind of sprout
Greek
asparagos:
Arabic
isferâj: asparagus
Persian
esferâj: asparagus
اسفراج
پ دن، جوانه زدن، متورم شدن
a sprout
اسفراج مارچ ه
PRT:645, KLN:1481, SYN:525 PLA:18
POK:996,998, OEW:337 PLA:18 MON:268, BQT:130
Indo-European
Spongo : fluffy, empty خا، ف
Greek
spongos: sponge
Arabic
isfanj: sponge
Persian
esfanj: sponge اسفنج
اسفنج
WLD2: 621 WLD2: 621 TAD:35 BQT:130, MON:269
Indo-European
Kwen 1: holy مقدس
Avestan
spenta: holy, also an herb
Persian
esfand: an aromatic plant اسفند
اسفند
POK:630 KLN:746, SYN:1476, HRN:210, BQT:121,210 espantâ: holy (اس نتا )س نتا
ARN:342, MON
Indo-European
Kwen 1: holy مقدس
Avestan
spento-dâto: holy creation
Persian
Esfandîyâr: "holy creation" اسفند ار
اسفند ار
POK:630 ""خلقت مقدس
KLN:746, SYN:1476, HRN:210, BQT:121,210 ARN:342, MON
Indo-European Avestan
Dô: to give, create خلق کردن،دادن dâ 1: to give
POK:223 dâtar: giver, God
BQT:121, POK:223,225
Indo-European
Skand 1: to climb, leap پ دن، اﻻ رف
Latin
scâlae: step, ladder
Italian
scalo: platform, wharf
Arabic
iskileh
Persian
eskeleh: wharf اس له
اس له
WLD:540, AHD:1539 WLD:540 TAD:4 MON:271
Indo-European
Sekw: to follow دن ال کردن
Latin
signum:
English
seal, sign
French
assignat:
Russian
assignatsia:
Persian
eskenâs: money bill اسکناس
اسکناس
sign, mark assigned bonds money bill ""سفته
POK:896 AHD ARK:239
AHD
Indo-European
Alek: to ward off, protect دفاع کردن
Greek
alexein: to protect
Arabic
Iskandar
Persian
Eskandar:
اسکندر
POK:32 alex-andros: protector of
"Protector of people" ""حافظ مردم
Indo-European Greek MON5: 144
men اسکندر
Ner 1: vital energy, man مرد، انرژی ح ا andros: man
AHD:1506, KLN:47,856 MON5: 144
POK:765 AHD, KLN:47
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig کندن
Avestan
kan: to dig
Persian
eskeneh: chisel سکنه
ِ ِا
سکنه
ِ ِا
EIV:232, POK:534
Indo-European us-kan: to carve out (wood) EIV:233
Ud 1: up, out, away ب ون،اﻻ
EIV:233
POK:1103
17
. اش
Indo-European
Wes 1 : wet, also male animal حیوان نر،خ س
Av/Old Pers
uš-tra, uštra: camel
Persian
oštor: camel ( اش )ش
اش
POK:1171,1172, IEC:1582 POK:1172 BQT:138
Indo-European
Reuto: intestines, bowels دل و روده
Avestan
uruthwara, uruthwan,
Pahlavi
aškumb: abdomen
Persian
eškam: abdomen, belly (اش م )ش م
اش م
uruthwasča: abdomen, belly
POK:873 SNS:36 SNS:36
POK:874
Indo-European
Snâ: to flow, swim شنا کردن، ا ج ان رف
Avestan
snâ: wash, swim
Persian
ošnân: an alkaline plant used in washing, soap اشنان
اشنان
POK:971 ک ـ ـن ــون اخ ـت ــر ازر ان ــدر گذشـ ــت صابون
Indo-European us-snâ: wash out
Ud 1: up, out, away ب ون،اﻻ ( ه د ان شد و برد اشنان ه دست )فردو
POK:971, KLN:1030, HUB:15
POK:1103 BQT, HRN:176, AEF:118
Indo-European
Kwon: dog سگ
Av/Old Pers
spâ 1: dog
Avestan
spâda, spâtha: army
Persian
esfahân: a city in central Iran
اصفهان
spakâ: dog, also "army" where armies used to gather ""س اه دان
POK:632, KLN:746, BQT:1155 aspa-dâna: army place,
POK:632, KLN:746
Indo-European Avestan Isfahan اصفهان
Dhê 2: to do, set چ دن،انجام دادن dhana: vessel, holder, pot POK:632 BQT:118,1087, HRN:155, POK:632
AHD:1512, POK:235 POK:238
Indo-European
Au: away, off, down ای، دور،جدا
Av/Old Pers
ava 1, aorâ: down
Avestan
ava-pat: fall down
Persian
oftâdan: to fall افتادن
افتادن
POK:72 KLN:132, POK:72 KLN:132, HRN:105, BQT:733 HRN:22, BQT:145,180
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Pet 1: to fly, to fall افتادن،پرواز کردن ptâta, tâta: falling
POK:825, EIV:299 POK:825, HRN:22
Indo-European
Ambhi: around پ امون،اطراف
Avestan
aiwi, abi, aiwiš, ubê: over, above, both
Avestan
aiwi-reg: to
Persian
afrâštan: to raise
افراش
straighten up
POK:34 POK:34
Indo-European Avestan
(افراش )افراز
POK:34
Reg 1: move straight, right مستق م حرکت کردن râsta: right HRN
18
افروخ
Indo-European
Ambhi: around پ امون،اطراف
Avestan
aiwi, abi, aiwiš, ubê: over, above, both
Avestan
aiwi-ruč: to
Persian
afrûxtan: to light up
افروخ
light up
POK:34 POK:34
Indo-European Avestan افروخ
POK:34
Leuk: light, brightness روشنا،نور raočah: light HRN
POK:687, KNT:205 HRN:23,136,140, SYN:470,991, BQT:31
Indo-European
Ambhi: around پ امون،اطراف
Avestan
aiwi, abi, aiwiš, ubê: over, above, both
Avestan
aiwi-sâra:
Persian
afsâr: bridle افسار
افسار
around the head
POK:34 POK:34 HRN
Indo-European Avestan POK:34
Ker 1: head, horn شاخ، sarah, sârah: head
POK:574, KLN:261,657 AHD, POK:574, KLN:261
Indo-European
Kel 1: cold or warm, a year سال،د ا گرم
Avestan
sarethâ: cold
Pahlavi
awsartan: to become
Persian
afsordan: to lose hope اف دن
اف دن
NOTE- This root has two opposing meanings
cold, to lose hope.
POK:551, SYN:1078 POK:551, SYN:1078, BQT
POK:551, SYN:1078 HRN:23
Indo-European
Kwen 1: holy مقدس
Avestan
spenta: holy, also an herb
Greek
apsinthion: an herb
Arabic
afsantîn
Persian
afsantîn: an herb افس ت
افس ت
اسفند:هم
POK:630 KLN:746, SYN:1476, HRN:210, BQT:121,210 KLN:7 TAD:4 MON:316
Indo-European
Ambhi: around پ امون،اطراف
Avestan
aiwi, abi, aiwiš, ubê: over, above, both
Avestan
aiwi-saoka:
Persian
afsûs: regret افسوس
افسوس
burn over
POK:34 POK:34 HRN
Indo-European Avestan
HUB:16
Keuk: to shine, be white درخش دن saoč, sauk, saux: to light up
POK:597 POK:597, HRN:161,165, IRN:128
Old Iranian
Xšarta: to press, squeeze ف دن
Pahlavi
afsârtan, asšârdan: to squeeze
Persian
afšârdan: squeeze, crush ( اف ه،افشاردن )فشار
افشاردن
BLY:75 BLY:75, PHD:5 BLY:75
19
. افشاندن
Indo-European
Ambhi: around
Avestan
aiwi, abi, aiwiš, ubê: over, above, both
Avestan
aiwi-fšân: to
Persian
afšândan: to spread, sprinkle افشاندن
افشاندن
spread around
پ امون،اطراف POK:34 afšûn: rake افشون
Avestan
POK:34
Fšân: spread, sprinkle اش دن،خش کردن HRN:24, BQT:2143, MON:317
HRN:24
Indo-European
Swen, Huan: to sound, call صدا کردن
Avestan
xvan, xwan: to call, sound
Persian
afğân, fağân: loud call, crying
افغان
POK:1046, EIV:144 خواندن:هم
Indo-European Avestan abi-xwan: call loudly, cry فغان،افغان
Ambhi: around پ امون،اطراف aiwi, abi, aiwiš, ubê: POK:1046, EIV:144, ARN:250 MON, EIV:144
over, above, both
POK:34 POK:34
Indo-European
Ambhi: around پ امون،اطراف
Avestan
aiwi, abi, aiwiš, ubê: over, above, both
Avestan
aiwi-kand: to
Persian
afkandan: to throw
افکندن
throw away
POK:34 POK:34
Indo-European Av/Old Pers HUB:16 افکندن
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig کندن kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt out and mound it up, build
HRN
EIV:232, POK:534 POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step قدم زدن
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Old Persian
ham-gmatana,
Persian
ekbâtân: "a gathering place", city of Hamedan
ا اتان
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318 hangmatâna: (a place محل "گرد هم
for) coming together (ا اتان )همدان
Indo-European Avestan " آ
Sem: same همان،هم ham 1: with, also, too BQT:2368, KNT:212 BQT:2368
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
Indo-European
Ksero: dry خشک
Greek
xêros: dry powder, medicine
Arabic
al-iksir: ilixir
Persian
eksîr: elixir اس
اس
POK:625 POK:625, AHD:424 AHD:424 جز قلب ت ه هیچ شد حاصل و هنوز
(اطل در این خ ــال که ا س ـ ـ ـر م ـکــنند )حافظ
MON:331
20
ار
Indo-European
Ker 2, Sker 2: to cut, separate, tear اره کردن،ب دن
Avestan
ha-keret: cut once
Persian
agar: if "cut once" ( هرگز،ا ر )مگر
ار
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155
POK:941, KLN:1432, HRN:188, SYN:321 BQT, HRN, MON, SYN
Indo-European Avestan
Sem: same همان،هم ham 1: with, also, too
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
Turkish
Ul: to go, to step قدم برداش، رف
Turkish
ulak: runner, courier, messenger, donkey
Persian
olâğ: courier, load carrier, donkey اﻻغ
اﻻغ
حمل،"رونده
KLN:857 KLN:857 MON:3334, BQT:157
"کننده
Indo-European
Dema: to tame and domesticate animals اه کردن حیوانات
Greek
daman: to tame, conquer
Pahlavi
almâs: "unbreakable"
Persian
almâs:
الماس
POK:199, KLN:442
"unbreakable" "" شکن
a-damas: unconquerable BQT:159, MON:342
Indo-European Greek الماس
َ AHD
Ne 1, An 3: no, not نه a-,an-: no, not
POK:756, KNT:167 AHD
Indo-European
Mer 2: to rub away, harm, die مردن،فرسوده شدن
Indo-European
Mor-to: mortal man ا سان فا
Avestan
a-mereta, amaša:
Persian
amordâd: "not mortal"
امرداد
POK:735,970, AHD:1529 POK:735,970, AHD:1529
eternal ""نا م ا
(امرداد )مرداد
POK:735,
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:1872,1934,1982-6,
َ BQT, HRN, ZMA
Ne 1, An 3: no, not نه a-, â-, an-: no, not
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167
Indo-European
Anôr: watery, juicy آ دار
Pahlavi
anâr: pomegranate
Persian
anâr: pomegranate انار
انار
MON:4557, IEC:1645
IEC:1645 IEC:1645 NOTE- SKT:360 links this to Sanskrit "Naranga: orange tree"
Indo-European
Bher 1: to carry حمل کردن
Indo-European
Ambhô-Bhor: a two-pronged
Persian
ambor: prongs, tongs, pliers ان
ان
tool for grabbing objects
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107
IEC:19
Indo-European Indo-European IEC:19
Ambhi: around پ امون،اطراف Ambhô: both هردو
POK:34 POK:34
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step قدم زدن
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Avestan
han-jâma: conclusion
Persian
anjâm: conclusion انجام
انجام
POK:463,EIV:98
jam, jantu: to go BQT:166,1451 ETM, FFD
POK:463, KLN:318
Indo-European Avestan
Sem: same همان،هم ham 1: with, also, too
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step قدم زدن
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Avestan
han-jâmana:
Persian
anjoman: society, meeting انجمن
انجمن
coming together
POK:463,EIV:98
jam, jantu: to go ETM, FFD
POK:463, KLN:318 BQT:166,1451
Indo-European Avestan
Sem: same همان،هم ham 1: with, also, too
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
Indo-European
Kwei 2, Ĉai: to pile up ا چ دن روی هم ر خ
Avestan
kay, kaeš, čay, čî 1: to
Persian
anjîdan: to cut up in pieces, pierce انج دن
انج دن
POK:637,EIV
prepare, spread, sprinkle
ه خنج ــر همه ت ش انج ده اند سوراخ کردن
Indo-European Avestan
ham-či:to cut in pieces (برآن خا و خو ش شنج ده اند )ل ـ ـ ـ ــی
Sem: same همان،هم ham 1: with, also, too
POK:902,904 POK:902-904 POK:637,638, BQT:167 POK:637, BQT:167
Indo-European
Teku: to run, flow
Avestan
tak, taka, tač: to run
Avestan
ham-tač,
Pahlavi
handâčak: throw
Persian
andâxtan: to measure انداخ
انداخ
ج ان اف،دو دن POK:1059, BQT:503
ham-tak: to together (like laying a
andâzeh: size اندازه هندسه:هم
throw together yardstick next to
POK:1059, EIV:374 something for ن ا د سخن گفت ناساخته
Indo-European Avestan BQT:128, HRN:27 measurement), measure
Sem: same همان،هم ham 1: with, also, too (نـ ـش ــا د ـ ـ دن ن ـ ـنــداخته )سعدی
BQT
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
BQT
NOTE- this may be related to "Tek, Tač: to reach, receive"
22
۱اندر
Indo-European
En: in, inside داخل
Av/Old Pers
an-tar, an-tare, antara: among, in
Persian
( )اندرون۱اندر
۱اندر
POK:311 POK:311 HRN:27, BRT:132
Indo-European
An 2: other د گر
Indo-European
An-teros: second,
Persian
andar: a suffix meaning step as in step father ۲اندر
۲اندر
POK:37
other, step parent other :هم
Indo-European اندر ، دخ اندر، مادراندر،دراندر
IEC:27
Ter 1: to cross over, surpass, overcome غل ه کردن، عبور کردن
IEC:27, MON:373
POK:1075, KLN:1639
Indo-European
Sem: same همان،هم
Avestan
ham 1: with, also, too
Avestan
han-dareza:
Persian
andarz: advice
اندرز
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
pull together, firm :هم
fortify, advise اندرز
Indo-European Avestan
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to hold firmly, keep, guard حفظ کردن، مح م گرف dereza: to hold BQT:172 BQT, MON,EIV
together, close, tighten
POK:252, EIV:129
POK:252,258
Indo-European
Wê: to blow دم دن
Avestan
antara-vâyu:
Persian
andarvâ: wandering, poor اندروا
اندروا
POK:81
in the wind
که خدمت جز اوکند هم شه بود ک ""در هوا
Indo-European Av/Old Pers POK:81, KLN:1745, ( س ستا ز ـهـر عاق ت خ شـ دل انـدروای )فر
En: in, inside داخل an-tar, an-tare, antara: among, in BQT:170
BQT
POK:311 POK:311
Indo-European
Dheu 3 : to shine درخش دن
Av/Old Pers
dav 2, dû: to wipe, clean
Persian
andûdan: to smear, mix
اندودن
POK:261
Indo-European Avestan han-du, ham-dû: to smear together اندودن
Sem: same همان،هم ham 1: with, also, too POK:261, BQT:172,1008, FFD:32,58 BQT:1008
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
Indo-European
Dheye: to see د دن
Av/Old Pers
dais: to show, think
Pahlavi
handêš: thought
Persian
andišidan: to think
اند ش دن
POK:243 د دن:هم
Indo-European Avestan ham-dais-a: to think FFD:33 اند ش دن
Sem: same همان،هم ham 1: with, also, too POK:243, KNT:191, FFD:33 FFD:33
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
23
. انغوزه
Indo-European
Gwhen 2, Jan: to strike, hurt آزردن،زدن
Av/Old Pers
jatara: resin (obtained by striking a tree trunk)
Persian
žad, žeh, zeh: resin ۳ زه، ژه،ژد
َ انغوزه
POK:492, EIV:222 NOTE- Derivation of "jatara: resin" is not certain ""صمغ ش ن
ang-žeh: sweet resin (انگژه )انغوزه
AHD:1520, AEF:335
Indo-European Avestan MON, BQT
POK:793 POK:793
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ
Avestan
han-kar: to do (consider) all, imagine
Persian
engârdan: imagine (ان اردن )ن اردن
ان اردن
POK:641, EIV:236 BQT:173, HRN:28,232, HUB:39 BQT
Indo-European Avestan
Sem: same همان،هم ham 1: with, also, too
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
Indo-European
Ang: to bend خم کردن
Avestan
angušta: toe, finger
Persian
انگول،۱ انگ،انگشت
انگشت
England :هم
POK:46 KLN:75 MON:392
BQT:178, FSF:51
24
انوش وان
Indo-European
Aus 1: ear گوش
Avestan
ûši: two ears, intelligence, mortal life
Avestan
an-aoša: without a
Pahlavi
anôšak: eternal life
Persian
Anošîravân:
انوش وان
POK:78,785, KLN:126,494 POK:785
mortal life "with eternal spirit" "" ا روح جاو د
anôšak-ruvân: with
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:178, FSF:51 eternal spirit انوش وان
َ
Ne 1, An 3: no, not نه a-, â-, an-: no, not BQT:178 BQT:178, FSF:51
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167
Avestan Pahlavi
Urvan: spirit, soul روح ruvân: spirit
SYN:1088, BQT:967 BQT:967
Indo-European
So: this, that آن،این
Av/Old Pers
ava-hya, awa: he, she
Pahlavi
avâ: he, she
Persian
oû: he, she او
او
that :هم
POK:979 POK:979 BQT:197 BQT, HRN
Indo-European
Ud 1: up, out, away ب ون،اﻻ
Sanskrit
ucca, učča: high, top
Arabic
awja: tip, high top
Persian
owj: top اوج
اوج
out :هم
POK:1103 POK:1104 MON:399 MON:399
Indo-European
Weid: to see, to know دا س،د دن
Avestan
hu-vaeda: well known,
Persian
Avestâ: "well known", the Holy Book of Zoroastrians
اوستا
POK:1125
apparent "معروف و
اوستا
Indo-European Avestan POK:1125, 1126 "ستوده
Su 1: well, good خوب vohu, vahu: good MON, BQT
25
. اه من
Indo-European
Ens: meet with hostile intent مﻼقات ا قصد خصمانه
Avestan
anra, angra: devilish
Avestan
anra-mainyu, ahra-manyu:
Persian
ahrîman: devil
اه من
WLD1: 134 WLD1: 134, BRT:361
evil spirit " ا اف ار
اه من
Indo-European Avestan POK:726, SIN:1179, ETM:35 "خصمانه
Men 1: to think فکر کردن mainyu: spirit, heaven BQT:2083, FSF:36
AHD:1512, POK:235
Indo-European Avestan
An 1: breath دم،نفس ahu, ahura: life, spirit, world
Ansu: spirit, world جهان،روح POK:48, KLN:41,1095, AHD, SNS:6, OEW:9
KLN, AHD, POK:48
Indo-European
I 2 : pronominal stem ر شه س اری از ضم ها
Avestan
itha, itta, aêta-vant: here, there, so, thus, then
Persian
îdar: here ا در
ا در
POK:281, KNT:203 POK:281,285, KLN:763 îdûn: now, such ا دون
BQT, HRN:32
Indo-European
Al 1: beyond, above
Indo-European
Aryo, Ario: Lord, ruler
AV/Old Pers
aria: noble
Avestan
airiyava: helper of Aryans
Persian
Îraj: "helper of Aryans" ای ج
ای ج
اﻻتر،فراتر "" ار آر ای ان
POK:24,67 AHD, POK, IRN:7,28 POK:24, BQT:196, IRN:12, FAF:86 POK:67, BQT:196, IRN:12
POK:24
Indo-European
Al 1: beyond, above
Indo-European
Aryo, Ario: Lord, ruler
AV/Old Pers
aria: noble
Avestan
airya-man: noble
Persian
îrmân: guest ایرمان
ایرمان
اﻻتر،فراتر
mannered, friend, ""میهمان مح م
POK:24,67 AHD, POK, IRN:7,28 guest ا رکشته آ د ه دست تو گرگ
POK:24
Indo-European Avestan POK:24, BQT:196, ( تـ ـاشـی ه روم ا ــرمــا بزرگ )فردو
IRN:12, FAF:86
Men 1: to think فکر کردن manah: mind, manners
POK:67, BQT:196, IRN:12
POK:726 man 1: to resemble
POK:726,727, BQT
Indo-European
Yag: to worship ستا ش کردن
Avestan
yaz: to worship
Persian
Îzad: God ( یزد،ایزد )یزدان
ایزد
POK:501 yazatanam: God BQT, ETM
POK:501, HRN:95,252, KLN:1759
26
ا ستادن
Indo-European
Stâ: to stand ا ستادن
Av/Old Pers
sta: to stand, to set
Av/Old Pers
adi-sta: in
Persian
istâdan: to stand ا ستادن
ا ستادن
standing
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008
ستون, تا ستان, پرستار, استان, استاد:"مثال فرم "ست
Indo-European Old Persian BQT:123, HRN:20,
POK:1008, KNT:210
En: in, inside داخل adi, adyi: in ار ش، شت، فرشته، آش:"مثال فرم "شت ا ش
POK:311 POK:311
BQT, MON
Indo-European
So: this, that
Av/Old Pers
ava-hya, awa: he, she
Pahlavi
avâ: he, she
Persian
îšân: he/she, him/her
ا شان
آن،این šim, šâm: him, her avâ-šâm: plural form used as a sign of respect ا شان this :هم
POK:979 POK:979 BQT:197 BQT, HRN
Indo-European
Bhê: indeed واقعا
Avestan
bâ, bê, beî: indeed
Persian
bî-, be-: prefixes to emphasize verbs ( ب ا،ـ )برو ، ِب ـ
ِب ـ
POK:113, IEC:59, WLD2: 136 POK:113, IEC:59 IEC:59, MON
Indo-European
Pa: to protect, feed
Pahlavi
pâp, Pâpak: father. Suffix -k indicates respect and love.
Persian
bâbâ: father ( ا ک،ا ا ) اب
اا
غذا دادن،حفاظت کردن NOTE- BQT claims these are cognates with Latin "papa". NOTE- The words "bâb" and "bâbû" as a title of در:هم
respect may be from a different root and mixed up father :هم
POK:787,842, SYN:103 BQT:202 with "bâbâ: father". See root "Baba".
NOTE- This has probably started as a nursery word. Compare with the root "Baba". BQT:202, HRN:34, NYB:150, MON:428, AEF:197
Avestan
Apânk: turned backwards, north شمال،ازگشت
Pahlavi
apâxtar: north, north star
Persian
bâxtar: west اخ
اخ
SYN:873 axtar: star axtar: star, fate اخ
SYN:870, BQT:99, FSF:58 NOTE- IEC links "axtar" to "setâreh: star".
NOTE- bâxtar was used to mean "north" in Avestan but now it mean "west" in modern Persian. BQT, FSF
Indo-European
Ak: sharp, also a sharp stone سنگ ت، ت
Av/Old Pers
as, asan: stone
Pahlavi
âs: mill, mill stone
Persian
bâdâs: wind mill
ادآس
POK:18, KNT:173 POK:19, KLN:18, KNT
vât-âs: wind mill ادآس
Indo-European Avestan
Wê: to blow دم دن vâta, vâiti: wind BQT:39,42,43 BQT
27
. ادنجان
Sanskrit
Vatin-ganah: eggplant ادنجان
Persian
bâdengân: eggplant ادن ان
Arabic
badinjan
Persian
bâdenjân: eggplant (ادنجان ) ادمجان
ادنجان
KLN:125, AHD:86 KLN:125, BQT:213, MON:444 badinjan BQT:213, MON:444
KLN:125,165
Old Persian
Batiaxê: a bowl (of wine) (اسه ) اب
Pahlavi
bâtak: wine
Persian
bâdeh: wine اده
اده
HRN:36 AEF:207 bâdîyeh: bowl (of wine) (اد ه ) اط ه
AEF:207
Indo-European
Per 2: to lead or fly across. پرواز ا عبور کردن
Avestan
par 2: there, over there
Pahlavi
bâr 2: shore, edge
Persian
bâr 3: a suffix meaning shore ( )رود ار۳ار
۳ـ ار
pâra 2 : end, shore کنار،ساحل
POK:817 AEF:209
POK:816 AEF:209
Indo-European
Wer 4, Ud 2: water, wet رط ت،آب
Avestan
vâr, wâr, vâra 1: rain
Pahlavi
vârân, vârîtan
Persian
bârân: rain اران
اران
POK:78, AHD:1547,1549, KLN:1732, EIV:406 POK:78, KLN:1682 BQT:218, AEF:209 bârgîn: pond, storage of rain water ارگ
BQT, AEF:209
Indo-European
Wer 3, Werg 2: to cover, enclose محصورکردن،پوشاندن
Av/Old Pers
var 1, vara, vâra 2: cover, wall
Persian
bâru: castle wall (ارو ) اره
۲اره
سـر ــارۀ دژ ُ ــد انــدر ه ــوا دیوار قلعه
POK:1116, IEC:1599 POK:1116, AEF:212, KNT:207
( ند دند جنگ هوا کس روا )فردو
BQT
Indo-European
Bhengh, Banz: to be thick, dense غل ظ،لفت
Avestan
bazah: height, depth
Persian
bâz: distance between stretched hands ۱از
۱از
POK:127 لند ش ا چ خ هم ــاز بود واحد طول
POK:127, KLN:1109
( ست ش ب ش از چهل از بود )اسدی طو
MON,EIV
28
۲از
Indo-European
Wegh: to go, carry حمل کردن، رف
Avestan
vaz: fly
Pahlavi
bâza, bâž: hawk
Persian
bâz: hawk, falcon ( واشه، ) اشه۲از
۲از
دار۲س اندر دوان هفتصد از شاه
POK:1119 vaza 1: a bird, hawk ARN:105
( ار )فردو ا ا واش ــه و چ خ و ش ــاه
POK:1119
BQT, MON
Indo-European
Bheğh: outside, open از،ب ون
Pahlavi
a-pâč: open
Persian
bâz: open ۳از
۳از
گشاده
IEC:69,70, POK:112-113, ARN:140 MON:452 IEC:70
Indo-European
Kwel: to move around,turn
Avestan
car, čâr: to move around, also an open field
Pahlavi
vâ-čar: place to get
Persian
bâzâr: "place of assembly",
ازار
چرخ دن، حرکت کردن BQT:635, FFD:73
together, bazaar bazaar ""محل تجمع
Old Persian
POK:640 (ازار ) ازران
Abâ: to assemble together دور هم جمع شدن
MON, BQT, FFD:73
BQT:218
Indo-European
Weg 2: to be lively, strong
Iranian
vâz, wâz: power,
Pahlavi
vâzîtan: to rise up, be active, play
Persian
bâzîdan: to play از دن
ازدن
largeness or rising.
زنده و قوی بودن bâxtan: to rise up, play bâxtan: to play, also to lose a game اخ
AEF:201, IEC:1499
POK:1117 HUB:22, AEF:201 AEF:201, HUB:22, IEC:1499
Indo-European
Webh: to weave اف
Avestan
ubdaena: woven
Pahlavi
vaf-: to weave
Persian
bâftan: to weave اف
اف
weave :هم
POK:1114 POK:1114 ARN:106 HRN:38, BQT:2461, POK:1114,
ُ ُ
آفدم:رج ع شود ه افدم
ب م:رج ع شود ه ا
لند :رج ع شود ه اﻻ
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3:
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt out
Pahlavi
kandak: a dug-in house
Persian
xâneh: house
Persian
bâlâxâneh: top
اﻻخانه
to dig and mound it up, build َ room, balcony ال ن:مق
HRN:194, BQT:1707, SNS:8,155 (خانه )خن
کندن POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49
HRN:194, BQT, اﻻخانه
EIV:232, POK:534 ZMA:51, MON
Indo-European Avestan Persian
MON:465
Bhergh: high لند،اﻻ bareš, berezant: high bâlâ: up, top اﻻ،لند
POK:140 POK:140, KLN:188, KNT:200, VDQ:36 KLN:148, BQT, FSF:78
29
. الش
Indo-European
Bhel: to swell, blow, grow, overflow
Avestan
baraziš, barašnav:
Pahlavi
bâlîšn, bâlên: pillow
Persian
bâleš: pillow ( الش ) ال
الش
cushion, pillow belly :هم
ر ز شدن ، رشد کردن، دم دن، ورم کردن SNS:98 POK:125, SNS:98, ARN:108
POK:120-158, ARN:124 POK:125
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt
Pahlavi
kandak: a
Persian
xâneh:
Persian
bâlâxâneh:
Persian
bâlkon: balcony ال ن
ال ن
out and mound it up, build dug-in house house top room,
کندن balcony NOTE- through Italian &
POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, HRN:194, HRN:194,
EIV:232, POK:534 French
BQT:1707, BQT, ZMA:51, اﻻخانه
Indo-European Avestan Persian
MON:467
Bhergh: high لند،اﻻ bareš, berezant: high bâlâ: up, top MON:465
Indo-European
Werd: raised point نقطه برجسته
Pahlavi
vard: wart
Persian
bâlû: wart الو
الو
ای عشق ز من دور که بر دل همه رن زگ ل
Wordos: wart, frog قور اغه، زگ ل ARN:109
wart :هم
(ه ـ ـم ـچ ــو ز ــر چ ــشم ـکـی مح م ال ــو )شا ر خارائـی
IEC:1577, POK:1151
IEC:1577, MON:467, FRS:201
Indo-European
Bhâ 1: to shine درخش دن
Avestan
bama, bâ, bâmya: bright
Persian
bâm: morning ( ) امداد۱ام
۱ام
صبح
POK:104 POK:104, SOD:97 BQT:227
Indo-European
Wes 3: to wear, put on پوش دن
Avestan
vah, vahna,vanhna, vasta: cover, clothes
Persian
bâm 2: shelter, house, roof (۲ ) ان۲ام
۲ام
سقف
POK:1172 POK:1172, KNT:219, ARN:62 AEF:230
Indo-European
Wekw: voice
Av/Old Pers
vak, vačah, vaxš:
Old Persian
wâk: to speak
Pahlavi
vang: call, loud
Persian
vang 2: call, crying ۲َونگ
انگ
word, voice, sound sound, crying
صدا wânk: call, called bâng: call, loud sound انگ
POK:1135 POK:1135 ETM:61 BQT:229 ETM, BQT
Indo-European
Wel 1: to wish, desire آرزو کردن
Avestan
var 2, ver 1, varena: to wish
Avestan
upa-var: in belief
Persian
bâvar: belief اور
اور
POK:1137 POK:1137
will :هم
HRN:41,65,71,72,73 BQT
Indo-European
Upo: to, from below از ای،سوی
POK:1106, KLN:1105
Indo-European
Wes 1 : wet, also male animal حیوان نر،خ س
Persian
bâh: sperm, sexual drive اه
اه
POK:1171,1172, IEC:1582 IEC:1495,1525,1582, MON:470
Indo-European
Bhru 2: beam, log ت و الوار چو
Avestan
bâru: large stick
Persian
bâhû: large stick, club اهو
اهو
شکنم له ه اهوی هجا و دشنام گرز
POK:173, ARN:111 POK:173, ARN:111
bridge :هم
( زآنکه آن لۀ شوم ازدر اهوست مرا )سوز
ARN:111
30
اد
Indo-European
I 1: to go رف
Old Persian
ay: to move
Pahlavi
upâyat:
Persian
bâyad: must
اد
have to, must
POK:293,501, KLN:825
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
upâ-aitiy, upâ-ay-a: ought اد
to AEF:234, FFD:35
Upo: to, from below از ای،سوی upa, upâ: to, toward AEF:234
POK:293, FFD:35
POK:1106, KLN:1105 POK:1106, KLN:1105
Indo-European
Baba: baby words, indistinct speech. الفاظ نا مفهوم،از لغات اول ه کودک
Indo-European
Barbarah: unclear speech, people who
Persian
baba: baby َب َ ه
َب َ ه
speak a foreign language. چه
OEW:22, AHD:1507, POK:91 ARN:113
OEW:22, AHD:1507, POK:91 baby :هم
NOTE- These words may be related to the root "Pa: to protect, feed".
Sogdian
Pwt: Buddha, also used to mean an idol ت،بودا
Pahlavi
bôt: idol
Persian
bot: idol (ُ ت )بتکده
ُت
NOTE- SLW: 94 claims this word has a Chinese / Indian root. NOTE- See "Bheu 3" for another possible root.
BQT
SOD:332, SLW:94 MON:472, BQT:234, SLW:94
Indo-European
Bheu: to exist, grow رشد کردن،بودن
Avestan
bûiti, buiti daevo: name of a demon
Persian
bot: idol (ُ ت )بتکده
ُت
encouraging idolatry NOTE- See "Pwt" for another possible root.
POK:146
BQT:223, SYN:1503, POK:146 MON:472, BQT:234
Indo-European
Bheğh: outside, open از،ب ون
Indo-European
Bheğh-iks: outside, excluding ه جز، ه اس ثنای، خارج
Persian
bejoz: except, excluding جز
جز
IEC:69,70, POK:112-113, ARN:140 IEC:69,70, POK:112-113, ARN:140 IEC:70, MON:473
Indo-European
Wet: year, also referring to things with few years
Iranian
vasa: one year old,
Pahlavi
vhat-čak, cačak: one year
Persian
bačeh: child, baby ّچه
ّچه
(young) or many years (old) young child old, child
BQT:237, HRN:26
موجود چند ساله،سال HRN:43 HRN:43, HUB:26
POK:1175, OEW:441
Indo-European
Bhag: to share out, to enjoy
Av/Old Pers
baxto-dâta: one who is given a good
Persian
baxšîdan: to give, share ( خت ار،۱خش دن ) َ خت
۱خش دن
fortune, lucky
bâj: toll, tax ( ) اژ۱اج عطا کردن
لذت بردن،خش دن
bax-ta: that which is given, fate
ز د ـ ـ ـن ـ ــار ــر ک ــرده ده چ ــرم گــاو
POK:107, IEC:61 POK:107, KNT, KLN:169
( سه ساله فرستاده شد اژ و ساو )فردو
BQT:203,239, AEF:198,241, ETM:61, FFD:35
Av/Old Pers
Xšad: to forgive خشودن
Av/Old Pers
apa-xšad-a: to forgive
Pahlavi
abaxšay,
Persian
baxšîdan: to forgive
۲خش دن
FFD:35, EIV:450 abaxšâyîd خشودن
FFD:35 (خشودن ) خشودن
Indo-European Avestan FFD:35
Apo: off دور،جدا ap 2, apa: off, away, to FFD:35, EIV450
Indo-Scythian
Vata: small, undesirable, bad د، نا سند،کوچک
Iranian
vata: bad
Pahlavi
vat: bad
Persian
bad 1: bad َد
َد
ISS:223 ISS:224 ISS:224 vad: bad َود
HRN:44, BQT, MON:4993
Indo-European
Per 3: oppose, hit
Avestan
paiti 2: counter,
Pahlavi
paitiš, pat, pêš: in front of,
Persian
bod, bed 2: (suffix) leader ( م د، ه د، ِ د )سپه د،ُ د
ُد
مقا ل،مخالف
back before, leader ره،پ شوا
BQT
POK:815-818 POK:815 BQT:440
Indo-European
Upo: to, from below از ای،سوی
Indo-European
Uper: over, above, beyond
Avestan
upairi: above,
Pahlavi
apar: on, over,
Persian
abar: super َابر
۲َبر
POK:1106, KLN:1105
over, beyond more than
bar 2: over ۲َبر
اﻻ
POK:1105, KLN:1105
POK:1105, KLN:1105 HRN
NOTE- See "Bhergh: high" for another possible root. BQT:79
Indo-European
Bher 1: to carry حمل کردن
Indo-European
Bhra-ter: carrier of load
Avestan
brâ-tar: carrier of
Persian
barâdar: "load or responsibility
برادر
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107
or responsibility family carrier of family", brother brother :هم
Indo-European
POK, SYN:103-107 KLN, SYN:103-107
برادر
Ter 2, Tar: a kinship term سوند گروه ا فام ل BQT
PRT:863, AHD:1500
Indo-European
Baba: baby words, indistinct speech.
Indo-European
Barbarah: unclear
Greek
barbitos: foreign
Pahlavi
barbut: a
Persian
barbat: a musical instrument
ب ط
speech, people who speak people or objects. stringed musical
الفاظ نا مفهوم،از لغات اول ه کودک a foreign language. instrument ب ط
OEW:22
OEW:22, AHD:1507, POK:91 OEW:22, AHD:1507, POK:91 BQT:249, MON:497 MON:497
32
َبرده
Avestan
Vareta: slave برده
Pahlavi
vartak 1: slave
Persian
bardeh: slave َبرده
َبرده
BQT:253 BQT:253, HUB:26 HUB:26, BQT:253
Indo-European
Bher 2: to cook خ
Old Persian
braij: to cook, fry
Pahlavi
brištag: roasted
Persian
berešteh: roasted, toasted (برشته )ب ان
برشته
POK:137 POK:137, BQT:270, HRN:47 SNS:103, BQT:270 berîjan: baking oven ب َجن
MON, BQT, AEF, FFD
Indo-European
Wep: to throw, spray ? اش دن؟،پرتاب کردن
Avestan
vafra: snow
Pahlavi
vafr
Persian
barf: snow برف
برف
POK:1149 POK:1149 POK:1149 POK:1149, AEF:258
Indo-European
Bhel: to swell, blow, grow, overflow
Avestan
bara-: branches
Pahlavi
varg, valg: leaf
Persian
barg: leaf, page, sustenance
برگ
bloom :هم
ر ز شدن ، رشد کردن، دم دن، ورم کردن Varekahe, Varaka: leaf BQT:260, AEF:259 ( ل ه، برگ ) ل
POK:120-158, ARN:124 SNS:281, SYN:525, POK:123 MON:571, AEF:259, ARN:124
Indo-European
Kost: bone, rib, side of anything کنار هر چ ی، دنده،استخوان
Pahlavi
kost: side
Persian
bargostovân: armor
برگستوان
POK:616, AHD:1524
(worn to protect the sides) زره "حافظ
uparô-kušta-pâma:
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
protection for the sides برگستوان "پهلوها
Upo: to, from below از ای،سوی upa, upâ: to, toward
POK:1106, KLN:1105 POK:1106, KLN:1105 BQT:1643, AEF:261 BQT
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Pa: to protect, feed غذا دادن،حفاظت کردن pa: to guard
POK:787,842, SYN:103 HRN:41,72, KLN:114, AHD:1532 NOTE- AHD claims that this may be related to the root "Ost: bone".
Indo-Scythian
var: to cover
Pahlavi
varm: container, reservoir
Persian
barm: reservoir, pool َبرم
َبرم
استخر، آ گ
ISS:234 ISS:234 ISS:234, MON:511
Avestan
Berenža: brass برنز
Persian
berenj 1: brass ۱برنج
Latin
boronzium: brass
Italian
bronzo
French Persian
bronz: bronze برنز
برنز
HRN:48 HRN:48 PRT:60, KLN:203 PRT:60, MON
Indo-European
Weren: lamb بره
Av/Old Pers
varnak: lamb
Pahlavi
varrak: lamb
Persian
barreh: lamb ّبره
ّبره
POK:1170 POK:1170 POK:1170, BQT:268 BQT, POK:1170, HRN:192,
Indo-European
Nogw: naked ع ان
Avestan
mağnâ: naked
Pahlavi
brahnak: naked
Persian
berehneh: naked برهنه
برهنه
POK:769 POK:769, KLN:1026, SYN:325 ISS:256 ISS:256, MON:517
NOTE- See "Bûnai: naked" for another possible root.
Indo-Scythian
Bûnai: naked ع ان
Avestan
mağna: naked
Pahlavi
brahnak: naked
Persian
berehneh: naked برهنه
برهنه
BQT:1555 ISS:256 ISS:256 ISS:256, MON:517
NOTE- See "Nogw: naked" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Bher 1: to carry حمل کردن
Av/Old Pers
bar: to carry
Pahlavi
burtan: to carry away
Persian
barîd: mail carrier َب د
َب د
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128 BQT:253 POK, BQT, AEF
NOTE- PLA, TAD and AFM claim "barîd" is from Pahlavi "burtan". BQT, MON and AKD claim it is from Latin "veredus: carrier".
Indo-European
Bher 3: to cut, pierce سوراخ کردن،ب دن
Avestan
brây: to cut
Pahlavi
brîdan: to cut
Persian
borîdan: to cut ( ب ل،ب دن ) ُبر
ب دن
bore :هم
POK:133, 166, ARN:127 HRN:49, BQT:270 SNS:105 POK:133, BQT:270, HRN:59
Indo-European
Bhugo: male animal of various kinds حیوان نر
Avestan
buza, bûza: buck, goat
Pahlavi
buc, bûž: goat
Persian
boz: goat ُبز
ُبز
buck :هم
POK:174 POK:174, AEF:272 BQT:271, AEF:272
34
بزرگ
Indo-European
Weg 2: to be lively, strong
Iranian
vâz, wâz: power,
Old Persian
vazraka: large
Pahlavi
vajarg, bazurk: big
Persian
bozorg: large بزرگ
بزرگ
زنده و قوی بودن
largeness or rising. vigor :هم
POK:1117 HRN BQT:272, POK:1117
POK:1117 AEF:201, IEC:1499
Indo-European
Bhag: to share out, to enjoy لذت بردن،خش دن
Indo-European
Bhag-los, Bhag-mos: enjoyment, feasting
Pahlavi
bazm: feast
Persian
bazm: feast بزم
بزم
POK:107, IEC:61 IEC:61 MON:523 MON:523, IEC:61
Indo-European
Wek: to wish, desire خواس،آرزو کردن
Old Persian
vas: to wish, desire
Pahlavi
vas: enough
Persian
bas: enough, sufficient (َ س ) سنده
َس
POK:1135, KNT:207 vašna: will, desire vas-yâr: plenty besyâr: plenty, many س ار
KNT:207 MON:537, KNT:207, KNT:207, BQT:276, MON:537
Indo-European
Puk 1: bundled together
Avestan
pusâ: crown made of bundled twigs
Pahlavi
pusag: crown
Persian
pasâk: crown of flowers ( َ سا ) َ سا
َ سا
and flowers
ز ز ور همه غرق در س م و زر تاج ل
بهم سته شده pusâ-ka: garland, crown
MON:779
POK:1175,1176
Indo-European
Bhendh: to bind, fasten
Av/Old Pers
basta: bundled up, fastened
Persian
bastan: to tie, close س
س
bind :هم
س ham-basta: tied together, interwoven, spider web anbast: tied together, dense, coagulated ان ست
POK:127 anfast: spider web انفست
POK:127, AEF:160, HUB:18
که خ ط شمس گردون شه شا
(بود بر طاق ایوان وی انفست )شمس فخری
KLN, BQT, AEF
Indo-European
Bhergh: high
Avestan
bareš, berezant:
Avestan
bareša: high on top (of a
Sogdian
bnš: mane
Persian
faš: mane
َ
(فش ) َ ش
َش
لند،اﻻ
high horse neck), mane
َ ش و ال اس ان کران تا کران ال
SOD:104
35
. بغ
Indo-European
Bhag: to share out, to enjoy لذت بردن،خش دن
Av/Old Pers
baga, bağa: distributor of good fortune, God
Persian
bağ, fağ: God, goddess فغ،بغ
بغ
POK:107, IEC:61 POK:107, KNT, KLN:169 BQT, MON, POK, TZF
خشنده
NOTE- Henning derives "bağ" from Sogdian (SLW:94).
Turkish
Boqčâ: linen for wrapping clothes in it غچه
Persian
boqčeh: bundle, pack غچه
غچه
MON:551 MON:551,555
Indo-European
Bhag: to share out, to enjoy
Av/Old Pers
baga, bağa: distributor of good fortune, God
Persian
Bağdâd: God-given (city), Baghdad غداد
غداد
لذت بردن،خش دن "خدا داد" ا
POK:107, KNT, KLN:169 NOTE- Henning derives "bağ" from Sogdian (SLW: 94).
POK:107, IEC:61 TAD: 12 derives "Bağdâd" from Persian "bâğ-e-dâd: "" اغ عدالت
Indo-European Avestan garden of justice".
Indo-European
Bhag: to share out, to enjoy
Av/Old Pers
baga, bağa: distributor of good
Persian
bağ-stân: location or mountain of gods
غستان
لذت بردن،خش دن
fortune, God ""جا اه خدا
ب ستون، فغستان،غستان
POK:107, IEC:61 POK:107, KNT, KLN:169
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT, MON, POK, TZF
Stâ: to stand ا ستادن sta: to stand, to set
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008 NOTE- Henning derives "bağ" from Sogdian (SLW:94).
Avestan
Apânk: turned backwards, north
Pahlavi
apâxtar: north,
Pahlavi
bâxtri, bâxr, balx: a city north
Persian
balx: an ancient city in Iran famous
لخ
north star of the ancient Iran for its rose-red ruby gems.
شمال،ازگشت
SYN:870, BQT:99, MON5: 275, BQT:297
( دخشان،لخ ) لخش
SYN:873
MON5: 247
Aramaic
Busmâ: perfume عطر
Hebrew
bâsam: spice,
Greek
balsamon: balsam
Arabic
bašam: perfume
Persian
balsâm: any resinous plant لسام
لسام
balsam :هم
َ شام
balsam plant plant
TAD:12, KLN:144 balšam: balsam plant bašâm: seed of a balsam plant
KLN:144 KLN:144 TAD:12, MON:567 MON:540,567
برگ:رج ع شود ه ل ه
Indo-European
Bhergh: high لند،اﻻ
Avestan
bareš, berezant: high
Persian
bâlâ: up, top اﻻ،لند
لند
آرزو:هم
POK:140 POK:140, KLN:188, KNT:200, VDQ:36 KLN:148, BQT, FSF:78
Indo-European
Bheru: to boil, bubble جوشاندن
Persian
balvâ: tumult لوا
لوا
NOTE- MON: 575 claims this is from an Arabic root
AHD:1510, POK:132,143, IEC:116
IEC:116, MON: 575
Sanskrit
Bêlûr: an Indian city famous for its crystal نام شهری در هند
Greek
beryllos: crystal
Arabic
bolûr: crystal
Persian
bolûr: crystal ُ لور
ُ لور
KLN:166, AHD:126 AHD:126, KLN:166 MON:575 MON:575
Indo-European
Bhê: indeed واقعا
Avestan
bâ, bê, beî: indeed
Persian
baleh: yes له
له
POK:113, IEC:59, WLD2: 136 POK:113, IEC:59 IEC:59, MON
NOTE- MON derives "baleh & balî" from Arabic while IEC claims they are Indo-European
Indo-European
Bamb: bang, rumble غرش،ه صدای
Persian
bam: bass, low َم
َم
POK:93, IEC:53,92 IEC:53,92, MON:578 NOTE- MON derives this word from Arabic but IEC claims it is Indo-European
36
۱ُبن
Indo-European
Bhun: base, bottom ای، ا ه
Avestan
bûnô, bûnâ: base
Pahlavi
bun, bun-dât: base
Persian
bon: base, foundation, house ( )ب اد۱ُبن
۱ُبن
foundation :هم
POK:174, IEC:124 POK:174 BQT:304, AEF:288 boneh: house, nest, shelter ُبنه
چوس م غ را چه شد گرسنه
( ــه ــرواز ــر شــد دمــان از بنه )فردو
BQT:304, BRT:968, NYB:50, AEF:288,290
Indo-European
Wen: to wish, desire
Avestan
vanâ: woods, tree (hunting place)
Pahlavi
van: tree
Persian
van: tree َ ) َون
(نارون
۲ـ ُبن
عﻼقه ه ش ار،آرزو کردن bon: tree, tree stump ( ) ل۲ُبن
۱ ُبن:مق
WLD1: 259 WLD1: 259
POK:1146, OEW:434 WLD1: 259, AEF:287
Indo-European
Beu 1: root of muffled sounds ر شه صداهای خفه
Avestan
bučahin, buxti: howl, yell
Persian
bû-tîmâr: a bird of heron family بوت مار
بوت مار
POK:97 POK:97 IEC:116
Indo-European
Bheudh: to be aware, enlighten روشن ساخ، آ اه بودن
Sanskrit
bûdhati: he awakes
Persian
budâ: Buddha بودا
بودا
POK:150 bûdha: wise, aware BQT:313
AHD
Indo-European
Bheu: to exist, grow رشد کردن،بودن
Av/Old Pers
bûta, bav: to exist, become
Pahlavi
bw: to be
Persian
bûdan: to be بودن
بودن
be :هم
POK:146 POK:146, BQT:111 EIV:17 POK:147, BQT:111,314, MON:603, AEF:293
37
. بور
Indo-European
Bher 4: bright, brown
Avestan
bowra, bawraini, bawri: brown
Persian
bûr: brownish red, red horse, flushed from embarrassment بور
بور
animal, beaver
قهوه ای،روشن bûreh: borax, white بوره
POK:136, KLN:158
ـ ـ ــاز ـ ــد چ ـنـ ـ ال گـ ــردی ـ ــزور
POK:136
( ب فشارد ک دست بر شت بور )فردو
BQT:231,314,315, MON:601, AEF:295
Indo-European
Baud: to feel, sense
Avestan
baod: sense
Pahlavi
bwd: perception, sense
Persian
bûs: kiss بوس
بوس
EIV:15 EIV:15 EIV:15 EIV NOTE- see Bu: lip, kiss" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Beu 2: to swell, blow دم دن،ورم کردن
Latin
bûcina: trumpet, horn
Aramaic
bucina: horn
Arabic
bûq: horn
Persian
bûq: horn بوق
بوق
POK:98 AHD BQT:318 BQT:318
Indo-European
Beu 1: root of muffled sounds ر شه صداهای خفه
Pahlavi
bûm 1, buf: owl
Persian
bûm: owl ( )بوف۱بوم
۱بوم
جغد
POK:97 MON:606, ARN:136 POK:97, ARN:136
Indo-European
Bheu: to exist, grow رشد کردن،بودن
Av/Old Pers
bûmî: earth
Pahlavi
bûm 2: earth
Persian
bûm: earth, country ۲بوم
۲بوم
زم
POK:146 POK:146, BQT:111, KNT:200 AEF:298 POK, BQT, MON, AEF
Indo-European
Bheu: to exist, grow
Av/Old Pers
bûmî: earth
Pahlavi
bûmahan: earthquake
Persian
bûmmahan: earthquake بوم َهن
َ بوم َهن
َ
بومـ ـه ــن ن مشب ــرآمد ـ ـ زلزله
رشد کردن،بودن bûmî-mathan: earthquake AEF:298
( تو گفتـی زمـ ـن دارد از لــرزه تب )اسدی طو
POK:146 POK:146, BQT:111, KNT:200
POK, BQT, MON, AEF
IEC:98, MON:607
۲ بوی:رج ع شود ه ب ه
Indo-European
Su 1: well, good خوب
Avestan
hu 1,vahu: good
Pahlavi
veh, bêh: good
Persian
beh, bah: good ه
َه
خوب
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037, SYN:1176, KLN:169, 401 ARN:138 BQT, MON, ZMA:19
Indo-European
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف
Avestan
paiti 2: counter, back
Pahlavi
pad, pa: to, toward
Persian
be[h]: to, toward ه
ه
عل ه
POK:815-818 POK:815 HRN:33, AEF:190 AEF:190,191
38
ه
Indo-European
Upo: to, from below از ای،سوی
Av/Old Pers
upa, upâ: to, toward
Pahlavi
pat, pa, pad: to, toward
Persian
beh: to, toward ه
ه
جهت
POK:1106, KLN:1105 POK:1106, KLN:1105 HRN:33, AEF:190,191 MON:605, AEF:190,191
Indo-European
Wes 2: to buy خ دن
Pahlavi
vah-âk: value
Persian
bahâ: value بها
بها
vendor :هم
POK:1173, OEW:440, AEF:302 AEF:302 AEF:302, FSF:91
Indo-European
Bhag: to share out, to enjoy لذت بردن،خش دن
Sanskrit
bhağa: good fortune
Mongolian Persian
bahâdor: hero
بهادر
POK:107, IEC:61 HJB:49 ب گ:هم
bhaga-dhara: holder of happiness, بهادر
Indo-European Sanskrit brave
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to dhar: to hold, keep BQT, MON
hold firmly, keep, guard AHD, HJB:49, KLN:140
POK:252
حفظ کردن، مح م گرف
POK:252, EIV:129 NOTE- HJB:49 claims "bhaga-dhara" may be from Persian "faghpoor"
Indo-European
Aus 2: to shine درخش دن
Indo-European
Wes 5: spring
Avestan
vasar, vasri: spring
Pahlavi
vahâr: spring
Persian
bahâr: spring بهار
بهار
Ausus: dawn س ده دم KLN:1702 vanri, vanhâr: spring HRN:56 POK:1174, KLN:1702
POK:86, KLN:495 POK:1174
Indo-European
Wes 3: to wear, put on پوش دن
Old Persian
vahâna: cover
Pahlavi
vahânak: hidden reason, excuse
Persian
bahâneh: excuse بهانه
بهانه
POK:1172 HUB:32, AEF:305 HUB:32 AEF:305
Indo-European
Wer 3, Werg 2: to cover, enclose محصورکردن،پوشاندن
Avestan
varethra: defender, also
Pahlavi
varhrâm:
Persian
bahrâm: "demon
بهرام
POK:1116, IEC:1599
name of a demon victorious killer", a male name ""دیو کش
Indo-European Avestan
Gwhen 2, Jan: to strike, hurt žata, jan., jaiti: to hit, varethra-jan: demon killer BQT:324 بهرام
harm, bite
آزردن،زدن BQT
POK:492, EIV:222 POK:492, HRN:204, BQT:324, POK:1116
FFD:25
Indo-European
Bhag: to share out, to enjoy لذت بردن،خش دن
Avestan
baxadra: interest, something given
Persian
بهره
بهره
POK:107, IEC:61 BQT:251,324, SNS:96 barx: interest ( َب خ )بر
چند نا ز چ خ تو ای دا
( که ایزد َ دی دادت از چ خ ب خ )اسدی طو
BQT, SNS:96
Indo-European
Su 1: well, good خوب
Avestan
hu 1,vahu: good
Persian
behešt: "best"
بهشت
POK:1037, KLN:548
""به ن
vah-išta: best (place), heaven بهشت
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Isto: most or last سوند صفت عا išta: a superlative suffix POK:1037, SYN:1176, KLN:169, 401 BQT, MON, ZMA:19
KLN:35 KNT:191,202
Indo-European
Su 1: well, good خوب
Avestan
vohu, vahu: good
Avestan
vahu-man: well mannered
Persian
Bahman: "well mannered"
بهمن
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1174 ""خوش مرام
POK:1037, SYN:1176, KLN:169, 401 بهمن
Indo-European Avestan mind :هم
Men 1: to think فکر کردن manah: mind, manners BQT, MON, ZMA:19
39
.
Indo-European
Weidh: to select, separate جدا کردن،انتخاب کردن
Avestan
vaêc: sift
Pahlavi
wêz: sieve
Persian
bîxtan: to sieve بخ
بخ
POK:1128, EIV:407 EIV:407 EIV:407 parvîzan: sieve پرو زن کردن ال
NOTE- see "Weik: to shake, swing" for another possible root EIV:407
Indo-European
Weik: to shake, swing تاب دادن،لرزاندن
Avestan
vaêc: sift
Pahlavi
wêz: sieve
Persian
bîxtan: to sieve بخ
بخ
parvîzan: sieve پرو زن کردن ال
POK:1130 EIV:407 EIV:407
س اه شد ک ش محمود
(ـ ــزی د ــد ســر بر خا راه )عطار خا
NOTE- see "Weidh: to select, separate" for another possible root EIV:407
Indo-European
Wei 1: to bend, turn, twist
Avestan
vay: twist
Pahlavi
vêt: willow
Persian
bêd: willow tree بد
بد
vaêiti: willow tree willow :هم
تا اندن،خم کردن vîsag, vîsak: wooded area bîšeh: grove, woods ب شه
varaša: tree
POK:1120 MON:58, SNS:287, BQT:338, ISS:42 BQT, SNS, ISS
KLN:1749, ISS:42
Indo-European
Ger 3: to awaken ب دار کردن
Avestan
gar 1: to wake up
Pahlavi
vîgrâs: to awaken
Persian
bîdâr: awake ب دار
ب دار
POK:391, EIV:173 POK:391, EIV:173
wiğrâd: awake MON:621, EIV:173
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite POK:391, EIV:173
Indo-European
Bhag: to share out, to enjoy
Av/Old Pers
baga, bağa: distributor of good fortune, God
Avestan
bağa-puthra: son
Persian
fağpûr: "son of God", title of
ب دخت
لذت بردن،خش دن of God, title of respect respect ""دخ خدا
POK:107, KNT, KLN:169
POK:107, IEC:61
bağa-dugdâr: فغفور
Indo-European Avestan daughter of God, Venus
Pôu: small, young جوان،کوچک pu 1, pu-thra, puthra: son, child Bîdoxt: "daughter of God"
HJB:49, BQT:333,1494
POK:842 POK:842
Indo-European Indo-European Avestan ب دخت
Dheugh: to milk ش دوش دن Dhugh-tar: dugeda, duğdâr: HJB, BQT, TZF
POK:271,277, WLD:847,868 milker (of the daughter (milker)
Indo-European family), daughter
KLN:404, POK:277,
Ter 2, Tar: a kinship term POK:277, WLD:868
سوند گروه ا فام ل
PRT:863, AHD:1500 NOTE- Compare "Dheugh: to milk" with the root "Dhê 1: to suckle milk"
Indo-European
Dâ 1: to divide, cut in pieces قطعه قطعه کردن، تقس م کردن
Sanskrit
dâtra: sickle
Pahlavi
dâs: sickle
Persian
bî-das-tar: beaver. An animal that
ب دس
POK:175 POK:175, BQT:904 BQT:813
cuts trees "without sickles" "" داس
Indo-European Old Persian Pahlavi َ
ب دس
Bheğh: outside, open از،ب ون bhe: without bê: without
POK:175, BQT:333,813
IEC:69,70, POK:112-113, ARN:140 POK:112-113 ARN:140
40
ب ست
Indo-European
Dekm: ten عدد ده
Av/Old Pers
saiti, sat: a suffix meaning multiples of ten
Persian
bîst: twenty ب ست
ب ست
POK:191 vi-saiti: (two) separate tens BQT
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
thri-sat: three times ten
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite
čatvare-sat: four times ten
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
POK:191
Indo-European
Dwo: two عدد دو
Avestan
dva, duva: two
Pahlavi
vêš: more
Persian
bîš: more بش
۲ب ش
biš: more two :هم
POK:230, BQT:337 BQT:337
POK:230, KLN:440,1669, SOD:145
Indo-European
Me 1: to measure اندازه گرف
Indo-European
Med: to take appropriate measures, to cure
Avestan
vi-mad: care
Pahlavi
vîmâr:
Persian
bîmâr: sick
ب مار
giver, physician patient
POK:703, 731 POK:705 ب مار
Indo-European Av/Old Pers POK:705, SYN:307
BQT:340, HRN:59
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
Indo-European
Bhôi: to fear ترس دن
Sanskrit
bhay: to fear
Persian
bîmeh: insurance ب مه
ب مه
POK:161
bhî-ma: dreadful MON:633
AEF:320 NOTE- IEC: 723,1562 links this word to root "Weid: to see"
Indo-European
Dheye: to see د دن
Old Persian
dî, dây, wai, vâe: to see
Pahlavi
vên-âk, vên-âg: one sees
Persian
bînâ: one who sees ب نا
ب نا
POK:243
vâe-na, vaina: observer BQT:340 BQT, SNS:291, AEF:80
KNT:191, AEF:322, FFD:55
Indo-European
Nas, Nâs: nose بی
Avestan
nâh,vaenâ, vaênâ: nose
Pahlavi
vênîk, bênîk: nose
Persian
bînî: nose بی
بی
nose :هم
POK:755, AEN:145 AEF:323, Pok:755 AEF:323 BQT:341
Indo-European
Wedh 1: to marry ازدواج کردن
Avestan
vadhu, vadû: marry
Persian
bayûg: bride ( بیو،بیوگ )بیوک
بیوگ
bayûgânî: marriage بیو ا عروس
POK:1115 POK:1115
شاد اش، س گرا، س ع زم wedding :هم
( انــدر ا ــن خــانــه ـســان نـو ـ ــوک )رود
BQT:342, FRS:160, AEF:264, EIV:201
Indo-European
Weidh: to select, separate جدا کردن،انتخاب کردن
Avestan
vidhavâ: separated, widow
Persian
bîveh: widow بیوه
بیوه
widow :هم
POK:1128, EIV:407 POK:1127 BRT:1443
Indo-European
Per 3: oppose, hit
Avestan
paiti 2:
Persian
pa -, pâ -: a prefix indicating opposition ،countering or facing off پـ
پـ
counter, back
مقا ل،مخالف , ش مان, پژوه دن, پژمان, پره, پره خ, ذیره, ذیرف, پ اره, اسخ, ادزهر, ادافراه, اداش:مثال
POK:815
پیوس, پ مودن, پ مانه, پ مان, پ کر, پ ان, پ ار, پ غام, پ غاره, پ شوا, پ شا, پ ش, پ ام،پ اله
POK:815-818
BQT
Indo-European
Pod: foot ا
Av/Old Pers
pâd, pad, pada: foot, step
Pahlavi
pay, pây: foot
Persian
pâ: foot ( ای، ِ ،ا ) ای
ا
foot :هم
POK:790, ARN:148 KLN:1112 ARN:148 BQT, HRN
Indo-European
Pô, Pe: to drink نوش دن
Sanskrit
pâtila: a large drinking vessel
Persian
pâtîl: a large liquid container ات ل
ات ل
POK:839, EIV:289 POK:839 MON:643
Indo-European
Dô: to give, create خلق کردن،دادن
Avestan
dâ 1: to give
Pahlavi
dâtan: to give
Persian
pâdâš: reward اداش
اداش
POK:223 BQT:121, POK:223,225
paiti-dâhišn: reward, given back BQT, FSF, SNS
Indo-European Avestan
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف paiti 2: counter, back NYB:56, HRN:61,115
POK:815-818 POK:815
Indo-European
Perk 1 : to ask پرس دن
Avestan
fras: to ask
Pahlavi
pâtî-frâs:
Persian
pâdafrâh: punishment
ادافراه
POK:821
punishment پرس دن:مق
Indo-European Avestan paiti-frasna: interrogation, ادافراه
punishment BQT:206,385
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف paiti 2: counter, back
BQT, AEF:205, ETM:62
POK:821, SNS:141, AEF:205
POK:815-818 POK:815
42
ادزهر
Indo-European
Gwhen 2, Jan: to strike, hurt آزردن،زدن
Av/Old Pers
jathra: poison
Persian
zahr: poison زهر
ادزهر
POK:492, EIV:222
Indo-European paiti-jathra: anti-poison pâdzahr: antitoxin ادزهر
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف
AHD:1520, AEF:335 BQT:1047
POK:815-818
Indo-European
Pa: to protect, feed غذا دادن،حفاظت کردن
Av/Old Pers
pa: to guard
Av/Old Pers
paiti 1, patiy: protector
Persian
pâdešâh: protecting king
ادشاه
POK:787,842, SYN:103 HRN:41,72, KLN:114, AHD:1532
paiti-xšathra: protecting ادشاه
Indo-European Av/Old Pers king
Ksei 1: to be able, qualify, rule xšača: king, ruler BQT, KLN, FSF, TZF
POK:842, HRN:41, KLN:144,157,
فرمانروا کردن،قادر و شا سته بودن xša-thra, xšathra: "having a AHD:1532
king", kingdom
POK:626, KLN:272 POK:626, KNT:181
Indo-European
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون
Avestan
paurva, parô, para, parâ: former,
Persian
pâr: earlier َپ َرندوش، ارسال،ار
ار
earlier
POK:810 parîr: yesterday پ روز،َپ ر
Indo-European Avestan
parô-ayare: last day داد اسخ که برکوه و دشت چن
Ayer: day, morning ayare: day
صبح،روز prô-ayare: yesterday
POK:810,813,815, HRN:61, AEF:376 ( سواری پرندوش بر من گذشت )فردو
POK:12, AHD:1507, OEW:3 POK:12, AEF:376 BQT, AEF, ZMA:55
Old Persian
Parth, Parti: the name of a tribe in Khorâsân who rose to power and pushed the Greeks out of
Persian
pârt: an ancient Iranian dynasty
ارت
Iran in 250 BC.
ارت
. ق ل از م ﻼد از ایران ب ون راند250 نام قب له ای در خراسان که ه قدرت رس د و یونا ها را در سال
pahlov: a Parthian, a strong and brave hero
Parthava, Partia: the province of Parths in N.E. of the Persian Empire. ( پهلوی، )پهل ُ د۱َپهلو
.ق ام اتوری ارس استان ارت در شمال BQT, MON, FSF:117
KNT:196
Indo-European
Perd, Pers: speck, spot, sprinkle ل ه
Medit
parnas, pard: spotted animal
Sanskrit
pardâku: panther
Persian
pard: panther ۲ ارس،ارد
ارد
leopard :هم
POK:823, IEC:1003, EIV:298 PRT:349, IEC:998,1003 PRT:349, KLN:1129 palang: leopard لنگ
HRN:72, SKT:372, BQT
Old Persian
Pârsa: name of an Aryan (Indo-European) tribe who migrated to Persia (Iran) about 4000
Persian
Pârs, Fârs: Persia فارس،۱ارس
۱ارس
years ago.
Pâsârgâd: home of the Pârs people اساراد
سال پ ش ه جنوب ایران مهاجرت4000 نام ک قب له آر ا )هند و ارو ا ( است که حدود
NOTE- Pâsârgâd was also name of an early Iranian tribe.
.کرد
KNT:196 BQT, MON5: 322, IRN:63
Indo-European
Spek: to look, examine
Avestan
spasyeiti: to observe, watch, wait on (serve)
Pahlavi
spâs: to serve, wait on
Persian
sepâs: appreciation
اس ان
spy :هم
کردن برر، ن اه کردن spas, spasânô: guard, watcher pâsbân: guard, police ( اس ان،س اس ) اس
POK:984 POK:984 HRN:154, SNS:117 BQT:1086, SNS:117, ARN:151
Indo-European
Eueguh, Wegwh: to speak solemnly موقرانه صح ت کردن
Old Persian
aok: to speak
Persian
pâsox: response
اسخ
POK:348
Indo-European Avestan paiti-aok: counter speech, response اسخ
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف paiti 2: counter, back TZF:29 TZF:29
POK:815-818 POK:815 NOTE- See Root "Kâs: to command" for another possible derivation
Indo-European
Kâs 3: to direct, command فرمان دادن،هدا ت کردن
Av/Old Pers
sâs, sâh: command
Pahlavi
passaxv, pasux:
Persian
pâsox: answer
اسخ
answer سخن:مق
POK:533, WLD1: 358 sâxvan, sâsnâ: instructions, teachings اسخ
Indo-European Avestan BQT:354,1573,
Per 3: oppose, hit paiti 2: paiti-sahva: return of speech, answer BQT, HRN:160, MON,
counter, back FSF:99
مقا ل،مخالف POK:533, BRT:1574, SYN:1338, BQT:354
POK:815
POK:815-818 NOTE- see root " Eueguh: to speak solemnly" as another suggested root for "pâsox: answer"
Indo-European
Persna: heel اشنه
Avestan
pâšna: heel
Pahlavi
pâšnak: heel
Persian
pâšneh: heel اشنه
اشنه
POK:823 POK:823 BQT:355
Indo-European
Perd, Pers: speck, spot, sprinkle ل ه
Avestan
pareš: drip
Persian
pâšîdan اش دن
اش دن
POK:823, IEC:1003, EIV:298
paršuya: of water IEC:1003, MON:665
IEC:1003, POK:823
Indo-European
Peu: to purify ا کردن
Avestan
pûttika, pâvaka: pure, clean
Pahlavi
pavak, pâk: clean
Persian
pâk: clean ا
ا
pure :هم
POK:827 HRN:62, ARN:152 ARN:152 ARN:152
Indo-European
Leu: to smear, make dirty کث ف کردن،مال دن
Av/Old Pers
rû, râu: to be dirty
Pahlavi
pâlutan (pat-lutan): to
Persian
pâlân: a straw-filled saddle
اﻻن
filter, protect against dirt
POK:681 FFD:26 اﻻن
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:58,358, HRN:10,62,
Pa: to protect, feed غذا دادن،حفاظت کردن pa: to guard AEF, FFD
Indo-European
Leu: to smear, make dirty کث ف کردن،مال دن
Av/Old Pers
rû, râu: to be dirty
Pahlavi
pâlutan (pat-lutan): to
Persian
pâlûdeh: clean, also
الوده
filter, protect against dirt name of a dessert
POK:681 FFD:26
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:58,358, HRN:10,62,
فالوده،الوده
Pa: to protect, feed غذا دادن،حفاظت کردن pa: to guard
AEF, FFD
POK:787,842, SYN:103 HRN:41,72, KLN:114, AHD:1532
44
الونه
الودن :رج ع شود ه الونه
الودن :رج ع شود ه ۱ال دن
Indo-European
Pôl : to touch, feel حس کردن،لمس کردن
Persian
pâlîdan: to touch a surface in search of something ۲ال دن
۲ال دن
لمس کردن
POK:847 POK:841, MON, ARN:154
feel :هم
Indo-European
Pa: to protect, feed
Av/Old Pers
pa: to guard
Av/Old Pers
paiti 1, patiy: protector
Persian
pâyîdan: to watch ای دن
ای دن
feed :هم
غذا دادن،حفاظت کردن HRN:41,72, KLN:114, AHD:1532 POK:842, HRN:41, KLN:144,157, AHD:1532 bân: a suffix meaning protector ( )در ان۱ان
POK:787,842, SYN:103 BQT, KLN, FSF, TZF
Indo-European
Skabh: to support حما ت کردن
Avestan
skambem: support
Persian
pečkam: roof on columns, porch
ِچ م
POK:916, EIV:344
خانه تا ستا
Indo-European Av/Old Pers upa-skambem: support, (ِ چ م ) ش م
pillar
Upo: to, from below از ای،سوی upa, upâ: to, toward POK:916, BQT:410, MON:798, FRS:183
POK:916, SOD:152
POK:1106, KLN:1105 POK:1106, KLN:1105
Indo-European
Pekw: to cook
Avestan
pax, pač, pačaiti: to cook
Pahlavi
puxtag: cooked
Persian
poxtan: to cook, bake ( َپز،خ ) َپ دن
خ
cook :هم
خ -pâka: a suffix referring to the cook. paz: cook bâ, vâ: suffixes for cook or cooking ( شور ا، ـ وا )نانوا،ـ ا
POK:798 POK:798, BQT:370, SYN:336, FFD:40 SNS:137, FFD:40 BQT:370, AEF:195, IEC:920
Indo-European
Pa: to protect, feed غذا دادن،حفاظت کردن
Indo-European
Pa-ter: protector/
Avestan
pi-tar: protector of
Persian
pedar: "protector of family", father
در
POK:787,842, SYN:103
feeder of the family family
ــدر ""حافظ خانواده
Indo-European
POK, SYN:103-107 KLN, SYN:103-107 BQT
Ter 2, Tar: a kinship term سوند گروه ا فام ل
PRT:863, AHD:1500
Indo-European
Rem: to rest اس احت کردن
Avestan
râman: quiet, restful
Persian
pedrâm: "pleasant", also
درام
POK:864
could be "rebellious" " آرام،"آراسته
Indo-European Avestan paiti-râman: well arranged, pleasant
درام
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف paiti 2: counter, back POK:864, KLN:1335, SYN:841, AEF:351 BQT, HRN, AEF, FAF, FFD
POK:815-818
POK:815 NOTE- The name Pedrâm could mean both against calm and having calmness.
45
. ذیرف
Indo-European
Ghrebh 1: seize گرف
Av/Old Pers
grab: to grab
Persian
gereftan: to grab, take (گرف )گرو
ذیرف
POK:455
grab :هم
Indo-European Avestan paiti-grab: accept pazîroftan: accept ذیرف
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف paiti 2: counter, back POK:455, SOD:237 BQT, EIV:121
POK:815-818 POK:815
Indo-European
Er, Ar 2: to set in motion, excite بر انگ خ،ه حرکت در آوردن
Av/Old Pers
ar, ra: to move
Persian
pazîreh: to challenge an enemy, fight ذیره
ذیره
POK:327, EIV:165 ذ ــره ش ــدش دیو را جنگجوی ه ن د طلب دن
Indo-European Avestan pati-ara: challenge,
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف paiti 2: counter, back fight ( س ه را چوروی اندرآمد ه روی )فردو
HRN, BQT, FSF, FFD
POK:815-818 POK:815 POK:327, BRT, FSF:105
Indo-European
Pel 1: to fill پر کردن
Avestan
par 1, perana: full
Persian
por: full ُپر
ُپر
POK:799, EIV:299
full :هم
Indo-European Avestan ham-par: to fill together, store anbâr: storage ( ان ار )ان اش
Sem: same همان،هم ham 1: with, also, too POK:799 BQT, FFD:31
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
Indo-European
Parn, Porno: wing, feather ال،َپر
Avestan
parena: feather, wing
Pahlavi
parr: wing, feather
Persian
par: feather (َپر )پ دن
َپر
POK:850, EIV:297 POK:817,850 POK:850, EIV:297 BQT:397, EIV:297
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig کندن
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt out and mound it up, build
Avestan
para-kan:
Persian
parâkandan: to
پرا ندن
spread around spread around
EIV:232, POK:534 POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49
Indo-European Avestan POK:491, HRN:194 پرا ندن
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون pairi, pari: around, forward
BQT, FFD:26
POK:810 POK:244,810
Indo-European
Tep: to be warm گرم بودن
Avestan
tap 2, tab: warm, glowing
Avestan
para-tab: shine
Persian
parto: light rays (Bqt:378) پرتو
پرتو
forward, light ray
POK:1069 POK:1069, KLN:1589 BQT, HRN
Indo-European Avestan BQT:49,453,1252,1958
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون pairi, pari: around, forward
POK:810 POK:244,810
Indo-European
Kwei 2, Ĉai: to pile up ا چ دن روی هم ر خ
Avestan
kay 2, kaeš, čay, čî 1: to prepare
Persian
parčîn: fence
پرچ
POK:637,EIV پرچ چ دن:مق
Indo-European Avestan čayeiti, činvaiti: selects, sorts
POK:637, BQT,
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون pairi, pari: around, forward pairi-čayeti: set around, surround HRN:204, AEF
Indo-European
Teku: to run, flow ج ان اف،دو دن
Avestan
tak, taka, tač: to run
Avestan
pairi-tak: to run
Persian
pardâxtan: to do, set to do پرداخ
۱ پرداخ
POK:1059, EIV:374 POK:1059, BQT:503
around انجام دادن
Indo-European Avestan BQT:380, HRN:66
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون pairi, pari: around, forward
POK:810 POK:244,810 NOTE- Teku may be related to "Tek, Tač: to reach, receive"
46
۲ پرداخ
Indo-European
Tek, Tač: to stretch the hand, reach, receive در افت کردن،دست دراز کردن
Pahlavi
par-daz-: to accomplish,
Persian
pardâxtan: to pay
۲ پرداخ
pay
POK:1057, EIV:374
Indo-European Avestan پرداخ
EIV:374
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون pairi, pari: around, forward EIV:374
POK:810 POK:244,810 NOTE- Teku may be related to "Tek, Tač: to reach, receive"
Indo-European
Paita: to spread, make flat پهن کردن
Iranian
partaka: flap of cloth, curtain
Pahlavi
pardag: curtain, veil
Persian
pardeh: curtain پرده
پرده
POK:805, IEC:918, CEL2: 3 IEC:918 PHD:64
Indo-European
Dheigh: to form out of clay, to knead clay or dough
Avestan
daeza: wall,
Avestan
pairi-daeza: with walls
Persian
pardîs: paradise پرد س
پرد س
درست کردن ا خا رس ا خم
fortification around it (garden) "محصور ه
جال، ال،فردوس
POK:244, KNT:191, CEL3: 203 POK:244 POK:244 "دیوار
Indo-European Avestan BQT:359, 1455: MON: 680
Indo-European
Stâ: to stand ا ستادن
Av/Old Pers
sta: to stand, to set
Avestan
par-šta: [stand around], worship,
Persian
parastîdan: worship
پرس دن
serve
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008 (پرس دن )پرستار
Indo-European Avestan
par-šti: "stand up", back pošt: back شت
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون pairi, pari: around, forward
BQT, HRN
POK:810 POK:244,810 KLN:1222, POK:1008, SYN:1376, SOD:439
Old Persian
Fra-sanga: a distance of about five kilometers فرسنگ
Pahlavi
farsang
Persian
farsang: a distance of about 5 kilometers (فرسنگ ) َپرسنگ
َپرسنگ
HRN:182 BQT:1462 farsax: Arabic pronunciation of "farsang" فرسخ
MON:743,2517, BQT:1462
Indo-European
Perk 1 : to ask پرس دن
Avestan
fras: to ask
Pahlavi
porsitan: to ask
Persian
porsîdan: to ask پرس دن
پرس دن
prs-sa, pere-sa: to ask ادافراه:مق
POK:821 BQT:206,385 BQT, AEF:205, ETM:62
POK:821, SNS:141, AEF:205
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ
Avestan
pairi-kara: go (draw)
Persian
pargâr: compass پرار
پرار
POK:641, EIV:236
around, a compass ""پ امون ن ار
Indo-European Avestan BQT
BQT:173, HRN:28,232, HUB:39 perimeter :هم
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون pairi, pari: around, forward
POK:810 POK:244,810 NOTE- HUB:39 is not sure about the derivation of "pargâr"
Indo-European
Mêlg, Marz?: to wipe off, rub, milk دوش دن، ا کردن،لمس کردن
Avestan
pairi-marz:
Persian
parmâsîdan: to touch, feel
۱َپرماس دن
POK:722, EIV:180, 269
to touch around
پرماس،۱پرماس دن ،لمس کردن
Indo-European Avestan
POK:722, FFD:77, سودن
آنکه او ن ض خ ش شناسد
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون pairi, pari: around, forward EIV:180
POK:810 POK:244,810
( چه پرماسد )سنا ن ض د گر ک
BQT:262,387, EIV:180
47
. ۲َپرماس دن
Indo-European
Me 1: to measure اندازه گرف
Avestan
pairî-mâ-: to know
Persian
parmâsîdan: to know
۲َپرماس دن
POK:703, 731 ۲َپرماس دن دا س
EIV:256
Indo-European Avestan
EIV:256, BQT
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون pairi, pari: around, forward
POK:810 POK:244,810
Indo-European
Wegh: to go, carry حمل کردن، رف
Avestan
vaz: fly
Persian
parvâz: flight پرواز
پرواز
POK:1119
Indo-European Avestan pairi-vaza: fly around BQT, MON
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون pairi, pari: around, forward POK:1119
POK:810 POK:244,810
Indo-European
Pelpel: butterfly پروانه
Pahlavi
parvânak: butterfly
Persian
parvâneh: butterfly پروانه
پروانه
NOTE- it is a vocal imitation of sound (onomatopoeia)
ARN:164 ARN:164, BQT
ARN:164
Indo-European
Werg 2, Warz: nourished, strong قوی،تغذ ه شده
Avestan
varez-: strength(ening)
Pahlavi
par-war-: to
Persian
parvardan: breed, raise
پروردن
foster, nurture
POK:1169, EIV:422 EIV:422
Indo-European Avestan
پروردن
EIV:422
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون pairi, pari: around, forward EIV:422
POK:810 POK:244,810
NOTE- ARN:164 derives this word from the Indo-European root "Pa: to feed, protect"
Indo-European
Leigh 2, Raič: to leave ترک کردن
Avestan
paiti-raeč:
Pahlavi
par-hêxtan,
Persian
parhîxtan : to avoid
پره خ
POK:669, EIV:307
avoid, leave pahrêzišn: to avoid پره کردن
Indo-European Avestan ( پره خ )پره
POK:669, FFD:72, BQT, HRN:141,203, FVQ:46,
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف paiti 2: counter, back SOD:11 SNS:115 POK:669, BQT, AEF:373
POK:815-818 POK:815
Indo-European
Bhâ 2: to speak, heal درمان کردن،صح ت کردن
Av/Old Pers
bišazka: healer, doctor
Pahlavi
bešazak: doctor
Persian
pezešk پزشک
پزشک
POK:105
baešaza: doctor, medicine AEF:237,EIV BQT:399,EIV
NYB:48, POK:105,EIV
Indo-European
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف
Avestan
paiti 2: counter, back
Avestan
paiti-man: to think against
Persian
pažmân: regretting پژمان
پژمان
POK:815-818 POK:815
(an earlier action), regret ش مان
Indo-European Avestan pašîmân: regretting ش مان
HRN:68-88, BQT:400-445
Men 1: to think فکر کردن manah: mind, manners BQT, HRN
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT
Indo-European
Mer 2: to rub away, harm, die مردن،فرسوده شدن
Avestan
mar.2: to die
Persian
pažmordan:to fade, wither
پژمردن
POK:735,970, AHD:1529
Indo-European Avestan paei-mar: to fade, پژمردن
wither
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون pairi, pari: around, forward EIV:265
POK:810 POK:244,810 EIV:265
Sanskrit
Parvan: knot گره
Avestan
paurvatâ: mountain range
Persian
pažvâk, pežvâk: echo پژوا
پژوا
Parvata: knotty, rugged ناهموار،پر گره ""صدای کوه
BQT:345,399,401
SYN:26
Indo-European Av/Old Pers paurvatâ-vac: sound of
mountains, echo
Wekw: voice صدا vak, vačah, vaxš: word, voice, sound
POK:1135 POK:1135 SYN:26, BQT:401
Indo-European
Weid: to see, to know دا س،د دن
Avestan
vaeda, vîdada: I know
Avestan
paitiš-vaêd: to search for
Persian
pažuhîdan: search
پژوه دن
POK:1125 POK:1125, 1126
Indo-European Avestan POK:1121, AEF:379, HRN:70 پژوه دن
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف paiti 2: counter, back AEF:379
POK:815-818 POK:815
Indo-European
Apo: off دور،جدا
Indo-European
Pos: after, behind
Av/Old Pers
pasča, pasca, pasâ: after, behind
Persian
pas: later, after (س ) س انداز
س
POK:53 POK:841, AHD:1506 POK:842 HRN:70, BQT:403, IEC:29
سا
َ :رج ع شود ه َ سا
Indo-European
Pet 1: to fly, to fall افتادن،پرواز کردن
Av/Old Pers
ptâta, tâta: falling
Avestan
patta: fallen, low, inferior
Persian
past: low, inferior ۱َ ست
َ ست
POK:825, EIV:299 POK:825, HRN:22 AEF:382, HUB:41 AEF:382
Indo-European
Pais: crush, grind خرد کردن
Avestan
pišant: crushing, grinding
Persian
pest: flour, crushed roasted wheat ۲ِ ست
ِ ست
ب ــاورد ج ــامــی ز ــاقـوت زرد آرد
WLD2: 1, EIV:292 pîštra: flour
( د )فردو پر از شکر و ِ ست ا آب
WLD2: 1, EIV:292
HUB:42, MON, EIV:292
Indo-European
Pestêno: breast ستان
Avestan
fštâna: breast
Persian
pestân: breast ستان
ستان
POK:990 KLN:1513, POK:990 POK:990, BQT:405
49
. سته
Pahlavi
Bistak: pistachio سته
Persian
pesteh: pistachio سته
سته
PLA:210, AHD:998
Indo-European
Pek: wool, to pluck wool شم کندن،شم
Avestan
pasu, pašman: wool
Persian
pašm: wool شم
شم
Peku: woolly animals, cattle, property دارا، احشام،حیوانات پر شم fšu: cattle چ ان:هم
POK:797, SNS:123,125
POK:797 POK:797
Old Persian
Pârsa: name of an Aryan (Indo-European) tribe who
Greek
persis:
Latin
malus persica:
French
pêches: peach
Persian
pešmelbâ: ice cream made with
شمل ا
migrated to Persia (Iran) about 4000 years ago. Persia Persian apple (peach) the "Persian apple" (peach) " ست س ب
pêches melba:
نام ک قب له آر ا )هند و ارو ا ( است که حدود SYN:377 peach ice cream شمل ا " ار
. سال پ ش ه جنوب ایران مهاجرت کرد4000
VOP:120 VOP:120
KNT:196
Indo-European
Seiku, Haič: to flow, moisten خ س خوردن،جاری شدن
Avestan
fra-šaêkam:
Persian
pašanjîdan: sprinkle شنج دن
شنج دن
spilling ْ خ ساندن:هم
OEW:340, POK:893, EIV:127 ه خنجر همه ت ش انجـ ـ ده اند
Indo-European Avestan POK:893
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون pairi, pari: around, forward (بر آن خا و خو ش شنج ده اند )ل ـ ـ ـ ــی
POK:810 POK:244,810 AEF:391, MON:799, EIV:127
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Indo-European
Tenu: thin
Avestan
pešô-tanu: with
Persian
Pašûtan: "with condemned body" شوتن
شوتن
condemned body "" ا دن محکوم
POK:1064,1067 AHD, POK HRN, BQT
POK:1069, BQT:411,515
Indo-European
Plou, Blou: flea ک
Pahlavi
pakhšag: mosquito
Persian
pašeh: mosquito شه
شه
flea :هم
POK:102, ARN:171 ARN:171 ARN:171, BQT:411
50
اه
Indo-European
Upo: to, from below از ای،سوی
Av/Old Pers
upa, upâ: to, toward
Avestan
upa-gâh: to time, morning
Persian
pegâh: early morning اه
اه
POK:1106, KLN:1105 POK:1106, KLN:1105 HRN:41,65,71,72,73 BQT
Indo-European
Pod: foot ا
Sogdian
pd: foot
Persian
pal: heel َل
َل
هم شه کفش و لش را کف ده ب نم من اشنه
POK:790, ARN:148 SOD:270,273
( )معرو جــای کفـش و ل ــش دل کف ده ا س
SOD:270, FRS:173, SLW:98
Indo-European
Per 2: to lead or fly across. پرواز ا عبور کردن
Avestan
peretu: bridge
Pahlavi
puhl: bridge
Persian
pol: bridge ُل
ُل
ford :هم
POK:817 POK:817, KLN:1220 SNS:137 BQT:414
Sanskrit
Pulâka: ball of rice (گوله برنج ) لو
Persian
polo: cooked rice لو
لو
KLN:1185 KLN:1185, HJB:710, MON:810
Indo-European
Dhê 2: to do, set چ دن،انجام دادن
Avestan
paiti-dâma:
Pahlavi
pa-dâm, panum: a cloth
Persian
panâm: a protective
پنام
AHD:1512, POK:235
protection for mouthpiece worn to protect mouthpiece دهان بند
the holy fire
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:169,418, پنام
Pa: to protect, feed pa: to guard
MON:813
غذا دادن،حفاظت کردن HRN:41,72, KLN:114, AHD:1532
POK:787,842, SYN:103
Indo-European
Pa: to protect, feed غذا دادن،حفاظت کردن
Av/Old Pers
pa: to guard
Av/Old Pers
pa-nâh: protecting help, shelter
Persian
panâh: shelter پناه
پناه
POK:787,842, SYN:103 HRN:41,72, KLN:114, AHD:1532 HRN:72 BQT
Indo-European
Nâ: to help مک کردن
POK:754
Indo-European
Penkwe: five پنج
Avestan
panca: five
Persian
panj: five پنج
پنج
POK:808 pancâsas: fifty panjâh: fifty پنجاه
POK:808 BQT:419, MON
Indo-European
Pent: to go, pass گذر کردن، رف
Av/Old Pers
pant, panta, path, pathi, pathâ: way, path, advice
Persian
pand: advice پند
پند
path :هم
POK:808 POK:808, KNT:195 BQT:422
Indo-European
Peg: breast ستان
Sanskrit
pakša: breast, wing
Hindustani
pankâ: a curtain used to fan a room
Persian
pankeh: fan پنکه
پنکه
POK:792 AHD AHD, KLN:1272 MON:824
Indo-European
Peî: sap, fat چر، ش ه
Avestan
payah: milk
Persian
pînû: dried whey, sour milk پ نو
پن
POK:793 paêman: mother's milk panîr: cheese پن
POK:793 MON, BQT, SNS
Indo-European
Peud: to press, hasten عجله کردن،فشار آوردن
Old Iranian
paud, paud-a: to run
Pahlavi
pôy: to run
Persian
pû: running ( ت اپو،پو )پ ا
پو
POK:998, EIV:302 pûyîdan: to walk fast پ دن
دو دن
FFD:44 FFD:44
پ و:رج ع شود ه پ ک
Indo-European
Opop: a bird sound پرنده صدای نو
Persian
pupu: a bird with tall crown and long beak (پ و )پ ک
پ و
POK:325 POK:325, BQT:424
Indo-European
Pel 3: dust, flour آرد، خا
Latin
pollen: dust
French
poudre: dust, powder
Persian
pûdr: powder پودر
پودر
POK:802 AHD AHD:1024 MON:827
Indo-European
Wes 3: to wear, put on پوش دن
Av/Old Pers
apa-vasta, pavasta, pastô: outer
Pahlavi
pôst: skin, bark, cover
Persian
pûst: skin, hide پوست
پوست
cover, skin, bark
POK:1172
SNS:410, SNS:139 BQT:427, AEF:410, MON:830
Indo-European
BRT:904, AEF:410, KLN:1223, KNT:196
Apo: off دور،جدا
POK:53
Indo-European
Peua: to decay, rot
Avestan
pu 2, pav, puyeiti: to decay
Pahlavi
pûsîtan: to rot
Persian
pûsîdan: to rot پوس دن
پوس دن
foul :هم
پوس دن،فاسد شدن pûtay, pûiti: rotten pûdag, pûtak: rotten pûdeh: rotten پوده
POK:848 POK:849, SNS:137 POK:849, SNS:137 BQT:425,429, FFD:44, BLY:73
Indo-European
Pu: to blow, swell ورم کردن،فوت کردن
Persian
pûk: empty پوک
پوک
POK:847 POK:847, HRN:75
Indo-European
Gwel 2: to pierce سوراخ کردن
Greek
obolos: nail, nail-shaped Greek coins
Persian
pûl: money پول َ
پول
فلس:مق
POK:470 POK:470, KLN:1068 BQT:428
پو:رج ع شود ه پ ا
پو:رج ع شود ه پ دن
پ ه:رج ع شود ه ِه
52
پهل ُ د
ارت :رج ع شود ه پهل ُ د
Indo-European
Perk 2: rib, chest س نه،دنده
Avestan
paresu, peresu: rib, side
Pahlavi
pahlûg: side
Persian
pahlû: side ۲َپهلو
۱پهلو
POK:820 POK:820 SNS:114 AEF:415
Indo-European
Pet 2: to spread خش شدن
Avestan
pathana, perethu: wide
Persian
pahn: wide َپهن
َپهن
POK:824 POK:824 BQT:433
Indo-European
Gwer 3: to swallow قورت دادن
Avestan
gar 3: to swallow, devour
Avestan
pati-gâra: a cup "for drinking"
Persian
pîâleh: cup پ اله
پ اله
POK:474 POK:474, KNT:199 KNT:199 KNT:199
Indo-European Avestan
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف paiti 2: counter, back
POK:815-818 POK:815 NOTE- MON lists "pîyâleh" as a cognate of Greek "piâle"
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step قدم زدن
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Avestan
paiti-gama: come
Persian
payâm: message (پ ام )پ غام
پ ام
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318
forth (with a message) ام:مق
HRN:11, BQT
Indo-European Avestan
POK:463
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف paiti 2: counter, back
POK:815-818 POK:815
Indo-European
Pel 2: pale, gray خا س ی،مرنگ
Avestan
pouruša, parya: gray, old
Persian
pîr: old, aged, spiritual leader پ
پ
POK:804, IEC:977 POK:807 BQT:436
Indo-European
Ar 1: to fit together جور و درست کردن
Avestan
râd: right, correct, proper
Persian
pîrâstan: to trim (add or cut)
پ اس
POK:55 pati-râd: to trim around (پ اس )پ ا ه "پ امون "آراس
Indo-European Avestan order :هم
NOTE- EIV:196 derives this from BQT, AEF, FFD
Per 1: around, forward. pairi, pari: around, forward the root "Reg 1: straight"
پ ش،پ امون POK:244,810 WLD:74, POK:56
POK:810
Indo-European
Per 1: around, forward.
Avestan
pairi, pari:
Persian
pîrâmûn: perimeter پ امون
پ امون
پرواز, پروار, پرار, پرس دن, پرستار, پرد س,۱ پرداخ, پرچ, پرتو, پرا ندن:"مثال فرم " َپر ـ
around, forward
پ ش،پ امون
POK:244,810 َ
فروخ, فرهنگ, فرمان, فرشته, فرستادن, فرزن, فرزانه, فردین, فرجام, فرامرز, فراز, فرا:"مثال فرم "فر ـ
POK:810
HRN, BQT
53
. پ اهن
Indo-European
Yôs: to gird, belt دور چ ی را پوشاندن، مر س
Av/Old Pers
yâsta, yânhaeiti: belted
Persian
pîrâhan: shirt پ اهن
پ اهن
POK:513 جامه:هم
Indo-European Avestan pairi-yân: shirt EIV:210
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون pairi, pari: around, forward POK:513, KLN:1770, SYN:434,
POK:810 POK:244,810 EIV:210
Indo-European
Yôs: to gird, belt
Av/Old Pers
yâhma: cover,
Pahlavi
yâmak:
Persian
pâ-jâmeh:
English
pajamas
French Persian
pîjâmeh:
پ امه
clothes clothes pants, pajamas pajamas
دور چ ی را پوشاندن، مر س NOTE- through
ETM:63
POK:513, KLN:1770,
POK:513 SYN:434, EIV:210 HUB:49, اجامه Hindustani پ امه
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT AHD, KLN MON:868,902
Pod: foot ا pâd, pad, pada: foot, step
POK:790, ARN:148 KLN:1112
Indo-European
Peig: to mark عﻼمت گذاری کردن
Avestan
paes, paeš: to decorate, mark
Persian
pîseh: black and white markings پ سه
پ سه
POK:794 POK:794, SYN:1284, SNS:143 pîsî: a disease identified with markings on skin پ
BQT:440, 443, MON:904, HRN:80
Indo-European
Per 3: oppose, hit
Avestan
paiti 2: counter,
Pahlavi
paitiš, pat, pêš: in front of,
Persian
pîš: front, ahead ( پ شوا، پ ش )پ شا
پش
مقا ل،مخالف
back before, leader pre - :هم
BQT
POK:815 BQT:440
POK:815-818
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف paiti 2: counter, back NYB:157, HRN:80, SYN:628, EIV:237
POK:815-818 POK:815
54
پ ان
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig کندن
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt out and mound it up, build
Avestan
paiti-kan: front
Persian
paykân: arrow
پ ان
digger, arrow tip tip
EIV:232, POK:534 POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49
Indo-European Avestan POK:491, HRN:194 پ ان
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف paiti 2: counter, back
BQT, FFD:26
POK:815-818 POK:815
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ
Av/Old Pers
paiti-kara: form
Persian
paykar: body, statue پ کر
پ کر
POK:641, EIV:236
against (like) something ""ش ه
MON, FFD
Indo-European Avestan NYB:157, HRN:80, SYN:628,
Per 3: oppose, hit مقا ل،مخالف paiti 2: counter, back EIV:237
POK:815-818 POK:815
Egyptian
Elu-ephas: elephant فل
Aramaic
pîlâ: elephant
Persian
pîl: elephant (پ ل )ف ل
پل
NOTE- These words had appeared in the Hamitic (old Egyptian) language
MON:953 pîl-âs: "elephant's bone", ivory پ ﻼس
KLN:507,821, AHD:423 PLA:214, BQT:446, MON:953, KLN:507
BQT, MON
55
. ۱تاب دن
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Avestan
tan, tapayati: to pull, stretch, spin
Persian
tâbîdan: to spin, twist (۱ )تاف۱تاب دن
۱تاب دن
POK:1064,1067 SNS:147, ARN:186 POK:1064, ARN:186
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Avestan
tathra: string
Persian
târ: string (تار )سه تار
۱تار
thin :هم
POK:1064,1067 POK:1065
َ
تم:رج ع شود ه ۲تار
َ
تم:رج ع شود ه تار ک
تاج:رج ع شود ه تازی
تاخ:رج ع شود ه تاز انه
تاخ:رج ع شود ه تاز دن
ت شه:رج ع شود ه تاس
۱ تاب دن:رج ع شود ه ۱ تاف
تب:رج ع شود ه ۲ تاف
Indo-European
Tâl: to grow, twig, a stick used as a unit of length ( تکه چوب )برای اندازه گ ی، ترکه،رشد کردن
Persian
tâlâr: a roof or room on (wooden) pillars تاﻻر
تاﻻر
اطاق ا ستونهای
POK:1055, WLD1: 705 ISS:88
چو
Persian
Talk: a mineral, talc, talcum powder پودر تال،طلق
Arabic
talq: talc
M. Latin
talcum
French
talc
Persian
tâlk: talcum powder تال
تال
MON:1133, BQT:509 MON:1133, AHD:1312 AHD:1312 VOP:135
Indo-European
Steg: to cover پوشاندان
Persian
tâj: crown ( تازی، تاج ک،تاج )تاجور
Greek
tiara: a head dress
English
tiara, tire
Persian
tâyer: tire تایر
تایر
تاجور:هم
POK:1013 AHD:1543, KLN:1510 PRT:719 PRT:358 MON:1014
Indo-European
Tep: to be warm گرم بودن
Avestan
tap 2, tab: warm, glowing
Persian
tab: fever (تب )تاب
تب
POK:1069 POK:1069, KLN:1589 tâbîdan: shine ( تفت،۲ )تاف۲تاب دن
BQT, HRN, FFD:46
Indo-European
Teup: to push, beat, hit, also throw
Avestan
tap 1: to hit, hurt, destroy
Persian
tabâh: ruined, destroyed, bad ت اه
ت اه
پرت کردن، زدن،هل دادن SNS:147 SNS:147
POK:1032 NOTE- IEC derives these words from Indo-European root "Tâbh: to rot"
Indo-European
Tep: to be warm گرم بودن
Avestan
tap 2, tab: warm, glowing
Persian
tapîdan: beat ت دن
ت دن
POK:1069 POK:1069, KLN:1589 BQT, HRN, FFD:46
َ
Indo-European
Steg: to cover پوشاندان
Old Persian
tačara: cover, house, castle
Persian
tajar: winter house, castle
َ َ
(ت َجر )ت َزر
ت َجر
فـرق است م ان این تـ ـج ــر و گن د فل خانه زمستا
POK:1013 KNT:186
( آن ن اشد آرامش )نزاری قهستا،که هست این ب ات
HRN:84, BQT:472
Indo-European
Têu: to swell ورم کردن
Indo-European
Teuk: egg, seed
Avestan
taoxman: seed, egg
Persian
toxm: seed, egg تخم
تخم
POK:1082, 1084-1085 POK:1085 POK:1085 HRN:84, MON:1052
Indo-European
Teter: chatter پچ پچ کردن
Pahlavi
titar: pheasant
Persian
tazarv: pheasant تذرو
تذرو
POK:1079 POK:1079, KLN:1596 BQT:478, IEC:1388
Indo-European
Ter 1: to cross over, surpass, overcome غل ه کردن، عبور کردن
Avestan
taro, tarya, tar: surpass
Persian
tar 1, tarîn: more, most
َ
ـ ت ن،۱تر
۱ـ تر
POK:1075, KLN:1639 POK:1075, KLN:1639 BQT, HRN:161, MON
َ
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Avestan
tauruna: stretched, tender, young animals
Persian
tar 2: wet
َ
۲ت ـ ــر
۲تـر
thaw :هم
POK:1064,1067 KLN:1585 HRN, BQT
Indo-European
Ter 1: to cross over, surpass, overcome غل ه کردن، عبور کردن
Avestan
taro, tarya, tar: surpass
Persian
tarâbarê: "carrying through",
ترابری
transportation
POK:1075, KLN:1639 POK:1075, KLN:1639
Indo-European Av/Old Pers ترابری
Bher 1: to carry حمل کردن bar: to carry
ARN:193
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
Indo-European
Dher 2, Dhragh 2: to confuse, disturb
Greek
traxus: disturbing,
Latin
trachôma: roughness
French Persian
tarâxom: "roughness"
تراخم
مزاحم شدن، گیج کردن
rough of the eylid skin
تراخم "زری" پوست
POK:251 AHD MON:1058 ل
57
. تراز
Indo-European
Tel: to lift لند کردن
Sanskrit
tulâ, tulya: balance weight
Avestan
tara-âz, tara-âzu: balance, scale
Persian
tarâz: level, balanced طراز،تراز
تراز
POK:1060, KLN:122 POK:1060, AHD PLA:194, BQT:480 tarâzu: scale, balance ترازو
Indo-European Avestan
Ag: to drive چراندن،راندن az: to drive BQT:480
Arabic
F.r.q: to split, divide تقس م کردن، فرق گذاش
Italian
traffico: traffic
French
trafic
Persian
trâfîc: traffic
تراف ک
NOTE- KLN claims "traffico" is possibly from Arabic "tafrîq: " خش و
Tafrîq: distribution خش distribution", influenced by Latin "traficere: to take over". KLN:1637 تراف ک
" پرا ند
KLN:1637
KLN:1637
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Avestan
tauruna: stretched, tender, young animals
Persian
tarâneh: "a tender" love song ترانه
ترانه
""لط ف
POK:1064,1067 KLN:1585 HRN, BQT
ُ
Indo-European
Tulupos: lump, ball, mass, crowd جمع ت، توده،توپ
Persian
torob, torb: radish
ُ
ت ُرب
ت ُرب
""توده
IEC:1455 IEC:1455
Akkadian
Targumânu: interpreter م جم
Aramaic
tûrgemânâ: interpreter
Arabic
tarjama: he translated
Persian
tarjomeh: translation ترجمه
ترجمه
tarjom: speech, statement ُ َت
(رجم )ترجمان
KLN:1573, AHD:396 AHD:396, KLN:1573 KLN:1573
MON:1064
Indo-European
Derk: to see د دن
Greek
drakoon: a dragon with devil eyes
Arabic
tarxûn: an aromatic bushy plant
Persian
tarxûn: tarragon ترخون
ترخون
POK:218 KLN:480,1574 KLN:1554, TAD:49 MON
Indo-European
Tenk: to become firm and thick
Avestan
tanj, taxma: pulled together, tight, strong
Persian
tarxêneh: a food made with wheat and milk
ترخینه
مح م و ضخ م شدن
and dried to be eaten later تنگ )خشک:هم
POK:1068, KLN:1617, MON5: 405, BQT:511
(ترخینه )تلخینه (و سفت
POK:1068
ARN:193
ُ
Indo-European
Turd: hard, strong مح م،سخت
Persian
tord: brittle, stiff
ُ
ترد
ترد
WLD1: 747, IEC:1472 IEC:1472, MON:1066
ُ
Indo-European
Ster 3, Sterp, Terp 2: stiff, hard سفت
Pahlavi
turuš: sour (stiff) taste
Persian
torš: sour
ُ
ترش
ترش
starve :هم
POK:1022-1025 HRN:86, ARN:195 POK:1022, BQT:485, ARN:195
58
َ
ترفند
َ
Indo-European
Terp 1:to lie, steal دروغ گف،دزد دن
Avestan
trap: to steal
Pahlavi
turftag: stolen
Persian
tarfand: lie, fraud تروند،ترفند
ترفند
POK:1077, EIV:383 POK:1077, EIV:383 EIV:383 EIV:383
َ
ترفند:رج ع شود ه تروند
Indo-European
Ster 3, Sterp, Terp 2: stiff, hard
Indo-European
Stern: stiff, stiff grass
Pahlavi
tarak
Persian
tareh: leek
َ
تره
تره
اشاره ه گ اها گس ده که ش ه چمن اشند و درشت،درشت thorn :هم
سفت ARN:196 ARN:196
. ع از مشتقات ارو ا این ر شه ه مع خار می اشد.تر
POK:1022-1025 POK:1031
ّ
Indo-European
Ret: to roll, run
Avestan
rad: to
Pahlavi
râs: path,
Persian
râh: way, manner (راه ) َره
Arabic
torrahat :
Persian
torrahât: worthless things
ُ
ت ّرهات
ترهات
run way minor paths ُ سخنان بیهوده
دو دن،قلت دن râygân: "found on the road", free نخوت و دعوی و ک و ت ّرهات
POK:866 POK:866, BQT:934 را ان TAD:17 (دور کن از دل که تا ا ــی نجــات )مولوی
ARN:302
râheb: one who watches his manners, MON:1074
monk
(راهب )راه ان
HUB:66, BQT:984, PLA:133, FFD:56
ُ
Indo-European
Spyeu: to spit تف کردن
Avestan
spâma: to spit
Pahlavi
tûfek: spit
Persian
tof: spit تف
ُ تف
tofang: "spitter", gun تفنگ spit :هم
POK:1000 ARN:198 ARN:198
POK:1000, BQT:502
ّ
۲ دین:رج ع شود ه تمدن
59
. تلخینه
ترخینه:رج ع شود ه تلخینه
َ
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Indo-European
Tenu: thin
Avestan
tanu: stretched, body
Persian
tan: "stretched" body
َ
تن
تن
تهم:هم
POK:1064,1067 AHD, POK POK:1069, BQT:411,515 HRN, BQT
Caribbean
Tabaco: a pipe for smoking, roll of tobacco leaves برگ توتون که برای دود کردن لوله م کردند
Persian
tanbâkû: tobacco (ت ا و )تم ا و
ت او
KLN:1623 MON:1147
Indo-European
Dumb: tail
ُ
دم
Avestan
duma: tail
Persian
donbak, tonbak: a long tailed drum ت ک،دن ک
ت ک
POK:227 POK:227, HRN:128 MON:1563
Pahlavi
Tabûrâk: a drum
Persian
tabûrâk: a kind of drum ( تبورا )تب
Arabic
tanbûr: drum, also a type
Persian
tanbûr: a stringed musical instrument
ت بور
of stringed instrument
طل ـ ــس تـ ـ ـ ـ ــری د ـ ــد نـ ــزد ـ ــک درخ ــت (ت بور )طنبور
MON:1025 ( تند و سخت )رود جسـ ـ هرگ ـه ــی انـ ـ AHD:1313
MON
MON:1025
َ
تنگ:رج ع شود ه تنج دن
ُ
توان:رج ع شود ه تند
ُ
Indo-European
Ten 2: to thunder رعد کردن
Parthian
tndwr: thunder
Persian
tondar: thunder
ُ
تندر
تندر
thunder :هم
POK:1021 POK:1021 BQT:517, KLN:1613
ُُ
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Indo-European
Tenu: thin
Sanskrit
tanuka: thin, soft
Persian
tonok: thin, little
ُُ
تن
تن
ُ thin :هم
POK:1064,1067 AHD, POK POK:1069 tonekeh: underwear from thin soft cloth تنکه
NOTE- See root "Kitu: cotton clothing" for another possible root of "tonekeh" HRN, BQT, MON
ُ
Akkadian
Kitu: cotton clothing
Hebrew
kuttoneth:
Aramaic
kittunâ
Latin
tunica: cotton
Persian
tonekeh: underwear
ُ
تنکه
تنکه
cotton clothing clothing, tunic
ل اس کتان MON:1154
KLN:1664
BQT:1594 KLN:1664 KLN:1664 NOTE- tonekeh is probably from "tonok: thin, soft". See root "Ten 1".
َ
Indo-European
Tenk: to become firm and thick مح م و ضخ م شدن
Avestan
tanj, taxma: pulled together, tight, strong
Persian
tang: tight
َ
تنگ
تنگ
tanjîdan: to squeeze تنج دن رستم:هم
POK:1068 POK:1068, KLN:1617, MON5: 405, BQT:511
NOTE- BQT:516 and HUB claim "tanjîdan" is from Sanskrit "tanj, tanc" that is, ultimately, from the same root. BQT, POK:1068
Indo-European
Tanûr: fire, oven تنور،آ ش
Avestan
tanûra: oven
Pahlavi
tanûr: oven
Persian
tanûr: oven تنور
تنور
NOTE- TAD:18 derives it from the Arabic root "N.w.r: light, fire".
FVQ:94, BQT:523 NOTE- Henning (MPP: 88) gives BQT:523
FVQ: 92 claims it is a word from the pre-Indo-European and pre-
"tnwr" as a Parthian form.
Semitic tribes.
FVQ:92-94 FVQ:94
َ
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Indo-European
Tenu: thin
Avestan
tanu: stretched, body
Persian
tanîdan: to stretch, pull
َ
(ت دن )ت ش
ت دن
POK:1064,1067 AHD, POK POK:1069, BQT:411,515 HRN, BQT
60
۱تو
Indo-European
Tu: you شما
Av/Old Pers
taiy, tû, tûm, tuvam, tava, tvâm: you
Persian
to: you ۱تو
۱تو
شما
POK:1097 POK:1097, BQT:525 BQT:525
Indo-European
Teub: side طرف
Persian
tû: fold, plait, inside ۲تو
۲تو
داخل
IEC:1371,1676 IEC:1371,1676, MON:1158
Indo-European
Têu: to swell ورم کردن
Avestan
tav: power
Pahlavi
tuwân: power
Persian
tavân: power توان
توان
ُ
POK:1082, 1084-1085 tavant: fast, quick ARN:206 tond: fast تند
POK:1082, HRN:89, NYB:196 BQT
Indo-European
Têu: to swell ورم کردن
Persian
tûbreh: bag ت ره
ت ره
POK:1082, 1084-1085 IEC:1450,1458
Indo-European
Stewe: to cluster, condense ف ده،جمع کردن
Sanskrit
stupa: a round mass, ball
Turkish
top, tob: ball, cannon ball
Persian
tûp: ball, cannon توپ
توپ
POK:1035 POK:1035, AHD HJB:933 HJB:933, BQT:526
Indo-European
Kwei 2, Ĉai: to pile up
Avestan
kay 2, kaeš, čay, čî 1: to
Avestan
taug, taux:
Pahlavi
tôxtan:
Persian
tozîdan: to pay ( کینه توز، توز، توز دن )توخ
توخ
prepare to pay to pay
چو وامش بتوزی درم صد هزار
پرداخ
ا چ دن روی هم ر خ
POK:637,638 HRN:90, FFD:47 HRN:90,
POK:637,EIV FFD:47 ( ـ ــده تـ ــا ــدارد زمـ ـ ــا ـ ـ ــاد ار )فردو
HRN:90, FFD:47
Indo-European
Gwou: cow, ox, bull او
Indo-European
Gwôu: dung
Avestan
gutha: dung
Persian
tûdeh: pile, heap توده
توده
KLN:364, POK:483 AHD:1520, POK:483 POK:484, HRN:211 BQT, HRN:211
NOTE- ARN:207 shows "tûdeh: pile, heap" from the Indo_European root "Têu: to swell"
Indo-European
Têu: to swell ورم کردن
Persian
tudeh: mass, crowd توده
توده
POK:1082, 1084-1085 ARN:207 NOTE- see "Gwou: cow, bull" for another suggested root for this word
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Avestan
tauruna: stretched, tender,
Persian
tûrah: jackal توره
توره
young animals
تنها من و ک شهر پر از خصم و تو ا من شغال
POK:1064,1067
KLN:1585 (شـ ـ ـ ــری و ـکــی دش ــت ـراز رو ــه و ت ــوره )قطران ت زی
HRN, BQT
Indo-European
Tuer, Tur: to hurry, hasten عجله کردن
Pahlavi
ni-har-: to hurry
Persian
turîdan: to run away in fear تور دن
توردن
رم دن
POK:1100, EIV:300 EIV:399 MON, EIV:399, ARN:196
turn :هم
61
. توله
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull
Avestan
tauruna: stretched,
Pahlavi
tôrag, tûrak: baby animal
Persian
tûleh: "a tender" animal baby توله
توله
tender, young animals
کش دن ARN:207 HRN, BQT
POK:1064,1067 KLN:1585
َ
Indo-European
Teus: empty خا
Av/Old Pers
taoš, tuš, tusen, tussya: empty
Pahlavi
tihîk, tuhîk: empty
Persian
tah: bottom
َ
ته
ته
POK:1085 POK:1085, SYN:933 BQT:539, SNS:151 tahî, tohî: empty ت
BQT:539,537, HRN:90
Indo-European
Têu: to swell ورم کردن
Avestan
tav: power
Persian
Tahmâsb: "with strong horses"
تهماسب
POK:1082, 1084-1085 tum-âspa: (with) strong horses (تهماسب )طهماسپ
"" ا اس ان قوی
Indo-European Avestan
POK:1082, HRN:89, NYB:196 BQT
Ekwos: horse اسب aspa: horse
POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Indo-European
Tenu: thin
Avestan
tanu: stretched, body
Persian
Tahamtan: "with strong body"
تهم
POK:1064,1067 AHD, POK "" ا تن قوی
Indo-European Avestan
taxma-tanu: with strong body تهم
Tenk: to become firm and thick tanj, taxma: pulled together, POK:1069, BQT:411,515 HRN, BQT
tight, strong
مح م و ضخ م شدن
POK:1068, KLN:1617, MON5: 405,
POK:1068
BQT:511
Indo-European
Tenk: to become firm and thick مح م و ضخ م شدن
Avestan
taxma-urupa:
Persian
Tahmûras:
تهمورث
POK:1068
(with) strong dogs "with strong dogs" "" ا سگهای قوی
Indo-European Indo-European Avestan
Ulk,Ulkos: wolf (with fiery eyes) گرگ Wlp: wolf, dog urpa, urupis: dog
POK:1068, KLN:1617, تهمورث
MON5: 405, BQT:511
NOTE- This may be from the root "Ulk: shine, fiery" BQT, POK:1068
POK:1179 raopias: fox
POK:1144, 1179
POK:1179
َ
ته:رج ع شود ه ت
Indo-European
Titi: imitation of a bird song تقل د صدای پرنده
Sanskrit
tittibha: a water bird
Persian
tîtû: a water bird (ت تو )ط طو
ت تو
POK:1086 POK:1086 BQT:1364
Indo-European
Steig, Teig: pointed, sharp
Av/Old Pers
tiğra: sharp, pointed
Pahlavi
têr: stick, pointed
Persian
tîr: "pointed" thing, sharp, arrow ( تیغ، ت )ت
ت
ت، نوک دار taêža, taêğa: sharp têx: pointed, sharp BQT, ARN
َ
تم:رج ع شود ه ت ه
ت:رج ع شود ه ت
Indo-European
Tex: to build from wood, to build ساخ، از چوب ساخ
Avestan
taš: to cut, carve
Persian
tîšeh: ax, hatchet ( تاس، طاس، شت،ت شه )تخته
ت شه
taša: ax
POK:1058 tarâšîdan: to carve تراش دن
tašta: cup
IEC:1374,1409, FFD:46, MON
traš, trâš: to cut
KLN, HRN, POK:1058
62
ت مچه
ت م:رج ع شود ه ت مچه
Indo-European
Têu: to swell ورم کردن
Indo-European
Tauro: bull
Arabic
thwr: bull
Persian
sowr: bull ثور
ثور
POK:1082, 1084-1085 POK:1083, AHD POK:1083, KLN:1509 BQT:550
Indo-European
I 1: to go رف
Avestan
yâ: to go
Pahlavi
giyâk, givâk: location
Persian
jâ: place, location (جا )جای
جا
POK:293,501, KLN:825 POK:293-296, KLN:825 BQT:551, ISS:252 HRN:94, BQT
NOTE- ARN:211 shows this word as a cognate of "gâh: location" from the Indo_European root "Gwa: to walk"
ّ
Indo-European
Iâtom: going, movement, crowd جمع ت، حرکت، رف
Avestan
yâtem: road
Persian
jâddeh: road
ّ
جاده
جاده
IEC:441 IEC:441 IEC:441
NOTE- MON:1202 claims "jâddeh" is an Arabic word while FVF:140 and AFM:39 claim Arabic has borrowed it from Persian.
Indo-European
Yâ: to be aroused برانگ خته شدن
Avestan
yâ-tu: magic
Pahlavi
žâtûk: magic
Persian
jâdû: magic جادو
جادو
POK:501 yâsâ: wish yâsak: wish yâseh: wish اسه
POK:501 BQT:553,2419 BQT, HRN:92, HUB:107
Indo-European
Yôs: to gird, belt دور چ ی را پوشاندن، مر س
Av/Old Pers
yâh 2: to put belt on
Pahlavi
yâmak: clothes
Persian
jâmeh: clothes جامه
جامه
POK:513
yâhma: cover, clothes HUB:49, HRN:93 BQT
POK:513, KLN:1770, SYN:434, EIV:210
Indo-European
Dheye: to see د دن
Sanskrit
dhi: to see, to think
Pahlavi
gyân, jân: soul
Persian
jân: life, soul جان
جان
POK:243
dhyânah: seeing mentally BQT:558 NOTE- HRN: 93 derives this from AV "dhay: to see"
Indo-European
Aiw: vitality, eternity ا د ت،ح ات
Avestan
âyu, ay: life, age
Pahlavi
yavê-tân: ever lasting
Persian
jâvîd: eternal جاو د
جاو د
yave: forever eternal :هم
POK:17 BQT:564, HRN:93
POK:17
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Av/Old Pers
gât, gâthu, gâv, gâtuš:
Persian
gâh 2: place,
Arabic
jah: rank
Persian
jâh: position, rank
جاه
place, seat, throne position, rank
قدم زدن POK:463, KLN:318 FVF:144 جاه
۲اه
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KNT:183
MON
BQT:1771,1773
Aramaic
J.b.r: to reunite, join together, force ن و، وصل کردن،بهم آوردن
Arabic
J.b.r: to reunite, force
Persian
jabr: force, algebra
ج
ج وت:هم
Jabra: powerful, man مرد،ن ومند Al-Jabr-w'al-Moqâbalah: "Reunion and َج
Comparison", the first book on Algebra by Al-Khârazmî
KLN:633 KLN:633, FVA:67 FVA:67
Indo-European
Yau 2, Yeu 4: to separate جدا کردن
Avestan
yu: to separate
Pahlavi
jud: separated
Persian
joda: separate جدا
جدا
EIV:215, POK:510 EIV:215 EIV:216 EIV:216
63
. ـ جرد
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ
Old Persian
krta: creation, city
Persian
-vard, -gerd, - jerd: town
ـ جرد
( سوسنگرد، بروجرد،سوند مع شهر )ابیورد شهرک
POK:641, EIV:236 HRN:201
NOTE- see "Gher 1: enclose" for an alternative root BQT
Indo-European
Gher: to grasp, enclose
Indo-European
Ghordho: an enclosed land, yard,
Avestan
gereda, geredho:
Persian
-vard, -gerd, - jerd: town
ـ جرد
محصورکردن، گرف
garden house, village
( سوسنگرد، بروجرد،سوند مع شهر )ابیورد شهرک
اغ، ح اط،زم محصور
POK:442, 444 ARN:427 BQT
POK:442, 444
NOTE- see "Kwer 1: to make" for an alternative root
Indo-European
Yes, Ies: to boil جوشاندن
Avestan
yah 1: to boil
Persian
jastan: to jump up َجس
َجس
POK:506, EIV:209 yaešyaiti: boils jahîdan: to jump up جه دن
jûšîdan: to boil جوش دن
POK:506, KLN:1761, EIV:209
BQT, EIV:209
NOTE- see "Yeu3" for another possible root of "jûšîdan: to boil"
Indo-European
Yeu 3: to mix, blend
Indo-European
yeu-dh: shaken, active,
Avestan
yaod, yaošti: active,
Pahlavi
jôyšn : search
Persian
jostan: search
ُجس
(ُجس )ج دن
fight searching
مخلوط کردن BQT:571
POK:506 KLN:833, POK:512 KLN:833, POK:512, IEC:446 BQT:571, FFD:47
Indo-European
Yag: to worship ستا ش کردن
Avestan
yesnya: worship
Persian
jašn: celebration جشن
جشن
POK:501 POK:501, HRN:95,252, KLN:1759 BQT, ETM
Indo-European
Yem: hold together (pair) اهم ن اه داش
Avestan
yemô, yemâ, yîma: twin (king)
Pahlavi
yam: king
Persian
jam: king جم
جم
POK:505 KLN:1763, BRT:1301, IRN:5 BQT:587 BQT:587, MON5: 433, TZF:28 ""دوقلو
NOTE- King Jamshîd's twin sister was also nicknamed "Yimâ: twin".
Indo-European
Yem: hold together (pair) اهم ن اه داش
Avestan
yemô, yemâ, yîma: twin (king)
Pahlavi
yam-šît: brilliant
Persian
Jamšîd: "brilliant king"
جمش د
king
Indo-European
POK:505 yima-xšaetem: brilliant king جمش د
BQT:587
Ksei 2: bright روشن KLN:1763, BRT:1301, IRN:5 BQT:587, MON5: 433, TZF:28
WLD1: 501, BRT:541 NOTE- King Jamshîd's twin sister was also nicknamed "Yimâ: twin".
Indo-European
I 1: to go رف
Sanskrit
yâna: path
Persian
jan: side, path َجن
َجن
پرندوش از این َجن سواری گذشت راه
POK:293,501, KLN:825 KLN:825
transit :هم
( بوم و دشت )فردو که لرزد از او
BQT:589
Indo-European
Wi: part, apart
Av/Old Pers
wi, vî,vi: apart, against
Old Persian
nath: perish
Pahlavi
vinâs, vinâh,
Arabic
jonah: sin
Persian
jonâh: sin
ُجناح
جدا vi-nath: injure, harm gunâh: گناه:مق
POK:1175, KNT:204
destruction, sin VDQ:38 جناح
POK:1175,1176 Indo-European
VDQ:38,
Nek: to destroy خراب کردن KNT:192,193 BQT:1836, SNS:282
MON:1243,1245
POK:762
64
جنازه
Parthian
Gzn: treasure گنج
Pahlavi
ganj: treasure
Arabic
j.n.z: covers, hides
Persian
jenâzeh: casket, dead body
جنازه
NOTE- FVQ claims it is possibly borrowed from a Median root jenazeh: casket جنازه تابوت
SOD:182
BQT:1841, FVQ:122 KLN:648, FVA:82 FVA:82
Indo-European
Yamb: to move, wander
Pahlavi
junbîtan: to move
Persian
jonbîdan: to move جن دن
جن دن
جن دن،حرکت کردن NOTE- IEC:475 links this word to the root "ğhumbo: to move"
MON:1244, EIV:212
EIV:212 MON:1244, IEC:425
Indo-European
Ghengh: to proceed, step پ ش رف
Persian
jang: fight, war جنگ
جنگ
Ksengio: pace عت xeng: horse ِخنگ
POK:438, IEC:414,571 IEC:414
Sanskrit
Jangalah: wasteland covered with wild growths ایر پوش ده شده از گ اهان وح زم
Hindustani
jangal: forest
Persian
jangal: forest جن ل
جن ل
AHD:710 KLN:836 BQT:592
Indo-Scythian
Yau 1: move, movement حرکت کردن
Old Persian
yauviya: channel (to move water)
Pahlavi
yôî, jôî: stream
Persian
jû: stream جوب، جوی،جو
۱جو
""رود
ISS:91 ISS:91, KNT:204 BQT:602 ISS:91, BQT:602
Indo-European
Ieuo: grain غﻼت
Avestan
yava: grain
Pahlavi
jav: grain, barley
Persian
jow: barley جو
۲جو
غله نو
POK:512 SYN:513, POK:512, KLN:1766 BQT:594 BQT:594
Indo-European
Angh: tight, compressed ف ده،تنگ
Avestan
azaehê: compressed, in need
Pahlavi
jav-az: a
Persian
jovâzeh: a small wood or stone
ُجوازه
Az: to drive, lead (راندن )ف دن
small mortar mortar هاون کوچک
POK:42, EIV:171 yava-az: grain crusher or MON:4877, (ُجوازه )گوازه
Indo-European Avestan
juicer, a small mortar BQT:594, EIV:172
Ieuo: grain غﻼت yava: grain
POK:42, EIV:172
POK:512 SYN:513, POK:512, KLN:1766
Indo-European
Yeu 2: young جوان
Avestan
yuvan, yvan: young
Persian
javân: young جوان
جوان
young :هم
POK:510 POK:510, KLN:1764, HRN BQT NOTE- Compare with root "Aiw: vitality"
65
. ج دن
ُجس:رج ع شود ه ج دن
گی:رج ع شود ه جهان
َجس:رج ع شود ه جه دن
ز س:رج ع شود ه جیوه
Indo-European
Trep: to tremble, be restless ب قرار بودن،لرز دن
Old Iranian
thrapu: restless, quick
Old Persian
čapu-ka:
Pahlavi
čâpûk: swift
Persian
čâbok: swift
چا ک
restless, quick
sapûk: light, swift ( ُ چا ک )س trepid :هم
POK:1094 BQT:1083
NOTE- May be related to the root "Tres: to tremble" BQT:1083 BQT:607, 1083 BQT:607, 1083
Indo-European
Ĉap 1: to seize, strike گرف،چنگ زدن
Persian
čâpîdan: to plunder چاپ دن
چاپ دن
EIV:33 EIV:33
Indo-European
Sked,Sâd: to cover پوشاندن
Pahlavi
čâdur: sheet, veil
Persian
čâdor: veil چادر
چادر
čatr: umbrella چ
POK:919, EIV:341 a-sâyag: shelter
آسا ش ؟
EIV:341
BQT, EIV:341
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ
Avestan
čâra: to mediate
Persian
čâreh: choice, solution چاره
چاره
وچر:مق
POK:641, EIV:236 POK:641, BQT:1813 BQT, HRN
Indo-European
Ĉak, Ĉag: to strike, hit در دن،ه زدن
Persian
čâk: rupture, crack چا
چا
EIV:31 EIV:31
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt out and
Pahlavi
kantan, xandan: to dig
Persian
xânî: spring, water pond خا
چاه
mound it up, build
xânîg: spring, water pond
کندن čâh: water well چاه
čât: well čâh: well
EIV:232, POK:534 POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49 BQT, SYN:46, MON:1395
HRN:194, BQT:1707, SNS:8,155
66
چای
Chinese
Ĉ'a: tea چای
Persian
čây: tea چای
چای
KLN:1578 MON:1270
Indo-European
Ki, Ĉih: to freeze یخ زدن
Persian
čâîdan: to become cold چای دن
چای دن
EIV:39 EIV:39
Indo-European
Kam 2, Kamp: to bend, also a cavity, vault حفره،خم کردن
Old Persian
kanpa: to bend
Persian
čapeh: turned over (َچ ـ ــه )چپ
َچ ـه
POK:524,525, EIV:229 POK:524,525 čafteh: bent ( چفته )چم
NOTE- Compare "Kam 2" with "Gêu 1: to bend" POK:525, BQT, HRN:99, FFD:48
Indo-European
Ar 1: to fit together جور و درست کردن
Old Persian
râd, râdiy: cause, reason
Persian
râ: reason, cause را
ِچرا
POK:55 WLD:74, POK:56, KNT:205 čerâ (če-râ): for what reason? چرا ؟
NOTE- see "Kwo: stem of interrogative pronouns"
Indo-European
Selp: fat, oil روغن، چر
Pahlavi
čarb, čarbišn: fat
Persian
čarb: greasy چرب
چرب
salve :هم
POK:901, ARN:219 ARN:219 ARN:219
Indo-European
Kwel: to move around,turn چرخ دن، حرکت کردن
Av/Old Pers
čaxra, čakra, caxra: wheel
Persian
čarx: wheel چخ
چخ
wheel :هم
POK:640 POK:640, BQT:629, SYN:725,905
Indo-European
Ker 4, Kers: black, dirty کث ف،س اه
Pahlavi
karic: dirt
Persian
čardeh: a suffix indicating (dark) color ( َچرزه، َچرد،َچرده ) َچرته
چرده
OEW:182, POK:573 POK:573 POK:573, BQT, MON
Indo-European
Ker 2, Sker 2: to cut, separate, tear
Avestan
kereta: knife, a cut trench
Persian
čarm: hide (cut from animals)
چرم
اره کردن،ب دن kareman, čareman: hide cut off animals چرم shear :هم
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155 POK:941, KLN:1432, HRN:188, SYN:321 BQT, HRN, MON, SYN
67
. چرمه
Indo-European
Kel 4: light and dark spots, gray color tones ل ه های سا ه روشن
Persian
čarmeh: horse, white horse چرمه
چرمه
POK:547 POK:547
Indo-European
Kwel: to move around,turn
Avestan
car, čâr: to move around,
Pahlavi
čâr: an open field, also to graze
Persian
čarîdan: to graze (چ دن )چرا
چ دن
چرخ دن، حرکت کردن
also an open field چرخ دن:هم
MON, BQT, FFD:73
POK:640 BQT:635, FFD:73
Indo-European
Kap, Ĉap 2: grasp چنگ زدن
Old Persian
čifsati: attach
Persian
časbîdan: to attach (چس دن )چفس دن
چس دن
POK:527,EIV BQT:636 POK:527, HRN:98, IEC:473,EIV
Indo-European
Skeud, Ĉaud: to throw, shoot ت اندازی کردن،پرت کردن
Sanskrit
čodatî: to hurry, propel
Persian
čost: quick, fast ُچست
ُچست
shoot :هم
POK:955,EIV POK:955, HRN:99 POK:955, BQT:636,EIV
Indo-European
Kwek, Kas 1: to appear, see, show نما ش، د دن،ظاهر شدن
Avestan
kas, čas, čaš: to behold, see, taste
Persian
čašm: eye چشم
چشم
POK:638, EIV:245 čašman: eyes BQT, HRN
POK:638, KLN:42, SYN:1436
Indo-European
Kwek, Kas 1: to appear, see, show
Avestan
kas, čas, čaš: to behold, see,
Pahlavi
čâšišn: taste
Persian
čašîdan: to taste ( چش دن )چاش
چش دن
taste
نما ش، د دن،ظاهر شدن čašîtan: to taste čâšt: morning meal چاشت
POK:638, KLN:42, SYN:1436
POK:638, EIV:245 ISS:98,EIV ISS:98,EIV
Indo-European
Kwel: to move around,turn چرخ دن، حرکت کردن
Sanskrit
cal: to move
Persian
čalîdan: to walk proudly (چل دن )چال
چل دن
čâlâk: quick, fast چاﻻ چ خ:هم
POK:640 POK:639
Indo-European
Kwen 2: sip, swallow قورت دادن، جرعه
Old Iranian
čam: to sip, drink
Persian
čamîdan 2: to sip, drink ۲َچم دن
۲چم دن
POK:640 AHM:184 POK:640, AHM:184 نوش دن
.این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد
Indo-European
Keg, Keng: hook قﻼب
Avestan
cang: hook
Persian
čang: hook, paw, harp (چنگ )چن ال
چنگ
hook :هم
POK:537, IEC:458 POK:537 POK:537, BQT:665, ARN:227
Indo-European
Pek: wool, to pluck wool شم کندن،شم
Avestan
fšu: cattle
Pahlavi
šupân, šubân:
Persian
čûpân, šabân:
چ ان
Peku: woolly animals, cattle, property دارا، احشام،حیوانات پر شم
shepherd shepherd شم:هم
fšu-pait: protector
POK:797 of cattle ARN:375 ش ان،چ ان
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
POK:797
Pa: to protect, feed غذا دادن،حفاظت کردن pa: to guard POK:797,
Old Persian
Ĉop: stick, wood چوب
Old Persian
Ĉop-gân: a long stick چوب لند
Persian
čowgân: club, polo چو ان
چو ان
چوب:مق
HRN:99 HRN:99 HRN:99
Indo-European
Kwetwer : four چهار
Avestan
čatwârao: four
Persian
čahâr: four (چهار )چهارک
چهار
four :هم
POK:642 POK:642 POK:642
69
. چهره
Indo-European
Skai: shining, bright روشن،درخشان
Avestan
čitra: clarity, face, also race and origin
Persian
čehreh: face چهره
چهره
POK:917 POK:700,916, BQT:2047,674, KNT:184 BQT, MON
Indo-European
Dekm: ten عدد ده
Av/Old Pers
saiti, sat: a suffix meaning multiples of ten
Persian
čehel: forty چهل
چهل
POK:191 vi-saiti: (two) separate tens
Indo-European Avestan
thri-sat: three times ten
Kwetwer : four چهار čatwârao: four
čatvare-sat: four times ten
POK:642 POK:642
POK:191
چه:رج ع شود ه
Indo-European
Kwei 2, Ĉai: to pile up ا چ دن روی هم ر خ
Avestan
kay 2, kaeš, čay, čî 1: to prepare
Persian
čîdan: to arrange چ دن
چ دن
POK:637,EIV čayeiti, činvaiti: selects, sorts POK:637, BQT, HRN:204, AEF
POK:637,638
Av/Old Pers
Ĉirya: brave, quick ــع ،شجاع
Pahlavi
cêr, čêrîh: strong, brave, quick, dominating
Persian
čîr: dominating, victorious (چ )چ ه
چ ه
BRT:598, BQT:676, SYN:1150 BQT:676 BRT:598, BQT:676
Indo-European
Su 1: well, good خوب
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hava-rd:
Pahlavi
hu-rust: well
Arabic
hûr:
Persian
hûr: heavenly
حور
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
well grown built, beautiful heavenly women ""خوش اندام
woman
Indo-European Avestan VDQ:39 حور
VDQ:39
Leudh, Raud 2: to grow رشد کردن raod 1, raodha: growth MON:1378
POK:684, KLN:885, SYN:874, VDQ:39 KLN:885, SYN:874
70
خار
Indo-European
Kar 1: hard سخت
Pahlavi
xâr: hard, rough
Persian
xâr 2: thorn خار
خار
POK:531, IEC:1056,1632 BQT:697, WLD:355, SYN:173 xârâ: a hard stone خارا
BQT, HRN
NOTE- ARN:232 suggests the Indo-European root "Ǧhers: spiky animal" for the origin of Persian "xârpošt: porcupine" and "xâr: thorn".
Indo-European
Suîğ: jump, dance رقص،پرش
Av/Old Pers
haiz: to rise
Pahlavi
xâstan, xêzistan: to rise
Persian
xâstan: to rise ( رستاخ،خاس )خ دن
خاس
IEC:1354 xvîsat: he rises NYB:39, FVS:199 BQT:700,745,948, HRN:103, IEC:1354
HRN:103, ETM:66
Pahlavi
Xâk: dust, soil, earth زم، خا
Persian
xâk: dust, soil خا
خا
BQT:701 MON:1390
Indo-European
Ster 1: to spread, throw پرت کردن،خش کردن
Avestan
star 1: to spread, throw
Pahlavi
xâk-astar: spread dust
Persian
xâkestar: ashes خا س
خا س
(fire ashes)
POK:1029, EIV:263 KLN:1522, FFD:73 BQT, SNS, FFD
Pahlavi BQT:278,1816, HRN:205
Xâk: dust, soil, earth زم، خا
BQT:701
Indo-European
Om: raw, bitter تلخ،خام
Old Persian
âmâd
Pahlavi
xâm: raw
Persian
xâm: raw, not cooked خام
خام
POK:638, ARN:233 ARN:233 ARN:233 ARN:233
Indo-European
Mer 2: to rub away, harm, die مردن،فرسوده شدن
Indo-European
Mers, Marš: to forget فراموش کردن
Persian
xâmuš: quiet خاموش
خاموش
POK:735,970, AHD:1529 POK:737, EIV:268 BQT:706,1448
NOTE- Sanskrit "â-marš: quiet" is from this root too.
Arabic
Umm: mother مادر
Turkish
xân-umm: mother of Khan
Persian
xânom: "khan's mother" خانم
خانم
"" مادر ا ام خان
KLN:160 KLN:160 BQT:339
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt out and
Pahlavi
kantan, xandan: to dig
Persian
xâneh: house
َ
(خانه )خن
خانه
mound it up, build
کندن kandak: a dug-in house HRN:194, BQT, ZMA:51, MON
EIV:232, POK:534 POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49 HRN:194, BQT:1707, SNS:8,155
Indo-European
Sâwel: sun خورش د
Avestan
hvare, xvar 1: sun, light
Avestan
hvare-varân: where sun is carried, west.
Persian
xâvar[ân]: east خاور
خاور
POK:881 POK:881 NOTE- it could be a misinterpretation as this BQT, MON
Indo-European Av/Old Pers word is used to mean east.
Bher 1: to carry حمل کردن bar: to carry
POK:881, KLN:1469, HRN:111
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
Indo-European
Aw: bird پرنده
Indo-European
Ow: a bird egg
Av/Old Pers
âvaya, xâya: egg
Pahlavi
hâyîk, xâyak: egg, testicle
Persian
xâvîyâr: caviar
خاو ار
POK:86 POK:86,783 POK:783, SYN:256
""خا ه ار ما
xâyak-bar, xâyak-bâr: egg خاو ار
Indo-European Av/Old Pers carrier (fish)
Bher 1: to carry حمل کردن bar: to carry HRN:103, SYN:256,
HRN:103, PLA:104, BQT:711 PLA:104
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
Indo-European
Aw: bird پرنده
Indo-European
Ow: a bird egg
Av/Old Pers
âvaya, xâya: egg
Pahlavi
hâyîk, xâyak: egg, testicle
Persian
xâyeh: egg, testicle خا ه
خا ه
egg :هم
POK:86 POK:86,783 POK:783, SYN:256 HRN:103, PLA:104, BQT:711 HRN:103, SYN:256, PLA:104
Indo-European
Khâd: to bite از زدن
Avestan
xad 1, xâ
Persian
xâyîdan: to grind with teeth, chew (خای دن )خای
خای دن
POK:634, WLD1: 341 HRN:104, ARN:234 BQT:712, ARN:234
Indo-European
Su 1: well, good خوب
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hu-jasta: well wished, blessed
Persian
xojasteh: "blessed" خجسته
خجسته
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037 BQT:717,737,748,2365, HRN:108 BQT
Indo-European
Gwhedh: to ask, wish, want خواس،پرس دن
POK:488
Indo-European
Ghu 1: to call
Indo-European
Ghu-to: God, one who
Avestan
zavaiti: invoked, God
Pahlavi
xvatây: God
Persian
Xodâ: God (who is called upon for help) خدا
خدا
for help, appeal is called upon for help
خواجه،خدیو "ک که از او
WLD:599, KLN:413 HUB:54
مک خواس AHD "مک م طلبند
BQT:718, HRN:104, FSF:159
POK:413 NOTE- See "Aiw" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Seu 1: one's own self نفس،خود
Avestan
hva, hava, xva, xvâothra: self
Pahlavi
Xvatây: God
Persian
Xodâ: "alive from self" خدا
خدا
POK:882, AHD:1538 xvâjo-ayâo, xvadâya: alive from self خواجه،خدیو
""زنده از خود
HUB:54, SNS:79
Indo-European Avestan
BQT:779, HRN:104
Aiw: vitality, eternity âyu, ay: life, age POK:882, BQT:718, BRT:1862
ا د ت،ح ات POK:17
POK:17 NOTE- See "Ghu 1" for another possible root.
Chinese
Xalen: birch tree, birch wood چوب توس، درخت توس
Altaic Persian
xadang: hard wood, arrow made of this wood خدنگ
خدنگ
SIN:552 SIN:553 SIN:553, BQT:719, FSF:158
NOTE- Xalen was a common tree in north China and Tabarestân. The artifacts from this wood were exported to Iran.
Indo-European
Sâwel: sun خورش د
Avestan
hvare, xvar 1: sun, light
Avestan
hvare-âsân: sun rise, east
Persian
xorâsân: an eastern state in Iran خراسان
خراسان
"خاست اه
POK:881 POK:881 POK:881, KLN:1469, HRN:111 ز ــان ـ ـه ــلوی هرک ــو ش ـ ـنــاس ـ ــد
Old Persian "خورش د
âs, âsa: to arrive, come رس دن،آمدن ( خراسان آن بود کزوی خورآسد )فخر گر ا
TZF:62 BQT, MON
72
خرام دن
Sanskrit
Kram: to walk, to step راه رف،قدم زدن
Av/Old Pers
xram: to step, walk
Pahlavi
a-xrâm: to flaunt
Persian
xarâmîdan: to flaunt خرام دن
خرام دن
BQT:724, MON:1406, HRN:104 FFD:50 FFD:50 MON:1406, FFD:50, BQT:724
Indo-European
Kar 1: hard سخت
Pahlavi
xâr: hard, rough
Persian
xarčang: crab خرچنگ
خرچنگ
kar-cang: crab (hard body) خارا:هم
POK:531, IEC:1056,1632 BQT, HRN
BQT:697, WLD:355, SYN:173
ُ
Indo-European
Skordh, Kerdh: small کوچک
Avestan
xvareta: small
Pahlavi
kvart: small
Persian
xord: small
ُ
خرد
خرد
Pok:949, ARN:236 BQT:729, IEC:576,1060 BQT BQT:729, IEC:576,1060
NOTE- see "Ksudros: crushed into small pieces" for another possible root of this word.
Indo-European
Kar 1: hard سخت
Avestan
xratu: mental strength
Pahlavi
xrat: intelligence
Persian
xerad: intelligence ِخ َرد
ِخ َرد
hard :هم
POK:531, IEC:1056,1632 POK:531, SYN:1201 BQT:729
Indo-European
Sol: whole امل،تمام
Avestan
haurva 1: whole, all, each
Persian
Xordâd: "perfect" خرداد
خرداد
haurvatât: completeness "" امل
POK:979 BQT:729,2318
POK:979
Indo-European
Rk-tho: bear (animal) خرس
Avestan
areša: bear
Persian
xers: bear خرس
خرس
POK:875, SOD:70 POK:875 BQT:31,733
Indo-European
Au: away, off, down ای، دور،جدا
Av/Old Pers
ava 1, aorâ: down
Avestan
avara-sad: settle down, satisfy
Persian
xorsand: satisfied خرسند
خرسند
POK:72 KLN:132, POK:72 KLN:132, HRN:105, BQT:733 HRN:22, BQT:145,180
Indo-European
Sed, Had: to sit, also to place a step, to go رف، شس
POK:884,887, KLN:1075, EIV:125
َ
Indo-European
Krep: body دن
Avestan
kerefs: body
Pahlavi
xrafstar: pests,
Persian
xerafstar: pest
َ َ َ
( ِخ َرفس )خس
ِخ َرفس
POK:620, KLN:352
troublesome creatures جانور موذی
xrafs-tra: carnivorous SNS:40, MON, ARN:237
Indo-European Avestan creatures SNS:37, ARN:237
Ed: to eat خوردن adâiti: to eat
POK:617, ARN:237
POK:287 POK:287, BQT:44,1624
ُ
Indo-European
Su 1: well, good خوب
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hu-rama: well rested
Persian
xorram: "well rested"
ُ
خ ّرم
خ ّرم
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037 BQT:717,737,748,2365, HRN:108 BQT
Indo-European Avestan
Rem: to rest اس احت کردن râman: quiet, restful
POK:864 POK:864, KLN:1335, SYN:841, AEF:351
73
. خروار
Indo-European
Kar 1: hard سخت
Avestan
xara: a harsh voiced animal, donkey
Pahlavi
xar: donkey, harsh
Persian
xarvâr: the load size a donkey could carry
خروار
POK:531, IEC:1056,1632 SOD:166
xar-bâra: donkey load خروار
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
BQT, HRN, FVF:190
Bher 1: to carry حمل کردن bar: to carry WLD:355, SYN:173
Indo-European
Kwri: to buy خ دن
Av/Old Pers
xrî: to buy
Persian
xarîdan: to buy, accept خ دن
خ دن
cheap :هم
POK:648 FFD:50 POK:648, KLN:1241, SYN:817, BQT, ARN:239
Parthian
Gzn: treasure گنج
Pahlavi
ganj: treasure
Arabic
kanz: treasure
Arabic
maxzan: storage
Persian
xazâneh: storage, treasury (خزانه )مخزن
خزانه
SOD:182 BQT:1841, FVQ:122 FVQ:251 PLA:108, FVQ:122 FVA
magazine :هم
NOTE- FVQ claims Pahlavi "ganj: treasure" was is possibly borrowed from a Median root
ُ
Indo-European
Svas: thresh, beat grain خرمن کو کردن
Avestan
xvasta: threshed
Persian
xost: pressed, squeezed, mashed
ُ ُ
(خوست )خست
خست
ک ده شده
SYN:510 SYN:510 SYN:510, MON:1455
َ َ َ
ِخ َرفس:رج ع شود ه خس
َ
خسته:رج ع شود ه خس
Indo-Scythian
Xad: to beat, to wound کردن زخ،زدن
Avestan
xad 2, xas: to tear, beat
Pahlavi
xvastan: to beat
Persian
xastan: to beat
َ
خس
خسته
ISS:60 ISS:60, FFD:50 xastak: beaten xasteh: beaten, tired خسته
NOTE- ARN:240 suggests root "Swer: to hurt" ISS:60 ISS:60, BQT:747
Indo-European
Swer: to press, cut, hurt ب دن،ف دن
Avestan
Xvara: wound, sore
Pahlavi
xvastan: to beat
Persian
xastan: to beat
َ
خس
خسته
POK:1050, IEC:1348 EIV:150 xastak: beaten xasteh: beaten, tired خسته
NOTE- ISS:60 suggests root "Xad: to wound" ISS:60 ISS:60, BQT:747
BQT:747,1098, SNS:31
( روان و خ ــرد را جـ ــز ا ـ ــن راه نـ ـ ـســت )فردو
BQT, HRN:159, NYB:180, SNS:31, MON
74
خ و
Indo-European
Kleu, Srau: to hear
Avestan
sru, srav, xšnu, xšnaw: to hear
Avestan
hu-srav: well
Persian
xosrow: "well known" king (خ و )ک ی
خ و
ش دن HRN:177
famed, famous خوشنام
(ruler) BQT
Indo-European Avestan
POK:605, EIV:356
Su 1: well, good خوب hu 1: good BQT:717,737,748,
2365, HRN:108
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
NOTE- POK:1043-44 derives "xosor" from "Swekru: father-in-law or mother-in-law"
ُ ُخ:رج ع شود ه ُ
خسور
ُ ُخ:رج ع شود ه ُ
خسوره
کسوف:رج ع شود ه خسوف
Indo-European
Kes: to scratch خراش دن
Persian
xasîdan: to chew خس دن
خس دن
ج دن
POK:585, WLD1: 449 IEC:572
Indo-European
Ersen: ejector of semen, male نر، دفع کننده م
Av/Old Pers
aršan, varešna: male, man, hero
Persian
Xašâyâr: "king of men"
خشا ار
POK:335
""شاه مردان
xšaya-aršan: hero among kings or خشا ار
Indo-European Av/Old Pers king of men
Ksei 1: to be able, qualify, rule xšây, xši: to rule, to BQT
qualify POK:336, AHD:1480, SOD:414
فرمانروا کردن،قادر و شا سته بودن
POK:626, KNT:181
POK:626, KLN:272
Indo-European
Aidh: to burn سوزاندن
Avestan
ištya: dried clay, brick
Pahlavi
xišt: clay brick
Persian
xešt 1: clay brick ۱خشت
۱خشت
ه م:هم
PRT, KLN, AHD POK:11, HRN:108, SYN:604 SNS:36 BQT:750, SYN:604
Indo-European
Eres 2: to pierce سوراخ کردن
Av/Old Pers
aršti, aštrâ: a short spear
Persian
xešt 2: a short spear ۲ِخشت
۲ِخشت
چو ش نر بر آن خوک دژم تاخت ن ه کوتاه
POK:335 POK:335, KNT:172, TZF:31
( س ه پر خشت پ چان را ب انداخت )و س و رام
BQT:751, TZF: 31
Indo-European
Saus, Hauš: dry خشک
Av/Old Pers
hauš: to dry
Persian
xošk: dry (خشک )خوش دن
خشک
POK:881, EIV:174 hauš-a, huška: dry چشمه های قد م خوش د
POK:881, SOD:373, ETM:64, EIV:174 (نــماند آب جز آب چشـم یتـ م )سعدی
BQT:752, MON:1461, ETM:64, EIV:174
Indo-European
Eis 1: passion شور و ه جان
Avestan
aes-ma, aêš-ma: anger
Pahlavi
hišm, xešm: anger
Persian
xešm (xašm) : anger خشم
خشم
POK:299 POK:299, BQT:754 ARN:244 HRN:109
َ َ
Indo-European
Ksei 2: bright روشن
Avestan
xšae-ta, xšôithmi: bright
Avestan
a-xšae-na: not
Persian
xašan: dark blue
َ َ
خشن
خشن
bright, a dark color, َ رنگ آ ت ه
WLD1: 501, BRT:541 WLD1: 501, BQT:788,1320 xašîsâr: a blue bird with white head خش سار
Indo-European Av/Old Pers WLD1: 501, BQT:1320,
َ رفت ج ان ش ار پ اده ه
SYN:1053
Ne 1, An 3: no, not نه a-, â-, an-: no, not
( خش ـ ســار د د اندرآن رود ــار )فردو
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167
BQT:756, MON:1425, FRS:89
75
. خشنود
Indo-European
Kes: to scratch خراش دن
Avestan
hu-xšnuta, hu-šnûta: well
Persian
xošnûd: happy, satisfied (خشنود )خوش
خشنود
polished, pleasant, happy
POK:585, WLD1: 449 HRN:113, BQT:755, FFD:52
Indo-European Avestan POK:585, KNT:175
Su 1: well, good خوب hu 1: good
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
ُ ُخ:رج ع شود ه ُ
خشو
َ َ خش سار
خشن:رج ع شود ه
َ ُ
خواب:رج ع شود ه خفت
ُ
خواب:رج ع شود ه خف
َ
خواب:رج ع شود ه خفج
َ خل ان
خل دن:رج ع شود ه
َ َ
خل دن:رج ع شود ه خ ِله
َ
Indo-European
Swer: to press, cut, hurt ب دن،ف دن
Avestan
xvara: thorn, to pierce
Persian
xalîdan: to pierce, dip in water خل دن
َ خل دن
َ sword :هم
POK:1050, IEC:1348 POK:1050, KLN:1554 xaleh: thorn, also an oar خ ِله
xale-bân: one who rows a boat, pilot خل ان
HRN:109, BQT:766
ُ
Indo-European
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend خم کردن
Avestan
xumba: bent container, pot
Pahlavi
xombak: a jar
Persian
xom: jar
ُ
( )خمره۱خم
خم
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 POK:591,592, KLN:391 HRN:195 BQT, WLD1
NOTE- Compare with root "Kam 2: to bend"
َ
Indo-European
Kam 2, Kamp: to bend, also a cavity, vault حفره،خم کردن
Old Persian
kanpa: to bend
Persian
xam: a curve
َ
خم
خم
POK:524,525, EIV:229
čam: to bend, move fluently POK:525, BQT, HRN:99, FFD:48
NOTE- Compare "Kam 2" with "Gêu 1: to bend" POK:524,525
ُ خمره
خم:رج ع شود ه
َ
خانه:رج ع شود ه خن
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt
Pahlavi
kantan, xandan: to dig
Arabic
xandaq: a
Persian
xandaq: trench خندق
خندق
out and mound it up, build dug out trench
کندن HRN:194, BQT:1707, SNS:8,155 MON:1443
POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49 PLA:113
EIV:232, POK:534
Indo-European
Swen, Huan: to sound, call
Avestan
xvan, xwan:
Pahlavi
xvântan: to read, sing, call
Persian
xanîdan: to echo, to be famous خن دن
خن دن
to call, sound
ه مهر و وف ــا خن ده ه گی مشهور بودن
صدا کردن POK:1046, EIV:144, BQT:784, ARN:250
( زآهرم ـنــی دور و دور از ج ـف ــا )فردو
POK:1046, EIV:144 ARN:250
HRN, BQT, EIV:144
Indo-European
Swep: to sleep خواب دن
Avestan
xwap, xvap, xwaf: to sleep
Pahlavi
xwâb, xuft: sleep
Persian
xâb: sleep, dream
ُ
( خواب )خف
خواب
َ َ َ َ ُ
POK:1048 xvafna, xwafsa, hufsa: sleep FFD:50 xoftak: nightmare ( خفج، خفت ) خت
POK:1048, HRN:107, FFD:50 BQT:746,760,780, HUB:56, MON:1431
Indo-European
Su 1: well, good خوب
Old Persian
hu, u, uv: good
Av/Old Pers
u-vâra-zmi: good ... land
Persian
Xârazm, Khârazm: a city in central Asia,
خوارزم
POK:1037, KLN:548 KNT:175
modern Khiva "خوب " زم
KNT:177
Indo-European Av/Old Pers خوارزم
Ghdhem: earth زم zam: earth BQT:781,805, MON5: 488,491, KLN:49
POK:414,SYN:16,AHD:1513 AHD, BQT:1032, KNT:177
Indo-European
Swâd: sweet ش ن
Avestan
xwâs, xwâd: to desire
Pahlavi
xvâstan: to desire, want
Persian
xâstan: to want (خواس )خواهش
خواس
POK:1039 POK:1040, FFD:51 HRN:110, BQT:783 BQT:783
Indo-European
Swerd: dirty, dark تارک،کث ف
Persian
xwâl: soot used for making black ink خوال
خوال
Hwar: to paint, stain ل کردن،رنگ زدن دوده برای مرکب
BQT:782, EIV:151, ARN:248
POK:1052, ARN:248, EIV:151 swart :هم
Avestan
Xvaini: cover, carpet فرش،پوشش
Pahlavi
xvân: table cloth, food table
Persian
xân: food table, table cloth (خوان )خوانچه
خوان
NOTE- Hubshmân does not agree with this derivation
SNS:59, HRN:110 BQT:783
HRN:110, AEF:640
Indo-European
Seu 1: one's own self نفس،خود
Indo-European
Swe-sor: one's own female
Avestan
xvan-har: sister
Persian
xâhar خواهر
خواهر
POK:882, AHD:1538 خود:هم
SYN: 85,108, POK:1051
Indo-European sister :هم
Ter 2, Tar: a kinship term سوند گروه ا فام ل
PRT:863, AHD:1500
77
. ۱خود
Indo-European
Seu 1: one's own self
Avestan
hva, hava, xva,
Avestan
xwa-tam, xwa-tô: the self, character, habit
Persian
xû: character, habit (خود )خو
۱خود
xvâothra: self xvaê-pati, xvaê-paithya: one's own self خ ش
نفس،خود xîš: self خ ش
POK:882, BQT:718, NOTE- pati, paithya means self or own in this combination self :هم
POK:882, AHD:1538 BRT:1862 POK:842, SNS:267, IEC:1351
POK:842, SNS:267, IEC:1351
Indo-European
Sku: to cover پوشاندن
Indo-European
Kut-no: cover, shell
Av/Old Pers
xaôda, xaudâ: helmet
Persian
xûd: helmet ( ) ﻼهخود۲خود
۲خود
POK:952,953, IEC:1193, AHD:1540 POK:952,953, IEC:1193, AHD:1540 POK:952, KNT:180, BQT:785 POK:952, KNT:180, BQT:785
Indo-European
Sâwel: sun خورش د
Avestan
hvare, xvar 1: sun, light
Persian
hûr 2: sun, star هور
خور
sun :هم
POK:881 POK:881 xor: sun خور
MON:5220, BQT:2389
Indo-European
Swel: to eat خوردن
Avestan
xvar 2, xwar: to eat
Pahlavi
xvartan: to eat
Persian
xordan: to eat خوردن
خوردن
َ َ
POK:1045 POK:1045, AEF:10 MON:1455, BQT:788 xavarnağ: royal dining room (castle) خ َورنق
َ َ
خ َورنق ی که ق برافراشت ق
(ه ازار اﻻی آن گش ــت مغبون )صح ت ﻻری
MON, FVF:221
Indo-European
Sâwel: sun خورش د
Avestan
hvare, xvar 1: sun, light
Avestan
hvare-xšâeta: bright sun
Persian
xoršîd: sun خورش د
خورش د
POK:881 POK:881 POK:881, KLN:1469, HRN:111 BQT, MON
Indo-European Avestan
Ksei 2: bright روشن xšae-ta, xšôithmi: bright
WLD1: 501, BRT:541 WLD1: 501, BQT:788,1320
َ َ
خوردن:رج ع شود ه خ َورنق
۲ اه+ خوردن:رج ع شود ه خورن اه
Indo-European
Swer: to press, cut, hurt ب دن،ف دن
Avestan
xwarô: wound
Persian
xoreh: gangrene, leprosy خوره
خوره
NOTE- MON derives this from Persian "xordan".
POK:1050, IEC:1348 IEC:1348
IEC:1348
ُ ُ
خست:رج ع شود ه خوست
خشنود:رج ع شود ه خوش
خشک:رج ع شود ه خوش دن
Indo-European
Ker 2, Sker 2: to cut, separate, tear اره کردن،ب دن
Avestan
xerpta: cut, shaped
Persian
xûk: "boar-shaped animal", pig خوک
خوک
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155
swine :هم
hu-xerpta, hu-kehrpta: BQT:794
Indo-European Avestan shaped like a boar, pig
Su 2: wild boar, pig خوک،گراز hu 2: wild boar
POK:926
POK:1038 POK:1038
Indo-European
Wes 1 : wet, also male animal حیوان نر،خ س
Avestan
vanhu, vohnua, vohuni: blood
Persian
xûn: blood خون
خون
POK:1171,1172, IEC:1582 POK:1172 BRT:1434, HRN:113, SYN:206
78
ِخوی
Indo-European
Sweid, Huaid: to sweat عرق
Avestan
xvaeza: sweat
Persian
xay, xoy: sweat, saliva خوی
ِخوی
ز ــش ده ـس ـتــان س ـ ــوی ری ک ـشـ ـ ــد عرق
POK:1043, EIV:143 POK:1043
( زاس ان ه رنج و ه تگ ِخوی کش د )فردو
BQT:797
۱ خود:رج ع شود ه خ ش
مال خول ا:رج ع شود ه خ ال
خاس:رج ع شود ه خ دن
Indo-European
Seiku, Haič: to flow, moisten خ س خوردن،جاری شدن
Avestan
haeč: to irrigate
Persian
xîsândan: to soak, moisten (خ ساندن )خ س
خ ساندن
شنج دن:هم
OEW:340, POK:893, EIV:127 EIV:127 EIV:127
Indo-European
Oies: pole ت
Avestan
aeša: pole, plow shaft
Persian
xîš: plow or wagon pole خش
خش
xîškâr: farmer خ ش ار اوآهن
WLD1: 167 SYN:496, BRT:32
کنم چاه آب اندرو صدهزار
( توانگر کنم م ــردم خ ــش ار )فردو
HRN:114, BQT:803, MON:1465
Indo-European
Sweid, Huaid: to sweat عرق
Avestan
xvaeza: sweat
Persian
xeyû: saliva (خیو )خیوه
خیو
زد دار پ ان فرو ماندند آب دهان
POK:1043, EIV:143 POK:1043
( خیو زر لبها برافشاندند )فردو
HRN:114, BQT:805, MON:1472
Indo-European
Dô: to give, create خلق کردن،دادن
Avestan
dâ 1: to give
Pahlavi
dâdâr: God
Persian
dâdâr: God دادار
دادار
POK:223 dâtar: giver, God NYB:56, HRN:61,115 BQT, FSF, SNS
BQT:121, POK:223,225
Indo-European
Dô: to give, create خلق کردن،دادن
Avestan
dâ 1: to give
Pahlavi
dâtan: to give
Persian
dâdan: to give دادن
دادن
POK:223 BQT:121, POK:223,225 NYB:56, HRN:61,115 BQT, FSF, SNS
Indo-European
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to hold firmly, keep, guard حفظ کردن، مح م گرف
Old Persian
dâr: to hold
Persian
dârâbgard: "city of Dârâb" دارا گرد
دارا گرد
POK:252, EIV:129 AHD:335
، داش:مق
BQT, TZF
Indo-European Old Persian داراب
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ krta: creation, city
POK:641, EIV:236 HRN:201
Indo-European
Deru: wood, tree, to be firm
Avestan
dru, dâuru, derežda, draxta: tree,
Persian
dârîyeh: a wood frame, a tambourine with wood rim دار ه
دار ه
wood
مح م بودن، درخت،چوب NOTE - FVA:146 derives this from the Arabic "D.v.r.: turns".
POK:214, KLN:1644, SNS:318, ETM:65
POK:214 FVF:256
Indo-European
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to hold firmly, keep, guard حفظ کردن، مح م گرف
Old Persian
dâr: to hold
Persian
Dârîûš: Darius, king of Persia دار وش
دار وش
ً
POK:252, EIV:129
" "دارنده ن
dârayat-vahu: he BQT, TZF
Indo-European Avestan holds goodness
Su 1: well, good خوب vohu, vahu: good
AHD:335
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1174
Indo-European
Dâ 1: to divide, cut in pieces قطعه قطعه کردن، تقس م کردن
Sanskrit
dâtra: sickle
Pahlavi
dâs: sickle
Persian
dâs: sickle داس
داس
ب دس:مق
POK:175 POK:175, BQT:904 BQT:813 POK:175, BQT:333,813
Indo-European
Dhê 2: to do, set
Avestan
dâ 2: to settle, to give
Pahlavi
dâtastân: law, a legal case (story)
Persian
dâstân: story داستان
داستان
چ دن،انجام دادن dâtô, dâta: that which is settled, law " "مورد قانو
HRN:127 BQT:862
AHD:1512, POK:235 POK:235, FFD:52
Indo-European
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to hold
Av/Old
dâr, dr: to
Pahlavi
dâštan: to have
Persian
dâštan: to have, own ( داراب،داش )دارا
داش
firmly, keep, guard hold
حفظ کردن، مح م گرف pad-en-dâštan: to take, consider pendâštan: to think, consider (پنداش )پندار
POK:252
POK:252, EIV:129 FFD:43,52 BQT:810, FFD:43
Indo-European
Dô: to give, create خلق کردن،دادن
Avestan
dâ 1: to give
Pahlavi
dâtan: to give
Persian
َ
dâšan: gift, tip (۲ دشت،داشن )دهش
داشن
dâhišn: gift دادن:هم
POK:223 BQT:121, POK:223,225 BQT, FSF, SNS
NYB:56, HRN:61,115 donate :هم
Indo-European
Dhegh: to heat, burn سوزاندن،گرم کردن
Avestan
dağa, dâğah: hot
Persian
dâğ: hot داغ
داغ
day :هم
POK:240 daxma: place for burning the dead daxmeh: tomb دخمه
POK:240, BQT:815, 827 FSF:173
Indo-European
Dema: to tame and domesticate animals اه کردن حیوانات
Avestan
dâman: domestic animals
Persian
dâm: domestic animals دام
۱دام
حیوانات اه
POK:199, KLN:442 BQT:817 KLN:1569, POK:199, BQT:817
Indo-European
Dê, Dah 2: to bind, tie س
Avestan
dâ 4: trap
Pahlavi
dâm: trap
Persian
dâm: trap دام
۲دام
تله
POK:183,EIV POK:183 EIV:47 BQT:817,EIV
80
داماد
Indo-European
Geme: to marry ازدواج کردن
Avestan
jâma: kinship (daughter)
Pahlavi
dâmât: bride groom
Persian
dâmâd: son-in-law,
داماد
bride groom
POK:369
Indo-European zâmâ-tar: married to the family MON:1487
داماد
Ter 2, Tar: a kinship term سوند گروه ا فام ل POK:369, HRN:117, IEC:402
BQT:817
PRT:863, AHD:1500
Indo-European
Dhê 2: to do, set چ دن،انجام دادن
Avestan
dhana: vessel, holder, pot
Persian
dân: vessel, holder (دان ) لدان
ـ دان
AHD:1512, POK:235 POK:238 BQT:818
Indo-European
Gnô: to know دا س
Av/Old Pers
dan, dânâ: to know
Persian
dânestan (دا س )دا ش
دا س
know :هم
POK:376 POK:376, BQT:1298 BQT, FFD
Indo-European
Dâ 2: to flow ج ان اف
Av/Old Pers
dânu: river, water
Greek
Dânao: Danube
French Persian
Dânûb دانوب
دانوب
NOTE- This word apparently entered European ""رودخانه
Dânu: river رودخانه Dânavo: Danube river languages through Scythians (7th century B.C.).
MON5: 516
Indo-European
Dhen: to flow, run around دور زدن، جاری شدن
Old Persian
danuvatiy: flows
Persian
dânîdan: to roll دان دن
دان دن
غلطان دن
POK:249 POK:249, ARN:265 ARN:265
NOTE- NYB:60 derives "dâd" from "dâdan: to give one's right" POK:235, FFD:52
Indo-European
Dâ 1: to divide, cut in pieces
Indo-European
Dabh, Dâbh : one's turn or strike in
Persian
dâv: one's turn or strike in a game داو
داوطلب
قطعه قطعه کردن، تقس م کردن
battle, harm
dâv-talab: one who seeks his turn, volunteer داوطلب ""ن ت طلب
POK:175 IEC:129, AHD:1511 IEC:129, MON:1492
Indo-European
Dhê 1, Dah 1: to suckle milk,
Indo-European
Dhe-mnâ: one who gives
Avestan
daenu: female
Pahlavi
dâyag: foster-
Persian
dâyeh: baby sitter, nurse دا ه
دا ه
to produce milk, nurse mother
POK:241 dâyê: mother's brother دا ــی
تول د کردن،ش دادن پرستار،ش دهنده
EIV:47 BQT:822, HRN:119
POK:241,EIV POK:241,EIV
NOTE- Compare with the root "Dheugh: to milk"
81
. د ستان
دب:رج ع شود ه د ستان
Sumerian
Dub: tablet, scripture نوشته،لوحه
Old Persian
dipi: to write
Persian
teacher ( دیوان، دی اچه،دب )د ستان
دب
AKD:19, BQT:823 BQT:823 BQT:824, KLN:467, AKD:19, ETM:36
Indo-European
Steig, Teig: pointed,
Av/Old Pers
tiğra: sharp, pointed
Semitic
Diglat: Tigris
Arabic
dijlat: river name
Persian
dejleh: Tigris river (دجله )د اله
دجله
sharp "ــع "
ت، نوک دار tigrâ: Tigris, "fast moving" river IRN:112 IRN:112 MON5: 520, IRN:112
POK:1016 POK:1016 NOTE- "Arvand: swift (river)" is a translation of "Dejleh: fast (river)".
Indo-European
Dheugh: to milk ش دوش دن
Indo-European
Dhugh-tar: milker (of the
Avestan
dugeda, duğdâr:
Persian
doxtar: daughter, girl
دخ
NOTE- Compare with "Dhê 1: to suckle milk"
family), daughter daughter (milker) ""ش دوش
دخ
POK:271,277, WLD:847,868 POK:277, WLD:868 KLN:404, POK:277, BQT:333 daughter :هم
Indo-European BQT, WLD:868
Indo-European
Dhegh: to heat, burn سوزاندن،گرم کردن
Avestan
dağa, dâğah: hot
Persian
daxš 2: dark ۲دخش
۲دخش
گناهش ه ــزدان خش ــنده خش تارک
POK:240 daxša: burnt
POK:240, BQT:815, 827
( مکن روز بر دشمن ودوست دخش )فردو
FSF:173
Indo-European
Âtos: father, mother, family, race نژاد، فام ل، مادر،در
Indo-European
Tât, Tâta: daddy
Persian
dadeh: great-grandparents ۱دده
۱دده
POK:71, AHD:1507 Dhêdh: grandfather IEC:178, MON:1499
SYN:94, WLD1: 44, IEC:178,1369
َ
Indo-European
Dhedh: nurse پرستار
Persian
dadeh: maid servant, nurse
َ
۲دده
۲دده
IEC:178 IEC:178, MON:1499
Indo-European
Dhwer: door در
Av/Old Pers
dvar, duvara: door
Persian
dar: door (در )درب
در
door :هم
POK:278, KNT:191 BQT:828, KNT:191 BQT, FVF:98,240
Indo-European
Del: long طوﻻ،دراز
Avestan
daraga, darağa, drâjah: long
Persian
derâz: long دراز
دراز
درنگ:هم
POK:197, KNT:190 POK:197, BQT:829, SNS:324 POK, BQT, SNS
82
درای دن
Indo-European
Dhreu, Drau: to call on فراخواندن
Pahlavi
drâyî: to howl, talk
Persian
darâyîdan: to talk درای دن
درای دن
EIV:77 EIV:77 ز ا ه اران درای، نزاری
( ای )نزاری قهستا ز ا ان و ا ه اران
EIV:77
Indo-European
Deru: wood, tree, to be firm
Avestan
dru, dâuru, derežda, draxta: tree, wood
Persian
deraxt: tree درخت
درخت
ُ tree :هم
مح م بودن، درخت،چوب POK:214, KLN:1644, SNS:318, ETM:65 dorûd 1: wood ( )درودگر۱درود
POK:214 dâr 2: wood ( )دارکوب۲دار
BQT, HRN, FVF, ETM, FSF
Indo-European
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to hold firmly, keep, guard
Avestan
dereza: to hold together, close, tighten
Persian
darz: seam درز
درز
حفظ کردن، مح م گرف POK:252,258 darzî: tailor درزی
POK:252, EIV:129 darzmân: thread درزمان
darzan: needle درزن
HRN:122, CEL3: 254, MON:1510,EIV
Indo-European
Dhars: to dare جرات کردن
Av/Old Pers
darš: dare, to be bold
Persian
dorošt: large, rough درشت
درشت
daršam: boldly dare :هم
POK:259 HRN:122, BQT:837
POK:259, SYN:1149, KNT:190 NOTE- POK:216 derives it from "Deru: wood, firm".
83
. درشکه
Indo-European
Dhragh 1: to pull کش دن
Russian
drožki: carriage
Persian
doroškeh درشکه
درشکه
drag :هم
POK:257 AHD:400 MON:1511, BQT:837
Indo-European
Darb, Darf: to join, sew بهم دوخ
Persian
derafš: awl, needle ۳درفش
۳درفش
وس له سوراخ
EIV:60 EIV:63
کردن
Indo-European
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to hold firmly, keep, guard
Av/Old Pers
dâr, dr: to hold
Persian
darmân: treatment (درمان )دارو
درمان
حفظ کردن، مح م گرف POK:252 BQT:840, HRN:116,123
POK:252, EIV:129 NOTE- ETM:65 derives these words from "Deru: wood (also firm and healthy)".
Indo-European
Del: long طوﻻ،دراز
Avestan
daraga, darağa, drâjah: long
Persian
dîr: late دیر
درنگ
POK:197, KNT:190 drang: hesitation derang: length of time, hesitation درنگ
POK:197, BQT:829, SNS:324 POK, BQT, SNS
Indo-European
Der 1: to split, to tear اره کردن،تقس م کردن
Avestan
dereta: cuts, harvests
Persian
dero: harvest ِدرو
ِدرو
Drauh: to mow, cut ب دن ُ
deretô: cut, mown dorûdan: to harvest درودن
POK:206, IEC:165,EIV POK:208 POK:208, HRN:124
Indo-European
Drauš: to make a mark, brand ُمهر و داغ کردن
Avestan
drauša: to mark, brand
Pahlavi
drôš: to brand
Persian
dirôš: to mark, brand ِدروش
ِدروش
که ستوران دروش و داغ کنند ه موس داغ و ُمهر
EIV:80 EIV:80 EIV:80
( ستوروار بر اعدا نهاده داغ و دروش )سوز
EIV:80
Indo-European
Dregh: unwilling مل
Avestan
drigu, dregu, driwi: poor
Pahlavi
driyôš: poor
Persian
darvîš: poor ( در وز،درو ش )در وز
درو ش
WLD:821 WLD:821 BRT:849 BQT:846, HRN:124, KLN:431
NOTE- TAD:27 suggests "darvîsh" is a distorted form of Persian "dar pîsh: at the door, beggar". BQT: 846 does not agree with this derivation.
ُ
درخت:رج ع شود ه ۱درود
ُ
درست:رج ع شود ه ۲درود
درخت:رج ع شود ه درودگر
ُ
ِدرو:رج ع شود ه درودن
84
دروغ
Indo-European
Dhreugh: to deceive ف ب دادن
Avestan
draoga,drauga: a lie, a demon
Pahlavi
drôg: a lie
Persian
dorûğ: a lie دروغ
دروغ
ُ
POK:276 POK:276, BQT:845, SNS:324 druvand: non-believer dorvand: atheist دروند
BQT:846, SNS:324,325 BQT:846, SNS:324, BQT:845, TZF:22
Indo-European
Der 2: to run دو دن
Avestan
draonah: travel goods توشه راه
Persian
darûn: a Zoroastrian prayer ۱درون
درون
دعای زر ش ان
POK:205 POK:205 HRN:274, BQT:844 ?
َ ُد
روند
دروغ:رج ع شود ه
Indo-European
Deru: wood, tree, to be firm مح م بودن، درخت،چوب
Sanskrit
druna: made of wood
Persian
darûneh: bow, rainbow درونه
درونه
POK:214 POK:214 س ـ ــرو ــود ـ ــم چـ ـن ــد اه ــلن ــد
(کوز گش م و چون درونه شد م )کسا مروزی
BQT:854, HRN:124, FRS:217
Indo-European
Der 1: to split, to tear اره کردن،تقس م کردن
Avestan
dar, dareta: to split
Pahlavi
darîtan: to tear
Persian
darîdan: to tear در دن
دردن
Drauh: to mow, cut ب دن dart: pain َ tear :هم
POK:206, SYN:565 dard: pain درد
POK:206, IEC:165,EIV SYN:565
BQT, POK, SYN
NOTE- see "Darh: to have pain" for another possible root for "dard: pain"
ُ
Indo-European
Dus: bad, evil ش طا،د
Av/Old Pers
duš, duž: bad, evil
Persian
dož: a prefix meaning bad or evil
ُ ُ
( دژ ـ )دش ـ
دژ ـ
POK:227 BQT:866 ( دوزخ، )دزد، دژمان، دژ ه، دژم، دژخ م:مثال
دشوار، دشخوار، دش ل، دش ه، دش اد، دشنام،دشمن
BQT:866
85
ُ
. دژ ه
ُ
Indo-European
Dus: bad, evil ش طا،د
Avestan
duš-pithwa: bad fat, abscess
Persian
dožpîh: abscess
ُ ُ ُ
( دش ل،دژ ه )دش ه
دژ ه
POK:227 BQT:897, TZF:22 BQT, HRN, TZF
Indo-European
Peî: sap, fat چر، ش ه
POK:793
Avestan
Haem, Haya: character, nature طب عت، شخص ت
Pahlavi
xîm: temper, nature
Persian
dožxîm: bad tempered
ُ
دژخ م
دژخ م
HRN:114, FVS:168,179 PHD:94, HRN:114 BQT:804, HRN:114
Indo-European Avestan
Dus: bad, evil ش طا،د duš, duž, duždâo: bad, evil
POK:227 POK:227, FSF:179, 183
ُ
دشمن:رج ع شود ه دژم
ُ
دشمن:رج ع شود ه دژمان
Indo-European
Dhê 2: to do, set چ دن،انجام دادن
Avestan
dâ 2: to settle, to give
Pahlavi
dast-war: judge, priest
Persian
dastûr: story, priest,
دستور
agenda
AHD:1512, POK:235 dâtô, dâta: that which is NOTE- NYB:59 claims "dastwar"
Indo-European Av/Old Pers settled, law is from Avestan "dah: to teach" دستور
Bher 1: to carry حمل کردن bar: to carry dâtô-vare: carrier of BQT:862
judgment, judge HRN:127
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
POK:235, FFD:52 NOTE- see Dens for another possible root
Indo-European
Dens, Danh: to teach, instruct تعل م دادن
Avestan
danh: to teach, instruct
Pahlavi
dast-war: carrier of
Persian
dastûr: authority, judge,
دستور
authority, judge, priest Zoroastrian priest
EIV:56 EIV:56
Indo-European Av/Old Pers EIV:56
دستور
Bher 1: to carry حمل کردن bar: to carry EIV:56
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128 NOTE- see Dhê 2 for another possible root.
ُ ُ
دژ ـ ـ:رج ع شود ه دش ـ ـ
ُ ُ
دژ ه:رج ع شود ه دش ه
ُ ُ
دژ ه:رج ع شود ه دش ل
Indo-European
Dek: take, accept, understand
Indo-European
Deks: right, on
Avestan
dašina:
Pahlavi
dašn: right
Persian
dašn: right side, also the first (daily) sales
َ
دشن
۱دشت
the right side right
قبول کردن، گرف SNS:316 dašt: the first sales of a business in a day ۱دشت
POK:189 POK:190, AHD:1511 POK:190
SNS:316, BQT:866
َ
داشن:رج ع شود ه ۲دشت
دشوار:رج ع شود ه دشخوار
Indo-European
Men 1: to think فکر کردن
Avestan
manah: mind, manners
Avestan
duš-manah: with unfriendly thoughts
Persian
došman: enemy
دشمن
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT ُ ُ
POK:726, BQT ( دژمان،دشمن )دژم
Indo-European Avestan
Dus: bad, evil ش طا،د duš, duž, duždâo: bad, evil BQT, HRN, ZMA
َ
۱ دشت:رج ع شود ه دشن
Indo-European
Dus: bad, evil ش طا،د
Avestan
duš, duž, duždâo: bad, evil
Persian
došnâm: insult دشنام
دشنام
POK:227
name :هم
Indo-European Av/Old Pers duš-nâma: bad name BQT, HRN:126, MON
86
دشوار
Indo-European
Dus: bad, evil ش طا،د
Avestan
duš-vâre: difficult to carry
Persian
došxâr: difficult (دشخوار )دشوار
دشوار
POK:227
"" ار َ د
POK:227, FSF:179, 183 BQT, HRN:126, MON
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Bher 1: to carry حمل کردن bar: to carry
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
Indo-European
Dus: bad, evil ش طا،د
Avestan
duš-yâta: backbite
Persian
došyâd: humiliation of people
دش اد
POK:227
in their absence غی ت
BQT:897, TZF:22
Indo-European Avestan
دش اد
Yem: hold together (pair) اهم ن اه داش yata, yâta, ya: remember
BQT, HRN, TZF
POK:505 POK:505
َ
Sumerian
Dub: tablet, scripture
Akkadian
duppu: tablet
Aramaic
dappa: skin for
Arabic
daf: a tambourine made
Persian
َ
daf: tambourine (دف )شندف
دف
writing tablet of animal skin on a frame
نوشته،لوحه AKD:19, BQT:823 MON:1540
MON:1540
AKD:19, BQT:823 NOTE- See "Deru 1" for another possible root
Indo-European
Deph: to stamp
Greek
diphtera: prepared hide, leather used to write on
Arabic
daftar: record book
Persian
daftar: notebook, office دف
دف
مهر زدن letter :هم
AHD HJB:329, KLN:487 BQT:869
POK:203 NOTE- BQT:870 indicates that the Greek "diphtera" may have been derived from the Sumerian "Dub: scripture".
َ
Semitic
Daqal: fruit of palm tree, date خرما،میوه نخل
Arabic
daqal: inferior date palm
Persian
daqal: inferior date
َ
دقل
دقل
خرمای نامرغوب
KLN:403 MON:1543
date :هم
Indo-European
Kerd 1: heart قلب
Avestan
zered, zaredaya: heart, center
Pahlavi
dîl: heart
Persian
del: heart دل
دل
POK:579, SYN:251 POK:580, KLN:352, SYN:251 BQT:873 BQT:873
heart :هم
NOTE- The "z" sound is kept in Kurdish "zar: heart" and Baluchi "zirdê: heart".
Turkish
Dolmak: to wind, wrap پ چ دن
Turkish
dolman: wrapping, cover, coating
Persian
dolmeh: food wrapped in vine leaves دلمه
دلمه
AHD:389 AHD:389 MON:1554
Indo-European
Dhars: to dare جرات کردن
Av/Old Pers
darš: dare, to be bold
Pahlavi
dilêr: brave
Persian
dalêr: brave دل
دل
daršam: boldly dare :هم
POK:259 ARN:281 ARN:281
POK:259, SYN:1149, KNT:190
َ
Indo-European
Dhem: to make vapor, raise dust گرد و خا کردن،خار کردن
Avestan
dam: to blow, breathe
Persian
dam: breath, air, vapor, weather
َ
دم
دم
damp :هم
POK:247 POK:247 damâ: weather, heat دما
POK, BQT, HRN
ُ
Indo-European
Dumb: tail
ُ
دم
Avestan
duma: tail
Persian
dom: tail
ُ ُ
(دم )دنب
دم
tip :هم
POK:227 POK:227, HRN:128 BQT:876,882, NYB:82
َ دما
دم:رج ع شود ه
Indo-European
Dhem: to make vapor, raise dust گرد و خا کردن،خار کردن
Avestan
dam: to blow, breathe
Persian
Damâvand: a mountain (with vapor) دماوند
دماوند
POK:247 POK:247 POK, BQT, HRN
NOTE- BQT:878 suggests "Damâvand" may be from the root "Dumb: tail".
87
ُ
. د َمل
ُ
Indo-European
Dus: bad, evil ش طا،د
Avestan
duš-pithwa: bad fat, abscess
Persian
domal: abscess
ُ
د َمل
د َمل
POK:227 BQT:897, TZF:22 BQT, HRN, TZF
Indo-European
Peî: sap, fat چر، ش ه
POK:793 NOTE- See "Dumb: tail" for another possible root of "domal"
ُ
Indo-
Dumb: tail
Avestan
duma: tail
Persian
dom: tail
ُ ُ
(دم )دنب
Persian
donbal: testicles
ُ
دن ﻼن،دن َ ل
Arabic
domal: abscess
Persian
domal: abscess
ُ
د َمل
د َمل
ُ
دم POK:227, HRN:128 BQT:876,882, NYB:82 FVF:258, MON:1563 FVF:258 MON:1561
POK:227 NOTE- See "Peî: sap, fat" for another possible root of "domal"
َ
Indo-European
Dhen: to flow, run around دور زدن، جاری شدن
Old Persian
danuvatiy: flows
Persian
danîdan: to run joyfully
َ
دن دن
دن
dan: joyful shouting
َ َ
(دن )دنان ف اد شادی
POK:249 POK:249, ARN:265
س اندر س اه منوچهر شاه
( دم ــان و دنـ ــان ــرگرف ـتـند راه )فردو
BQT:888, POK:249, HRN:128, FSF:88,
َ َ
دن:رج ع شود ه دنان
ُ ُ
دم:رج ع شود ه دنب
ُ
ت ک:رج ع شود ه دن ک
Indo-European
Dumb: tail
ُ
دم
Avestan
duma: tail
Persian
ُ ُ
dom: tail (دم )دنب
Persian
donbal: testicles
ُ
دن ﻼن،دن َ ل
دن ﻼن
POK:227 POK:227, HRN:128 BQT:876,882, NYB:82 FVF:258, MON:1563
Indo-European
Denk: to bite از گرف
Avestan
danta, dantan: tooth
Persian
dandân: tooth دندان
دندان
POK:201 POK:201, SYN:138 dandeh: rib دنده
BQT:884, BRT:653, HRN:120
NOTE- POK:287-289 derives it from "Ed: to eat > Ed-ont, Dnt: tooth"
Indo-European
Ed: to eat خوردن
Indo-European
Ed-ont, Dont, Dnt: tooth دندان
Avestan
danta, dantan: tooth
Persian
dandân: tooth دندان
دندان
POK:287 POK:287-289, ARN:284 POK:201, SYN:138 BQT:884, BRT:653, HRN:120
َ دوازده
۱ ده+ دو:رج ع شود ه
Indo-European
Dwo: two عدد دو
Latin
bis, duo: two
French
douzaine
Persian
dojên: "two on ten" دوج
دوج
POK:230, ""دو اﻻی ده
duo-decem: two plus ten (dozen) KLN:175 MON
Indo-European dozen :هم
Dekm: ten عدد ده AHD, KLN:175
POK:191
Indo-European
Deuk: to lead, move, draw حرکت دادن،هدا ت کردن
Iranian
duk, duč, davč: to sew
Pahlavi
dôxtan: to sew
Persian
dûxtan: to sew ( )دوز دن۱ دوخ
۱ دوخ
POK:220 HUB:63, HRN:129 HUB:63 BQT:892, FFD:54, MON
88
۲ دوخ
Indo-European
Dheugh: to milk ش دوش دن
Iranian
dhauğ, daux, dauxš: to milk
Pahlavi
dûxtan, dôxtan: to milk
Persian
dûxtan: to milk ۲ دوخ
۲ دوخ
dûğ: diluted yogurt دوغ دوش دن
POK:271,277, WLD:847,868 POK:271, SYN:386 HRN:129
NOTE- Compare with the root "Dhê 1: to suckle milk" BQT, POK, SYN, AEF, FFD
Indo-European
Dheu 2: smoke, mist, dizziness گ جه، غ ار، دود
Avestan
dvaidi: smoke
Pahlavi
dûd: smoke
Persian
dûd: smoke دود
دود
fume :هم
POK:262 POK:262 HRN:129, POK:262, BQT:894 BQT:894, HRN:129
Indo-European
Dheu 2: smoke, mist, dizziness گ جه، غ ار، دود
Avestan
dvaidi: smoke
Pahlavi
dûd: smoke
Persian
dûdmân: family
دودمان
POK:262 POK:262
Indo-European Avestan dûtak-mân: family members دودمان
sitting around a fire
Dem: house خانه demâna, nmâna, mân: house BQT:894, HRN:129
HRN:129, POK:262, BQT:894
POK:198 POK:199, KNT:302
Indo-European
Deu 2: to lack, not available, far away موجود نبودن،فاقد بودن
Av/Old Pers
dûraê, dûra: far
Persian
dûr: far away ۱دور
دور
POK:219 POK:219 SNS:335
Indo-European
An 1: breath دم،نفس
Avestan
ahu, ahura: life, spirit, world
Avestan
daoš-ahva: evil
Pahlavi
dužax: bad world
Persian
dûzax: hell دوزخ
دوزخ
Ansu: spirit, world جهان،روح POK:48, KLN:41,1095, AHD, SNS:6, OEW:9
world برزخ:مق
VDQ:36 BQT:896, VDQ:36
KLN, AHD, POK:48 Indo-European POK:48, BQT:896,
VDQ:36, SOD:127
Dus: bad, evil ش طا،د
POK:227
Indo-European
Deu 1: to penetrate, sink غرق شدن، فرو رف
Av/Old Pers
dauša: sunset, night
Persian
dûš: last night ۱دوش
۱دوش
د شب
POK:217 POK:217, ETM:66 POK:217, HRN:130, BQT:898
Indo-European
Dous: arm ازو
Avestan
daoš: shoulder
Persian
dûš: shoulder ۲دوش
۲دوش
کتف
POK:226 POK:226 BQT:898, HRN:130, POK:226
Indo-European
Deuk: to lead, move, draw حرکت دادن،هدا ت کردن
Latin Italian
doccione: pipe
French Persian
duš: shower ۳دوش
۳دوش
POK:220 HUB:63, AHD KLN:477 KLN:477 VOP:172, ETM:66
Indo-European
Dheugh: to milk ش دوش دن
Iranian
dhauğ, daux, dauxš: to milk
Pahlavi
dûšitan: to milk
Persian
dûšîdan: to milk دوش دن
دوش دن
POK:271,277, WLD:847,868 POK:271, SYN:386 HRN:129 BQT, POK, SYN, AEF, FFD
NOTE- Compare with the root "Dhê 1: to suckle milk"
Indo-European
Dheugh: to milk ش دوش دن
Iranian
dhauğ, daux,
Pahlavi
dûšitan: to milk
Persian
dûšîzeh: "milker", girl. See "doxtar" دوش ه
دوش ه
dauxš: to milk بز و م ش د ش ور همچن ""دوشنده
NOTE- Compare with "Dhê 1: to suckle milk" HRN:129
POK:271, SYN:386 daughter :هم
( ه دوش ان داده د ا دین )فردو
POK:271,277, WLD:847,868
BQT, POK, SYN, AEF, FFD
NOTE- dûšîzeh has lost its original meaning as "milker" and, in some prints of this poem, has been changed to "dûšandegân"
89
. دوغ
۲ دوخ:رج ع شود ه دوغ
Indo-European
Dhûs: whir, whirring object, spindle دوک، اجسام مدور،چرخاندن
Persian
dûk: spindle دوک
دوک
IEC:224 IEC:224
Indo-European
Dekm: ten عدد ده
Indo-European
Dkm-tom: hundred
Avestan
sata, satam: hundred
Persian
devîst: two hundred دو ست
دو ست
POK:191 AHD
hundred :هم
Indo-European Avestan
dve-sate, duye-saite: two hundred BQT
َ
Indo-European
Dekm: ten عدد ده
Av/Old Pers
dasa: ten or "plus ten"
Pahlavi
dah: ten
Persian
šânzdah: sixteen شانزده َ
ده
شست:مق
POK:191 POK:191 BQT BQT
ten :هم
Indo-European
Dhîs: village, land زم،ده
Av/Old Pers
dahyu, dainhu: land, country
Pahlavi
deh, dih: village
Persian
deh 2: village, country ۲ِده
ِده
IEC:191 SYN:1302, KNT:190, BRT:706 BQT:902, SNS:242 SYN:1302, BQT:902, MON:1585, TZF:13
Indo-European
Dâ 1: to divide, cut in pieces قطعه قطعه کردن، تقس م کردن
Sanskrit
dâtra: sickle
Persian
dahreh: a sickle shaped weapon دهره
دهره
ت ـ ــر بر نــارون گس ـت ــاخ مـ ـ ــزد
damage :هم
POK:175 POK:175, BQT:904
(و بن را شاخ م د )نظا گنجوی ه دهره
BQT:904
Indo-European
Dô: to give, create
Avestan
dâ 1: to give
Avestan
dathuš: creator
Persian
day: creator, the tenth month in Persian calendar ۱ِدی
۱ِدی
خلق کردن،دادن dâtar: giver, God ماه دهم
BQT:121,907 MON:1588
POK:223 BQT:121, POK:223,225 NOTE- See root "Ghei 1: winter" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Ghdies: yester (دی )گذشته
Avestan
zyô: yester
Pahlavi
dîk: yester
Persian
dî: yester ( )دیروز۲دی
۲دی
yesterday :هم
POK:416 POK:416, KLN:1762 MON:1588
90
دی ا
Indo-Scythian
Zi: to adorn آراس
Pahlavi
dêpâk: a beautiful cloth, brocade
Persian
dîbâ: a colorful cloth (دی ا )دی اج
دی ا
ISS:16 ISS:16 BQT:908
NOTE- See root "Dei: to shine" for another possible derivation.
Indo-European
Deik: to show شان دادن
Avestan
daês: to show, demonstrate
Persian
dîs, dîz: appearance ـ دیز،ـ د س
ـدس
ش دیز،تند س سوند ش اهت
POK:188 POK:188
HUB:65, BQT:912
Indo-European
Dheigh: to form out of clay, to knead clay or dough رس ا خم درست کردن ا خا
Old Persian
daika: clay pot
Persian
dîg: a large cooking pot (د گ )دیزی
دگ
POK:244, KNT:191, CEL3: 203 HUB:65, KLN:469 BQT:912,914, KLN:469
Akkadian
Dînu: law, right, judgment قضاوت، حق،قانون
Aramaic
dîn: to rule
Arabic
dîn 2: judgment
Persian
dîn 2: judgment, rule ( تمدن، )مدینه۲دین
۲دین
dayn: debt dayn: debt ۳ِدین حکومت و
BQT:916, KLN:399 BQT:916, KLN:399
BQT:916, FVQ:131 FVA:148, MON
قضاوت
NOTE- FVQ:132 claims Arabic "dîn: religion" is borrowed from Iranian while "dîn: judgment" is borrowed from Aramaic and passed to Persian.
91
. دیو
Indo-European
Dei: to shine, used to describe bright days and heavenly spirits
Avestan
daêv, daêvoh: originally meant god
Persian
dîv: demon دیو
دیو
but when Zoroaster introduced
شده برای توص ف روزهای روشن و ارواح آسما استفاده،درخش دن Ahuramazda, old gods were rejected dîvâneh: like a demon, crazy
and considered as demons.
دیوانه
POK:183, AHD
POK:185, AHD:1511, BQT:917 HRN:133
Indo-European
Wer 3, Werg 2: to cover, enclose
Av/Old Pers
var 1, vara, vâra 2: cover, wall
Av/Old Pers
dêğa-vâra: clay wall
Persian
dîvâr: "clay wall"
دیوار
محصورکردن،پوشاندن " "حصار
POK:1116, AEF:212, KNT:207 POK:1116, AEF:268 دیوار
POK:1116, IEC:1599 cover :هم
Indo-European BQT, AEF
Dheigh: to form out of clay, to knead clay or dough رس ا خم درست کردن ا خا
POK:244, KNT:191, CEL3: 203
Indo-European
Dhegh: to heat, burn سوزاندن،گرم کردن
Indo-European
Geulo: coal
Avestan
skarana, skairya: coal
Persian
zoğâl: coal ذغال
ذغال
coal :هم
POK:240 IEC:379,407, POK:399 HRN:163, BQT:1150, IEC:379,407 BQT:1026,1150, HRN:163,
Indo-European
Ar 1: to fit together جور و درست کردن
Avestan
râd: right, correct, proper
Persian
râd: proper, brave ۱راد
۱راد
NOTE- EIV:196 derives this from the root "Reg 1: straight" درست
POK:55 BQT, AEF, FFD
WLD:74, POK:56 order :هم
Indo-European
Rei 1: possession مال ت
Avestan
râ: to give
Persian
râd: generous ۲راد
۲راد
râiti, a-râiti: generous خشنده
POK:860 BQT:926
POK:860, BQT, ARN:301 real :هم
Indo-European
Redh: to separate, isolate جدا کردن
Avestan
rah: to escape, set free
Persian
râz: secret راز
راز
KNT:205 razah: isolation BQT:926, HRN:134
KNT:205, NYB:167
92
راسو
Indo-European
Lohrk: weasel راسو ا حیوان ش ه آن
Pahlavi
rasug: weasel
Persian
râsû: weasel? راسو
راسو
ARN:299 ARN:299 ARN:299, BQT:929
Indo-European
Rem: to rest اس احت کردن
Avestan
râman: quiet, restful
Persian
râm: quiet ( رام دن، رام، رامش،رام )شهرام
رام
POK:864 POK:864, KLN:1335, SYN:841, AEF:351 ârâm: quiet آرام
BQT, HRN, AEF, FAF, FFD
Indo-European
Er, Ar 2: to set in motion, excite بر انگ خ،ه حرکت در آوردن
Av/Old Pers
ar, ra: to move
Pahlavi
rân: to drive
Persian
rândan: to drive راندن
راندن
run :هم
POK:327, EIV:165 POK:327, BRT, FSF:105 EIV:165 EIV:165
Indo-European
Ar 1: to fit together
Avestan
ratu: judge, religious leader
Pahlavi
rad: leader, master, Sir
Persian
rad: leader, judge َرد
َرد
دل ــخردان داشــت و مغــز َردان قا،فرمانده
جور و درست کردن WLD:74, POK:56 SNS:226
ُ
( دو کـ ـت ــف ﻼن و ه ــش مـ ـ دان )فردو
POK:55
BQT:943, MON:1645, FSF:199
93
. رده
Indo-European
Reg 1: move straight, right مستق م حرکت کردن
Avestan
râsta: right
Persian
radeh: a row of soldiers (رده )رژه
رده
POK:854, KNT:206
erezu: straight (line) BQT, HRN
POK:854
NOTE- see "Ret: to roll" as another suggested root for "radeh: row of soldiers"
Indo-European
Ret: to roll, run دو دن،قلت دن
Avestan
ratha: chariot
Pahlavi
radag: row of soldiers
Persian
radeh: row of soldiers َرده
رده
POK:866 POK:866, ARN:302 ARN:302, BQT:944 ARN:302, BQT:944
NOTE- see "Reg: move straight" as another suggested root for "radeh: row of soldiers"
Indo-European
Leuk: light, brightness
Avestan
raočah: light
Persian
rûz: day ( فروغ،روز )فروزان
Arabic
rizq: daily food
Persian
rezq: daily bread رزق
رزق
light :هم
روشنا،نور HRN:23,136,140, SYN:470,991, BQT:31 BQT, FSF:176 AFM:72, PLA:135 MON
POK:687, KNT:205
Indo-European
Reg 1: move straight, right مستق م حرکت کردن
Avestan
razma: lined up (for a fight)
Persian
razm: battle (with rows of soldiers) رزم
رزم
POK:854, KNT:206 POK:854 BQT, HRN
Indo-European
Reg 2: to dye, color رنگ زدن، رنگ
Persian
rajîdan: to paint ( رنگرز،َرز دن )رج دن
رزدن
POK:854 IEC:1065, MON:1640
Indo-European
Rek: to tie س
Sanskrit
račana, rašanâ:
Pahlavi
rasan: rope
Persian
rasan: rope, string َر َسن
َر َسن
rope, strap, belt NOTE- MON: 1654 & AFM: 72 claim "rasan" is the Arabic pronunciation of
POK:863, WLD2: 362 SNS:227
Persian rîsmân. PLA: 138 claims Arabic "rasan" is from Pahlavi "rasan".
WLD2: 362, POK:863
HRN:137, SNS:227
94
رس دن
Indo-European
Er, Ar 2: to set in motion, excite بر انگ خ،ه حرکت در آوردن
Av/Old Pers
ar, ra: to move
Persian
resîdan: to arrive, to ripe رس دن
رس دن
ras 1, rasa: to come, arrive run :هم
POK:327, EIV:165 HRN, BQT, FSF, FFD
POK:327, BRT, FSF:105
Indo-Scythian
Raup 1: to sweep away جارو کردن
Pahlavi
rôpet, rôp 2: sweep
Persian
roftan: to sweep ( ﻻیرو،ُرف )جاروب
ُرف
ISS:251 ISS:252 ISS:252
Indo-European
Rêp: to crawl خ دن
Avestan
rap: to go
Persian
raftan: to go رف
Arabic
rawaj: circulation
Persian
ravâj: popularity, prevalence رواج
َرف
POK:865 HUB:67, HRN:137 روش،۱ روان،روا AFM:74 HRN:137, AFM:74
BQT:955
Indo-European
Gheu: to pour رخ
Latin
fundere: to pour
French
refuse: poured back, rejected
Persian
refûzeh: failed رفوزه
رفوزه
POK:447 AHD AHD MON:1665
Indo-European
Eres 1: to flow, to be wet خ س بودن، ج ان داش
Avestan
ranhâ: vein
Pahlavi
rahg, rag: vein
Persian
rag: vein رگ
رگ
POK:335 POK:336, AHD:1115, SOD:339 SOD:339 SOD:339
Indo-European
Lanğ: to droop, be sad, sorrow غم،غمگ بودن
Avestan
ranj: trouble, effort
Pahlavi
ranz, ranj: pain, suffering
Persian
ranj: pain, suffering رنج
رنج
Ranj: to take action, effort زحمت کش دن EIV:191 BQT:963 MON:1676, IEC:663
IEC:663, EIV:191
Indo-European
Rand: to scrape تراش دن
Pahlavi
Rand: scratch
Persian
randîdan: to grate (رند دن )رنده
رنده
EIV:312 EIV:312 MON:964, HRN:138
Indo-European
Reg 2: to dye, color رنگ زدن، رنگ
Sanskrit
ranga
Pahlavi
rang: color
Persian
rang: color رنگ
رنگ
POK:854 SYN:1051 HRN:138, BQT:964, PHD:72 MON:1677
Indo-European
Ulk,Ulkos: wolf (with fiery eyes) گرگ
Indo-European
Wlp: wolf, dog
Avestan
urpa, urupis: dog
Pahlavi
ropas: fox
Persian
rûbâh رو اه
رو اه
NOTE- This may be from the root "Ulk: shine, fiery"
POK:1179
raopias: fox Pok:1179, ARN:309 BQT, MON5
POK:1144, 1179 POK:1179
Indo-European
Ser 1, Sreu: to flow جاری شدن
Av/Old Pers
rautah, raodah: river
Pahlavi
rôt 2: river
Persian
rûd: river رود
۱رود
Srêm: running جاری POK:1003, HRN:139 MON BQT:969
stream :هم
POK:909,1003, KNT:205, IEC:1276
Indo-European
Seu 3, Hau 2: to give birth زای دن
Avestan
hu 3, hav, hunâmi: to give birth
Persian
rûd: child رود
۲رود
POK:913, EIV: 135 hunuš: son دولت مادر روز ار ز فرزند
son :هم
POK:913, KLN:1473, EIV: 135 (که رودی چن پرورد در کنار )سعدی
BQT:969, EIV135
Indo-European
Leuk: light, brightness روشنا،نور
Avestan
raočah: light
Persian
rûz: day ( فروغ،روز )فروزان
روز
light :هم
POK:687, KNT:205 HRN:23,136,140, SYN:470,991, BQT:31 BQT, FSF:176
Indo-European
Leudh, Raud 2: to grow رشد کردن
Avestan
raod 1, raodha: growth
Pahlavi
rôstâk: village
Persian
rûstâ: village روستا
روستا
POK:684, KLN:885, SYN:874, VDQ:39 KLN:885, SYN:874 MON:1689 IEC:1103, MON:1689
Indo-European
Leuk: light, brightness روشنا،نور
Avestan
raoč-xšaema, raoxšna: bright light
Persian
rošan: bright روشن
روشن
POK:687, KNT:205
light :هم
HRN:23,136,140, SYN:470,991, BQT:31 BQT, FSF:176
Indo-European Avestan
Ksei 2: bright روشن xšae-ta, xšôithmi: bright
WLD1: 501, BRT:541 WLD1: 501, BQT:788,1320
Indo-European
Leudh, Raud 2: to grow
Avestan
raod 1, raodha:
Persian
rûîdan: to grow ( رو ی دن ) ُرس
Arabic
rauza: garden
Persian
rowzeh: garden
روضه
growth
raz: garden, vineyard, vine ۱َرز PLA:138 روضه رو دن:هم
رشد کردن
KLN:885, SYN:874 FSF:199, BQT:944 MON
POK:684, KLN:885, SYN:874, VDQ:39
NOTE- AFM derives the Arabic "rauza: garden" from Persian "rîxtan: to pour". VDQ derives it from Pahlavi "rôt: river".
Indo-European
Ser 1, Sreu: to flow
Av/Old Pers
rautah, raodah: river
Pahlavi
rôt 2: river
Arabic
rauza: land of rivers, garden
Persian
rowzeh: garden روضه
روضه
جاری شدن رود:هم
POK:1003, HRN:139 MON VDQ:226 MON
POK:909,1003, KNT:205,
NOTE- PLA:138 derives Arabic "rauza: garden" from Persian "raz: garden".
Indo-European
Reughmen: oil, cream کرم،روغن
Avestan
raoğna: oil
Pahlavi
rôğn: oil
Persian
roğan: oil روغن
روغن
POK:873 POK:873, KLN:1307 BQT:978 BQT:978
Indo-European
Reudh: red قرمز
Avestan
raoidita: red
Persian
ronâs: a plant used for dying روناس
روناس
red :هم
POK:872 POK:872 BQT:980,981, HRN:141, MON:1696
Indo-European
Leudh, Raud 2: to grow رشد کردن
Avestan
raod 1, raodha: growth
Persian
rûîdan: to grow ( رو ی دن ) ُرس
رو دن
POK:684, KLN:885, SYN:874, VDQ:39 KLN:885, SYN:874 raz: garden, vineyard, vine ۱َرز
FSF:199, BQT:944
Indo-European
Redh: to separate, isolate جدا کردن
Old Persian
rad, radh, ras 2: set free
Persian
rahîdan: escape, become free ( رست ار، وارس، ره دن ) َرس
ره دن
KNT:205 KNT:205, BQT:949 BRT:1505, KNT:205, BQT:949, FFD:55
AV/Old Pers
Ragâ, Rağâ: city of "Ray" south of Tehran. نام شهر ری در جنوب تهران
Persian
Ray: a city south of Tehran ری
ری
MON5: 636 râzî: from Ray رازی
BQT:985, FVF:278
Indo-European
Reg 1: move straight, right مستق م حرکت کردن
Latin
rex: ruler, king
Spanish
real: royal coin
Persian
rîyâl: unit of currency ر ال
رال
POK:854, KNT:206 AHD AHD BQT:985
royal :هم
NOTE- Currency from the Spanish commerce in the Persian Gulf.
Indo-European
Leigh 2, Raič: to leave ترک کردن
Avestan
rêxt, rêz, hâek: to pour
Pahlavi
rextan: to pour
Persian
rîxtan : to pour رخ
رخ
گ خ:مق
POK:669, EIV:307 POK:669, FFD:72, SOD:11 BQT, HRN:141,203, FVQ:46, SNS:115 POK:669, BQT, AEF:373
97
. ر دن
Indo-European
Er, Ar 2: to set in motion, excite
Avestan
rî, rae, raec: discharge
Pahlavi
rîtan: to defecate
Persian
rîdan: defecate ر دن
ردن
بر انگ خ،ه حرکت در آوردن BQT:987, SYN:278, HRN:142 HRN:142, BQT:987, SNS:235 HRN:142, BQT:987,990
POK:327, EIV:165
Indo-European
Rei 2, Raiš: to hurt, tear, cut اره کردن،آزردن
Persian
rîzeh: small pieces, crumbs ر زه
ر زه
POK:857, IEC:1067, EIV:308 IEC:1067
Indo-European
Uroiks: twist, beard ر ش،تا اندن
Avestan
raeša: hair, beard
Pahlavi
rêš: beard
Persian
rîš 2: beard ۲ر ش
۲ر ش
IEC:704,1593 HRN:142, IEC:104,1593 rêšak: (hairy) root rîšeh: root ر شه
BQT:988, SOD:348 BQT:988,989, HRN:142, IEC:704,1593
NOTE- ARN:319 indicates that these words are from the Indo-European root "Werd, Wrad: to grow" (POK:1167)
Indo-European
Rei 2, Raiš: to hurt, tear, cut اره کردن،آزردن
Av/Old Pers
riš, rîz: to spin threads
Persian
rîštan: to spin threads (ر ش )رشته
رش
rope :هم
POK:857, IEC:1067, EIV:308 FFD:56 rîsîdan: to spin threads (ر س دن )ر سمان
abrîšam: silk اب شم
BQT:951, HUB:12, FFD:56
Old Persian
Raika: sand, gravel سنگ ر زه،شن
Pahlavi
rêg: sand
Persian
rîg: sand, gravel رگ
رگ
HRN:142, BRT PHD:73 HUB:68, BQT:989, HRN:142
Indo-European
Er, Ar 2: to set in motion, excite
Avestan
rî, rae, raec: discharge
Pahlavi
rêman: dirty discharges
Persian
rîm: dirt, dirty discharge from the eye
رم
from eyes etc.
بر انگ خ،ه حرکت در آوردن BQT:987, SYN:278, HRN:142 ر مه،ر م
POK:327, EIV:165 HRN:142, BQT:987, SNS:235 HRN:142, BQT:987,990
98
ر وند
رواس:رج ع شود ه ر وند
Indo-European
Gene: to give birth to زای دن
Avestan
zan 1: to give birth to
Persian
zâdan: to give birth to (زادن )زای دن
زادن
gene :هم
POK:373 POK:373, SOD:462 POK:373, BQT, HRN:181,231
Indo-European
Ger 2, Grnom: to become ripe, grow old. Also means grain همچن غﻼت. پ شدن،رس دن
Av/Old Pers
zar 2: to grow old
Persian
zâr 1: ill, weak ۱زار
۱زار
POK:390-391, AEN:444 POK:390 HRN:143, POK:390, BQT
Indo-European
Ger 4: to cry hoarsely, growl غر زدن، گ ه كردن
Sanskrit
jaratê: to cry loudly
Persian
zâr 2: cry ( )زاری۲زار
۲زار
care :هم
POK:383, IEC:308 POK:383 HRN:143, BQT:995
Indo-European
Kwel: to move around,turn
Avestan
car, čâr: to move around,
Pahlavi
čâr: an open
Persian
zâr: place of, home of ( ) لزار۳زار
۳ـ زار
also an open field field, also to
چرخ دن، حرکت کردن MON, BQT, FFD:73
POK:640 BQT:635, FFD:73
Indo-European
Ghâgwh: young animal چه حیوان
Persian
zâğ: crow زاغ
زاغ
POK:409, ARN:318 POK:409, ARN:318 NOTE- See "Gwag: cry, quack" for another possible root
Indo-European
Ghaido: goat بز
Persian
zâq: young of any animal زاق
زاق
goat :هم
POK:409, CEL5: 7 zâq-dân: womb زاقدان
CEL5: 7, MON:1712
Indo-European
Genu 1: angle, knee زانو،زاو ه
Avestan
žnu, znum: knee
Pahlavi
zânûg, zânûk: knee
Persian
zânu: knee زانو
زانو
knee :هم
POK:381 POK:381, SOD:184 ARN:319 BQT:1000, ARN:319
Indo-European
Zgwes: to extinguish خاموش کردن
Sanskrit
jas: extinguished, exhausted, wounded
Avestan
zaxya: wound
Persian
zaxm: wound زخم
زخم
POK:479 POK:479 HRN:145 BQT:1007
Indo-European
Gwhen 2, Jan: to strike, hurt آزردن،زدن
Avestan
žata, jan., jaiti: to hit, harm, bite
Persian
zadan: to hit, strike زدن
زدن
POK:492, EIV:222 POK:492, HRN:204, BQT:324, FFD:25 HRN, BQT, FSF, EIV
Indo-European
Dheu 3 : to shine درخش دن
Av/Old Pers
dav 2, dû: to wipe, clean
Persian
zodûdan: to wipe out
زدودن
POK:261
Indo-European Avestan uz-dâvayati, uz-dû: wipes off زدودن
Ud 1: up, out, away ب ون،اﻻ ud, us, uz: up, out
POK:261, BQT:172,1008, FFD:32,58 BQT:1008
POK:1103 POK:1103, HRN:154, BQT:1049
Indo-European
Ghel: to shine, also a bright yellow color زرد روشن،درخش دن
Avestan
zairita, zareta: golden, yellow
Persian
zar 1: gold زر ر،۱زر
۱زر
gold :هم
POK:429 POK:429, KLN:667, SOD:411 zard: yellow زرد
zardak: carrot زردک
zarnîx: arsenic زرنیخ
HRN:145, BQT
Indo-European
Ger 2, Grnom: to become ripe, grow old. Also means grain
Av/Old Pers
zar 2: to grow old
Persian
zar 2: old ( )زرمان۲زر
۲زر
همچن غﻼت. پ شدن،رس دن zarmân: old man zâl: old زال پ
POK:390-391, AEN:444 POK:390 HRN:143, POK:390, BQT
Indo-European
Ghlâd: to sound, to ring زنگ زدن، صدا کردن
Avestan
zrâda: linked armor
Arabic
zard, sarad: armor
Persian
zarrâd: armor maker ّزراد
ّزراد
POK:451 POK:451 zarrâd: armor maker MON:1729
VDQ:257
Indo-European
Glei: run up to, water flow حرکت ) ا تم ج( آب
Avestan
zrayah, zarayah: body of water
Pahlavi
zrê: sea
Persian
zrâh: sea زراه
زراه
در ا:هم
POK:401, KNT:192 POK:401, SYN:37 MON:1730, BQT:1010, POK:401
Indo-European
Wes 1 : wet, also male animal حیوان نر،خ س
Av/Old Pers
uš-tra, uštra: camel
Persian
Zartošt: "owner of old
زر شت
camels", Zoroaster
POK:1171,1172, IEC:1582
zara-uštra: (with) old
Indo-European Av/Old Pers camels زر شت
Ger 2, Grnom: to become ripe, grow old. Also means grain zar 2: to grow old BQT:138
POK:1172
همچن غﻼت. پ شدن،رس دن POK:390
POK:390-391, AEN:444
NOTE- BQT:1011 links Avestan "zara" to the Indo-European root "Ghel: yellow", thus zara-uštra means (with) yellow camels.
100
زرد
۱ زر:رج ع شود ه زرد
زر شت:رج ع شود ه زردشت
۱ زر:رج ع شود ه زردک
Indo-European
Ghel: to shine, also a
Avestan
zairita, zareta:
Persian
zar 1: gold
Persian
zargûn: like gold,
French
jargon
English
zirconium
Persian
ز رکون م
زرگون
bright yellow color golden, yellow golden
زر ر،۱زر AHD:1489
زرد روشن،درخش دن POK:429, KLN:667,
زرگون
HRN:145, BQT
POK:429 SOD:411 HRN:145, BQT:1012
Indo-European Avestan
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: gaona: hair, hair color, type, like
to bend
SYN:1051, SNS:90
خم کردن
POK:394-398, POK:588-592
Indo-European
Ghlâd: to sound, to ring زنگ زدن، صدا کردن
Avestan
zrâda: linked armor
Pahlavi
zrih
Persian
zereh: armor زره
زره
POK:451 POK:451 VDQ:257 POK:451, HRN:146, BQT:1019
Indo-Scythian
Gan: to seize گرف
Indo-Scythian
Uysgani: vulture
Persian
zağan: a black bird (kite) زغن
زغن
ISS:27 ISS:27 ISS:27, BQT:1023
Greek
Sphallein: cause to fall, slip افتادن،ل خوردن
Greek
a-sphallein: not slippery, a bonding agent
Persian
zeft: tar زفت
زفت
NOTE- From an unknown Semitic root asphaltos: tar asphalt :هم
BQT:1024
KLN:114, AHD:78 AHD:78
Indo-European
Geph: mouth دهان
Avestan
zaf-: mouth
Persian
dahân: mouth زفر
زفر
jaw :هم
POK:382 zaf-an: mouth ز ا ش سان درخ س اه
zaf-ar: mouth ( زفر از کرده فگنده ه راه )فردو
POK:382, KLN:833, SYN:221 BQT:1024, HRN:589,663
Indo-European
Gwag: cry, quack, squeak, squeal ج ج،ف اد
Persian
zakîdan: bluster, rage, talk to oneself in rage (زک دن )ژ دن
زک دن
خود از خشم
POK:1110, IEC:351,354 IEC, BQT, MON
سخن گف
101
. زمان
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Av/Old Pers
jamâna: a step (period) of time
Persian
zamân: time زمان
زمان
قدم زدن jam, jantu: to go thamân: time هن ام:هم
MON:1746
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318 PLA:146, NYB:228
Indo-European
Gwen: woman, female ماده،زن
Avestan
ğnâ, genâ, žaini, jâni: woman
Persian
zan: woman, wife زن
زن
queen :هم
POK:473 POK:473, SYN:82 POK:473, BQT:1033
ّ
Indo-European
Yôs: to gird, belt
Greek
zônê: girdle
Persian
zonnâr: belt used to be worn by
زنار
دور چ ی را پوشاندن، مر س
non-moslems zone :هم
zonarion: a girdle worn by non-Moslems to be identified ّ
POK:513
زنار
AHD
BQT:1033, MON
Indo-European
Ker 1: head, horn
Sanskrit
srnga: horn
Pali
singivera:
Greek
ziggiberis:
Arabic
zanzabîl:
Persian
zanjebil: ginger
زنجب ل
شاخ، sringa-vera: horn-shaped root of ginger
ginger ginger ginger
زنجب ل شنگب ل:مق
POK:574, KLN:261,657 AHD:1522, KLN:657 KLN:657 KLN:657 VDQ:238 MON:1751, VDQ:238
ginger :هم
Old Persian
Sinkadruš: the red ore of mercury (mercuric sulfide) used as a pigment
Persian
šangarf: red lead, cinnabar, red pigment (شنگرف )زنجرف
زنجرف
خ رنگ جیوه که در رنگرزی ار م فته سنگ معدن MON:2083, BQT:1302
MON:2083
Indo-European
Ghei 2: to propel جلو بردن
Avestan
zaêna 1: weapon
Avestan
zaêna 2: chain ?
Persian
zanjîr: chain زنج
زنج
POK:410,424 zayan: equipped, armed HRN:149 HRN:149
POK:424, KLN:666, SYN:1384
Indo-European
Ghei 2: to propel جلو بردن
Avestan
zaêna 1: weapon
Avestan
zaêna 2: chain ?
Persian
zendân: prison زندان
زندان
zayan: equipped, armed zaêna-dana: house of chains, prison زنج:مق
POK:410,424 HRN:149
POK:424, KLN:666, SYN:1384
Indo-European Avestan HRN:149
Dhê 2: to do, set چ دن،انجام دادن dhana: vessel, holder, pot
AHD:1512, POK:235 POK:238
102
زنودن
ُ
ن دن:رج ع شود ه زنودن
ُ
ن دن:رج ع شود ه زن ه
Indo-European
Ghei 2: to propel جلو بردن
Indo-European
Ghaise: spear ن ه
Avestan
zaêna 1: weapon
Persian
zenhâr: "hold your
زنهار
POK:410,424 POK:410,424
weapons" ""مسلح اش
zaenô-hâra: hold (your)
Indo-European Av/Old Pers weapons, be careful (زنهار )زنهار
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to hold firmly, keep, guard dâr, dr: to hold
POK:424, KLN:666, SYN:1384 HUB:60, HRN:116, BQT:1055
حفظ کردن، مح م گرف POK:252
POK:252, EIV:129
Indo-European
Yeu 1, Yauj: to join, harness مهار کردن،جفت کردن
Greek
zugon: yoke, arm of a pair of balances, scale
Arabic
zawj: pair
Persian
zowj: pair زوج
زوج
yoke :هم
POK:509, EIV:217 POK:509, AHD, VDQ:346 VDQ:239 FVA:180
Indo-European
Geu 2: to hasten عجله کردن
Avestan
zava: haste
Persian
zûd: fast, soon زود
زود
۱ زور:هم
POK:399 POK:399, HUB:16 POK:399, BQT:1043, HRN:149,
Indo-European
Geu 2: to hasten عجله کردن
Avestan
zavah, zâvar: power, force
Persian
zûr 1: force, power ( )ز َاور۱زور
۱زور
zâv: powerful زاو قدرت
POK:399 POK:399, BQT:148
POK:399, BQT, HRN:149
َ
Indo-European
Gheu: to pour رخ
Avestan
zaothra, zaothar, zaothr: holy water
Pahlavi
zôt : holy water
Persian
zawr: holy water (in Zoroastrian religion) ۲زور
َ ۲زور
zot: Zoroastrian priest (زوت )زوتر آب مقدس
POK:447 ARN:329
POK:447, ARN:329
MON:1761, BQT:1043, ARN: 329
gush :هم
Indo-European
Ghuel: crooked, bent خم ده،ناصاف
Av/Old Pers
zûrah: lie, cheat
Pahlavi
zûr: not true
Persian
zûr 2: lie ۳زور
۳زور
تزو ر:هم
POK:489 POK:489 HRN:147, ETM:67, POK:489
false :هم
Indo-European
Ǧaulos: vessel, boat قایق، کش
Persian
zowraq: boat زورق
زورق
galleon :هم
IEC:388 AEC:388, BQT:1044
Avestan
Zauša: raising a noise, being violent or bad tempered
Persian
zôš: talk loudly, be violent, a bad tempered person زوش
زوش
انگ کردمت ای ــت سـ ـ م ــن د اخﻼق
داد زدن و د اخﻼ کردن
( زوش خواندم ترا ه هس زوش )رود
AHM:220
AHM:220, BQT:1044, MON:1762
Indo-European
Gwhi: thread, string رشته،نخ
Avestan
žyâ: bow string
Persian
zeh 1: bow string ۱زه
۱زه
چلۀ مان
POK:481,489, AHD POK:481 HRN:150, BQT:1046
103
. ۲زه
Indo-European
Ôus: mouth, lip لب،دهان
Avestan
âh: mouth
Persian
zeh 2: to give birth ( زه دن، )زاه دن۲زه
۲زه
POK:784 aošta, aoštra: lip
زای دن
Indo-European MON, IRN
Ud 1: up, out, away ب ون،اﻻ uz-ah, zâ 2: push out of opening, give birth
POK:1103 POK:785, SYN:228, KLN:1091, BQT:1049
Indo-European
Gwhen 2, Jan: to strike, hurt آزردن،زدن
Av/Old Pers
jatara: resin (obtained by striking a tree trunk)
Persian
žad, žeh, zeh: resin ۳ زه، ژه،ژد
َ ۳زه
صمغ
POK:492, EIV:222 NOTE- Derivation of "jatara: resin" is not certain ang-žeh: sweet resin (انگژه )انغوزه
AHD:1520, AEF:335 MON, BQT
Indo-European
Ud 1: up, out, away ب ون،اﻻ
Avestan
ud, us, uz: up, out
Persian
zahâb: river, spring
زهاب
POK:1103 چشمه
Indo-European Avestan uz-ah-âp: where water comes out, spring زهاب
Ôus: mouth, lip لب،دهان âh: mouth
POK:1103, HRN:154, BQT:1049 MON, IRN
POK:784 POK:785, SYN:228, KLN:1091, BQT:1049
Indo-European Avestan
Ab 1: water آب âp: water
POK:1 KLN:2
Indo-European
Ôus: mouth, lip لب،دهان
Avestan
âh: mouth
Persian
zehdân: womb
زهدان
رحم
ِ ک سه
Indo-European POK:784 aošta, aoštra: lip زهدان
Ud 1: up, out, away ب ون،اﻻ uz-ah, zâ 2: push out of opening, give birth MON, IRN
POK:1103
Indo-European Avestan
Dhê 2: to do, set چ دن،انجام دادن dhana: vessel, holder, pot zâ-dhana: child holder, womb
AHD:1512, POK:235 POK:238 POK:785, SYN:228, KLN:1091, BQT:1049
Indo-European
Gwhen 2, Jan: to strike, hurt آزردن،زدن
Av/Old Pers
jathra: poison
Persian
zahr: poison زهر
زهر
POK:492, EIV:222 AHD:1520, AEF:335 BQT:1047
َ
Indo-European
Ghel: to shine, also a bright yellow color زرد روشن،درخش دن
Av/Old Pers
zahr, zara: bile
Persian
zahreh: bile, courage زهره
َ زهره
POK:429 POK:429
104
ز بق
Indo-European
Gwei, Jai: to live
Av/Old Pers
jiva, jîta, jva:
Pahlavi
zivastan: to live
Arabic
zîbaq
Persian
zîbaq: mercury زبق
زبق
living
اصل این سـ ــم و زر ز زبق خـاســت "فلز "زنده
زند کردن zivandak: "live (metal)", PLA:102
KLN:1288, POK:467,750, mercury (زان چو زبق جن د از چپ و راست )اوحدی
POK:467, EIV:222 SNS:173, SOD:91
BQT:606,1038 MON:1768
Indo-European
Gwei, Jai: to live زند کردن
Avestan
žîra, â-žîra: alert
Persian
zîrak: alert, smart ز رک
زرک
آژر:هم
POK:467, EIV:222 POK:468 FAF:28
Indo-European
Gwei, Jai: to live
Av/Old Pers
jiva, jîta, jva: living
Pahlavi
zivastan: to live
Persian
zîstan: to live زس
زس
quick :هم
زند کردن KLN:1288, POK:467,750, zivandak: "live (metal)", mercury zendegî: life زند
SNS:173, SOD:91
jîveh: "live metal", mercury جیوه
POK:467, EIV:222 BQT:606,1038
MON, EIV
Indo-European
Ghei 2: to propel جلو بردن
Avestan
zaêna 1: weapon
Persian
zîn: saddle زن
زن
zaya: tools, equipment ابزار:هم
POK:410,424 BQT, PLA, FVF
POK:424, KLN:666, SYN:1384
Indo-European
Gheled: ice, hail تگرگ،یخ
Persian
žâleh: hail, dew ژاله
ژاله
POK:435 ARN:335, BQT, MON, FSF:216
NOTE- the Persian word is cognate with the Sanskrit "jada: hail" but it is not clear if it is derived from it.
َ
۳ زه:رج ع شود ه ژد
Indo-European
Gwebh: to dip, sink غرق کردن،فرو بردن در ما عات
Avestan
jafra, jaiwi: deep
Pahlavi
žafr, zufar: deep
Persian
žarf: deep ژرف
ژرف
POK:465 POK:466 FVA:293, ARN:336 ARN:336, BQT:1059, HRN:152
105
. ژه
۳ زه:رج ع شود ه ژه
Sanskrit
Sakah: teak wood چوب درخت ساج
Hindustani
sâgun: teak
Arabic
saj: teak
Persian
sâj: teak tree ساج
ساج
teak :هم
KLN:1578 HJB:910 HJB:910, KLN:1578 MON:1783
Indo-European
Storos: a type of bird (sparrow?) پرنده کوچک نو
Pahlavi
sâr: sparrow
Persian
sâr: sparrow ۳سار
۳سار
sperling :هم
Pok:1036 ARN:337 ARN:337
NOTE- see "Sper" for a different suggested root
Indo-European
Sper: sparrow پرستو،گنجشک
Pahlavi
sâr: sparrow
Persian
sâr: sparrow ۳سار
۳سار
sparrow :هم
POK:991, IEC:613,1056 MON:1789 IEC:613,1056, MON:1789 NOTE- see "Storos" for a different suggested root
Indo-European
Kâs 3: to direct, command
Av/Old Pers
sâs, sâh: command
Pahlavi
sâstâr: ruler, oppressor
Persian
sâstâ: oppressor, demon
ساستا
فرمان دادن،هدا ت کردن sâsta, sâstar: ruler, oppressor sâstâreh: bad domination ساستار،ساستا ستمگر
POK:533, WLD1: 358 POK:533, BRT:1574, SYN:1338, BQT:354 BQT:354,1573, MON:1843 BQT, HRN:160, MON, FSF:99
Indo-European
Korkâ: gravel
Sanskrit
sarkarah: gravel, sugar
Pali
sakkara: sugar
Persian
šekar: sugar
Arabic
sukkar
French
sucre
Persian
سا ُارز
سا ُارز
سنگ ر زه POK:615 ِشکر PLA:163 AHD:1288 MON:1802
POK:615 BQT:1279
Indo-European
Kel 1: cold or warm, a year سال،د ا گرم
Avestan
sarez, sareda: a warm season, a year
Pahlavi
sâlak, sâl: year
Persian
sâl: year سال
سال
NOTE- This root has two opposing meanings
POK:551, SYN:1012 HRN:153 POK:551, SYN:1012
POK:551, SYN:1078
106
سا ه
Indo-European
Skai: shining, bright روشن،درخشان
Avestan
čâyâ, asaya: not bright, shade
Persian
sâyeh: shadow سا ه
سا ه
POK:917
"" دون تا ش
POK:917, SOD:367 HRN:154
Indo-European Av/Old Pers shine :هم
َ
Ne 1, An 3: no, not نه a-, â-, an-: no, not
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167
Indo-European
Ak: sharp, also a
Indo-European
Ke: sharp, to
Avestan
saêni, saêniš, čâna: pointed, sharp or
Persian
sâyîdan: to grind, rub (سای دن )سوهان
سای دن
sharp stone sharpen rough objects used for grinding hone :هم
fesânîdan: to grind, rub (فسان دن )افسان دن
سنگ ت، ت POK:541,542 asânam: whetstone
fesân: grinding stone ( ا سان،فسان )افسان
POK:18, KNT:173 abi-čâna, abhi-čâna: grinding stone POK, BQT, SNS
Akkadian
Šabatu: to cut, stop working
Hebrew
šâbat: to stop work
Arabic
s.b.t: to cut, day of stopping the
Persian
sabt: Saturday َس ۟ ت
َس ۟ ت
دست برداش از ار،قطع کردن
work, Saturday ش ه:هم
BQT:1300 MON:1815
AKD:67, BQT:1300 BQT:1300
چا ک:رج ع شود ه
ُس
Indo-European
Sphel: to split ش اف
Sanskrit
sphal: to open
Persian
spâr: the cutting tip of plow س ار
س ار
ای دو رخ سان تازه بهار اوآهن
POK:985 POK:985
(ار جز ه ب ل و س ار )مسعود سعد سلمان نک
BQT:1085
Indo-European
Spher: ankle, move fast, spread گس دن،ــع حرکت کردن ،مچ ا
Avestan
spar: to walk
Persian
sepârdan: walk, trust
س اردن
POK:992
Indo-European Avestan apa-spar: walk up to, trust (BQT: 1086) (س اردن )س دن
Apo: off دور،جدا ap 2, apa: off, away, to POK:992 BQT:1086, SNS:19
POK:53 POK:54, BQT:1086
Indo-European
Spek: to look, examine
Avestan
spasyeiti: to observe, watch, wait on (serve)
Pahlavi
spâs: to serve, wait on
Persian
sepâs: appreciation
س اس
برر کردن، ن اه کردن spas, spasânô: guard, watcher pâsbân: guard, police ( اس ان،س اس ) اس
POK:984 POK:984 HRN:154, SNS:117 BQT:1086, SNS:117, ARN:151
Indo-European
Kwon: dog سگ
Av/Old Pers
spâ 1: dog
Avestan
spâda, spâtha: army
Persian
sepâh: army, corps (س اه )سپه د
س اه
POK:632, KLN:746, BQT:1155
spakâ: dog, also "army" spatha-paiti: army protector BQT:118,1087, HRN:155, POK:632
POK:632, KLN:746 POK:632
Indo-European
Sphel: to split ش اف
Avestan
spâra: shield
Persian
separ: shield س
س
س ار:هم
POK:985 POK:985 HRN:155
107
. س ی
Indo-European
Pel 1: to fill پر کردن
Av/Old Pers
us-pari, sipari: filled out, complete
Persian
separî:: completed, past س ی
س ی
POK:799, EIV:299
"" امﻼ ُپر شده
FSF:107, BQT:374, KNT:194, EIV:299 EIV:299
Indo-European
Ud 1: up, out, away ب ون،اﻻ
POK:1103 NOTE- see "Spher: move" for another suggested root
Indo-European
Spher: ankle, move fast, spread گس دن،ــع حرکت کردن ،مچ ا
Avestan
spar: to walk
Persian
separî: past, elapsed س ی
س ی
POK:992 us-spar: to walk
" گذشته،"رفته
BQT:1086, SNS:19
Indo-European
away, trust (HRN: 154)
Ud 1: up, out, away ب ون،اﻻ
POK:992
POK:1103 NOTE- see "Pel: to fill" for another suggested root
Indo-European
Peuk: to prick سوراخ کردن
Avestan
spôz: to pull out,
Pahlavi
spož, spôxtan: to
Persian
sepûxtan: to pierce, throw in ( )سپوز دن۱ سپوخ
۱ سپوخ
remove, also hesitate pierce, pull out
ول ــی را اه ِنه ــر اه ب ش ــان انداخ
POK:828
SNS:175, HUB:73 HRN:156 puncture :هم
(عدو را چاه کن در چاه سپوز )سوزنـی
BQT:1091, FSF:221
Indo-European
Peuk: to prick سوراخ کردن
Avestan
spôz: to pull out,
Pahlavi
spôzed: hesitate
Persian
sepûxtan: to hesitate, delay ( )سپوزار۲ سپوخ
۲ سپوخ
remove, also hesitate
نه مــرگ از تــن خ ش ـتــوان سپوخت ه تاخ انداخ
POK:828 SNS:175
SNS:175, HUB:73 ( نه چشم جهان کس ه سوزن دوخت )فردو
BQT:1091, FSF:221
POK:992 POK:992 NOTE - See "Kuei: shining" for another possible root
Indo-European
Kuei: white, shining درخشان،سف د
Old Persian
sipithra: white, bright sky
Pahlavi
spihr: sky
Persian
sepehr: sky, fate سپهر
سپهر
POK:629 BQT:1092, ARN:343 BQT:1092, ARN:343 BQT:1092, ARN:343
white :هم
NOTE- See "Spher: move" for another possible root
Indo-European
Kuei: white, shining درخشان،سف د
Avestan
spaêta: white
Persian
sepîd: white (س د )سف د
س د
spiti-doithra: bright white :هم
POK:629 HRN:157
POK:629
Indo-European
Stâi: to steal دزد دن
Old Persian
stan, sta: to steal
Persian
setâdan : to grab, steal ستادن
ستادن
POK:1010 FFD:59 HRN:157, BQT, FFD:59
108
ستاره
Indo-European
Ster 2: star ستاره
Avestan
star 2
Pahlavi
stârak, stârag, star: star
Persian
setâreh: star ستاره
ستاره
NOTE- IEC: 260 derives "setâreh" and "axtar" from the same root.
star :هم
POK:1027 POK:1027 ARN:344
AHD
Indo-European
Stâ: to stand ا ستادن
Av/Old Pers
sta: to stand, to set
Persian
setâk: branch ( ِستا )استا
ِستا
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008 BQT, HRN: 20 شاخه
NOTE- ARN:345 indicates that this word may be from the Indo European root "Steug, Stugnos: stiff" stand :هم
Indo-European
Stâ: to stand ا ستادن
Av/Old Pers
sta: to stand, to set
Persian
- stân: location of , center of (ستان )استان
ستان
stand :هم
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008 BQT, HRN: 20
Indo-European
Stebh: support, stem ساقه، ش ی ا
Avestan
stawra: firm
Pahlavi
stapr, stawr: strong
Persian
setabr: strong, thick ست
ست
POK:1012 POK:1012, BQT:1098, SOD:363 BQT:1098, FVQ:59, MON:261,262 BQT, FVQ, MON
ُ
Indo-European
Stâ: to stand ا ستادن
Avestan
stûra: thick, large, husky
Persian
sotorg: "large and strong"
ُ
ُس گ
ُس گ
stand :هم
POK:1008,1009 POK:1009,1011, KLN:1508, HRN:205 HRN, BQT
َ
Indo-European
Ster 4: barren عق م
Persian
satarvan: sterile
َ
َس َون
َس َون
عق م
POK:1031 BQT:1100, MON:1833 Note- cognate with Sanskrit "stari: infertile, barren" sterilized :هم
Indo-European
Stâ: to stand ا ستادن
Avestan
sta-xma, sta-mba: hardship, cruelty
Persian
setam: "hardship" ستم
ستم
POK:1008,1009 POK:1009,1011, KLN:1508, HRN:205 HRN, BQT
Indo-European
Stebh: support, stem ساقه، ش ی ا
Old Persian
stambaka: strong
Persian
setonbeh: strong, violent, ugly سنه
سنه
گرف ش دا ه و گف ش چه بودت ؟ زشت و خشن
POK:1012 stamb: stand firm, revolt
( س ــت ه دیو دخو چه نمودت ؟ )و س و رام
BQT:1100, KNT:210
BQT, FSF:223
َ ۱ستوان
۲ خستو:رج ع شود ه
Indo-European
Stebh: support, stem ساقه، ش ی ا
Avestan
stawra: firm
Pahlavi
astô-bân: firm
Persian
ostovân: firm, an army rank
۲ُستوان
""مح م
POK:1012 POK:1012, BQT:1098, SOD:363 BQT:1098, FVQ:59, (۲ ) ُستوان۲استوان
Indo-European Av/Old Pers MON:261,262
Pa: to protect, feed غذا دادن،حفاظت کردن paiti 1, patiy: protector BQT, FVQ, MON
109
. ستون
Indo-European
Stâ: to stand ا ستادن
Av/Old Pers
sta: to stand, to set
Av/Old Pers
stuna, stûnâ: column, pillar
Persian
sotun: pillar ستون
ستون
stand :هم
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008, KNT:210 BQT, MON
Indo-European
Têu: to swell ورم کردن
Avestan
tav: power
Persian
sotûh: tired, stressed ستوه
ستوه
POK:1082, 1084-1085 َ خسته
Indo-European Avestan us-tavah: out of power, tired nastûh: energetic in fighting ستوه
Ud 1: up, out, away ud, us, uz: up, out ni-us-tavah: not tired (of fighting) BQT
ب ون،اﻻ POK:1103, HRN:154, BQT:1049
POK:1082, HRN:89, NYB:196
POK:1103 Indo-European
َ
Ne 1, An 3: no, not نه
POK:756, KNT:167
Indo-European
Steig, Teig: pointed, sharp ت، نوک دار
Av/Old Pers
tiğra: sharp, pointed
Pahlavi
stêğ: sharp, pointed
Persian
setîz: "sharp" (ست )س یغ
ست
setîhîdan: to fight س یه دن ت و ت:هم
POK:1016 POK:1016 ARN:351
BQT, ARN
stick :هم
Indo-European
Kak 1: to have power, help, enable مک کردن،قادر بودن
Avestan
sačaiti: hard, strong
Pahlavi
saxt: hard
Persian
saxt: difficult سخت
سخت
POK:522, ARN:352 ARN:352 BQT:1106 SNS:173
Indo-European
Ak: sharp, also a sharp stone
Av/Old Pers
athagaina, athangaina: stone
Pahlavi
sang: stone
Persian
saxtan: to weigh (سخ )سخت دن
سخ
âthanga, asenga, asan: stone همه گنج ارجاسپ در از کرد وزن کردن
سنگ ت، ت saxt: weigh
sang, sax: to weigh ( ه ک ّ ان درم سختــن آغاز کرد )فردو
POK:18, KNT:173 BQT:1175, SNS:193
SYN:52, BRT:208, KNT:166, FFD:60 BQT:1175, FFD:60, FSF:224
NOTE- ARN:354 suggests the Indo-European root "Sekw: to see, speak" (POK:897) for this word.
Hebrew
Qâter: smoke, incense خور،دود
Greek
Kedrus: a tree (wood) used for burning sacrifices
Latin
cedrus: cedar tree
Persian
sedr: cedar tree ِسدر
ِسدر
cedar :هم
KLN:255 KLN:255 KLN:255 MON:1846
Arabic
S.d.a`: to split
Arabic
soda`: a head-splitting headache
Latin
sodanum: an alkaline
French Persian
sodiyom: sodium سد م
سد م
ش اف used to cure headaches
MON:1847 صداع:مق
KLN:1468 KLN:1468
110
اج
Pahlavi
Cîrâğ: lamp چراغ
Aramaic Arabic
sîrâj: lamp
Persian
serâj: lamp اج
اج
PLA:157 PLA:157 PLA:157, FVQ:166 FVA:188
Indo-European
Ter 1: to cross over, surpass, overcome
Old Persian
srâd, srâda:
Arabic
sorâdeq: tent
Persian
sorâdeq: tent, house
ُ ِادق
house, shelter ای :مق
غل ه کردن، عبور کردن ُ ِادق
NOTE- This word may have been borrowed
from Persian "sarâ-pardeh: tent".
POK:1075, KLN:1639 MON:1850, VDQ:255
VDQ:255, MON:1850 MON:1850
Indo-European
Ter 1: to cross over, surpass, overcome
Avestan
thrâ, thrâya: shelter, cover
Persian
sarây: house, place ( کوهسار،۱ای ) ـ سار
ای
غل ه کردن، عبور کردن ادق :مق
POK:1075, KLN:1639 BQT, HRN:161, MON
POK:1075, KLN:1639 ARN:354 offers another Indo-European root "Kel,Kol (from Rel): cover" (POK:553)
Indo-European
Kleu, Srau: to hear
Avestan
sru, srav, xšnu, xšnaw: to hear
Avestan
srû-ta: speech
Persian
sarâîdan: to sing
ای دن
sraw: to read listen :هم
ش دن HRN:177 (ای دن ) ود
srâw: to sing
POK:605, EIV:356 POK:605, KLN:1456, FFD:60 BQT, MON, FRS
Avestan
Sru, Srva : lead (metal) ب
Pahlavi
srpîn, srubên: lead, made of lead
Persian
sorb: lead ب
ب
BQT:1116, SYN:617, BRT:1649, SNS:183 HRN:161, BQT:1116, SNS:183 MON:266,1854, BQT:1116, SNS:614
Indo-European
Keuk: to shine, be white درخش دن
Avestan
suxra: glowing red
Persian
sorx: red (خ )سهراب
خ
POK:597 POK:597, HRN:161,165, IRN:128 BQT, IRN:128, FFD:61
Indo-European
Kel 1: cold or warm, a year سال،د ا گرم
Avestan
sarethâ: cold
Pahlavi
sart: cold (adj.)
Persian
sard: cold (د ) ما
د
NOTE- This root has two opposing meanings sarmâk: cold
سال:هم
POK:551, SYN:1078 POK:551, SYN:1078, BQT
Indo-European
Kerd 2: row, herd له،گروه
Avestan
saredha: way, kind, race, breed
Pahlavi
sartak: breed
Persian
sardeh: race, breed, kind ده
ده
نژاد
POK:579 POK:579 BQT:1122, SNS:183
herd :هم
Indo-European
Ker 3: loud noise, noisy birds پرند ان پر صدا،صدای لند
Persian
sorfeh: cough فه
فه
scream :هم
POK:567 POK:569
Indo-European
Ker 2, Sker 2: to cut, separate, tear اره کردن،ب دن
Avestan
sairi-gaona: like cut
Persian
sargin, sergin:
گ
(dropped) from the body, dung animal dung
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155
Indo-European Avestan POK:578,920,947 گ
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend خم کردن gaona: hair, hair color, type, like
HRN, BQT,
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 SYN:1051, SNS:90
Indo-European
Ser 1, Sreu: to flow جاری شدن
Latin
serum: liquid from animal tissue
French Persian
serom: liquid from animal tissue ِ ُم
ِ ُم
Srêm: running جاری AHD MON, AHD رود:هم
POK:909,1003, KNT:205, IEC:1276 stream :هم
Indo-European
Kleu, Srau: to hear
Avestan
sru, srav, xšnu, xšnaw: to hear
Avestan
sravah: word,
Persian
sarvâ: poem, story (وا ) واد
وا
ش دن
speech
چـ ـنـد دهــی وعــدۀ دروغ ه ـم ــی
ای دن :هم
HRN:177 POK:605, KLN:1456, listen :هم
POK:605, EIV:356 (وا )اورمزدی تو بر من این چند فرو
BQT, MON, FRS
Indo-European
Ker 1: head, horn شاخ،
Avestan
srû, srvâ: head, horn, nail
Persian
sorû, sarûn: horn ۱ َ ون،ُ و
۱َ ون
ز ـ ـ ـش ــان ــی ه ــر ــک از م ـ ــرد و زن شاخ
POK:574, KLN:261,657 POK:574, BRT:1650
ُ َ و است horn :هم
(بررسته چون کرگدن )نظا گنجوی
BQT:1130, HRN:162
Indo-European
Klou-ni: buttock, rump کفل،اسن
Avestan
sraoni: buttock
Pahlavi
sarûk: buttock
Persian
sorûn: buttock ( ) َ ن۲ُ ون
۲ُ ون
چونزد ک اسب اندر آمد ز راه کفل
POK:607 POK:607 HRN:162
( َس ــرو نــی ــزد بر َسـ ـ ن سـ اه )فردو
BQT:1134
Indo-European
Ser 3: to line up, arrange, sort رد ف کردن
Latin
serere: to arrange, join
French
se'rie, se'riel
Persian
serî: series, sequence (ال )ی
ی
رد ف
POK:911, IEC:1131 AHD:1538 VOP:212 VOP:212
112
ِ ش
Indo-European
Klis: adhere ای ند بودن،چس دن
Old Iranian
srîš, sraîš: a plant and its
Avestan
srîš: to join,
Pahlavi
sriš: glue
Persian
serîš: glue (شم )ِ ش
ِ ش
resin used for making glue. glue
IEC:1637 FFD:60 BQT:1136, FFD:60, MON ،IEC:1637, EIV:385
FFD:60 BQT:1136,
Indo-European
Sê: to sift کردن ال
Latin
situla: a sift, bucket, pail
Persian / Arabic
satl: bucket, pail سطل
سطل
POK:889, AHD:1537 POK:889, WLD2: 459 ARK:221, TAD:35, FVF:361
NOTE- MON believes it is Arabic but PLA: 160 claims it is borrowed from Persian.
ُ
Avestan
Sukurna, Skarna: porcupine
Pahlavi
sukur: a large porcupine
Persian
sogor: a large porcupine
ُ
(ُسگر ) ُسغر
ُسغر
چون رسن گر ز س آ د همه رفتار مرا جوجه ت
جوجه ت MON:1905
(سـ ـغ ــر مانم ک ــز از س اندازم ت ــر )بوشکور
HRN:164
BQT:1157, HRN:164, MON:1905, FRS:100
Indo-European
Rup, Sup: shoulder شانه
Avestan
supti: shoulder
Pahlavi
suft: shoulder
Persian
soft: shoulder ُسفت
ُسفت
مند بر آن ُسفت س می ش مشک شانه
POK:627 POK:627 ARN:359
( ش گشته چون حلــقۀ ای ـ ـنــد )فردو
SYN:236, POK:627, BQT:1143, HRN:163
َ
Indo-European
Kapho: hoof ُسم
Avestan
safa: hoof
Persian
safal: hoof (of a camel)
َ
َسفل
َسفل
ُسم
POK:530 POK:530 MON:1825, SOD:65
Indo-European
Bhilo: friendly, loving
Greek
philos: love
Greek
sûs-philos: friend of swine
Latin French
Syphilis: (see the
Persian
seflîs: syphilis
سفل س
دوستانه،خوب POK:154
(a shepherd's name) note below) ""دوست خو ان
Indo-European
سفل س
NOTE- SYN: 1110 claims AHD, KLN AHD:1306, KLN:1561
this is an Anatolian word Su 2: wild boar, pig MON
POK:153 خوک،گراز
POK:1038
NOTE- Syphilis (friend of swine) was the name of a shepherd in a poem by a physician (1530) who became a victim of this disease.
Indo-European
Dhegh: to heat, burn
Indo-European
Geulo: coal
Avestan
skarana, skairya: coal
Persian
sekâr: coal (س ار )س ارو
س ار
ــدار دـن ــا چو ــرف ــروخت آ ش ظلم
coal :هم
سوزاندن،گرم کردن IEC:379,407, POK:399 HRN:163, BQT:1150, IEC:379,407
ّ
(خورد چو ظل م )سوزنـی سمرقندی س ار آن جهنم ه
POK:240
BQT:1026,1150, HRN:163, MON
113
. سکنجب
۲ انگ:رج ع شود ه سکنجب
Indo-European
Spek: to look, examine
Greek
skopos: one
Old Persian
skuba: bishop, priest
Persian
sekubâ: a Christian bishop سک ا
سک ا
who watches
نوش ند نامه ه هر کشوری
spy :هم
کردن برر، ن اه کردن MON:1901, FSF:228
AHD ( سک ا و ط ق و هر مه ی )فردو
POK:984
MON:1901, FSF:228
Indo-European
Sku: to cover پوشاندن
Persian
skûreh: earthen bowl سکوره
سکوره
اسه سفا
POK:952,953, IEC:1193, AHD:1540 IEC:594,1193, MON
Indo-European
Kwon: dog سگ
Av/Old Pers
spâ 1: dog
Pahlavi
sak: dog
Persian
sag: dog سگ
سگ
POK:632, KLN:746, BQT:1155 POK:632, KLN:746 HRN:164 BQT:1155
Indo-European
Ker 2, Sker 2: to cut, separate, tear
Indo-
Skêl: division,
Old Iranian
kar, kâr: to think
Pahlavi
uskâr, uskârd: to
Persian
segâl: a (bad) thought
ِس ال
اره کردن،ب دن
part, thought think اف ار ناخوش
us-kâr-a: to think ِس ال
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155 IEC:1155 EIV:237
FFD:61, MON:1903
Indo-European FFD:61
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ
Av/Old Pers
us-kar: think
Pahlavi
uskâr,
Persian
segâl: a (bad) thought ِس ال
ِس ال
POK:641, EIV:236
(through) uskârd: to think MON:1903, EIV:237
اف ار ناخوش
Indo-European
NYB:157, HRN:80,
Ud 1: up, out, away ب ون،اﻻ SYN:628, EIV:237 EIV:237
POK:1103 NOTE- see "Ker 2: to cut" for another possible root
ُ
ُسغر:رج ع شود ه ُسگر
Indo-European
Kakis: spike, prong شاخک،س له
Persian
sagak: buckle س
س
IEC:599 IEC:599
Indo-European
Kapho: hoof ُسم
Avestan
safa: hoof
Pahlavi
sumb: hoof
Persian
som: hoof (ُسم ) ُس ب
ُسم
hoof :هم
POK:530 POK:530 HRN:164 BQT:1163
Indo-European
Wer 5: to burn سوزاندن
Russian
samo-war: a device that had water
Persian
samâvar: a boiler that has "fire included" with its water tank
سماور
POK:1166
and heat together in the same appliance
سماور
""خود جوش
Indo-European
POK:1166, AHD:1148
MON:1918
Sem: same همان،هم
POK:902,904
َسمت
Indo-European Latin Arabic Persian cave :هم
Mei 3: to go, move حرکت کردن، رف se-mitita: path samt: direction samt: direction َسمت
POK:710,713,715, AHD:1528 KLN:1767 KLN:1767 MON:1919
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt
Sogdian
kang, kanp:
Pahlavi Persian
Samarqand: the village of "Samar"
سمرقند
کندن
out and mound it up, build village
سمرقند "ده ا شهر "سمر
EIV:232, POK:534 POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49 BQT:1165,1703 BQT:1703
114
سمور
Indo-European
Ker 4, Kers: black, dirty
Indo-European
Kormen: weasel
Pahlavi
samôr, simôr: weasel or an animal like that
Persian
samûr: weasel? سمور
سمور
کث ف،س اه راسو ا حیوا ش ه آن ARN:361 ARN:361
OEW:182, POK:573 POK:573, 615, ARN:361 NOTE- ARN:361 is not certain about the Indo-European root of this word
Indo-European
Sen: old پ
Latin
senior: old, old man
French
seinat: an assembly of old wise men
Persian
senâ: senate (سنا )سناتور
سنا
""مجمع پ ان
POK:907 POK:907, AHD AHD MON:1925,4125
senior :هم
Indo-European
Pôl : to touch, feel
Greek
psallein: to touch, play harp
Arabic
santîr: a kind of harp
Persian
santur: a music instrument س تور
س تور
حس کردن،لمس کردن feel :هم
AHD KLN:1382 MON:1927
POK:847
َ
Indo-European
Kand: to shine, to be white
Sanskrit
candrah-râga: "bright red",
Greek
sandarak: a red
Arabic
sendarûs: a
Persian
sandarûs: a resinous tree
َسندروس
referring to a tree resin resin from trees resinous tree and its red resin sandal :هم
سف د بودن،درخش دن َ
AHD:1149 AHD:1149 TAD:37 (َسندروس ) َسندره
POK:526 MON:1929
Indo-European
Kand: to shine, to be white
Sanskrit
kandrak: shining
Pahlavi
kundurûk:
Persian
sandal: sandalwood, sandal shoe سندل
سندل
sandalwood
سف د بودن،درخش دن kundruka: sandalwood sandalî: chair (originally made of sandalwood) صند
SIN:585
POK:526 POK:526 SIN:552,585, BQT, MON
Indo-European
Ak: sharp, also a sharp stone سنگ ت، ت
Av/Old Pers
athagaina, athangaina: stone
Pahlavi
sang: stone
Persian
sang: stone سنگ
سنگ
POK:18, KNT:173 âthanga, asenga, asan: stone BQT:1175, SNS:193 BQT:1175, FFD:60, FSF:224
SYN:52, BRT:208, KNT:166, FFD:60
َ
Indo-European
Sâi, Hai: to bind, tie س
Indo-European
Sneu: cord, band, tendon
Avestan
snâvar: band, sinew
Persian
snavar: cord (obsolete)
َ
سن َور
سن َور
زرد، بند،رشته زرد
POK:891, POK:977, KLN:1448, EIV:135 POK:977, KLN:1448 HRN:291
POK:891, POK:977, KLN:1448, EIV:135 .این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد nerve :هم
Indo-European
Sneigwh: snow, to snow برف ار دن،برف
Avestan
snaêž, snaêj, snaêža: to snow
Persian
snêhr: snow (obsolete) ِس ِنهر
ِس ِنهر
POK:974 POK:974, KLN:1466 HRN:292
برف
.این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد
Indo-European
Teub: side طرف
Pahlavi
sûk, sôk: side, direction
Persian
sû: direction, path (سو )سوی
سو
IEC:1371,1676 HRN:165, MON:1942 BQT:1182, MON:1942, IEC:1371,1676
115
. سوار
Indo-European
Ekwos: horse اسب
Avestan
aspa: horse
Pahlavi
asbâr: rider
Persian
savâr: rider سوار
سوار
POK:301
ار، اسب:هم
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
aspa-bâra: horse load, rider BQT:119 MON, BQT
Indo-European
Korkâ: gravel
Sanskrit
sarkarah:
Pali
sakkara:
Greek
sakkaron
Latin
saccharon
French
saccharine:
Persian
sâxârîn: a type of sweet bread
سوخاری
سنگ ر زه
gravel, sugar sugar sugar, sweet
(ساخارن )سوخاری سا ارز:مق
KLN:1370 bread
POK:615
POK:615
VOP:208 VOP:208
sugar :هم
NOTE- MON:1945 derives "soxârî" from Russian "suxâr: sweet bread"
Indo-European
Keuk: to shine, be white درخش دن
Avestan
saoč, sauk, saux: to light up
Persian
sûxtan: to burn سوخ
سوخ
سوز، سوزا، سوزان،سوزش ، خ:هم
POK:597 POK:597, HRN:161,165, IRN:128
BQT, IRN:128, FFD:61
افسوس
Indo-European
Keu 2, Su(m)b: to swell, cavity, hole
Avestan
Sav : to swell, increase ز اد شدن،ورم کردن
Pahlavi
sût: benefit, interest
Persian
sûd: profit سود
سود
سوراخ، حفره،ورم کردن HRN:166, NYB:181, EIV:341 HRN:166 HRN:166
POK:592, IEC:589, EIV:341,368
Indo-European
Ker 2, Sker 2: to cut, separate, tear
Avestan
sâ 2, sâna, sya: to sharpen ?
Persian
sûdan: to rub, grind (سودن )فرسودن
سودن
اره کردن،ب دن fra-sanam: destruction BQT:1184, 1462
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155 POK:919
Indo-European
Keu 1: to shine, bright روشن،درخش دن
Avestan
sûr, savah: morning
Pahlavi
sûr: breakfast, festivity
Persian
sûr: festivity, party سور
سور
سورنا:مق
POK:594 POK:594, BRT:221,1631, SYN:995 HRN:166 BQT:1185, HRN:237
Indo-European
Keu 2, Su(m)b: to swell, cavity,
Avestan
surâ, suwrâ: hole
Pahlavi
sûrâk: hole
Persian
surâx: hole سوراخ
سوراخ
cave :هم
ُسف
hole
sufrâ, sufrâka: to plow, pierce sûlâk: hole softan: to pierce
سوراخ، حفره،ورم کردن
POK:592, IEC:589, EIV:341,368 sonbeh, sombeh: ramrod ُسم ه،ُس ه
POK:593, FFD:61 SNS:192
BQT, HRN, MON, EIV:368
116
سوسن
Egyptian
Šôšen: lotus سوسن، ن لوفر آ
Arabic
sausan: lily
Pahlavi
sawsan, sûsan: lily
Persian
sûsan: lily سوسن
سوسن
KLN:1548 KLN:1548 MON:1954 MON:1954
Indo-European
Keuk: to shine, be white درخش دن
Avestan
saoč, sauk, saux: to light up
Persian
sûk: sorrow, mourning ( سوگواری،۱ )سوگ۱سوک
۱سوک
POK:597 saoka: flame BQT, IRN:128, FFD:61
POK:597, HRN:161,165, IRN:128
Indo-European
Trei: three سه
Av/Old Pers
thri, thrâyô: three
Persian
seh: three سه
سه
three :هم
POK:1090 POK:1090, SYN:941, KLN:1611 BQT:1194
Indo-European
Tres: to tremble لرز دن
Old Persian
thrah: fear
Persian
sahm: fear ( سهم )سهمنا
سهم
NOTE- May be related to the root "Trep: to tremble" thrah-man, thras-man: afraid ترس
BQT:1197
POK:1095 BQT:1197 terror :هم
Indo-European
Kei 1: gray or black color, dark تارک،رنگ ت ه
Avestan
syâva: black
Persian
Sîyâmak: with "black hair" س امک
س امک
syâ-maka: owner of "black hair" ""س اه مو
POK:540 HRN:168, BQT, SNS:172
POK:541, BRT:1631
117
. س اوش
Indo-European
Ersen: ejector of semen, male نر، دفع کننده م
Av/Old Pers
aršan, varešna: male, man,
Persian
Sîyâvaš: "with black horses"
س اوش
POK:335
hero "" ا اس ان س اه
Indo-European Avestan س اوش
syâva-aršan: (with) black
Kei 1: gray or black color, dark تارک،رنگ ت ه syâva: black male animals BQT
POK:540 POK:541, BRT:1631 POK:336, AHD:1480, SOD:414
Indo-European
Kei 1: gray or black color, dark تارک،رنگ ت ه
Avestan
syâva: black
Persian
sîyâh: black س اه
س اه
سام:مق
POK:540 POK:541, BRT:1631 HRN:168, BQT, SNS:172
Indo-European
Tiegu: to approach shyly
Avestan
ithyajah, ithyejah: abandonment
Pahlavi
sêj: trouble, pain
Persian
sîj: suffering, pain (سیج )س جمند
سیج
جهان س جمن ــد و پر انا درد و رنج
ا خجالت نزد ک شدن POK:1086 SNS:314
()ارداو راف نامه که او را پ شه اشد بیوفا
POK:1086
SNS:314, BQT:1202
Sanskrit
Ĉîxâ : point, tip, skewer
Persian
sîx: skewer سیخ
Turkish
šîš: skewer
Persian
šîšlîk, šîš-kabob: meats roasted on a skewer
سیخ
NOTE - derivation of the Persian
سیخ،نوک word from Sanskrit is not clear
TAD:38, BQT:1203,
ش ش ک اب،ش شل ک
MON:2112
HRN:168 BQT:1203, HRN:168, FVF:383 MON:2112
Avestan
Srîra: satisfied را
Pahlavi
sêr: satisfied, not hungry
Persian
sîr: not hungry, satisfied, full س
س
NOTE- POK:618 shows the Avestan "srîra" from the Indo-European
root "Krei: to appear, shine" with the meaning of "beautiful". BLY:78 BLY:78
BLY:78
Indo-European
Kiph: thin flexible twig ترکه،شاخه نرم
Greek
xiphos: branch, rod
Arabic
sayf: sword
Persian
sayf: sword سف
سف
POK:598 POK:598 TAD:39,78 MON:1979
Indo-European
Ker 2, Sker 2: to cut, separate, tear اره کردن،ب دن
Persian
sîlî: slap, blow س
س
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155 IEC:640, MON:1982
Indo-European
Kem 1: stick ت،چوب
Avestan
simâ: yoke beam
Persian
sîm 1: yoke beam ۱س م
۱س م
ت یغ
POK:556 POK:556, AHM:274 HRN:168, BQT:1205, AHM:274
Greek
Sêma: marked, stamped (coin)
Greek
A-sêma: unmarked,
Pahlavi
asêm, sîm: silver
Persian
sîm 2: silver ۲س م
۲س م
( ب شده )سکه شده،عﻼمت خورده
unstamped (silver) "نقره سکه
KNT:209 BQT:1212, KNT:209,
KNT:209, MON:1982 "شده
Indo-European
َ
Ne 1, An 3: no, not نه
POK:756, KNT:167
Indo-European
Dheye: to see د دن
Greek
sema: things seen, signs
Arabic
sîma: sign, symbol
Persian
sîmâ: sign, face س ما
س ما
POK:243 POK:243, AHD VDQ:275 MON:1983
118
س مغ
Indo-European
Kei 1: gray or black color, dark تارک،رنگ ت ه
Avestan
saêna: gray, gray bird (falcon)
Persian
šâhîn: falcon شاه
س مغ
POK:540
پرنده ت ه رنگ
Avestan saêna-mereğa: dark bird sîmorğ: a legendary bird س مغ
Mereğa: a large bird پرنده بزرگ نو POK:541 BQT, HRN:169
BQT:190, KLN:959
Indo-European
Kâk: twig, branch ترکه،شاخه
Sanskrit
šâxa: branch
Persian
šâx: horn, branch (شاخ )شاخه
شاخ
POK:523 POK:523 POK:523, BQT:1219, SYN:525
Indo-European
Kweye, Ĉiah: quiet, comfortable راحت،آرام
Av/Old Pers
šâ 2, šyâ: to rest
Pahlavi
šâd: cheerful
Persian
šâd: happy شاد
شاد
šâiti, šyâtî: happiness, peace quiet :هم
KLN:1740, POK:638,EIV EIV:38 HRN, BQT. EIV
POK:638, KLN:1740, KNT:210
Indo-European
Ĉîah: to move, throw, relieve oneself
Avestan
šâ 1: to defecate, urinate
Persian
šâš: urine شاش
شاش
خود را راحت کردن، انداخ،حرکت کردن EIV:38 EIV:38
EIV:38
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ
Avestan
haša-kerta, aša-gerd: one who follows work
Persian
šâgerd: student, follower شا رد
شا رد
POK:641, EIV:236
or instructions of a teacher ""دن ال رو
BQT
Indo-European pursue :هم
BQT:173, HRN:28,232, HUB:39
Sekw: to follow دن ال کردن
POK:896
Sanskrit
Šavala: (a fabric) marked with colors ارچه ا عﻼئم رن
Persian
šâl 1: scarf ۱شال
۱شال
HJB:824 HJB:824, KLN:1432, MON:2000, FRS:171, BQT:1228
shawl :هم
NOTE- KLN:1432 derives it from "Šaliat" an Indian town famous for its shawls
Sanskrit
Šavala: (a fabric) marked with colors ارچه ا عﻼئم رن
Persian
šâl 2, šâlang: a thin, inexpensive rug شالنگ،۲شال
۲شال
لم
HJB:824 HJB:824, KLN:1432, MON:2000, FRS:171, BQT:1228
Sanskrit
Šâli: grains, cereals غﻼت
Persian
šâlî: rice, especially in the husk شالـی
Persian
šâlîzâr: rice field شال ار
شا
َ
BQT:1229 BQT:1229, MON:2000 šaltûk: rice in the husk (شلتوک )چلتوک
BQT, MON
Indo-European
Dekm: ten عدد ده
Av/Old Pers
dasa: ten or "plus ten"
Persian
šânzdah: sixteen شانزده
شانزده
POK:191 xšvaš-dasa: six plus ten َ ten :هم
Indo-European Av/Old Pers šast: sixty شست
-iti,-ti: a suffix meaning "multiple of ten"
Seks: six ِشش xšvaš: six BQT
xšvaš-ti: six times ten
POK:1044 POK:1044
POK:191
119
. شانه
Indo-European
Kes: to scratch خراش دن
Greek
ksniô: to scratch, comb
Pahlavi
šânak: comb
Persian
šâneh: comb شانه
شانه
POK:585, WLD1: 449 POK:587, IEC:572 HRN:170 BQT:1230
NOTE- see "Ksen: to card wool" for another possible root
Indo-European
Ksen: to card wool از هم از کردن شم
Pahlavi
šânag: comb
Persian
šâneh: comb شانه
شانه
Fšan: to drag, split از هم جدا کردن،کش دن EIV:92 EIV:92
EIV:92 NOTE- see "Kes: to scratch" for another possible root
Indo-European
Ksei 1: to be able, qualify, rule
Av/Old Pers
xšây, xši: to rule, to qualify
Pahlavi
šâh: king
Persian
šâh: king شاه
شاه
فرمانروا کردن،قادر و شا سته بودن xšača: king, ruler BQT:626, HRN:177, HUB:83 čak: a promissory note, check َچک
POK:626, KLN:272 POK:626, KNT:181 POK:626, BQT, ZMA:25
Indo-European
Ksei 1: to be able, qualify, rule
Av/Old Pers
xšây, xši: to rule,
Pahlavi
šâyîtan: to be
Persian
šâyestan: to deserve, qualify (شا س )شا سته
شا س
to qualify able to, deserve
فرمانروا کردن،قادر و شا سته بودن šâyad: perhaps شا د
POK:626, KNT:181 HRN:171, FFD:62
POK:626, KLN:272 BQT:1237, EIV:451
Indo-European
Kwsep: darkness تار
Avestan
xšap: night
Persian
šabestan: "place for holding the night" ش ستان
ش ستان
POK:649 POK:649 MON, BQT, HRN:169, SYN:992
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Stâ: to stand ا ستادن sta: to stand, to set
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008
Avestan
Spiš: an insect, bug, flea ش ش،ح ه
Pahlavi
spiš: flea
Persian
šepeš: flea شش
شش
BQT:1249 BQT:1249 BQT:1249, MON:2022
Indo-European
Tep: to be warm گرم بودن
Avestan
tap 2, tab: warm, glowing
Avestan
aiwiš-tap: in
Persian
šetâftan: to hurry
شتاب
heat, in hurry
POK:1069 POK:1069, KLN:1589
(شتاف )شتاب
Indo-European Avestan BQT:49,453,1252,19
Ambhi: around پ امون،اطراف aiwi, abi, aiwiš, ubê: over, above, both 58 BQT, HRN
POK:34 POK:34
Indo-European
Kei 2, Ĉiau: to set in motion ه حرکت درآوردن
Old Persian
šiyav: to set in motion
Pahlavi
šutan: to become
Persian
šodan: to become شدن
شدن
POK:539,EIV šaw: to go HRN:172 BQT:1261, FFD:62,EIV
POK:539, HRN:172
ُ ُ
شاردن:رج ع شود ه
Pahlavi
Cîrâğ: lamp چراغ
Persian
čerâğ: lamp, light, illumination, guiding light چراغ
Arabic
îšrâğ: illumination,
Persian
ešrâq: illumination, intuition ا اق
ق
intuition
PLA:157 BQT:626 šarq: source of light, east ق
PLA:157
FVA:211
Indo-European
Kormo: pain, suffering رنج بردن،درد
Avestan
fšarema: pain
Persian
šarm: shame م
م
harm :هم
POK:615 POK:615 HRN:172, BQT:1264
ُ
Indo-European
Kwes: to pant, to breathe fast نفس نفس زدن
Avestan
suši, suš: the lungs
Pahlavi
suš: lung
Persian
šoš: lung شش
ُ شش
هوا:هم
POK:631, CEL6: 284, EIV:369 POK:631, SYN:260 SNS:192 HRN:173, BQT:1266, EIV:369
Indo-European
Ang: to bend خم کردن
Sanskrit
angam: member, part
Pahlavi
catrang
Persian
Satranj: chess ( ک نگ،شطرنج )ش نگ
شطرنج
POK:46 تا ج ــز از ب ست و چهارش نـ ـ ــود خانۀ نرد ""چهار مهره
Indo-European catur-anga: the four major parts (castle,
Knight, Bishop and Pawn in the game of chess)
four :هم
Kwetwer : four چهار (ودو خانه است اساس ش نگ )نجار همچودر
POK:642 POK:46, BQT:1254 BQT:1254, FVF:404
Sanskrit
Srgâla: howler زوزه کش
Pahlavi
šağâl: coyote
Persian
šağâl, šoğâl: coyote شغال
Turkish English
jackal
شغال
KLN:823, MON:2050 MON:2050 KLN:823 KLN:823
NOTE- BQT:1270 indicates that "Srgâla" may be from Babylonia
َ
Indo-European
Kiph: thin flexible twig
Sanskrit
šiphâ, čiphâ: twig, hair
Persian
šafš: twig, wire شفش
َ شفش
س ف:هم
ترکه،شاخه نرم POK:598, WLD1: 452 šafšâhang: a tool for extruding thin silver and gold wires شفتاهنج،شفشاهنگ
POK:598 BQT, MON
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ
Av/Old Pers
kar 2, kara 1: to work
Persian
šekâr: hunt ش ار
ش ار
POK:641, EIV:236
Indo-European Avestan aiwiš-kar: chase (animals) away, hunt MON, FFD
Ambhi: around پ امون،اطراف aiwi, abi, aiwiš, ubê: NYB:157, HRN:80, SYN:628, EIV:237
over, above, both
POK:34
POK:34
121
. ش اف
Indo-European
Ker 2, Sker 2: to cut, separate, tear اره کردن،ب دن
Avestan
scapti: to split
Persian
šekâftan: to split اف، ش اف
ش اف
science :هم
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155 POK:919,930, SOD:61, EIV:342 ش اف، شکوفه،شگفت
BQT, HRN:175
Indo-European
Korkâ: gravel
Sanskrit
sarkarah: gravel, sugar
Pali
sakkara: sugar
Persian
šekar: sugar
Arabic
sukkar
French
sucre
English
sugar
ِشکر
سنگ ر زه POK:615 ِشکر PLA:163 AHD:1288 KLN:1539
POK:615 BQT:1279
Indo-European
Skarf: to stumble لغ دن
Pahlavi
skarw: to stumble
Persian
šekarfîdan: to stumble شکرف دن
شکرف دن
تلو تلو خوردن
POK:929, EIV:347 EIV:347 EIV:347, MON
Indo-European
Skand 2: to break شکس
Avestan
sčand: to break
Persian
šekastan: to break شکس
شکس
POK:920, EIV:342 POK:919,930, SOD:61, EIV:342 BQT, HRN:175
Indo-European
Kâk: twig, branch ترکه،شاخه
Sanskrit
šakala: part, piece
Persian
šeklah: slice, piece, a torn piece of garment ش له
ش له
POK:523 POK:523 BQT:1280
Old Iranian
Skaip: to wait منتظر بودن
Pahlavi
škêb: patient
Persian
šakîbîdan: to be patient (شکی دن )شکی ا
شکی ا
FFD:63 FFD:63 FFD:64, MON
َ
Indo-European
Skel: bent, curved خم ده
Persian
šalpûy: sound from foot steps شلپوی
َ شلپوی
توان ــگر بن ــزد ک زن خف ــته ــود صدای ا
POK:928
( زن از خواب شلپوی مردی شنود )شه د بوشکور ل
HRN:175, BQT, EIV:207
َ
شا:رج ع شود ه شلتوک
َ شلنگ
شل:رج ع شود ه
122
شلوار
Indo-European
Skel: bent, curved خم ده
Persian
šal 1: leg, thigh شل
َ شلوار
POK:928
Indo-European Avestan šalvâr: "like legs" or "leg covers", pants شلوار
Wel 3: to turn, roll تا اندن،چرخاندن var 4: similar to, like, also cover
HRN:175, BQT, EIV:207
POK:1139-1140 POK:1140
Indo-European
Yu: you شما
Avestan
yûš, yûšmat: you
Persian
šomâ: you شما
شما
you :هم
POK:513 POK:513 HRN:176, BQT:1291
Indo-European
Mer 1, Smer, Hmar: to remember
Avestan
mar.1, smer: to remember
Persian
šemordan: to count
شماره
memory :هم
ب اد آوردن mar-aiti, hiš-mar-aiti: counted for (شمردن )شماره
POK:969, EIV:137 MON, KLN:961, FFD:64 HUB, HRN, BQT, EIV
َ
Indo-European
Klem: tired, loose, dull
Sanskrit
saman: one who is only interested
Pahlavi
šaman: idol worshipper
Persian
šaman: idol worshiper ش َمن
َ ش َمن
in worshipping, a monk.
ذوق ،خسته TZF:77 ا ـ ــر ت ـ ــاج ا ـ ـران سـ ـ ــارد ه مـ ــن
POK:602 ( پرس ش کنم چون بتان را شمن )فردو
POK:602
BQT:1296, ETM:37, TZF:77
َ
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig کندن
Av/Old Pers
šan, šyangh: house, household
Pahlavi
šân: house, shelter
Persian
šan: house (شن ) لشن
َ شن
NOTE- Cognate with "kan 1: to dig out"
EIV:232, POK:534 BQT:46, ZMA:49-51 ZMA:49-50, BQT
ZMA:49-51
Indo-European
Snâ: to flow, swim شنا کردن، ا ج ان رف
Avestan
snâ: wash, swim
Pahlavi
snâz: swim
Persian
šenâ: swim شنا
شنا
POK:971 POK:971, KLN:1030, HUB:15 ARN:384 BQT, HRN:176, AEF:118
Indo-European
Gnô: to know دا س
Old Persian
xšnâ: to know
Persian
šenâxtan: to know, recognize (شناخ )آشنا
شناخ
know :هم
POK:376 POK:376, BQT:1298 NOTE- Avestan form is "zânati"
Akkadian
Šabatu: to cut, stop working از ار دست برداش،قطع کردن
Hebrew
šâbat: to stop work
Persian
šanbeh: Saturday, day of rest ش ه
ش ه
Sabbath :هم
AKD:67, BQT:1300 BQT:1300 MON:2081, BQT:1300
َ شندف
دف:رج ع شود ه
Indo-European
Ker 1: head, horn شاخ،
Sanskrit
srnga: horn
Pahlavi
šanga-vîr, singiber
Persian
šangabîl: ginger شنگب ل
شنگب ل
sringa-vera: horn-shaped root of ginger زنجب ل:مق
POK:574, KLN:261,657 VDQ:42 MON:1751, VDQ:42
AHD:1522, KLN:657
ginger :هم
123
. ش دن
Indo-European
Kleu, Srau: to hear ش دن
Avestan
sru, srav, xšnu, xšnaw: to hear
Pahlavi
ašnûdan: to hear
Persian
šenîdan: to hear ش دن
ش دن
listen :هم
POK:605, EIV:356 HRN:177 FFD:64 BQT:1304
Indo-European
Skaivos: sinister, odd, strange عج ب و غ ب،شوم
Persian
šûx: vulgar, rude, a joker شخ
شخ
WLD2: 537, IEC:1146 IEC:1146, MON:2085
Indo-European
Kes: to scratch خراش دن
Persian
šûr: with sharp taste, salty شور
۱شور
شور ا:مق
POK:585, WLD1: 449 POK:585, BQT:1307
Chinese
Chou-shu: millet ارزن
Mongolian Persian
šošo, šûšû: millet شوشو
شوشو
SIN:565
ارزن
SIN:565 MON:2089, BQT:1309
Sanskrit
Šûlaka: wild horse اسب وح
Persian
šûlak: wild or fast horse شول
شول
اسفند ار شست از بر شول اسب تند رو
BQT:1310
Indo-European
Kseud: water, to clean by stamping in water ا کردن در آب،آب
Avestan
xšudra: water, liquid, semen
Persian
šûy: husband ( )شوهر۱شوی
۱شوی
POK:625, WLD1: 502 xšâudra: male, husband HRN, BQT, FFD
POK:625, WLD1: 502
Indo-European
Ksîp: strike, weapon, spike وس له نوک ت، اسلحه،ه
Av/Old Pers
xšvaepâ: back, behind, slope
Pahlavi
šîp: slope
Persian
šîb: slope ۱ش ب
۱ش ب
IEC:573 HRN:178, FFD: 65 HRN:178 BQT:1318, MON:2101
124
۲ش ب
ش ف:رج ع شود ه ۲ش ب
Indo-European
Ksîp: strike, weapon, spike وس له نوک ت، اسلحه،ه
Av/Old Pers
xšip, xšwaip, xšwaif: movement,
Pahlavi
šêb: whip
Persian
šîb: whip ۳ش ب
۳ش ب
strike شﻼق
IEC:573 FFD:65 MON:2101
HRN:178, FFD: 65
Indo-European
Swei: to bend, twist خم کردن
Avestan
xšvira,
Pahlavi
šêpâk: fast, easy to
Persian
šîbâ: a large snake ش ا
ش ا
xšvaewa: swift understand swift :هم
Sweib: move swiftly like a snake ــع حرکت کردن چون مار šîvâ: easy to understand, clear شیوا
POK:1041 BQT:1319,1329
POK:1041 BQT:1319,1329, HRN:178,179, MON:2115
Indo-European
Ksei 2: bright روشن
Avestan
xšae-ta, xšôithmi: bright
Persian
šîd: bright (ش د )ش ده
شد
WLD1: 501, BRT:541 WLD1: 501, BQT:788,1320 BQT, MON
Akkadian
Šedû: devil, mad person دیوانه،ش طان
Aramaic
šêdâ, šâtân: demon
Persian
šeydâ: crazy, frenzied (with love) ش دا
ش دا
AKD:69 BQT:1320 BQT:1320
Indo-European
Ksei 1: to be able, qualify, rule
Av/Old Pers
xšây, xši: to rule, to qualify
Pahlavi
šâh: king
Persian
šîr: lion ۲ ش
۲ ش
فرمانروا کردن،قادر و شا سته بودن POK:626, KNT:181 šêr: lion POK:626, BQT, ZMA:25
BQT:626, HRN:177, HUB:83
POK:626, KLN:272
Indo-European
Ksîp: strike, weapon, spike
Av/Old Pers
xšip, xšwaip, xšwaif:
Pahlavi
šîb: to be disturbed
Persian
šîftan: to be agitated شف
شف
movement, strike
وس له نوک ت، اسلحه،ه FFD:65 šîbîdan: to be disturbed (۲ش ب دن )ش ب
HRN:178, FFD: 65 شک ب آور از درد و بر من مش ب
IEC:573
( که از م ــهر سـ ـ ــار ـه ـتــر شـ ـک ـ ــب )اسدی طو
FFD:65, MON
Indo-European
Gheu: to pour
Greek
xymeia: infusion by pouring
Arabic
al-kimya:
Latin
alchymia
French
chimie:
Persian
šîmî: chemistry ش
ش
رخ
(mixing) liquids chemistry chemistry "اختﻼط و
AHD MON:2115
POK:447
OEW:124
OEW:124 "ام اج
NOTE- KLN, OEW & AHD derive the Arabic "al-kimyâ" from the Egyptian "khem: black". See root "Ker 4: black".
125
. ش
Indo-
Ker 4, Kers:
Egyptian
khem: black
Greek
xêma: black land, the former
Arabic
al-kîmîya:
Latin
alchymia
French
chimie:
Persian
šîmî: chemistry
ش
black, dirty name of Egypt where the art of chemistry "ی "صنعت م
AHD:30, OEW:182 transmutation was practiced. transmutation ش
کث ف،س اه AHD AHD
AHD:30, KLN:45 MON:2115
OEW:182, POK:573 NOTE- OEW & FSD believe the Arabic "al-kimyâ" may be from Greek "xymeia: infusion". KLN does not agree.
Indo-European
Seip: to pour out, drip چکه کردن، ب ون ر خ
Latin
sâpô: soap
Greek
sapôn: soap
Arabic
saboun: soap
Persian
sâbûn: soap صابون
صابون
soap :هم
POK:894 POK:894, AHD BQT:1330 TAD:43 MON:2118
Indo-European
Dekm: ten عدد ده
Indo-European
Dkm-tom: hundred
Avestan
sata, satam: hundred
Persian
sad: hundred صد
صد
hundred :هم
POK:191 AHD POK:191, 192 BQT
Indo-European
Ster 1: to spread, throw
Latin
strata: paved path
Greek Aramaic
isrâta: paved path
Arabic
sirât: path, way
Persian
serât: road اط
اط
street :هم
پرت کردن،خش کردن KLN:1522
KLN
KLN:56 POK:56, FVQ:195, TAD:34 MON
POK:1029, EIV:263
Indo-European
Keu 2, Su(m)b: to swell, cavity, hole
Sanskrit
sunyâ, sunyâh: empty
Arabic
sifr: empty, zero
Persian
sefr: zero صفر
صفر
zero :هم
سوراخ، حفره،ورم کردن POK:592 KLN:290 MON
POK:592, IEC:589, EIV:341,368
Aramaic
Salîbâ: cross صل ب،خاج
Arabic
salîb: cross
Persian
salîb: cross صل ب
صل ب
BQT:656, MON:1310 MON:1310,2161 MON:2161
Indo-European
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend خم کردن
Latin
cuppa: curved-in pot
Arabic
sanj: cymbal
Persian
sanj: cymbal (صنج )سنج
صنج
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 cymbalon: curved-in plate ARK:223, TAD:44 MON, TAD:44
AHD
NOTE- See root "Keg: hook" for another possible derivation.
Indo-European
Keg, Keng: hook
Avestan
cang: hook
Persian
čang: hook, paw, harp (چنگ )چن ال
Arabic
sanj: harp, cymbal
Persian
sanj, senj: cymbal (صنج )سنج
صنج
قﻼب POK:537 POK:537, BQT:665, ARN:227 PLA:188 MON:2165
POK:537, IEC:458 NOTE- See root "Gêu 1: to bend" for another derivation.
Tamil
Tôkei: peacock
Sanskrit Arabic
tawoos: peacock
Persian
tâvûs: peacock
Latin
pâuo, pâvô:
Old English
pea: peacock
English
peacock
طاووس
peacock
KLN:1143, SKT:378
BQT:1346
BQT:1346 طاووس AHD SKT:378
NOTE- Tanil is a Dravidian language spoken in south India BQT:1346, SKT:378
126
طل
Pahlavi
Tabûrâk: a drum طل
Persian
tabûrâk: a kind of drum ( تبورا )تب
Arabic
tabûl: drum
Persian
tabl: drum طل
طل
MON:1025 ــس تـ ـ ـ ـ ــری د ـ ــد نـ ــزد ـ ــک درخ ــت MON:2211
( تند و سخت )رود جس ـ هرگـ ـه ــی ان ـ
MON:1025
Indo-European
Kwel: to move around,turn
Greek
ku-klos: wheel
Arabic
tilism: talisman
Persian
telesm: mystery, spell طلسم
طلسم
telos: end of a cycle, far away چ خ:هم
چرخ دن، حرکت کردن MON:2232
telesma: mystery
POK:640
AHD
Persian
Talk: a mineral, talc, talcum powder پودر تال،طلق
Arabic
talq: talc
Persian
talq: mica طلق
طلق
تال:مق
MON:1133, BQT:509 MON:1133, MON:2232, BQT:1358
Indo-European
Ghans: goose غاز
Persian
ğâz: goose غاز
غاز
goose :هم
POK:412, IEC:314 IEC:314, MON:2375 NOTE- ARN:394 mentions the Avestan cognate "zâô"
Indo-European
Gras: to eat خوردن
Greek
gangraina: decay of tissue (in a limb)
Arabic Persian
ğânqrâyâ: gangrene غانقرا ا،غانغرا ا
غانغرا ا
gangrene :هم
POK:404 POK:404 BQT:1339 MON:2383
Indo-European
Gwhen 1: to fill پر کردن
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt
Pahlavi
kantan, xandan: to dig
Persian
ğâneh: house (غانه )دامغان
غانه
NOTE- compare with Ken 2: to dig
out and mound it up, build
HRN:194, BQT:1707, SNS:8,155
خانه:مق
HRN:194, BQT, ZMA:51, MON
POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583,
POK:491
Akkadian
Erêbu: to enter, to go down (sunset) غروب خورش د، فرو رف
Arabic
ğ.r.b: to set (sun)
Persian
ğarb: west غرب
غرب
Europe :هم
AKD:64, KLN:550 AKD:640,854 MON
127
. غ ال
Indo-European
Ker 2, Sker 2: to cut, separate, tear
Latin
crî-bellâre: to sieve, separate
Arabic
ğarbala: a sieve
Persian
ğarbâl: a sieve غ ال
غ ال
اره کردن،ب دن AHD AHD:543 MON:2397
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155
ُ
غرن دن:رج ع شود ه غرش
Indo-European
Gwer 3: to swallow قورت دادن
Indo-European
Gargelos, Gulgul: gargle
Persian
ğerğereh: gargle غرغره
غرغره
POK:474 IEC:265,305 xerxereh: throat خرخره
ُ ُ
ğolğol: boil, gargle قلقل،غلغل
IEC:265,305, MON
ُ َ
غرن دن:رج ع شود ه غرم دن
ُ
Indo-European
Ghrem, Gram: to roar, be angry
Avestan
gram: to anger
Persian
ğurunbîdan: to thunder, roar (غرن دن )غرش
غرن دن
َ َ grim :هم
خشمنا بودن،غرش کردن EIV:122 ğarmîdan:to be angry (غرم دن )غرمان
POK:458, EIV:122 MON, EIV:122
Indo-European
Ger 4: to cry hoarsely, growl غر زدن، گ ه كردن
Persian
ğorridan: to growl غ ّ دن
غ ّ دن
crow :هم
POK:383, IEC:308 MON:2411, IEC:308
َ
Arabic
Ǧazal: a new born deer, a wild goat بز وح،چه آهو
Persian
ğazâl: antelope
َ
غزال
غزال
gazelle :هم
FVA:209 FVA:297
ُ ُ
غژم:رج ع شود ه غزم
کژا ند:رج ع شود ه غژ
کژا ند:رج ع شود ه غژغاو
ُ
Indo-European
Ghrem, Gram: to roar, be angry
Avestan
gram: anger
Persian
gozm, gožm: anger
ُ ُ
غژم،غزم
غژم
ش غژم آورد و جست از جای خ ش
ُ خشم
خشمنا بودن،غرش کردن POK:458
grim :هم
POK:458, EIV:122
( وآم ـ ــد آن خ ـ ــرگـ ــوش را َآرغـ ــده ـ ـ ــش )رود
POK:458, MON:2413, FRS:187
Indo-European
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend خم کردن
Persian
ğûz: a lump on the back bone ( قوزک، غوزک، کوژ،غوز )قوز
غوز
cove,
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 POK:395, POK:589
NOTE- Compare with root "Kam 2: to bend" hump :هم
Indo-European
Ghûk: hoot, whoop پرند ان صدای ع
Persian
ğûk: frog غوک
غوک
IEC:347 IEC:347, MON:2454
Indo-European
Bhendh: to bind, fasten س
Latin
fascis: bundle
Italian
fascismo: bundle,
French
fascism
Persian
fâšizm: dictatorship of political "groups"
فاش سم
(a political) group
فاش سم band :هم
POK:127 KLN:152,576
KLN:576 MON:2471
َ
Indo-European
Sâwel: sun خورش د
Avestan
hvarenah, xvarenah, farnah: brilliance, elegance
Persian
far: elegance ( فرناز، فرش د، فرشاد،فر )فرزاد
َ فر
ُ ز ا و شکوه
POK:881 farnavant: with bright fate, blessed farrox: blessed ِ ف ّ خ )فرخ
(نده
POK:881, BQT:1451 BQT, FSF
sun :هم
Indo-European
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون
Avestan
fra 2, frank: forward
Persian
farâ: forward, more فراز،فرا
فرا
پش
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82 BQT
forward :هم
ُ
Indo-European
Per 2: to lead or fly across. پرواز ا عبور کردن
Avestan
peretu: bridge
Avestan
hu-parathwa: good to cross
Persian
forât: Euphrates river
ُ
فرات
فرات
over, the Euphrates river
POK:817 POK:817, KLN:1220
Indo-European Avestan POK:817, AHD:452
Su 1: well, good خوب hu 1: good
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
Indo-European
Paita: to spread, make flat پهن کردن
Indo-European
Plat: to spread
Avestan
frathah: wide
Persian
farâx: wide, large فراخ
فراخ
flat :هم
POK:805, IEC:918, CEL2: 3 POK:833 POK:833, KLN:1192 BQT:1444, HRN:180
Old Persian
Ardha: swept, moved, pushed جا جا کرد، جارو کرد
Old Persian
fra-ardha, frârdha,
Pahlavi
frârôn: honest,
Persian
frârûn: correct, honest
فرارون
BQT:1445 frârdha-van : pushed forward, upright ا دامن
Indo-European Avestan forward, correct, right ( ف ون،فرارون )ف رون
BQT:1445,2246,
Per 1: around, forward. fra 2, frank: forward NYB:23,76, BQT:1445 NYB:23,76 MON:2499
پ ش،پ امون HRN:184, BQT:1442-82
POK:810
Indo-European
Mer 2: to rub away, harm, die
Indo-European
Mers, Marš: to forget
Av/Old Pers
muš, fra-â-muš: to
Pahlavi
frâmûštan:
Persian
farâmûšîdan: to forget
فراموش دن
forget to forget
مردن،فرسوده شدن فراموش کردن فراموش دن
POK:735,970, AHD:1529 POK:737, EIV:268 FFD:65 FFD:65 FFD:65, MON:2506
129
. فراوان
Indo-European
Pel 1: to fill پر کردن
Indo-European
Pelu: a quantity of, a group of تعداد ا گروه
Avestan
pouru, paourus: much, many
Persian
farâvân: plenty فراوان
فراوان
POK:799, EIV:299 POK:799, EIV:299 KNT:196, POK:800, IEC:974 IEC:956,974, MON:2508
full :هم
NOTE-Old Persian form is "Paru"
Indo-European
Peî: sap, fat چر، ش ه
Avestan
pitu, pithwa: food, fat
Pahlavi
pîh: fat (noun)
Persian
farbeh: fat (overweight)
ف ه
fra-pithwa: fat (adjective) پ ه:مق
POK:793 fra-pîh: fat (adjective) ف ه
HRN:81,181
fat :هم
Indo-European Avestan BQT:1450 BQT, MON
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون pairi, pari: around, forward
POK:810 POK:244,810
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Avestan
fra-jâma: gone forward
Persian
farjâm: end فرجام
فرجام
(to a destination)
قدم زدن jam, jantu: to go ETM, FFD
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318 BQT:166,1451
Indo-European Avestan
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون fra 2, frank: forward
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82
َ
فر:رج ع شود ه ف ّخ
َ ُ
فر:رج ع شود ه نده
ِ فرخ
پرد س:رج ع شود ه فردوس
فروردین:رج ع شود ه فردین
َ
فر:رج ع شود ه فرزاد
Indo-European
Gnô: to know دا س
Sanskrit
pra-jan: one who knows in advance, one who
Pahlavi
farzânak: wise
Persian
Farzâneh
فرزانه
POK:376
has perception, wise ""از پ ش م داند
Indo-European BQT:1459, HRN:181 (فرزانه )فرزن
POK:377 knowledge :هم
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون
POK:810
Indo-European
Gene: to give birth to زای دن
Avestan
fra-zaintiš: offspring, child
Persian
farzand: child فرزند
فرزند
POK:373
Indo-European Avestan POK:373, SOD:462 POK:373, BQT, HRN:181,231
Indo-European
Gherto: milk, butter کره، ش
Sanskrit
ğar: milk, also anything wet
Persian
farğârîdan: to soak فرغردن،فرغاردن
فرغاردن
â-gar: to soak, also to swallow farğâr: soaked فرغار خ ساندن
POK:446
POK:446, AEF:40 BQT, FRS, MON
Indo-European
Gherto: milk, butter کره، ش
Sanskrit
ğar: milk, also anything wet
Persian
farğar: little puddles of water in a dried river فرغر
فرغر
â-gar: to soak, also to swallow farğan: new river فرغن حوضچه
POK:446
POK:446, AEF:40 گوش آمد ازآب در ا گف ه
( که شه ارا در ا تو و من فرغر )فر
BQT, FRS, MON
َ َ
Indo-European
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون
Indo-European
Per-per-os: flighty, giddy
Persian
farfar: in hurry
َ َ
فرفر
فرفر
َ َ ا عجله
POK:810 POK:810,811, IEC:927 و اغذ و فرفر نوشت برداشت ل
(الفور این قص ــدۀ مط ـ ـ ع آ دار )انوری
IEC:927, MON:2521
Indo-European
Me 1: to measure اندازه گرف
Av/Old Pers
mâ 1: to measure
Old Persian
fra-ma-na: to measure
Persian
farmân: command فرمان
فرمان
POK:703, 731 POK:703,731, SYN:54,877,1010
beforehand, decide, order measure :هم
BQT:1470, FFD:66
Indo-European Avestan KNT:201
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون fra 2, frank: forward
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82 NOTE- see "Wer 1: to talk" for an alternative root suggested ARN:391
Indo-European
Wer 1: to speak صح ت کردن
Avestan
ver 2: to decide, command
Persian
farmân: command فرمان
فرمان
POK:1162 urvata: determination, command ARN:391
POK:1162, KLN:1751, SYN:1254 NOTE- see "Ma: to measure" for an alternative root
َ
فر:رج ع شود ه فرناز
َ
Indo-European
Nek: to destroy خراب کردن
Sanskrit
nâša: to disappear
Persian
farnâs: dumb, crazy
َ
فرناس
فرناس
ّ nuisance :هم
POK:762 pra-nač: absent, absent minded گفت نقاش چونکه شناسم
(ی که ن ــه د ــوان ــه و ن ــه ف ـرناسم )عن
POK:762, BQT:1471, HRN:285
HRN:182, BQT:1471
Indo-European
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون
Old Persian
fra: forward
Pahlavi
frôt: downward
Persian
forû: down فرو
فرو
POK:810 frava, fravata: forward, downward KNT:198 KNT:198, BQT:1473, HRN:183
POK:813, KNT:198,200
َ
پروار:رج ع شود ه فروار
Indo-European
Wekw: voice صدا
Av/Old Pers
vak, vačah, vaxš: word, voice, sound
Av/Old Pers
â-vač: voice, song
Persian
forûxtan: to sell فروخ
فروخ
POK:1135 POK:1135
"فراخواندن
fra-vaxš: call out, sell BQT, HRN
Indo-European Avestan "مش ی
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون fra 2, frank: forward POK:1135, KLN:1719, SYN:26
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82
131
. فروردین
Indo-European
Wer 3, Werg 2: to cover, enclose
Av/Old Pers
var 1, vara, vâra 2:
Av/Old Pers
fra-var, fra-vahr,
Pahlavi
farvartin:
Persian
Farvardîn: the
فروردین
محصورکردن،پوشاندن
cover, wall fravaši: a protecting angel the month of first month of year ""ماه فروهر
"Farvahar"
POK:1116, IEC:1599 POK:1116, AEF:212, KNT:207 fra-var-tinam: descent (فروردین )فردین
Indo-European Avestan of holy spirits BQT
BQT:1476-1478
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون fra 2, frank: forward
BQT:1476,1478
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Avestan
thang, â-thax, hanč: to pull, also a path
Persian
hîxtan: to pull هخ
فروه خ
آه خ:مق
POK:1064,1067 BQT:1481,2376,2381, SNS:7 forûâhîxtan: to pull down
Indo-European Old Persian Pahlavi tension :هم
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون frava, fravata: forward, downward frôt: downward فروه خ
POK:810 POK:813, KNT:198,200 KNT:198 BQT, HRN, SNS
Indo-European
Isto: most or last
Av/Old Pers
išta: a superlative suffix
Avestan
frâ 1, fra 1:
Pahlavi
frây, frêh: plenty
Persian
fereh, fareh: plenty, good ِفره
ِفره
سوند صفت عا
plenty
َ َ فراوان
KNT:191,202 frêh-est: most, plenty farh-ast: too much, magic فرهست
KLN:35 Indo-European fra-êšta: most full :هم
BQT:1479, MON:2537,2538
Pel 1: to fill پر کردن
POK:800 SNS:126, BQT:1479,
POK:799, EIV:299
َ َ
ِفره:رج ع شود ه فرهست
فره خ:رج ع شود ه فرهنگ
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Avestan
thang, â-thax, hanč: to pull,
Persian
farhîxtan: to educate
فره خ
POK:1064,1067
also a path تعل م دادن
Indo-European Avestan (فره خ )فرهنگ
far-thang: pull forward, educate
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون fra 2, frank: forward BQT, MON, HRN, SNS, FFD
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82
BQT:1481,2376,2381, SNS:7
Indo-European
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون
Avestan
fra-dâta: promotion, call for help
Persian
faryâd: call, yell ف اد
ف اد
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82 BQT
Indo-European
Leip, Raip: to smear with oil, cover پوشاندن،روغن ما کردن
Persian
rîv: deceit رو
ف ب
POK:670, EIV:308 farîb: deceit, trick ( ف ب )ف ف
که زنهار از این مکر و دستان و رو
( ج ــای سل مان ش ــس چو د ــو )سعدی
POK:670, HRN:142,184, MON:1707, EIV:308
Indo-European
Bhergh: high لند،اﻻ
Avestan
bareš, berezant: high
Persian
Farîborz: "with elegant height", a male name
ز ف
POK:140 POK:140, KLN:188, KNT:200, VDQ:36 ""خوش قد و اﻻ
Indo-European Avestan ز ف
burg :هم
Sâwel: sun خورش د hvarenah, xvarenah, farnah: brilliance, elegance KLN, BQT, FSF, VDQ
POK:881 POK:881, BQT:1451
132
ف رون
فرارون:رج ع شود ه ف رون
ف ب:رج ع شود ه ف ف
افزودن:رج ع شود ه فزون
Avestan
Bazda: bad, sin گناه،د
Persian
faž: dirt, dirty فژ
فژ
fažâk: dirty, impure (فژا )فژا ن آلوده
SOD:18
BQT:1485
َ
َش :رج ع شود ه فش
افشاردن:رج ع شود ه فشار
فسفسه:رج ع شود ه فصفصه
بغ:رج ع شود ه فغ
افغان:رج ع شود ه فغان
غستان :رج ع شود ه فغستان
ب دخت:رج ع شود ه فغفور
Indo-European
Dhegh: to heat, burn سوزاندن،گرم کردن
Avestan
dağa, dâğah: hot
Avestan
daxš 2, rax, rak: to hurt (burn)
Persian
falâxon: sling
فﻼخن
POK:240 POK:240, BQT:815, 827
fra-daxšanâ: a device to hurt or strike فﻼخن
Indo-European Avestan from a distance, sling
Per 1: around, forward. پ ش،پ امون fra 2, frank: forward AHM:192, MON:2564
AHM:181,192
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82
َ
Indo-European
Gwel 2: to pierce
Greek
obolos: nail, nail-shaped Greek coins
Arabic
fals: money, also fish scales
Persian
fals: money, fish scales فلس
َ فلس
سوراخ کردن mofless: poor ُمفلس پول:مق
POK:470, KLN:1068 ARK:232, TAD:52
POK:470 FVA:319, BQT:428, ARK:232
Indo-European
Bhilo: friendly, loving دوستانه،خوب
Greek
philos: love
Greek
philo-sophos:
Arabic
falsafah
Persian
falsafeh: philosophy فلسفه
فلسفه
POK:153 POK:154
fond of wisdom سفسطه:مق
Greek TAD:53 MON:2567
AHD, KLN
Sophos: skilled, wise عاقل،ا تج ه
AHD:1232 NOTE- SYN:1110 claims "Bhilo" is an Anatolian word
Sanskrit
Pippalî: pepper فلفل
Persian
pelpel: pepper
Arabic
filfil: pepper
Persian
felfel: pepper فلفل
فلفل
AHD:1535, KLN:1154, SYN:382 لل FVF:503 BQT:1499
BQT:1499, FVF:503
Sanskrit
Agaruh: aloe wood چوب آلوئه
Arabic
al-oud: the wood, also a stringed
French
luth: lute
Persian
folût: flute فلوت
فلوت
musical instrument
flute: this is probably from another root عود:مق
KLN:55 MON:2573
KLN:55 KLN:605,914
133
. فنجان
Indo-European
Pin: wood, tree stump کنده درخت،چوب
Greek
pinakx: board, platter
Persian
pangân: cup َپن ان
Arabic Persian
fenjân: cup فنجان
فنجان
POK:830 POK:830, SYN:345 BQT:1502 MON
َ
Indo-European
Sphê: long flat piece of wood تکه چوب پهن و لند
Persian
fah, fih: oar, paddle
َ
ف ه،فه
فه
ارو
POK:980 ARN:394
spoon :هم
Indo-European
Gwhi: thread, string رشته،نخ
Latin
filum: thread
French
fil: thread (used to tie papers)
Persian
fîleh: filet ف له
ف له
POK:481,489, AHD POK:489, AHD filet: a strip of boneless meat MON:2599
AHD
َ
فه:رج ع شود ه فه
۳ ِ :رج ع شود ه قابوس
Indo-European
Kar 1: hard سخت
Avestan
xara: a harsh voiced animal, donkey
Sogdian
xr: donkey
Persian
qâter: mule قاطر
قاطر
xara-tara: related to a donkey, mule ""از سل خر
POK:531, IEC:1056,1632 SOD:166 MON:2615
SOD:166 hard :هم
َ ک:رج ع شود ه َ
ق ار س
ُ
Iranian
Gabbah: dome, vault, blister
Arabic
qabbah: arched, bent
Persian
qobbeh: dome, vault
ُ
ق ّه
ق ّه
تاول، طاق، گن د NOTE- KLN:46 claims this is from the Semitic root "Q.b.b: to be bent" ک ّ ه:مق
MON:2637, FVA:323
AFM:123 FVF:520, AFM:120
Indo-European
Kam 2, Kamp: to bend, also a cavity, vault
Latin
campus: bent land, valley
Persian
capân: a weighing scale
ق ان
camp :هم
حفره،خم کردن Campania: an area in Italy famous for its scales (ک ان )ق ان
POK:524,525, EIV:229 POK:525, AHD:193 MON:2896, ARK:222, PLA:216
Greek
Ĉartês: leaf of papyrus برگ اپ وس
Arabic
qertâs: paper
Persian
qertâs: paper قرطاس
قرطاس
NOTE- Probably from an Egyptian origin carton :هم
TAD:55, VDQ:342 MON:2659
AHD:203, KLN:239, PRT:79
Indo-European
Wer 2, Kwermi: to turn, bend خم شدن،چرخ دن
Sanskrit
krmi: worm
Persian
qermez: red قرمز
قرمز
POK:1142-1157, POK:649
"رنگ "کرم زاد
Indo-European krmi-ja: made from worms (a red dye) MON:2663
worm :هم
Gene: to give birth to زای دن POK:649
POK:373
134
َ
قرن
َ
Indo-European
Gher: to grasp, enclose
Greek
ğr-on-os, chronos, xronos: that which encloses
Arabic
qarn: a century
Persian
qarn: century
َ
قرن
قرن
all things, time
محصورکردن، گرف TAD:56 MON:2665
POK:442, 444 KLN:284
َ
کژا ند:رج ع شود ه قز
کژا ند:رج ع شود ه قزاغند
Indo-European
Yeu 1, Yauj: to join, harness
Greek
zugon: yoke, arm of a
Arabic
qist: balance, scale, justice
Persian
qest: justice, loan payment قسط
قسط
pair of balances, scale
qestâs: balance, scale قسطاس ""عدل و م ان
مهار کردن،جفت کردن VDQ:346
POK:509, AHD, VDQ:346 yoke :هم
سنجــم راز مـ ـ ــد ــقس ــطا
POK:509, EIV:217
( که جو سنگش بود قسطای لوقا )خاقا
MON:2674
Indo-European
Kas: to cut قطع کردن،ب دن
Latin
castellum: an "isolated" place, castle
Arabic
al-qasr: castle
Persian
qasr: castle ق
ق
""محل م وی
POK:586 AHD KLN:45 MON:2682
castle :هم
Indo-European
Kap, Ĉap 2: grasp نگه داش، گرف
Greek
kapsa: box, cage
Arabic
qafas
Persian
qafas: cage قفس
قفس
capsule :هم
POK:527,EIV MON:2700 BQT:1534
Indo-European
Kû 1: to burn (also firewood) (سوزاندن )ه م
Greek
kau: burning, shining
Latin
caucasus:
Arabic Persian
qafqâz: Caucasia
قفقاز
POK:595
mountains between " ا خهای
Indo-European kau-casos: (mountains) Caspian and Black sea. قفقاز
shining with ice
"درخشان
Kreu: icy or solid منجمد،د MON5: 1474
POK:621, KLN:252 KLN:252
Indo-European
Kem 2: to cover پوشاندن
Greek
kamision: shirt
Latin
camisia: shirt
Arabic
qamîs: cotton shirt
Persian
qamîs: cotton shirt قم ص ُ
قم ص
شم:هم
POK:556, CEL6: 122 VDQ:352 POK:556 VDQ:352 MON:2729
Indo-European
Gwhen 1: to fill
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt out
Arabic
qanah: reed, cane
Persian
qanât: underground water way
قنات
پر کردن
and mound it up, build
قنات canal :هم
qanat: underground water way
NOTE- compare with Ken 2: to dig POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49 MON, FVA:341, KLN:231, SNS:8
KLN:232, FVF:539,545
POK:491 NOTE- These words also reached the Greek and Latin languages through Semitic languages
Indo-European
Kwon: dog
Latin
canis: dog
Spanish
canario: from the
French
canari:
Persian
qanârî: canary
قناری
سگ insula canaria: dog island, named after its dogs
Canary Islands. A canary bird
قناری سگ:هم
yellow bird.
POK:632, KLN:746, BQT:1155 MON:2730
KLN:746 KLN:230
135
. قند
Indo-European
Gwhen 1: to fill پر کردن
Sanskrit
ğanâ: ditch
Persian
qand: sugar
Arabic
qandat: sugar candy
French English
candy
قند
cane :هم
NOTE- compare with Ken 2: to dig xanda: a broken lump of sugar قند KLN:231 AHD:196
POK:491 PRT:75 BQT:1544
Indo-European
Kand: to shine, to be white سف د بودن،درخش دن
Greek
kandhêla: light, lamp, candle
Arabic
qandîl: light, lamp
Persian
qandîl: lamp قند ل
قند ل
candle :هم
POK:526 AHD TAD:59, BQT:1545 MON:2734, ARK:235
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ
Av/Old Pers
kar 2, kara 1: to work
Persian
qahr-e-mân: "wise at work", hero
قهرمان
POK:641, EIV:236 kara-manah: wise at work, manager
""ماهر در ارش
Indo-European Avestan (قهرمان )کهرمان
mind :هم
Men 1: to think فکر کردن manah: mind, manners BQT
NYB:157, HRN:80, SYN:628, EIV:237
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT
Ethiopian
Kaffa: the plant or drink coming from Kaffa, a district in southwestern Ethiopia
Arabic
qahwah: a drink from
Persian
qahveh: coffee قهوه
قهوه
Ethiopian "Kaffa"
MON:2756 افه:مق
گ اه ا دانه قهوه که از اتیو آمده
KLN:309
Akkadian
Kîru: wax موم
Greek
kêros: wax
Aramaic
qîra: wax, tar
Arabic
qîr: tar
Persian
qîr: tar ق
ق
گ س:هم
AKD:60 AHD:718 AKD:60 MON:2765,
kerosene :هم
Indo-European
Ker 1: head, horn شاخ،
Greek
keras, keration: little horn, referring to the horn-
Arabic
qirât: a unit
Persian
qîrât: a small unit if weight ق اط
ق اط
shaped fruit of the carob tree used as a unit of weight. of weight. :هم
POK:574, KLN:261,657
KLN:237 KLN:237, TAD:60 carat :هم
Indo-European
Skhai: to cut, strike
Latin
caedere: to cut
Greek
kaisar: Caesar, born by
Arabic
qaysar: Caesar
Persian
qaysar: Caesar ق
ق
"cesarean" section
ه زدن،ب دن POK:917, AHD:186,217, ISS:84 BQT:1551 BQT:217
POK:917 AHD, KLN:839
Indo-European
Ghebh-el: head, top اﻻ،
Greek
kephalê: head
Arabic
qîfaleh: head
Persian
qîfâl: head ق فال
ق فال
NOTE- KLN: 259 claims this is of an unknown origin cephalic :هم
POK:423 POK:423, KLN:259 MON:2769
MON:2769, KLN:259
Indo-European
Kak 3, Kas 2: to become thin, diminish م شدن
Av/Old Pers
kasu: small
Persian
-ak: suffix indicating smallness (ـ ک )مرغک
ـک
POK:521, EIV:247 POK:521, FFD:67 HUB:86, BQT, HRN:185, FFD:67
NOTE- See "Akos: diminish" for another possible root
Indo-European
Akos: suffix indicating small size سوند تحق
Pahlavi
-ak
Persian
-ak: a suffix indicating small size ( دخ ک،ک )مرغک
ـک
IEC:9 MON:2775 IEC:9, MON:2775
NOTE- See "Kak: small size" for another possible root
136
اتوره
Sanskrit
Kâtara: shy, disoriented, wandering گردان، مراه، خجال
Persian
kâtûreh: wandering, dizziness اتوره
اتوره
ن ین ــم در س ـ ــرود و رود ت ــو ه ــچ راحت
گ جه
BQT:1555
Sanskrit
Xac: shine through درخشش از ﻻ ﻼی مانع
Sanskrit
kâca: glass, pearl
Persian
kâč: glass, pearl اچ
اچ
SYN:620 SYN:620, BQT:1556 kâčî: a thin glazed tile ( )ا ا
MON:2834 BQT: 1556,1568
Indo-European
Koro: war, army, a large crowd س اه، ار ش،جنگ
Old Persian
kâr, kâra: war, army, people
Persian
kâr-: a prefix meaning war, army ۲ار
۲ار
جنگ
POK:615, IEC:536 POK:615, KNT:175 BQT, HRN, MON
harsh :هم
Greek
Ĉartês: leaf of papyrus برگ اپ وس
Latin
carta: papyrus leaf
French
carte
Persian
cârt: card ارت
ارت
NOTE- Probably from an Egyptian origin cârton: cardboard box ارتون قرطاس:مق
AHD, KLN:239 KLN:239
AHD:203, KLN:239, PRT:79 MON:2801
card :هم
Indo-European
Ker 2, Sker 2: to cut, separate, tear
Avestan
kereta: knife, a cut trench
Persian
kârd: knife ارد
ارد
section :هم
اره کردن،ب دن POK:941, KLN:1432, HRN:188, SYN:321 kart: a trench cut for irrigation کرت
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155 BQT, HRN, MON, SYN
Indo-European
Koro: war, army, a large crowd س اه، ار ش،جنگ
Old Persian
kâr, kâra: war, army, people
Persian
kârzâr: battle field ارزار
ارزار
POK:615, IEC:536 POK:615, KNT:175
""م دان جنگ
BQT, HRN, MON
Indo-European Avestan
Kwel: to move around,turn چرخ دن، حرکت کردن car, čâr: to move around, also an open field
POK:640 BQT:635, FFD:73
Indo-European
Koro: war, army, a large crowd
Old Persian
kâr, kâra: war, army, people
Persian
kâr-vân: army,
French
caravane
English
caravan, van
اروان
caravan
س اه، ار ش،جنگ POK:615, KNT:175
اروان KLN:238
Indo-European
Sku: to cover پوشاندن
Indo-European
Kut-no: cover, shell
Persian
kâz: hut, cover (از ) ازه
ازه
ام د وصل تو ن ست در وهم من که آخر له
POK:952,953, IEC:1193, AHD:1540 POK:952,953, IEC:1193, AHD:1540
hut :هم
(در ازۀ گدا ان س ــلطان چگ ــونه گنج ــد )مولوی
BQT:1562, MON:2821, SOD:187
Indo-European
Kak 3, Kas 2: to become thin, diminish
Av/Old Pers
kasu: small
Avestan
kas-išta: least
Persian
kâst: deficiency است
است
م شدن kâs: to reduce KNT:202, TZF:26, BQT:2133 است ادی و راست چو خورش د
POK:521, EIV:247 POK:521, FFD:67
Indo-European Av/Old Pers (داند ش چون ماه گرفته است )اسدی
Isto: most or last سوند صفت عا išta: a superlative suffix
HUB:86, BQT, HRN:185, FFD:67
KLN:35 KNT:191,202
Indo-European
Kak 3, Kas 2: to become thin, diminish م شدن
Av/Old Pers
kasu: small
Persian
kâstan: to reduce (۲ اه، اه دن،اس ) اهش
اس
POK:521, EIV:247 kâs: to reduce HUB:86, BQT, HRN:185, FFD:67
POK:521, FFD:67
Indo-European
Kel 5: cup, bowl اسه،فنجان
Greek
kalix: cup
Syriac Persian
kâseh: bowl (اسه ) اس
اسه
POK:550 POK:550
AFM:131 kûzeh: pitcher, jug کوزه
AFM:131, MON
Indo-European
Kwel: to move around,turn
Avestan
kar 1: to plow
Pahlavi
kištan: to plow, sow, plant
Persian
kâštan: to plant, farm (اش )کشاورز
اش
چرخ دن، حرکت کردن karaya: to sow SNS:220 BQT:1567, HRN:185, EIV:239
kaeša: furrow
POK:640
POK:639, SOD:203 NOTE- EIV:240 suggests the root "Kwer: to scatter seed".
Sanskrit
Karpurah: camphor tree درخت افور
Pahlavi
kâpûr: camphor
Persian
kâfûr: camphor افور
افور
KLN:229 VDQ:356, BQT:1571 BQT:1571
Indo-European
Kak 2: a round object (loaf), cake ( قرص )نان،گرد
Persian
kâk: dry hard bread, a dry cookie ا
Arabic
ka`k: a dry
Persian
ka`k: dry bread کعک
ا
NOTE- This word is apparently of Egyptian origin bread cake :هم
BQT:1572 BQT:1572
POK:349, BQT:1572, AHD:1520 PLA:233
Indo-European
Kard: keep down, subside فروکش کردن، نگه داش ای
Persian
kal:ditch, ravine, canal ال
ال
،ش افته زم
EIV:239 EIV:239 .این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد
انال
Indo-European
Pod: foot ا
Greek
kalo-podion:
Pahlavi
kal-pâd: mold, shape, body
Persian
kâlâ: manufactured
اﻻ
wooden foot used as a (molded) goods
POK:790, ARN:148 NOTE- IEC: derives it from Avestan
Indo-European shoe mold, shape
"kehrp: flesh", from Indo-European
Kû 1: to burn (also firewood) (سوزاندن )ه م "Kwrp, Kwerp: shape, body". اﻻ
AHD:1365, KLN, POK:790
POK:595 BQT:1075 MON:2858, IEC:1047
138
الب
Indo-European
Kû 1: to burn (also firewood)
Greek
Kalo: to burn,
Pahlavi
kal-pâd: fabrication mold,
Persian
kâleb: mold, body
Arabic
qâlib
Persian
qâleb: mold
الب
(سوزاندن )ه م
firewood, wood shape, body
الب caliber :هم
NOTE- IEC derives this from KLN:223, قالب
PLA:215
POK:595 kalo-podein: Avestan "kehrp: flesh", from kâlbod: body ال د
Indo-European wooden foot, mold Indo-European "Kwrp, Kwerp: MON:2621,
BQT, MON
Pod: foot ا shape, body".
POK:595, WLD1: 376,
BQT:1095
POK:790, ARN:148 KLN:223
Indo-European
Kâ: to wish, desire آرزو کردن
Av/Old Pers
kâ 2, kâm 2, kâma : desire
Pahlavi
kâm: desire
Persian
kâm 1: desire ۱ام
۱ام
آرزو
POK:515 POK:515 BQT:1578, SNS:209 BQT:1578
cherish :هم
Indo-European
Kwen 2: sip, swallow قورت دادن، جرعه
Old Iranian
čam: to sip, drink
Persian
kâm 2: palate ۲ام
۲ام
آشام دن:هم
POK:640 AHM:184 POK:640
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt
Arabic
qanah: reed, cane
Latin
canalis:
French Persian
kânâl: canal, channel
انال
کندن
out and mound it up, build
qanat: underground
water pipe
انال قنات:هم
EIV:232, POK:534 POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, water way KLN MON
KLN:232, FVF:539,545
NOTE- These words also reached the Greek and Latin languages through Semitic languages
Akkadian
Kânûnu: fireplace آ شدان
Syriac Arabic Persian
kânûn: fireplace ۱انون
۱انون
MON:2875 MON:2875 چوگ د آ ش خشم تو اﻻ آ ش اه،خاری
MON:2875, BQT:1580
(ن ا د از دو عالم ن م انون )انوری
BQT:1580, MON:2875
Indo-European
Kuâtos: straw اه
Sanskrit
Kâča: straw
Pahlavi
kah: straw
Persian
kâh: straw ۱اه
۱اه
IEC:1021 HRN:186 HRN:186 BQT:1583, IEC:1021
Akkadian
Kupriti: sulfur سولفور
Aramaic
kubrîtâ: sulfur
Arabic
kibrit: sulfur, match
Persian
kebrît: sulfur, match ک ت
ک ت
""گوگرد
AKD:60 AKD:60 AKD:60, BQT:1588 BQT:1588, MON:2887
Av/Old Pers
Kapastay : poison, a bitter plant تلخ مزه گ ا،سم
Pahlavi
kapast: poison
Persian
kabast: poison ک ست
ک ست
چ ـ ـرا ک ـش ــت ا د درختـ ــی دس ــت َسم
BRT:436 HRN:187
Indo-European
Kau 2: to howl, a raucous bird پرنده ا صدای خشن نو،زوزه کش دن
Persian
kabk: partridge کک
کک
IEC:483, POK:434, 535 IEC:1521, MON:2888
Indo-Scythian
Kavûta: gray, dark blue آ ت ه،خا س ی
Old Persian
kapautaka: gray, dove
Pahlavi
kapôt, kapôtar
Persian
kabûd: gray, dark blue, purple کبود
کبوتر
ISS:43 ISS:43 HRN:187, KNT:178 kabûtar: dove ( کبوتر )کف
NOTE- CEL6:46 derives Persian "kabûtar" from Indo-European "Kepro: a kind of bird" BQT:1589, MON:2890
140
کج
Indo-European
Keg, Keng: hook قﻼب
Persian
kaj: bent (کج )کژ
کج
hook :هم
POK:537, IEC:458 IEC:458, MON:2910
Indo-European
Ket: living room
Avestan
kata: house
Pahlavi
katak: house
Persian
kad-: of the house ( کدخدا،کد ـ )کد انو
کد ـ
اطاق ش من bûiti-kata: idol house bôt-katak: temple -kadeh: a suffix meaning house of. (کده )بتکده
POK:586 POK:586 BQT:1604 POK:586, BQT:1604
NOTE- BQT:234 claims Avestan "kata: house" is derived from Avestan "kan: to dig", cognate with Persian "xâneh: house". See root "Ken 2: to dig".
Indo-European
Ker 2, Sker 2: to cut, separate, tear اره کردن،ب دن
Avestan
karena_oša: cut from
Persian
kar: deaf (with cut hearing) کر
کر
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155
hearing, deaf ear :هم
BQT, HRN, MON, SYN
Indo-European Avestan POK:941, KLN:1432, HRN:188,
Aus 1: ear گوش ûši: two ears, intelligence, mortal life SYN:321
Indo-European
Sker 1: to turn, bend خم کردن،چرخ دن
Indo-European
Kor-ôna: bent
Av/Old Pers
Karana: end, edge
Pahlavi
kanâr: edge
Persian
karân: edge (کران )کنار
کران
curb :هم
POK:935 POK:935, IEC:535 SYN:857, BRT:46,451 BQT:1611,1699, HRN:189 BRT:451, SYN:857, IEC:535
Indo-European
Koro: war, army, a large crowd س اه، ار ش،جنگ
Indo-European
Koros: fighting, bullying, arrogance
Indo-European
koruos: bitter, harsh
Persian
karb: sorrow کرب
کرب
POK:615, IEC:536 POK:615, IEC:536 IEC:538 IEC:538 ۲ ار:مق
NOTE- MON:2932 states that Persian "karb" is derived from Arabic
Sanskrit
Karpâsah: cotton پ ه
Persian
karpâs: cotton cloth ک اس
Arabic
karbas
Persian
karbâs: cotton cloth ک اس
ک اس
carbasus :هم
KLN:238, SYN:402 KLN:238, MON:2932 MON:2932, KLN:238 MON:2932
Avestan
Kahrpu, Kharpuna: lizard مارمول
Pahlavi
karpu, krpwk: lizard
Persian
karbâsû: lizard (ک اسو )چل اسه
ک اسو
BQT:1612, SOD:193 BQT:1612, SOD:193 م کشد هم نهنگ را راسو
( مرگ عقرب بود ز ک اســو )آذری طو
MON:2933
Indo-European
Ker 4, Kers: black, dirty کث ف،س اه
Old Persian
kirsman: black
Persian
kars: dirt (۱کرس ) ِکرسنه
کرس
چرده:مق
OEW:182, POK:573 POK:583 BQT:1619
Indo-European
Ker 4, Kers: black, dirty کث ف،س اه
Sanskrit
kršna: black
Persian
karsneh: a black grain ۲کرسنه
۲کرسنه
اودانه
OEW:182, POK:573 POK:583 BQT:1619, MON:942
Indo-European
Ker 3: loud noise, noisy birds
Avestan
kahrkatât: some noisy birds
Persian
kark, karak: poultry (کرک )ورتک
کرک
تان اشد همچو عنق ــا خاصه در عزلت غراب ما ان
پرند ان پر صدا،صدای لند POK:568, EIV:167
scream :هم
(تان اشد همچو شاه خاصه درقدرت کرک )انوری
POK:567
BQT:1624,2268, MON:5001
Indo-European
Ker 3: loud noise, noisy birds پرند ان پر صدا،صدای لند
Avestan
kahrkâ-asa: eating bird (vulture)
Persian
karkas: vulture کرکس
کرکس
POK:567 NOTE- EIV does not agree with the derivation of this word BQT:1624,2268, MON:5001
Indo-European Avestan
from the root Ed: to eat.
Ed: to eat خوردن asa 1: food
POK:287 POK:287, BQT:44,1624 POK:568, EIV:167
Indo-European
Wer 2, Kwermi: to turn, bend خم شدن،چرخ دن
Av/Old Pers
kermi, kerma, karem: worm
Persian
kerm: worm ِکرم
ِکرم
worm :هم
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 POK:649 BQT:1625
Indo-European
Nedo: reed, pipe, flute فلوت، لوله،تره
Old Persian
nada: flute
Persian
kornâ: "war horn" کرنا
کرنا
POK:759, BQT:2221 HRN:237 نا :مق
POK:759, BQT, MON
Indo-European Old Persian
Koro: war, army, a large crowd س اه، ار ش،جنگ kâr, kâra: war, army, people
POK:615, IEC:536 POK:615, KNT:175
Indo-European
Kwal: a big fish, whale وال،بزرگ ما
Avestan
kara 2: whale
Persian
karv: a kind of fish کرو
کرو
whale :هم
POK:958 POK:958, SOD:194 SOD:194
Indo-European
Ker 3: loud noise, noisy birds
Sanskrit
krosa: a loud sound, also the distance
Persian
korûh: a distance of about two miles کروه
کروه
reached by such a loud voice
پرند ان پر صدا،صدای لند BQT:1630, MON:2960
POK:567 POK
Indo-European
Kelewo: lacking, bald کچل،فاقد
Sogdian
krw`: empty, lacking
Persian
karveh: tooth cavity کروه
کروه
از چون بر گرفت دست زروی پوس د دندان
POK:554, KLN:226 NOTE- the link is not quite certain
( کروه دندان و شت چو ان است )رود
SLW:96
BQT:1631
Indo-European
Ker 4, Kers: black, dirty کث ف،س اه
Pahlavi
karic: dirt
Persian
kareh: dirt کره
کره
چون دست و ای ا ن ینمت جان و دل آلود
OEW:182, POK:573 POK:573
(ـ ـنــم و آن هــردو ــا کره )نا خ و ا ــن هــردو ــا
POK:573, BQT, MON
142
ک ّره
Indo-European
Gel 1: to form into a ball, stick
Indo-European
Gelt: young of human or animal
Pahlavi
kurrag: young of some animals
Persian
korreh: young of some animals
ک ّره
together like horses and donkies like horses and donkies colt :هم
گوله کردن چه آدم ا حیوان ک ّره
ARN:403
POK:357-364, SYN: 908, IEC:303 Pok:358 ARN:403
Indo-European
Kwo: stem of interrogative and relative pronouns
Avestan
kas, kas-čit: a
Pahlavi
kas: someone
Persian
kas: someone, anyone کس
کس
person, someone
ر شه ضمایر سئوا و س ARN:404 BQT:1641, SNS:86
POK:644, ARN:404
POK:644,646, AHD
NOTE- Old Persian form is "kaš-čiy: someone"
Indo-European
Kost: bone, rib, side of anything کنار هر چ ی، دنده،استخوان
Pahlavi
kost: side
Persian
kostî: side, also a belt کس
کس
POK:616, AHD:1524 BQT:1643, AEF:261 BQT کش:مق
NOTE- AHD claims that this may be related to the root "Ost: bone".
Indo-European
Karš: to drag, pull کش دن
Av/Old Pers
kaša: arm pit
Persian
kešâleh: crutch کشاله
کشاله
karš: to pull کش دن:هم
EIV:243 HRN:191, BQT
KLN:735, BRT:456 NOTE- See "Koksâ: hip, foot" for an alternative root
Indo-European
Koksâ: a part of body like foot, hip, etc.
Avestan
kašâ: crotch
Pahlavi
kaš: crotch
Persian
kašâleh: crotch, armpit کشاله
کشاله
قسم از دن مانند ا و اسن POK:611, ARN:405 ARN:405 ARN:405
POK:611 NOTE- See "Karš: to pull" for an alternative root
NOTE- ARN:405 suggests the root "Gwhen 2: to strike, hurt" for this word
Indo-European
Kost: bone, rib, side of anything
Pahlavi
kost: side
Persian
košti: belt, wrestling (by grabbing the opponent's belt) کش
کش
درخرا ات ن ی که ز مس همه سال
م ند
کنار هر چ ی، دنده،استخوان BQT:1643, AEF:261
ّ
POK:616, AHD:1524
(راهب د ــر ت ـرا کشتـی و زنــار دهــد )سنائـی
NOTE- AHD claims that this may be related to the root "Ost: bone". BQT
143
َ
. کشف
َ
Avestan
Kasyapa: tortoise شت ﻻ
Persian
kašaf: tortoise
َ
کشف
کشف
NOTE- Cognate with Sanskrit "kačyâpa"
MON:2987, BQT:1651,
MON:2987, SOD:204, BQT:1651
ُ
Indo-European
Kseubh: to shake, rock, disturb ت ان دادن
Avestan
xšaub: to shake
Pahlavi
âšûptak
Persian
kašoftan: to disturb
ُ
کشف
کشف
را خانۀ شادی کش ــفته پ شان کردن
POK:625 POK:625, FFD:26 ISS:11
َ
Indo-European
Pet 1: to fly, to fall افتادن،پرواز کردن
Av/Old Pers
karši-ptan: swift flying (bird)
Pahlavi
karšift: a fast bird
Persian
kašak: a bird, magpie
کشک
َ "ــع "پرنده
POK:825, EIV:299
Indo-European
POK:825, BRT:458 HRN:191 ( کشکرک،کشک )ک َسک
Ôku: swift ــع BQT:1659, HRN:191
POK:775
َ َ
کشک:رج ع شود ه کشکرک
Indo-European
Karš: to drag, pull کش دن
Av/Old Pers
karš: to pull
Persian
kaškûl: Dervish's cup that is "carried by the shoulder" کشکول
کشکول
""کش ده ه کول
EIV:243 KLN:735, BRT:456 HRN:191, BQT
Av/Old Pers
Karšvar: a "circle" of land, country کشور، حلقه ای )محدوده ای( از زم
Pahlavi
kîšvar: country
Persian
kešvar: country کشور
کشور
BRT:459, HRN:191 BRT:459 BQT:1656, BRT:459
Indo-European
Kwel: to move around,turn چرخ دن، حرکت کردن
Av/Old Pers
karš: to pull
Persian
kešîdan: to pull کش دن
کش دن
POK:640 KLN:735, BRT:456 HRN:191, BQT
NOTE- EIV:243 suggests the root "Karš: to pull" for this word
Indo-European
Skel: bent, curved خم ده
Greek
skhelos, kellos: crooked
Persian
kol: crooked ل
ل
َ
دانگه که گ د جهان گرد و میغ خم
POK:928 WLD:597, OEW:363
(ِل شت چو انت گردد س یغ )بوشکور
WLD:597, HRN:192, MON:3012
Indo-European
Kel 2: to cover پوشاندن
Pahlavi
kurpak: shelter, hut
Persian
kolbeh: hut له
له
hole :هم
POK:553 HRN:192,193, HUB:88 BQT, PLA:233
Indo-European
Koro: war, army, a large crowd س اه، ار ش،جنگ
Old Persian
kâr, kâra: war, army, people
Persian
kalanjâr: fight, quarrel (لنجار ) النجار
لنجار
harsh :هم
POK:615, IEC:536 POK:615, KNT:175 BQT, HRN, MON
Indo-European
Kreu: icy or solid منجمد،د
Persian
kolûx: clump لخ
لخ
crude :هم
POK:621, KLN:252 IEC:562, MON:3040
Indo-European
Kaput, Kapolo: head, cup اسه،
Persian
kalleh: head له
له
POK:529-530 ARN:411 POK:529-530 suggests Phalavi "kapârak: cup" as a cognate
Indo-European
Klêu: hook, peg used to lock doors قفل،قﻼب
Greek
kleidos: key
Persian
kelîd: key لد
لد
close :هم
POK:604 AHD BQT:1687, FVQ:268, ARK:236
Indo-European
Kamma: little, small کوچک، ناچ
Av/Old Pers
kamna, kamnô: little
Persian
kam: little ( م) م
م
WLD:601, IEC:1044 WLD:601, KNT:179, IEC:1044 BQT:1689
Indo-European
Kam 2, Kamp: to bend, also a cavity, vault
Avestan
kamarâ: waist, belt, also a vault
Persian
kamar: waist, belt مر
مر
chamber :هم
حفره،خم کردن POK:524 kamrâ: a room with high ceiling, also a stable مرا
POK:524,525, EIV:229 BQT, MON
145
. ۱کند
Indo-European
Kund: blunt, stocky, rough خشن، تنومند، رک
Persian
kond 1: dull ۱کند
۱کند
IEC:588,589 IEC:588
Indo-European
Kund: blunt, stocky, rough
Sanskrit
kunthah: strong
Persian
kond 2: a strong fighter, hero ( )کنداور۲کند
۲کند
kondî: courage کندی دﻻور
خشن، تنومند، رک IEC:588,589
ٔ
ب ر اندرش زنگه شاوران
IEC:588,589
( دل ان و گردان و کنداوران )فردو
MON:3088
َ
کندن:رج ع شود ه کندک
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt
Pahlavi
kantan, xandan: to dig
Persian
kandan: to dig کندن
کندن
out and mound it up, build َ canal :هم
کندن kandak: a dug-in house kandak: places dug out in a house کندک
POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583,
kandû: bee hive کندو
EIV:232, POK:534 HRN:194, BQT:1707, SNS:8,155
BQT, HRN:186, FVF:593
Parthian
Gzn: treasure گنج
Pahlavi
ganj: treasure
Arabic
kanz: treasure
Persian
kanz: treasure ک
ک
NOTE- FVQ claims it is possibly borrowed from a Median root گنج:هم
SOD:182 FVQ:251 MON:3096
BQT:1841, FVQ:122
Indo-European
Kar 1: hard سخت
Sanskrit
kankarta: fortified, armor
Persian
kongereh: battlement on a castle wall ۱کنگره
۱کنگره
دندانه اﻻی
POK:531, IEC:1056,1632 POK:531, IEC:1632 IEC:1632, MON:3102
دیوار
Indo-European
Gredh: to walk, go رف،قدم زدن
Latin
gradi: to walk
French
grade, congres
Persian
kongereh 2: congress ۲کنگره
۲کنگره
gradus: step هما ش
POK:456 AHD MON:3102,3212
POK:456
َ
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3:
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt
Pahlavi
kantan,
Persian
kandan: to dig
Persian
kanand: a tool for tilling earth
َ
کنند
کنند
to dig out and mound it up, build xandan: to dig
کندن برگ کنند و ت ــر و ت شه و ناوه
کندن POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, HRN:194, BQT:1707, ( خار ز گرد ب ا ان )خجسته، تا ناوه ک
SNS:8,155 BQT, HRN:186, FVF:593
EIV:232, POK:534 MON:3102
146
کو
Indo-European
Kwo: stem of interrogative and relative
Avestan
kô, ka 1, kû, kû-thra, ka-hya: who, which, where?
Persian
۲ کـی،۱ ِکـی، کدام، کجا،کو
کو
pronouns
kâ 3: how? BQT:672
ر شه ضمایر سئوا و س kam 1, kam-čit, katama: which?
POK:644,646, AHD kat: whether
ka-da, ka-tha: when?
katâra: which of the two? either
POK:644,648, BQT:1748, HRN:196
Indo-European
Kâu 1: to strike, beat زدن
Pahlavi
kôftan: to pound, crush
Persian
kûbidan: to crush, pound, smash ( ک دن )کوف
ک دن
hew :هم
POK:535, WLD:331 ARN:416 ARN:416
Indo-European
Wer 2, Kwermi: to turn, bend خم شدن،چرخ دن
Indo-European
Wropal: club, mace
Persian
kûpâl: mace, club (ک ال )گ ال
ک ال
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 IEC:1596 IEC:1596, MON:3109
Indo-European
Kut: small, short کوتاه،کوچک
Avestan
ku, kva, kutaka: small
Persian
kûtâh: short کوتاه
کوتاه
IEC:594 kvataka, kautaka: child kûdak: child کودک
kûčak: small کوچک
HUB:89, HRN:194, IEC:594
BQT, IEC:594
Indo-European
Sku: to cover پوشاندن
Indo-European
Kut-no: cover, shell
Persian
kûč: household, family, tribe کچ
کچ
خانواده،قب له
POK:952,953, IEC:1193, AHD:1540 POK:952,953, IEC:1193, AHD:1540 IEC:594,1193, MON
hut :هم
Indo-European
Kai: alone تنها
Indo-European
Kai-Ko: one-eyed, dark, blind تارک، ناب نا،ک چشم
Pahlavi
kôr: blind
Persian
kûr: blind کور
کور
POK:519 POK:519-520 ARN:415 ARN:415
NOTE- see "kûr: blind, dark" for another possible root
Indo-European
Ker 5, Kur: heat, fire آ ش،حرارت
Persian
kûreh: fireplace, oven, kiln کوره
کوره
carbon :هم
POK:571, IEC:590 IEC:590, MON:3121
Indo-European
Kâu 1: to strike, beat زدن
Avestan
kau-kušati: tries, fights
Persian
kûšîdan: to try, to fight (کوش دن )کوشش
کوش دن
POK:535, WLD:331 SYN:290, WLD:331, SNS:150 BQT
Indo-European
Kau 2: to howl, a raucous bird پرنده ا صدای خشن نو،زوزه کش دن
Persian
kûkû: cuckoo, owl کوکو
کوکو
فاخته
IEC:483, POK:434, 535 ARN:417
Indo-European
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend خم کردن
Avestan
kaofa: mountain
Pahlavi
kôf: mountain
Persian
kûh: mountain کوه
کوه
kohân: camel's hump (کوهان )کوهه hump :هم
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 POK:591,592, KLN:391 HRN:195
BQT, WLD1
NOTE- Compare with root "Kam 2: to bend"
Indo-European
So: this, that آن،این
Av/Old Pers
hâ 2, hô, hâu 2, hauv, hya: it, that, the
Pahlavi
kê: that
Persian
keh: that که
که
that :هم
POK:979 POK:979 BQT:197 BQT, HRN
Indo-European
Leup, Raup 2: to break, peel off پوست کندن، شکس
Av/Old Pers
rup,rupâ: to rob
Pahlavi
kah-rupâti: attracting
Persian
kahrobâ: amber
که ا
straw, amber
Indo-European
POK:690. EIV:195
Sanskrit Pahlavi
FFD:55
که ُ ا
HRN:135
Kuâtos: straw اه Kâča: straw kah: straw BQT:938, EIV:195
148
۲ک ش
Indo-European
Karš: to drag, pull کش دن
Av/Old Pers
karš: to pull
Persian
tîr-kaš: bag for carrying arrows, quiver (ت کش )ترکش
۲ک ش
ترکش
EIV:243 KLN:735, BRT:456 kîš: distorted form of "tîr-kaš", quiver ۲ک ش
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Steig, Teig: pointed, sharp ت، نوک دار tiğra: sharp, pointed kîš: a quiver-looking island in the Persian Gulf ۳ک ش
POK:1016 POK:1016 AHD:326
Indo-European
Ker 4, Kers: black, dirty
Egyptian
khem: black
Greek
xêma: black land, the former name of
Arabic
al-kîmîya: the art of
Persian
kîmîyâ: chemistry, any
کما
کث ف،س اه
Egypt where transmutation was practiced. transmutation rare substance "ی "صنعت م
AHD:30, OEW:182
AHD:30, KLN:45 AHD
کما
OEW:182, POK:573
BQT:1759
Indo-European
Kwei 1: to pay back, revenge, punish
Avestan
kây: be punished
Pahlavi
cy, kyn: hate, hatred
Persian
kîn: hostility ()کینه ک
ک
مجازات، انتقام، از رداخت kaênâ: punishment EIV:28 POK:637, KLN:1759,EIV
POK:637 POK:637, SYN:826,1447
Indo-European
Gaz: to bite, string ن ش زدن،از زدن
Pahlavi
gaz-: to string
Persian
gâz: bite از
۲از
EIV:117 EIV:117 EIV:118
149
. ام
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step قدم زدن
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Avestan
gâman: step
Persian
gâm: step ام
ام
come :هم
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318 POK:463 HRN:11, BQT
Indo-European
Gwou: cow, ox, bull او
Avestan
gâuš, gave, gâvô, gao: cow, domestic animal
Persian
gâv: cow ( گوشت، گوساله،او )گ ان
او
cow :هم
KLN:364, POK:483 KLN:364 SYN:202, BQT:1856, HRN:210, MON
Indo-European
Gêi: to sing, song آواز،آواز خواندن
Avestan
gâ 1: to sing
Persian
gât: Zoroastrian religious songs ات
۱اه
gâtâ: song, religious hymn gâh: music, tune ( )سه اه۱اه
""آواز
POK:355
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Av/Old Pers
gât, gâthu, gâv, gâtuš: place,
Persian
gâh 2: place, position, rank ۲اه
۲اه
قدم زدن jam, jantu: to go
seat, throne
gahvâreh: carriage گهواره م ان
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318 gâtu-bar: (baby) carriage BQT:1771,1773
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
POK:463, KNT:183
Bher 1: to carry حمل کردن bar: to carry
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
Indo-European
Gweie: to over power, defeat شکست دادن،چ ه شدن
Avestan
gâ 2: to rape
Pahlavi
gâtan: to rape
Persian
gâdan: to rape (ادن ) ای دن
ای دن
POK:469 POK:470, HRN:197, FFD:70 HRN:197 HRN:197, FFD:70
Aramaic
J.b.r: to reunite, join together, force ن و، وصل کردن،بهم آوردن
Persian
gabr: man, referred to Zoroastrians گ
گ
Jabra: powerful, man مرد،ن ومند MON:3193
KLN:633 NOTE- BQT: 1774 does not agree with this derivation.
Indo-European
Gwhedh: to ask, wish, want
Av/Old Pers
ža 3, gad: to wish, beg
Persian
gedâ: beggar
Arabic
kada
Persian
takaddî: begging
ّ َ
ت دی
گدا
خواس،پرس دن POK:488, WLD:673, SYN:1471, گدا FVF:565 FVF:565, FVA:349
POK:488 BQT, HRN:470
Indo-European
Teku: to run, flow ج ان اف،دو دن
Avestan
tak, taka, tač: to run
Avestan
vi-taxti: to melt
Persian
godâxtan: to smelt گداخ
گداخ
POK:1059, EIV:374 POK:1059, BQT:503
(run apart)
NOTE- Compare with derivations from تاخ:هم
Indo-European Av/Old Pers root "Dhogh: to heat"
POK:1059
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî,vi: apart, against NYB:217, BQT:1777
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 NOTE- Teku may be related to "Tek, Tač: to reach, receive"
Indo-European
Gwer 4: mountain کوه
Avestan
gairi: mountain
Pahlavi
gar 1: mountain
Persian
gar 1: mountain ۱گر
۱گر
garšâh: "king of mountains" ( لشاه،گرشاه )گرشا کوه
POK:477 POK:477, KLN:374, SYN:25 SNS:318
MON, SNS:318
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ
Av/Old Pers
kar 2, kara 1: to work
Persian
gar 2: a suffix meaning worker or doer ( )آهنگر۲گر
۲گر
ار
POK:641, EIV:236 NYB:157, HRN:80, SYN:628, EIV:237 BQT
Avestan
Garenu: scab on animal skin پوسته روی پوست حیوانات
Pahlavi
gar 2: scab
Persian
gar 3: scab on skin (causing baldness) ۳گر
۳گر
gargen: one who has scab, bald گ ِرگن کچل
BQT:1779 MON:3211
HRN:200, BQT:1779, MON:3211
Avestan
Varâza: boar (animal) گراز
Pahlavi
varâz: boar
Persian
vorâz: boar, also a bold and strong person (ُوراز )گراز
گراز
NOTE- Cognate with Sanskrit "varâha"
MON:3212 MON, HRN:200, BQT:1780,2263
BQT:1779
Indo-European
Wreg: to push, drive راندن، هل دادن
Sanskrit
vrâj: to walk, go
Persian
gorâzîdan: to walk proudly, stride گراز دن
گرازدن
POK:1181 POK:1181 نوازنده ل ل ه اغ اندرون
( گرازنده آهو ه راغ اندرون )فردو
HRN:200, BQT:1781
Indo-European
Gwer 2: to praise, welcome, sing
Avestan
gar 2, gard: to
Pahlavi
gar-âmîk: revered, respected
Persian
gerâmî: dear, respected گرا
گرا
آواز خواندن، خوش آمد گف
call, cry, pray grace :هم
MON:3214 MON:3214, IEC:376
POK:478 POK:478
Indo-European
Gwer 1: heavy سنگ
Avestan
gouru: heavy
Pahlavi
garân: heavy, expensive
Persian
gerân: heavy, expensive گران
گران
gravity :هم
POK:476 POK:476 ARN:426 BQT:1781, MON:3214
Indo-European
Gredh: to walk, go رف،قدم زدن
Av/Old Pers
grâ: to lean toward
Pahlavi
grây: to lean toward
Persian
grâyîdan: to be inclined گرای دن
گرای دن
grade :هم
POK:456 POK:456: FFD: 71 FFD:71 FFD:71, BQT:1783
Indo-European
Gurdos 1: brave, proud مغرور،شجاع
Old Persian
Vtra, Vurt: hero
Pahlavi
gort, gurt: hero, strong
Persian
gord: strong, hero ( گرد،گرد )گردان
۱گرد
IEC:307 BQT:1786, HUB:91 BQT:1786 HRN:200, BQT:1786, IEC:307
Indo-European
Wer 2, Kwermi: to turn, bend خم شدن،چرخ دن
Av/Old Pers
varet, wars, vart: to turn
Persian
gerd: round ۲ِگرد
۲ِگرد
گرد دن:هم
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 KLN:1703, ISS:223, KNT:207 HRN:198, 201, BQT
151
. ۳گرد
Indo-European
Wer 2, Kwermi: to turn, bend خم شدن،چرخ دن
Av/Old Pers
varet, wars, vart: to turn
Persian
gard: dust ۳گرد
۳گرد
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 KLN:1703, ISS:223, KNT:207 HRN:198, 201, BQT
Indo-European
Wer 2, Kwermi: to turn, bend خم شدن،چرخ دن
Avestan
verdeka, veredka: kidney
Pahlavi
gurtak: kidney
Persian
gordeh: kidney گرده
گرده
۲ ِگرد:هم
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 POK:1157 MON:3255 MON:3255
Indo-European
Wer 2, Kwermi: to turn, bend خم شدن،چرخ دن
Av/Old Pers
varet, wars, vart: to turn
Persian
gardîdan: to turn ( گرد دن )گش
گرد دن
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 KLN:1703, ISS:223, KNT:207 gardan: neck گردن
HRN:198,201, BQT:1820,1787, BLY:75
Indo-European
Weg 2: to be lively, strong زنده و قوی بودن
Iranian
vâz, wâz: power,
Avestan
vazra: a club
Pahlavi
vazr: a club
Persian
gorz: a club گرز
گرز
largeness or rising. بزرگ:هم
POK:1117 POK:1117 HRN:202 BQT:1793
AEF:201, IEC:1499
Indo-European
Gwer 2: to praise, welcome, sing آواز خواندن، خوش آمد گف
Avestan
gar 2, gard: to call, cry, pray
Persian
garzmân: sky گرزمان
گرزمان
POK:478
""محل دعا
Indo-European Avestan garô-demâna: house of prayer, sky BQT:1793
grace :هم
Dem: house خانه demâna, nmâna, mân: house POK:478
POK:198 POK:199, KNT:302
Indo-European
Garz 1: to bite, sting ن ش زدن، از گرف
Persian
garzeh: mouse, also a type of snake گرزه
گرزه
آهو از دام اندرون آواز داد موش
EIV:106
( اسخ گرزه دا ش ازداد )رود
EIV:106
Indo-European
Gwel 1: to throw, reach رس دن،پرتاب کردن
Avestan
gar 4: to throw
Persian
gar-zin: weapon to be thrown, arrow گرزن
گرز ن
POK:472 POK:472, KLN:143 پ ان
MON, EIV:108
Indo-European Avestan
Ghei 2: to propel جلو بردن zaêna 1: weapon
POK:410,424 POK:424, KLN:666, SYN:1384
152
گرسنه
Indo-European
Warš: to be hungry گرسنه بودن
Old Persian
Vrsa: hunger گرسن
Pahlavi
gursak: hungry
Persian
gors 1: hunger ۱گرس
گرسنه
EIV:423 BQT:1794 gursakîh: hunger goresneh: hungry گرسنه
BQT:1794 gošneh: hungry گشنه
BQT:1794, HUB:92, EIV:423
Indo-European
Kerk: thin, slender ﻻغر،نازک
Avestan
keresa: thin, little
Persian
Garsîvaz: "with little resistance" گرسیوز
گرسیوز
keresa-vazda: with "little power" "" ا استقامت م
POK:581 BQT:1795
POK:581, BQT:1795, KLN:672
Indo-European
Kerk: thin, slender ﻻغر،نازک
Avestan
keresa: thin, little
Persian
Garšâsp: "with lean horses" گرشاسپ
گرشاسپ
POK:581 "" ا اس ان ﻻغر
Indo-European Avestan keresa-aspa: with "lean horses" BQT:1795
NOTE- SNS:322 claims that Persian "gero: collateral" is derived from "garîveh: neck" meaning to accept responsibility.
Indo-European
Wel 2, War: to tear, wound, plunder
Indo-European
Wlkwo: tearing animals, wolf
Avestan
vherka, vehrka: wolf
Pahlavi
gurg
Persian
gorg: wolf گرگ
گرگ
غارت کردن، زخ کردن،اره کردن wolf :هم
KLN:1750 KLN:1750, SOD:423 HRN:202 BQT:1797
POK:1144, EIV:208
Indo-European
Wel 2, War: to tear, wound, plunder
Indo-European
Wlkwo: tearing
Old
varkana:
Pahlavi
vurkân, gorgân: wolves,
Persian
gorgân: a city in
گران
غارت کردن، زخ کردن،اره کردن
animals, wolf wolf land name of a city in north east Iran north east Iran wolf :هم
KLN:1750 KNT:206 گران
POK:1144, EIV:208 KNT:206, BQT:1798
KNT:206
Indo-European
Ger 1: crooked, curved, round object گرد، خم ده،ناصاف
Old Persian
gratha: knot, tie
Pahlavi
grih: knot
Persian
gereh: knot گره
گره
Grath: to tie (a knot) گره زدن group :هم
BQT:1803 EIV:122 BQT:1803, MON:3280
POK:385, EIV:122
153
. گ ان
Indo-European
Gwer 3: to swallow قورت دادن
Avestan
grîvâ: neck, also a hump
Persian
garîveh: neck, also a hilly land گ وه
گ ان
لو:هم
Indo-European Av/Old Pers POK:474
grîvâ-pân: protector of neck, collar garîbân: collar گ ان
Pa: to protect, feed pa: to guard SYN:233, BQT
POK:475, BQT:1807
غذا دادن،حفاظت کردن HRN:41,72, KLN:114,
POK:787,842, SYN:103 AHD:1532
Indo-European
Leigh 2, Raič: to leave ترک کردن
Avestan
vi-raeč: leave
Pahlavi
v-rextan: run away
Persian
gorîxtan : to flee
گ خ
POK:669, EIV:307
away, run away رخ:مق
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT, HRN:141,203, FVQ:46, ()گ ز گ خ
POK:669, FFD:72, SNS:115
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite SOD:11 POK:669, BQT, AEF:373
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
گ خ:رج ع شود ه گ ز
Akkadian
Kîru: wax موم
Latin
crassus: fat, oil
Old French English
grease
Persian
grîs: grease گ س
گ س
ق:هم
AKD:60 KLN KLN, AHD
Indo-European
Gal, Garz 2: to shout, complain, cry
Avestan
garez: to complain
Pahlavi
griy: to weep
Persian
gerîstan: to cry (گ س )گ ه
گ س
نال دن، ش ا ت کردن،ف اد زدن ِ له:هم
POK:351, EIV:111 EIV:111 EIV:111
POK:351, EIV:111 NOTE- see "Gwer2: to praise" for a different suggested root
Indo-European
Gwer 2: to praise, welcome, sing
Avestan
gar 2, gard: to call, cry, pray
Persian
gerîstan: to cry (گ س )گ ه
گ س
آواز خواندن، خوش آمد گف garo-gar: fulfiller of prayers, God garogar: God گروگر
POK:478 POK:478 HRN, BQT, EIV
NOTE- see "Gal: to cry" for a different suggested root
Indo-European
Gwer 3: to swallow قورت دادن
Avestan
grîvâ: neck, also a hump
Persian
garîveh: neck, also a hilly land گ وه
گ وه
لو:هم
POK:474 POK:475, BQT:1807 SYN:233, BQT
گ س:رج ع شود ه گ ه
Indo-European
Kwel: to move around,turn چرخ دن، حرکت کردن
Avestan
car, čâr: to move around,
Pahlavi
wîzârdan: to do,
Persian
gozârdan: to do,
گزاردن
also an open field translate translate
POK:640
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
wi-čâr: to do (گزاردن )گزارش
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite
MON, BQT, FFD:73
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 BQT:635, FFD:73
154
گ دن
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ
Avestan
čâra: to mediate
Persian
gozîdan: to choose
گ دن
POK:641, EIV:236 vi-čir: to find a choice, judge ( نا ر،گ دن )گ ر
انتخاب کردن
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite vi-kay: to set apart, choose BQT:1813, HRN
NOTE- cognate with Sanskrit "vi-cay: to choose"
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
POK:641, BQT:1813
NOTE- see "Kwei 2: to pile up" for another possible root
Indo-European
Gwhen 2, Jan: to strike, hurt آزردن،زدن
Avestan
žata, jan., jaiti: to hit, harm,
Persian
gazîdan: to sting
گ دن
POK:492, EIV:222
bite ن ش زدن
Indo-European Av/Old Pers (گ دن )گزند
vî-jainti: to sting, harm
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite HRN, BQT, FSF, EIV
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 POK:492, HRN:204, BQT:324,
چاره:رج ع شود ه گ ر
گ دن:رج ع شود ه گ ش
Indo-European
Gwedh: to injure, destroy
Old Persian
gasta: offensive, evil
Pahlavi
gasta: ugly
Persian
gast: bad, ugly گست
گست
چه مست،چه عاشق اشد اندر عشق د و زشت
خراب کردن،زخم زدن SYN:1024, KNT:183 MON:3314
( ک ـجـا ــر چشــم او نـ ـ ـک ــی ــود گسـ ــت )و س و رام
POK:466
MON:3314, SYN:1024
Indo-European
Stâ: to stand ا ستادن
Avestan
vi-stâ-ka: standing against, harsh
Persian
gostâx: "hard mannered" گستاخ
گستاخ
POK:1008,1009 POK:1009,1011, KLN:1508, HRN:205 HRN, BQT
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
Indo-European
Ster 1: to spread, throw پرت کردن،خش کردن
Avestan
star 1: to spread, throw
Pahlavi
vi-startan: to spread out
Persian
gostardan: to spread
گس دن
POK:1029, EIV:263
wi-star: to spread apart BQT:278,1816, HRN:205 گس دن
Indo-European
Wi: part, apart جدا KLN:1522, FFD:73 BQT, SNS, FFD
POK:1175,1176
Indo-European
Sâi, Hai: to bind, tie س
Av/Old Pers
sâ 1, hâ 1, hây: to tie
Pahlavi
višâtan: to open
Persian
gošâdan: to open
گشادن
POK:891, POK:977, KLN:1448, EIV:135
wi-sâ, vi-hây: untie BQT:1818 گشادن
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite POK:891,892, BRT:1800, BRT:1801, HRN:205,
FFD:74, EIV:136 FFD:74, EIV:136
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
155
. گشتاسپ
Indo-European
Ekwos: horse اسب
Avestan
aspa: horse
Avestan
višta-aspa: (with) gray or old horses
Persian
goštâsp: with gray (old) horses گشتاسپ
گشتاسپ
" ا اس ان
POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819 BQT, POK:1082, KNT, HRN:206, AEF:324
"خا س ی
گرد دن:رج ع شود ه گش
Indo-European
Ersen: ejector of semen, male
Av/Old Pers
aršan, varešna:
Pahlavi
vušn,
Persian
gošn, gošan: male, strong, husband, big, wide گشن
گشن
نر، دفع کننده م
male, man, hero gushn: male gošnî: insemination گش مرد، قوی،پزرگ
POK:336, AHD:1480, MON:3329 َ
POK:335 درخ گشن سا ه بر پ ش آب
SOD:414
( نـ ـه ــان گشته زو چشمۀ آفتاب )فردو
BQT, HRN:206, FSF:297
Indo-European
Gel 1: to form into a ball, stick together گوله کردن
Persian
gulleh: ball گوله
لوله
globule :هم
POK:357-364, SYN: 908, IEC:303 goluleh: bullet لوله
NOTE- Sanskrit form is "gula: ball". POK:361, MON:3382, BQT:1861
Indo-European
Gal, Garz 2: to shout, complain, cry
Avestan
garez: to complain
Pahlavi
gilak: complaint
Persian
geleh: complaint ِ له
ِ له
نال دن، ش ا ت کردن،ف اد زدن گ س:هم
POK:351, EIV:111 BQT:1832 BQT:1832, EIV:111
POK:351, EIV:111 call :هم
156
م
Indo-European
Mai 2, Mei 6: to harm, reduce ز ان زدن
Avestan
mîto: damaged, lost
Persian
gom: lost, missing م
م
EIV:258, POK:711 EIV:257 EIV:258
Indo-European
Mer 1, Smer, Hmar: to remember ب اد آوردن
Avestan
vi-mar: designate (off)
Persian
gomârdan: designate ( ماردن ) ماش
ماردن
POK:969, EIV:137 MON, KLN:961, FFD:64 HUB, HRN, BQT, EIV
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
Indo-European
Merk: to take, grasp
Latin
merx, comerx:
Italian
commerci:
Portuguese
comercio:
Turkish
gumrook:
Persian
gomrok: customs duties
مرک
merchandise commerce commerce customs fees commerce :هم
گرف مرک
POK:739 POK:739 MON:3392 MON:3392 MON MON:3392, HJB:384
Indo-European
Meigh 1: to sprinkle, urinate ادرار کردن،اش دن
Avestan
a-minašti: to mix, mixed
Persian
gomîxtan: to mix up, urinate مخ
مخ
POK:712-714, AHD
م خ:مق
Indo-European Av/Old Pers vi-maik, vi-minašti: bad gomîz: urine م
mix, urine
mix :هم
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite HRN, BQT
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 POK:714, BQT:1835
Indo-European
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend خم کردن
Pahlavi
gumbat: dome
Persian
gonbad: dome گن د
گن د
کوه:هم
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 POK:396 MON:3396, BQT:1836
Parthian
Gzn: treasure گنج
Pahlavi
ganj: treasure
Persian
ganj: treasure گنج
گنج
NOTE- FVQ claims it is possibly borrowed from a Median root ک:مق
SOD:182 BQT:1838,1841
BQT:1841, FVQ:122
Indo-European
Wiač: to contain محتوی بودن
Pahlavi
winj: to be contained
Persian
gonj: volume ( گنج دن،گنج )گنجا ش
گنج
حجم
POK1130, EIV:434 EIV:434 EIV:434
157
. گند
Indo-European
Gwedh: to injure, destroy خراب کردن،زخم زدن
Avestan
gantay, ganti, gainti: bad smell
Pahlavi
gandag: stinking
Persian
gand: stink گند
گند
gandîdan: to rot گند دن گست:مق
POK:466 POK:466, SYN:1024 EIV:137
BQT:1841, HRN:208, SYN:1179
Indo-European
Ger 2, Grnom: to become ripe, grow old. Also means grain
Avestan
Gantuma: wheat گندم
Pahlavi
gantum: wheat
Persian
gandom: wheat
گندم
NOTE- Cognate with Sanskrit corn :هم
همچن غﻼت. پ شدن،رس دن "gôdhûma".
HRN:209, ARN:444 گندم
POK:390-391, AEN:444 HUB:95, SYN:516, ARN:444 BQT:1842, MON:3411
Indo-European
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend خم کردن
Avestan
gunda: ball of dough
Persian
gondeh: large, huge گنده
گنده
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 POK:394 HRN:209, BQT:1843
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ
Av/Old Pers
wi-kâr: to digest
Persian
govârdan: digest (گواردن )گوارش
گواردن
POK:641, EIV:236 NYB:157, HRN:80, SYN:628, EIV:237 MON, FFD
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî,vi: apart, against
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 NOTE- see "Ger 3: to swallow" as an alternative root
Indo-European
Werdh: to grow, high رشد کردن
Avestan / Sanskrit
vi-vard: to grow out
Persian
govâlîdan: to grow گوال دن
گوال دن
POK:339,1167, KLN:1097 بزران گنج و س م و زرگوالند ز اد کردن
POK:1167
Indo-European Av/Old Pers َ
(ت ـ ــو از آزادگــی م ــردم گــوالــی )ط ان
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite BQT, HRN:210, MON
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 NOTE- FFD derives the Persian word from the Old Persian "wi-ward"
Indo-European
Kwek, Kas 1: to appear, see, show نما ش، د دن،ظاهر شدن
Avestan
vi-kâs, vi-kaya, vi-či: see apart, distinguish
Persian
govâh: witness
گواه
POK:638, EIV:245
Indo-European Av/Old Pers POK:638, KLN:42, SYN:1436 گواه
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite BQT, HRN
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
158
گ ال
Indo-European
Wer 2, Kwermi: to turn, bend خم شدن،چرخ دن
Indo-European
Wropal: club, mace
Persian
kûpâl: mace, club (ک ال )گ ال
گ ال
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 IEC:1596 وزو ـ ــاد بر س ـ ــام نـ ـ ـ ــرم درود
( خداوند شمش و ک ال و خود )فردو
IEC:1596, MON:3109
Indo-European
Ghou-ro-s: terrifying, grief
Persian
gûr: grave گور
گور
غم، وحش نا gûrâb: the dome built over a grave گوراب
ف ت م از جور و ستم ن ست
POK:453-454
(که چاه گور از گورا ه م ن ست )رش دی
HRN:210 NOTE- see "Ghrebh 2: to dig, bury" as an alternative root.
Indo-European
Aus 1: ear گوش
Indo-European
Ghosh: ear
Avestan
gaoša: ear
Persian
gûš: ear گوش
گوش
audio :هم
POK:78,785, KLN:126,494 POK:457, EIV:115 POK:457, BQT:1858 EIV:116
Indo-European
Genu 1: angle, knee زانو،زاو ه
Greek
gônia: angle, corner
Persian
gûnîâ: set-square, right angle گون ا
گون ا
POK:381 POK:381 MON
159
. گوه
کود:رج ع شود ه گوه
مدف ع
Indo-European
Wedh 2: to slay, strike زدن، کش
Avestan
vâdâya: push, push back
Persian
goveh: wedge گوه
گوه
vada: wedge تکه چوب ش ب
POK:1115, EIV:404 POK:1115, EIV:404
vadar: weapon for striking دار
vadhğan: ax
POK:1115, EIV:404
Sanskrit
Gôtra: race, origin, substance جوهره، اصل،نژاد
Pahlavi
gôhar: substance, material
Persian
gohar: substance, anything of value, gem جوهر،گوهر
گوهر
HRN:211 HRN:211 BQT:1862, PLA:101, ARK:249, FSF:302
َ
Indo-European
Selh: to earn, posses داش،کسب کردن
Indo-European
Harh: to barter, exchange
Pahlavi
harg: tribute, duty
Persian
gauharîdan: barter, exchange
گوه دن
EIV:131 EIV:131 َ معامله ا ا ای
Indo-European Av/Old Pers wi-hîrîh: exchange (گوه دن )گهول دن
کردن
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite EIV:131 BQT, EIV:131
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
Indo-European
Gel 1: to form into a ball, stick together گوله کردن
Persian
gûy: ball گوی
گوی
POK:357-364, SYN: 908, IEC:303 IEC:303 NOTE- see "Gêu 1: to bend" as an alternative root.
Indo-European
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend خم کردن
Indo-European
Geuga, Geulos: ball کره،توپ
Pahlavi
gôy: ball, sphere
Persian
gûy: ball, sphere گوی
گوی
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 POK:393-398, ARN:444 ARN:444 ARN:444
NOTE- see "Gel 1: to form into a ball" as an alternative root
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to
Avestan
tathra: string
Persian
târ: string
Greek
kithara: sitar
Spanish French
guitare
Persian
gîtâr: guitar
گیتار
stretch, pull
کش دن thri-thatra: sitar (تار )سه تار KLN:687 KLN:687 گیتار
POK:1064,1067 POK:1065 MON:3502
Indo-European
Gwei, Jai: to live
Av/Old Pers
jiva, jîta, jva:
Av/Old Pers
gaêtha: to exist
Pahlavi
gêtîk, gêtê: world
Persian
gîtî: world گی
گی
living
زند کردن gaêtha-nâm: existing things gêhân: world keyhân: world (کیهان )جهان
POK:467, EIV:222 KLN:1288,
POK:467,750, SNS:173, POK:467 HRN:212 BQT:1868
Indo-European
Wer 3, Werg 2: to cover, enclose محصورکردن،پوشاندن
Persian
gîj: dizzy, dumb گیج
گیج
cover :هم
POK:1116, IEC:1599 IEC:1599, MON:3505, EIV:97
Indo-European
Ghait: wavy hair موی م ج دار
Av/Old Pers
gaêsa, gaêsu: hair
Persian
gîs: hair گس
گس
POK:410 ges, gesuk: hair POK:410, BQT:1870
POK:410, KLN:264
Indo-European
Geibh, Gaip: to spin thread ر س دن نخ
Persian
gêveh: shoe made of cotton گیوه
گیوه
POK, EIV:96 EIV:96
160
ﻻه
Indo-European
Lep, Lap-aro: soft, friendly دوستانه،نرم
Pahlavi
lâbag: flattery
Persian
lâf: using soft and friendly words, bragging ﻻف
ﻻه
lâbeh: flattery ﻻه چا لو
IEC:680, POK:677-678, AHD:1526 ARN:449
در آن نامه سوگند های گران
(ف نــده چــون ﻻ ۀ م ــادران )نظا گنجوی
IEC:680, MON, POK:677-678
Turkish
Lâjîn: name of a Turkish tribe نام ک قب له ترک که ﻻجورد م فروختند
Persian
Lâj-vard: village of the
ﻻجورد
MON6: 1773
Lâjîn tribe ""شهر قب له ﻻج
Indo-European Old Persian Persian ﻻجورد
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form krta: creation, city -vard, -gerd, - jerd: town MON6: 1773, KLN:137
Indo-European
Lêsos: place, space, area منطقه،محل
Persian
lâx: a suffix meaning place of (ﻻخ )سن ﻼخ
ﻻخ
IEC:680 IEC:680, MON:3522
Akkadian
Ladunu: resin of a certain tree
Arabic Persian
lâdan: lotus, its good smell ﻻدن
Greek
lâdon, lôtos
Latin
lôtus
English
lotus
ﻻدن
صمغ نو درخت KLN:855, MON:3523 BQT:1876, SKT:1286 AHD
AHD:730
Indo-European
Legwh: light in weight, quick in movement چا ک،س ک
Persian
ﻻغر
ﻻغر
carnival :هم
POK:660 IEC:700, MON: 3530
KLN:856, BQT:1878 NOTE- See "Alek: to ward off" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Alek: to ward off,
Sanskrit
lâkšâ, rakšâ: 100,000 soldiers, also a
Persian
lâk: red resin, lacquer
Portuguese French English
lacquer,
ﻻ
protect large group of insects, insects shellac
ﻻ
دفاع کردن lâk, râk: tree resin leaking after being SKT:281
attacked by a swarm of insects KLN:856, BQT:1878
POK:32
POK:32, KLN:47,856 NOTE- AHD and OEW:333 derive these words from the root "Reg 2: to dye".
Indo-European
Lâ, lal 1, Lalla: roots of sound words including animal crys, baby babbling and even silence.
Persian
lâl: dumb ﻻل
ﻻل
lull :هم
صحبتهای نامفهوم کود ان و ح سکوت،مبنای صو لغا نظ صدای حیوانات ARN:449
POK:650-651
161
. ﻻلس
Persian
Lâl 2: red color قرمز
Persian
lâlas: a red silk fabric ﻻلس
ﻻلس
گه در قدم اغ کشد فضل تو دی ا ﻻله:هم
BQT:1879, KLN:904
( کهسار نهد ح م تو ﻻلس ) در جاجر گه بر
BQT
Persian
Lâl 2: red color قرمز
Persian
lâlak: red leather and shoes made from it ﻻل
ﻻل
در ـ ــغ از آن ش ــرف و خ ـ ــی و فضــا ل او ﻻله:هم
BQT:1879, KLN:904
(دوز )سوزنـی که عاشق است برآن ﻻله روی ﻻل
BQT, MON
Persian
Lâl 2: red color قرمز
Persian
lâleh: a red flower (tulip) ﻻله
ﻻله
BQT:1879, KLN:904 âlâleh: a red flower آﻻله
BQT, MON
Persian
Lâl 2: red color قرمز
Persian
lâleh-sâr: a red-headed bird ﻻله سار
ﻻله سار
BQT:1879, KLN:904 BQT
Indo-European Avestan Pahlavi
Ker 1: head, horn شاخ، sarah, sârah: head sar: head
POK:574, KLN:261,657 AHD, POK:574, KLN:261 BQT:1111
Indo-European
Lêi: slime, sticky چس نا، لجن
Persian
lây: mud, sediment ( ﻻی )ﻻیرو
ﻻی
POK:662, IEC:706
slime :هم
Indo-Scythian Pahlavi IEC:706
Indo-
Lêb: lip لب
Iranian
lap: lip
Pahlavi
lab: lip
Persian
lab: lip, also side or edge of anything لب
لب
lip :هم
POK:655 BQT:1885 MON:3551 HRN:212, MON:3551
Indo-European
Letro: skim, strip, piece قطعه، نوار
Persian
latreh: fragment, piece (of cloth) ( )ل ه۱لت
۱لت
مرا ا ر چه ه س لت کتان انداخت تکه ارچه
POK:681, IEC:681
leather :هم
(زروی صوف نظر بر نمیتـوان انـداخت )نظام قاری
IEC:681, MON:3563 NOTE- See "Lak: to tear" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Lak: to tear اره کردن
Persian
laxt: scrap, piece, rag ( )لخت۲ لت
۲لت
همان تخت پ وزه ده لخت بود تکه ارچه
Lakt: rag, scrap تکه ارچه
َ
( جهان روشن از ف ّر آن تخت بود )فردو
POK:674, IEC:660,661
IEC:661, MON:3563,3573 NOTE- See "Letro: piece" for another possible root.
۱ لت:رج ع شود ه ل ه
162
ل ّجه
Indo-European
Alek: to ward off, protect
Sanskrit
lâkšâ, rakšâ: 100,000 soldiers, also a
Arabic
lajj: a large group of people, also
Persian
lojjeh: the deepest point of sea
ل ّجه
ل ّجه
large group of insects, insects the deepest point of sea.
دفاع کردن
POK:32 POK:32, KLN:47,856 AFM:141, FVF:613 MON:3569
Persian
Lâl 2: red color قرمز
Arabic
la`l: red, a red stone, red ruby
Persian
la`l: red ruby, also used to describe lips لعل
لعل
ﻻله:هم
BQT:1879, KLN:904 AFM:142, PLA:241, TAD:66 BQT:1879
Akkadian
Laqalaqa: flamingo, stork
Arabic
laqlaq: stork
Persian
laklak, laqlaq: stork ( لغلغ،)لقلق لل
لل
ل ل، فﻼمینگو laqlaqeh: stork's cry laqlaqeh: slang speech (لقلقه )لغلغه
AKD:52 MON:3616, AKD:52 BQT:1902
Indo-European
Lek 2: to leap, fly, kick ل د زدن،پ دن
Old Iranian
lakata, rakata: kick
Persian
lagad: kick ل د
ل د
leg :هم
POK:673, OEW:217 AHM:182 AHM:182, MON:3620
Akkadian
Liginnu: a pot for measuring wheat پ مانه گندم
Aramaic
lakan, lagînâ: tub
Arabic
laqan: tub, basin
Persian
lagan: tub ل ن
ل ن
AKD:21, BQT:1904 AKD:21, BQT:1904 BQT:1904 MON:3621
Indo-European
Rêu, Raud 1: to cry, roar زار زدن، گ ه کردن
Avestan
raod 2: to weep
Persian
londîdan: to growl, boast لند دن
لند دن
غرغر کردن
POK:867, EIV:194 POK:867, EIV:194 BQT, MON, EIV:194
roar :هم
Indo-European
Longos, Leng: limp, lame, bent, also a low land ست زم، خم ده،لنگ
Persian
lang: lame لنگ
لنگ
IEC:678,709 IEC:678,709
Indo-European
Lek 1, Lehk: joint, member, bend خم شدن، عضو،مفصل
Persian
leng: leg ِلنگ
ِلنگ
leg :هم
POK:673 ARN:454
163
. لنگر
Indo-European
Ang: to bend خم کردن
Greek
ankura: anchor
Persian
langar: anchor لنگر
لنگر
anchor :هم
POK:46 AHD BQT:1908
Indo-European
Leigh 1: to lick ل س زدن
Avestan
leiš, raêz, rêh: to lick
Persian
lîsîdan: to lick ( ل س دن ) ِلش
ل س دن
lick :هم
POK:668 POK:668, KLN:886, SYN:267 BQT:1895, HRN:212, FFD:76
Indo-European
Nei 1: to shine, to be excited
Sanskrit
nili, nilah: dark blue
Persian
nîl: indigo ن لوفر،ن ل
Arabic
laylak
Spanish French English
lilac
لل
تح ک شدن،درخش دن nîlotpala: blue lotus lîlak: lilac لل AHD:757
POK:760 POK:760 BQT:2231
Sanskrit
Limû: lemon, lime ل مو
Persian
lîmû: lemon, lime ل مو
Arabic
lîmah
Spanish
lima
French English
lime
Persian
lâym: a drink ﻻم
ل مو
lemon :هم
SKT:295, HJB:514 BQT:1922, MON:3671 KLN:890, AHD:758 VOP:314
Sanskrit
Limû: lemon, lime ل مو
Persian
lîmû: lemon, lime ل مو
Turkish
limon
French
limon, limonâd
Persian
lîmonâd: lemonade ل موناد
ل موناد
SKT:295, HJB:514 BQT:1922, MON:3671 VOP:319 VOP:319
Indo-European
Mê 3: no, not عﻼمت ن، خ
Av/Old Pers
mâ 2: no, not
Persian
ma-: a prefix for negating verbs ( م اد، مگو،َم ـ )مرو
َم ـ
POK:703, KNT:210 mâ-tya: that not, lest MON:3677
POK:703, KNT:201
Indo-European
Ěmos: a suffix meaning most or last
Avestan
-emô: most or extreme
Persian
-om: a suffix indicating the order of a number ُ
(چهارم ّ ) ـُ م
،دوم
ـُ م
سوند صفت عا maximum :هم
IEC:257 IEC:257
IEC:257
Indo-European
Ne 2: our, us متعلق ه ما،ما
Avestan
na 2: us
Pahlavi
amâg, amâh: we, us
Persian
mâ: we, us ما
ما
ahma, ahmâka : we us, our :هم
POK:758 BQT:1931, SNS:232 BQT:1931
POK:758, KLN:1683
Indo-European
Maič, Mač: to suck مک دن
Avestan
maêkant: oozing
Pahlavi
mêz, myc: to suck, taste
Persian
mâč: kiss ماچ
ماچ
EIV:357-360 EIV:357-360 EIV:357-360 EIV:357-360
Indo-European
Mâ: breast ستان
Indo-European
Mâ-ter: feeder (of
Avestan
mâtar:
Pahlavi
mâtar: mother
Persian
mâdar: mother مادر
مادر
POK:694, PRT:386,863, SYN:103
the family), mother mother
matak: female mâdeh: female ( ما ان،ماده )ماد ان ممه:هم
Indo-European
مادر،مسئول غذا POK:694, mammal :هم
mâdiyânag, mâyag: mâyeh: essence, value ما ه
Ter 2, Tar: a kinship term SKT:336
essence
POK:694, PRT:386,863, BQT:1933,1946,1964, HRN:213, MON:3716,
سوند گروه ا فام ل SYN:103 BQT:1933, SNS:237 SNS:237
PRT:863, AHD:1500 NOTE- "Mâ: breast" has probably started as a nursery word and became a usual term in the Indo-European languages.
Indo-European
Mel 2: small, harmful م،کوچک
Avestan
mairya: harmful, evil
Persian
mâr: snake مار
مار
small :هم
POK:719,724 POK:719, SYN:1177, PRT:374, HRN:283 HRN:283, BQT:1934 NOTE- see "Mer 2: to die" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Mer 2: to rub away, harm, die مردن،فرسوده شدن
Avestan
mar.2: to die
Persian
mâr: snake مار
مار
POK:735,970, AHD:1529 POK:735, BQT:1872,1934,1982-6, HRN:283, BQT:1934
small :هم
KLN:1005 NOTE- see "Mel 2: harmful" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Maz: to break شکس
Persian
mâz: wrinkle ماز
ماز
چروک
EIV:272 EIV:272, MON
Indo-European
Mad: wet, also coagulated ماس ده،خ س
Avestan
mad: a water bird, mina
Persian
mâğ: a black water bird, mina ماغ
ماغ
mina :هم
POK:694, EIV:253 POK:694, SYN:184 BQT, FRS
Indo-European
Mêlg, Marz?: to wipe off, rub, milk
Avestan
marz, marez, mrz, mard: to wipe, rub
Persian
mâlîdan: to rub مال دن
مال دن
دوش دن، ا کردن،لمس کردن emulsion :هم
POK:722, FFD:77, EIV:180 BQT, HRN, SYN, MON, SNS, FFD
POK:722, EIV:180, 269
Indo-European
Mâ: breast ستان
Latin
mamma: breast
French Persian
mâmân: mother (مامان )ممه
مامان
mâter: mother mammal :هم
POK:694, PRT:386,863, SYN:103 MON:3679,3716
AHD, KLN:948
Indo-European
Men 1: to think
Avestan
manah: mind,
Persian
- mân, -man: suffixes indicating thought, spirit, manner and wisdom. ۳ ـ من،۳ـ مان
۳ـ مان
manners
فکر کردن هومن، ن مان، م ش، قهرمان، دشمن، ش مان، پژمان، بهمن، ایرمان، اه من:مثال
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT
BQT, HRN, ZMA
165
. ماندن
Indo-European
Men 2: to remain ماندن
Av/Old Pers
man 2: await
Pahlavi
mân-stan: to stay
Persian
ماندن
ماندن
remain :هم
POK:729 KLN:934, HRN:215, KNT:202, SNS:74 HRN:215 BQT:1950
Indo-European
Me 1: to measure اندازه گرف
Indo-European
Mân: to resemble ش ه بودن
Avestan
man 1: to resemble
Persian
mânastan: to resemble (۱ مان،ما س )مانند
ما س
همان، آسمان، درزمان،شادمان ش اهت داش
POK:703, 731 EIV:272 POK:726,727, BQT
BQT
Indo-European
Mad: wet, also coagulated ماس ده،خ س
Avestan
masya: fish
Pahlavi
mâhik, mâhîg: fish
Persian
mâhî: fish ما
ما
ماغ:هم
POK:694, EIV:253 POK:694, SYN:184 ARN:465 BQT, FRS
166
۱مرز
Indo-European
Merg: mark, border مرز،عﻼمت
Avestan
mereza: boundary
Persian
marz: border ۱مرز
۱مرز
mark :هم
POK:738 POK:738, KLN:940 BQT:1986
Indo-European
Mêlg, Marz?: to wipe off, rub, milk
Avestan
marz, marez, mrz, mard: to wipe, rub
Persian
morz: intercourse, bottom ۲ُمرز
۲ُمرز
چند ک د زخمهای گرزشان شست اه
دوش دن، ا کردن،لمس کردن POK:722, FFD:77, EIV:180
(برســر هر ژاژخــا و ُم ــرزشــان )مولوی
POK:722, EIV:180, 269
BQT, HRN, SYN, MON, SNS, FFD
Avestan
Mereğa: a large bird پرنده بزرگ نو
Pahlavi
murğ, merv: bird
Persian
morğ: bird ۱ُم غ
۱ُم غ
BQT:190, KLN:959 BQT BQT, SYN:183
Avestan
Mareğâ: grass علف
Persian
marğ: grass, a kind of fast growing weed ۲َم غ
۲َم غ
BQT:1990 BQT:1990, MON:4019
Pahlavi
Murvârît: small pearl مروار د کوچک
Persian
morvârîd: pearl مروار د
مروارد
PLA:247, FVQ:261 BQT:1997, FVQ:261 مرجان:هم
NOTE- AHD, KGW:111 and FVQ:261 claim that Greek borrowed "margharitês: pearl" from Pahlavi but BQT:1997 says Pahlavi borrowed it from Greek.
Indo-European
Miždho: reward اداش
Avestan
mîžda: reward
Persian
moždeh: reward, worthy news مژده
ُمزد
meed :هم
POK:746 POK:746, KLN:957 mozd: wage, pay, salary ُمزد
BQT:2000, HRN:219
Indo-European
Men 1: to think فکر کردن
Indo-European
Men-dh: to learn
Avestan
madz-dha: done learning, wise
Persian
Mazdâ: "wise" مزدا
مزدا
POK:726 POK:730 " عاقل،"آموخته
AHD, KLN:1095 BQT
Indo-European mind :هم
Dhê 2: to do, set چ دن،انجام دادن
AHD:1512, POK:235
Indo-European
Miždho: reward اداش
Avestan
mîžda: reward
Persian
mozdûr: worker, mercenary مزدور
مزدور
POK:746
meed :هم
mîžda-vare: wage earner BQT:2000, HRN:219
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Bher 1: to carry حمل کردن bar: to carry POK:746, KLN:957
Indo-European
Men 1: to think فکر کردن
Indo-European
Men-dh: to learn
Avestan
madz-dha: done learning, wise
Persian
mazdîsnâ: God worshipper
مزد سنا
POK:726 POK:730 ""یزدان پرست
mazda-yasna: God worshipper مزد سنا
Indo-European mind :هم
Dhê 2: to do, set چ دن،انجام دادن AHD, KLN:1095 BQT
AHD:1512, POK:235
Indo-European Avestan
Yag: to worship ستا ش کردن yaz: to worship
POK:501 yazatanam: God
POK:501, HRN:95,252, KLN:1759
167
. مغ
Indo-European
Mozgo: marrow مغز
Avestan
mazga: marrow
Pahlavi
mazg: brain
Persian
mağz: brain مغز
مغ
mazğ: brain مغ مغز
POK:750, KLN:941 POK, KLN, SYN:367 BQT:2021
BQT:2021, SYN:215,
marrow :هم
Aramaic
Masgdâ: place of worship پرس ش اه
Persian
mazget: mosque مزکت،مزگت
مزکت
را بهش کند سخن دوز مسجد:هم
KLN:1007, VDQ:379
mosque :هم
( سخن مزگ را ک ش کند )اسدی طو
BQT:2001, FVF:638, MON:4063
Indo-European
Meg: great بزرگ
Av/Old Pers
mazah, mazan: size, greatness
Pahlavi
meh: great
Persian
meznâ: balance, scale
ِمزنا
NOTE- This root may be related to "Mâk: long, slender"
POK:708, KLN:958, SYN:878 ِمزنا ترازو
POK:708, KLN:958 HRN, BQT
mega :هم
Indo-European
Meigh 2: to blink, cover, darken تار ک شدن، پوشاندن، چشمک زدن
Pahlavi
mij(gan): eyelid, eyelash
Persian
možeh: eyelash (مژه )مژان
مژه
POK:712-714, AHD, EIV:259 EIV:259 POK:712, HRN:219, BQT:2006
Indo-European
Mad: wet, also coagulated ماس ده،خ س
Avestan
mada: with much liquid, drunk
Persian
mast: drunk ۱مست
۱مست
POK:694, EIV:253 POK:694, SYN:184 BQT, FRS
Aramaic
Masgdâ: place of worship پرس ش اه
Arabic
masjid: mosque
Persian
masjed: mosque مسجد
مسجد
NOTE- FVF: 638 claims that Arabic "masjed" is from Persian "mazget" مزگت:مق
KLN:1007, VDQ:379 FVA:185
KLN:1007 mosque :هم
Indo-European
Mad: wet, also coagulated ماس ده،خ س
Sanskrit / Armenian
mâstu, maccum: yogurt, sour cream
Persian
maskeh:butter, milk fat ( ماس دن،َمسکه )ماست
َمسکه
چر گرفته شده
POK:694, EIV:253 POK:694 HRN:215, POK:694, BQT:1941, EIV:254
از ش و ماست
Indo-European
Meuk 1: scratch, rub مالش، خراش
Avestan
mušti: fist
Persian
mošt: fist ۱مشت
۱مشت
POK:745 POK:745 BQT:2010, HRN:220
168
۱ُمشک
Indo-European
Mu: a mouse, muscle
Sanskrit
mus: mouse
Persian
mošk: musk ۱ُمشک
Greek Latin
muskus
French English
musk
۱ُمشک
mešk: musk ( )ب دمشک۲ِمشک موش:هم
ماه چه،موش muska: testicle, AHD:865
scrotum meškî: musk color, black ِمش muscle :هم
POK:752
POK, BQT, MON
NOTE- Greek may have borrowed it from Pahlavi rather than Persian
Aramaic
Temar: he concealed پنهان کرد
Arabic
timara: he concealed
Persian
matmûreh: an underground storage place مطموره
مطموره
matmûrah: a hiding place, storage نهانخانه
KLN:948 FVA:251, MON
KLN:948
Indo-European
Magh: might, power
Av/Old Pers
magus, maeg, megan,moghu:
Pahlavi
magu: Zoroastrian priest
Persian
moğ: Zoroastrian priest
ُمغ
Zoroastrian priest might :هم
قدرت،توان (۱ُمغ ) َمغ
POK:695 POK:695, AHD, KLN:923 MON:4248,4421 MON
Parthian
Gzn: treasure
Pahlavi
ganj: treasure
Arabic
kanz: treasure
Arabic
maxzan:
Italian
mazazzino:
Turkish
maghazeh: store
Persian
mağâzeh: store
مغازه
storage storage magazine :هم
گنج BQT:1841, FVQ:122
FVQ:251
NOTE- through French مغازه
SOD:182 PLA:108, FVQ:122 ETM:70 ETM:70
NOTE- FVQ claims The Pahlavi word is possibly borrowed from a Median root
Indo-European
Meug: wet, slippery, also to give up, describe توضیح دادن، رها کردن، لغزنده، مرطوب
Sanskrit
mûkti: thrown away (worthless)
Persian
moft: free مفت
مفت
moist :هم
POK:744 POK:744 BQT:2024, HRN:221
َ
فلس:رج ع شود ه ُمفلس
Indo-European
Maič, Mač: to suck مک دن
Avestan
maêkant: oozing
Pahlavi
mêz, myc: to suck, taste
Persian
makîdan: to suck مک دن
مک دن
EIV:357-360 EIV:357-360 EIV:357-360 EIV:357-360
Indo-European
Mû, Mus: fly مگس
Avestan
maxši: house fly
Pahlavi
maxš: house fly
Persian
magas: house fly مگس
مگس
POK:752, ARN:476 SYN:193, ARN:476 makas, magas: fly BQT:2029, HRN:221
HRN:221, SNS:238, ISS:278 NOTE- see "Mako: fly" for an alternative root.
Indo-European
Mehdhu: honey, intoxicating drink (POK:707) نوشا ه مس آور،عسل
Avestan
madhu: honey
Persian
mol: wine ُمل
ُمل
POK:707, 723-724 madha: wine BQT:2071, HRN:225, SYN:389
NOTE- For another possible root see" Mer 2: rub away". POK:707, ARN:479
Indo-European
Mer 2: to rub away, harm, die مردن،فرسوده شدن
Old Persian
mard: crush
Persian
mol: wine ُمل
ُمل
POK:735,970, AHD:1529 mard-una: crusher of grapes, wine maker KNT:203
KNT:203
NOTE- For another possible root see "Mehdhu: honey, intoxicating drink".
Av/Old Pers
Madhaxa, Mazaxa: grasshopper ملخ
Pahlavi
madhax, mazax, matax: grasshopper
Persian
malax: grasshopper ملخ
ملخ
NOTE-BQT introduction (page 18) indicates that these words
are from a Sogdian root and cognate with Armenian "marax". maig: a kind of grasshopper, also shrimp mayg: shrimp (م گ )م گو
HRN:227, HUB:100 HRN:222,227, BQT:2031 HRN:222,227, BQT:2031, MON:4503
Indo-European
Mel 3: soft, soft material اجناس نرم،نرم
Greek
malagma: soft material
Arabic
al-malagma: the "soft" material
Persian
malğam: paste ملغم
ملغم
melt :هم
POK:716 POK:719 KLN:58 MON:4345
Sumerian
Mana: an ancient unit of weight وزن واحد قد
Akkadian
mânu: unit of weight
Sanskrit
manâ
Persian
man 2: a unit of weight equal to 3 kilograms ۲من
۲من
سه ک لوگرم
AKD:20,21, KLN:982 AKD:20,21 KLN:949 BQT:2035
Indo-European
Mehdhu: honey, intoxicating drink (POK:707)
Indo-European
Mehlit: honey (POK:723) عسل
Avestan
madhu: honey
Persian
manj: honeybee, honey َمنج
َمنج
نوشا ه مس آور،عسل زنبور عسل
POK:707, 723-724 POK:707, ARN:479 ARN:479
POK:707, 723-724 mildew :هم
Indo-European
Magh: might, power قدرت،توان
Greek
maxanikon: a war machine
Persian
manjanîk: catapult منجنیق،منجن ک
منجنیق
mechanics :هم
POK:695 KLN:919, AHD:780 BQT:2039, FSF:311, AFM:164, MON:4384
Latin
Mantil: cloak خرقه
Arabic
mandil: turban, napkin
Persian
mandîl: napkin, turban مند ل
مند ل
دستار
SYN:417, KLN:932 KLN:932 MON:4389
manteau :هم
Indo-European
Men 1: to think فکر کردن
Avestan
manah: mind, manners
Pahlavi
mênîšm: manners
Persian
maneš: mind and manners مش
مش
mind :هم
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT SNS:240,254 BQT
Indo-European
Skai: shining, bright روشن،درخشان
Avestan
čitra: clarity, face, also race and origin
Persian
Manûčehr: "with manly face" منوچهر
منوچهر
POK:917
"" ا چهره مردانه
Indo-European Indo-European manuš-čitra: with a manly face BQT, MON
Men 1: to think فکر کردن Manu: thinker, man POK:700,916, BQT:2047,674, KNT:184
POK:726 KLN:930, POK:700
Indo-European
Mu: a mouse, muscle ماه چه،موش
Persian
muš: mouse موش
موش
muscle :هم
POK:752 mâhîčeh: muscle ماه چه
POK:752, BQT:2053 ARN:465
Indo-European
Meuk 2: stocking, boot
Avestan
maoč, muxtâ: shoe, boot
Pahlavi
môzag, mûčak: shoe, boot
Arabic Persian
môq: large boot موق
موق
چ مه، جوراب ساق لند HRN:223, EIV:138, SNS:247 BQT:2051, EIV:138 EIV:138 EIV:138
چ مه
IEC:1643, EIV:138 .این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد
Indo-European
Mûk: pile, peak, spike نوک، قله،ت ه
Persian
mûk: sting موک
موک
نش
POK:752, IEC:814 IEC:814, MON:4445
171
. م ه
Indo-European
Moudh, Maud: to mourn
Avestan
môy: groaning
Pahlavi
môy, môyak: groaning
Persian
mûy-îdan: to cry (م دن )م ه
م ه
عزا داری کردن a-mayavâ: grief must: groaning, complaint most: groaning, complaint, sorrow ( ) ُمستمند۲ُمست
NOTE- HRN links these to من این ُم ـس ــت گران را ا که گ م
IEC:802, EIV:270 HRN:224
Avestan "amâ-yavâ: grief".
( من این ب داد را داد از که خواهم )و س و رام
HRN:224, FFD:77, MON HRN, FFD, MON, IEC
Indo-European
Meg: great بزرگ
Av/Old Pers
maz, mazant: great
Pahlavi
meh: great
Persian
meh: great ۲ِمه
۲ِمه
NOTE- This root may be related to "Mâk: long, slender" mega :هم
POK:708, KLN:958, SYN:878 HRN, BQT
POK:708, KLN:958
Indo-European
Tep: to be warm گرم بودن
Avestan
tap 2, tab: warm, glowing
Avestan
mâh-tab:
Persian
mahtâb:
مهتاب
POK:1069 POK:1069, KLN:1589
moonshine moonshine moon :هم
Indo-European Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:49,453,1252, مهتاب
Me 1: to measure Mênôt: moon used to measure time mâ 1: to measure 1958
اندازه گرف ماه که در اندازه گ ی زمان ار م فت mâh, mâhya: moon, month BQT, HRN
Indo-European
Mei 4: to bind, tie
Av/Old Pers
mithra: bond, friendship, kindness,
Persian
mehr: angel of light, sun, a month in the Persian calendar ِمهر
ِمهر
angel of light guarding the truth.
ا جاد هم ست، س می ا،مهران
POK:710, KNT:203
POK:710 BQT:2060, MON5: 2056, KNT:203
Indo-Scythian
Mûrâ: seal, coin, jewel جواهر، سکه،ُمهر
Pahlavi
mutrâk, mudrâk: ring
Persian
mohr: seal ُمهر
ُمهر
ISS:283 mudar, muhr: seal HRN:224, BQT:2062,2068, ISS:284
KLN:993, ISS:284
Indo-European
Meg: great بزرگ
Av/Old Pers
maz, mazant: great
Persian
mehast: greatest
ِم َهست
NOTE- This root may be related to "Mâk: long, slender" mega :هم
maz-išta: greatest ِمهست
POK:708, KLN:958
Indo-European Av/Old Pers POK:708, KLN:958, SYN:878 HRN, BQT
Isto: most or last سوند صفت عا išta: a superlative suffix
KLN:35 KNT:191,202
Indo-European
Medhyo: middle م ان
Avestan
maidyâna: middle
Pahlavi
miyân, mayân: middle
Persian
miyân: middle م ان
م ان
middle :هم
POK:706-707 KLN:954, HRN:225, ARN:486 ARN:486 ARN:486
172
میخ
Indo-European
Mei 2: to fix, build, fence نرده کش دن، ساخ،تعم کردن
Old Persian
maixa: nail
Persian
mîx: nail میخ
میخ
ammunition
POK:709 mayûxa: door knob mîxak: carnation م خک
:هم
BQT:2073, KNT:202 POK:709
Indo-European
Meigh 1: to sprinkle, urinate ادرار کردن،اش دن
Avestan
maêz: urine
Persian
mîz: urine م
مخ
mîxtan: to urinate مخ ادرار کردن
POK:712-714, AHD POK:713, BQT:62, SYN:273
BQT:1835,2073, MON:4493
mist :هم
Indo-European
Moisos, Maiša: sheepskin پوست گوسفند،گوسفند
Avestan
mâêša: ram
Pahlavi
mêš: ewe
Persian
mîš: ram مش
مش
POK:747, ARN:473, EIV:261 mâêšî: sheep BQT:2078 BQT:2078, HRN:226, EIV:261
POK:747, SYN:158, BQT:2078
Indo-European
Meit 2, Mait 2: to throw, discard
Avestan
mit, mith: to discard
Persian
mîhan: butter, sheep's milk ۲میهن
۲میهن
NOTE- EIV:261 states that this word may be کره ا ش
پرت کردن، دور ر خ EIV:260
influenced with the root Maiša: sheep. گوسفند
POK:968, EIV:260
EIV:260, BQT
Indo-European
Ne 1, An 3: no, not
َ
نه
Av/Old Pers
na 1, ni 2, naiy: no, not
Persian
na: no
َ
(نه )نا ـ
نا ـ
no :هم
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:756 BQT:2210
173
. ناب
Indo-European
Ab 1: water آب
Avestan
âp: water
Pahlavi
na-âp: with no added water, pure
Persian
nâb: pure ناب
ناب
POK:1 KLN:2 FVQ:46, ISS:3 ISS:3
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
َ
Ne 1, An 3: no, not نه na 1, ni 2, naiy: no, not
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:756
Indo-European
Nogh: nail ناخن
Sanskrit
nakhâ, naxâ: nail
Pahlavi
nâxun: nail
Persian
nâxon: nail ناخن
ناخن
nail :هم
POK:780 POK:780, SNS:258 SNS:258, HRN:228 POK:780, BQT:2089, SYN:245, KLN:1028
Indo-European
Nedo: reed, pipe, flute
Sanskrit
nadah: reed
Persian
nard 2: spikenard
Arabic Greek
nardos
Latin English
nard, spikenard
نارد
فلوت، لوله،تره POK:759, HRN:237 نارد،۲نرد AHD KLN:1028, PLA:257
POK:759, BQT:2221 SKT:344, HRN:237, BQT:2093
Sanskrit
Nârikelah: coconut نارگ ل
Pahlavi
anârgîl
Persian
nârgîl: coconut نارگ ل
نارگ ل
KLN:1028 PLA:256 nârgîleh: a water pipe made with coconut shell نارگ له
AHD:873, BQT:2095
Sanskrit
Naranga: orange tree درخت پرتقال
Persian
nâreng: a citrus fruit ( نارنگ )نارن
Arabic Persian
nârenj: a citrus fruit نارنج
نارنج
orange :هم
HJB:642 HJB:642, BQT MON
Indo-European
Nôğ: whim, triviality, fancy ناچ،هوس
Old Iranian
nâz: happiness, pride
Pahlavi
nâz: to be happy, mince
Persian
nâz: affected manners, pride ناز
ناز
IEC:848, 1236 FFD:77 nâčuk: delicate nâzok: thin, delicate نازک
FFD:77 FFD:77, HRN:228
Indo-European
Nobh: nave, hub مرکز،ناف
Avestan
nâf, nâfah, nafa, nâfô: nave
Persian
nâf: nave ناف
ناف
nave :هم
POK:314 POK:314 nâfeh: musk bag نافه
KLN:1032, HRN:228, BQT:2100
174
نام
Indo-European
Nomn: name نام
Av/Old Pers
nâma, nâman: name
Persian
nâm: name نام
نام
name :هم
POK:321 POK:321, KNT:193 BQT, HRN:229
Indo-European
Nem 1: to assign, take گرف، اختصاص دادن
Greek
nomos: law
Arabic
namûs: law, rules
Persian
nâmûs: rules, dignity, family ناموس
ناموس
POK:763 AHD BQT:2106, MON:4629
Old Persian
Nagan, Nağan: bread نان
Pahlavi
nân: bread
Persian
nân: bread, food, sustenance نان
نان
BQT:2107 BQT:2107, SNS:223 BQT:2107, HRN:229, HUB:101
Old Persian
Nagan, Nağan: bread نان
Pahlavi
nân: bread
Persian
nân-vâ: baker نانوا
نانوا
BQT:2107 BQT:2107, SNS:223 BQT:2107, HRN:229, HUB:101
Indo-European Avestan Pahlavi Persian
Pekw: to cook خ -pâka: a suffix paz: cook bâ, vâ: suffixes for cook or cooking
referring to the cook.
POK:798 SNS:137, FFD:40 ( شور ا، ـ وا )نانوا،ـ ا
POK:798, BQT:370,
SYN:336, FFD:40 BQT:370, AEF:195, IEC:920
Indo-European
Nau: boat کش،قایق
Av/Old Pers
nâu, nâviya: ship. Also any groove used as a
Persian
nâv: ship, water path, pipe, river ( ناو ان،ناو )ناخدا
ناو
guide for carrying water, grain or arrow navy :هم
POK:755 BQT:2110, MON:4644
PRT:429, HRN:229, IRN:123
Indo-European
Nau: boat کش،قایق
Av/Old Pers
nâu, nâviya: ship. Also any groove used
Persian
nâv: ship, water path, pipe, river
ناودان
POK:755
as a guide for carrying water, grain or arrow
( ناو ان،ناو )ناخدا ناوک:هم
Indo-European Avestan
navy :هم
Dhê 2: to do, set dhana: vessel, holder, pot nâv-dân: water way, gutter ناودان
nâv-dân: water path, gutter
چ دن،انجام دادن POK:238
BQT:2110, MON:4644
PRT:429, HRN:229, IRN:123
AHD:1512, POK:235
َ
ناو
ناوه:رج ع شود ه
ناو:رج ع شود ه ناو ان
Indo-European
Nau: boat
Av/Old Pers
nâu, nâviya: ship. Also any
Persian
nâveh: a guide for feeding grains, the guide used for shooting small arrows ناوه
ناوه
کش،قایق
groove used as a guide for carrying
nâvak: a small arrow (shot through a guide) َ
ناو
water, grain or arrow
POK:755 PRT:429, HRN:229, IRN:123 MON, BQT, FSF:321
Indo-European
Nau: boat کش،قایق
Av/Old Pers
nâu, nâviya: ship. Also any groove used as a
Persian
nâvânîdan: to bend something (shape like a boat) ناوان دن
ناو دن
guide for carrying water, grain or arrow navy :هم
POK:755 nâvîdan: to walk while moving to the sides (like a ship) ناو دن
PRT:429, HRN:229, IRN:123 ُ
چ ــو مس ــت هر ط ــرفـی مـی فت ــی و مـی نـ ــاوی
ُ َ
( مخسب )مولوی،که شب گذشت کنون ن ت دعاست
MON
Indo-European
Perg, Part: to fight جنگ دن
Avestan
peret: fight against
Persian
nabard: battle ن د
ن د
POK;818, EIV:298 آورد:مق
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
ni-part: fight down BQT:2115, HRN:230
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
175
َ
. ن َس
َ
نوه:رج ع شود ه ن َس
ُ
نوش:رج ع شود ه نـ ـی
َ
Indo-European
Pô, Pe: to drink نوش دن
Av/Old Pers
pitu, pîta, ni-pîta: juice
Persian
Nabîd: wine
َ َ
ن ذ،ن د
ن د
اب
POK:839, EIV:289 EIV:289, BQT:2117 EIV:289, BQT:2117, MON
َ َ
ن د:رج ع شود ه ن ذ
Indo-European
Nask: twist, twine تا اندن،پیچ دادن
Avestan
naska: thread
Pahlavi
nax: thread
Persian
nax: thread, string نخ
نخ
IEC:825 IEC:825 MON:4683 IEC:825, MON:4683
َ
نیو اردش:رج ع شود ه ۱نرد
نارد:رج ع شود ه ۲نرد
Indo-European
Ner 2: to turn, twist
Greek
narkê: cramp, numbness
Pahlavi
narkis: narcissus
Persian
narges: narcissus نرگس
نرگس
narcissus :هم
پ چاندان،تا اندن narkissos: a beautiful flower plant known for the BQT:2129 nargeseh: star, sky نرگسه
seductive properties of its flowers
nargesî: a food نرگ
POK:975, KLN:1028
POK:975, KLN:1028, SKT:344, PRT:427 BQT
Avestan / Sanskrit
Namra: soft نرم
Pahlavi
namr, narm: soft
Persian
narm: soft نرم
نرم
HRN:230 HRN:230 BQT:2130
Indo-European
Sed, Had: to sit, also to place a step, to go رف، شس
Avestan
nazdyô: sat very close, near
Persian
nazdik: near, close نزد ک
نزد ک
POK:884,887, KLN:1075, EIV:125
نزد:هم
nazd-îštâ, nazdištâ: closest, naxost: closest, first نخست
Indo-European Av/Old Pers first
Isto: most or last سوند صفت عا išta: a superlative suffix BQT, HRN:230
POK:886-887
KLN:35 KNT:191,202
Indo-European
Gene: to give birth to زای دن
Avestan
ni-zâti: race, generation
Persian
nežâd: race نژاد
نژاد
nation :هم
POK:373 POK:373, SOD:462 POK:373, BQT, HRN:181,231
Indo-European
Gwhen 2, Jan: to strike, hurt آزردن،زدن
Old Persian
jan.: to strike
Old Persian
ni-jan: to strike down, to put
Persian
nažand: put down, feeling sad نژند
نژند
(somebody) down اندوهگ
POK:492, EIV:222 KNT:184,185 داد اسخ که چ خ لند چن
Indo-European Av/Old Pers HRN:231
Nî: down, below ز ر، ای ni 1: down ( دلــم کــرد ـر درد و جـانم نـژند )فردو
KLN:1042 KLN:1042 BQT:2134, HRN:231, MON:4713
176
ُ
س
ُ
Indo-European
Nas, Nâs: nose بی
Avestan
nâh,vaenâ, vaênâ: nose
Persian
nos: snout س
ُ س
پوزه
POK:755, AEN:145 AEF:323, Pok:755 ARN:497
َ
Indo-European
Nek: to destroy خراب کردن
Avestan
nasayeti, nashta: disappear
Pahlavi
nasâ, nasây: corpse
Persian
nasâ: corpse, corruption سا
َ سا
َ فساد،جسد
POK:762 nasu, nas 1: corpse, decayed body SNS:272 س ــا و ل دی دانجا برند
(که مردم بران راه برنگذرند )زر شت نامه
POK:762, KLN:1059, SYN:290, KNT:192
BQT:2136, MON:4714
َ
ستوه:رج ع شود ه ستوه
ُ
Indo-European
Ned: to bind, tie
Avestan
naska: bound sheets of paper, book
Pahlavi
nask: book
Arabic
nasx: written text
Persian
nosxeh: copy, prescription سخه
ُ سخه
س POK:759 MON VDQ:400 FVA:399
connect :هم
POK:758
َ
Indo-European
Ned: to bind, tie س
Avestan
naska: bound sheets of paper, book
Pahlavi
nask: book
Persian
nask: Zoroastrian book or any section of it سک
َ سک
سخه:هم
POK:758 POK:759 MON BQT:2140, MON:4727
Indo-European
Yaš, Iaš: to show appear ظاهر شدن،شان دادن
Pahlavi
ni-aš, niš: to look into, mark
Persian
nešân: a mark, sign, medal شان
شان
EIV:213
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
EIV:213 êš, âyšeh: observer, spy ا شه،آ شه
Nî: down, below ز ر، ای ni 1: down BQT, EIV
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
Indo-European
Sed, Had: to sit, also to place a step, to go رف، شس
Avestan
had, hd, zd, šas: to sit
Persian
nešastan: to sit down شس
شس
sit :هم
POK:884,887, KLN:1075, EIV:125 šâdayeiti: sits našim: place where birds sit down, nest
Indo-European Av/Old Pers َ
Nî: down, below ز ر، ای ni 1: down ni-šâdaiti: sits down شم
POK:884-887, FFD:78 BQT:2145-7, HRN:231, EIV:125
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
Indo-European
Ksîp: strike, weapon, spike
Av/Old Pers
xšip, xšwaip, xšwaif: movement, strike
Avestan
ni-xšvaepâ:
Persian
našîb: down slope, low land
شب
وس له نوک ت، اسلحه،ه xšvaepâ: back, behind, slope
down slope ۱ ش ب:مق
شب
IEC:573 HRN:178, FFD: 65 BQT:2147,
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:2147
َ
شس :رج ع شود ه شم
177
. نطرون
Akkadian
Nitiru: natron نطرون
Hebrew
nither
Greek
natron
Arabic
natrûn
Persian
natrûn: sodium نطرون
نطرون
nitrogen :هم
AKD:61 AKD:61, KLN:1031 KLN:1049 KLN:1031 MON:4745
َ
Indo-European
Nogw: naked ع ان
Indo-European
Gumnos, Gunos: beautiful, naked
Persian
na-ğâm: not beautiful, ugly
َ
نغام
نغام
POK:769 IEC:364 چون صورت و ار دیو را د دی زشت
Indo-European Av/Old Pers nude :هم
َ (گ ــذار طـ ـ ق ــت ن ـغ ــام ــش را )نا خ و
Ne 1, An 3: no, not نه na 1, ni 2, naiy: no, not
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:756 IEC:364, MON:4760
Indo-European
Aus 1: ear گوش
Indo-European
Ghosh: ear
Avestan
gaoša: ear
Avestan
ni-gaoša:
Pahlavi
ni-ğôšâg: follower of the
Persian
naghûšâ: the
نغوشا
POK:78,785, KLN:126,494 POK:457, EIV:115 POK:457, BQT:1858
to listen Mânî religion, also a "non- followers of Mânî نیوش دن:مق
Moslem"
Indo-European Av/Old Pers POK:454 نغوشا ear :هم
Nî: down, below ز ر، ای ni 1: down ETM:71 ETM:71, MON:4746
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
Indo-European
Nebh, Nembh: cloud, moisture رط ت،ابر
Avestan
nab, napta: humidity, moisture
Persian
naft: oil, kerosene نفت
نفت
POK:315 POK:316 SNS:282, HRN:232, BQT:2155, POK:316
نم:هم
NOTE- See Akkadian "Nabatu: to shine" for another possible root.
Akkadian
Nabatu: to shine درخش دن
Aramaic
naftâ
Greek
naphta: oil
French Persian
naftâlîn: naphthalene نفتال
نفتال
Nabtu, Naptu: light, lamp oil روغن چراغ،نور NOTE- SKT: 344 derives this نفت:هم
KLN:1027 from Persian "naft". MON
AKD:60
KLN:1027
َ
آف ن+ نه:رج ع شود ه نف ن
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ
Sogdian
krty`: work, manner
Persian
noqreh: silver نقره
نقره
POK:641, EIV:236
Indo-European
n`-krtk: not done, uncoined silver BQT:2157
َ
Ne 1, An 3: no, not نه SOD:32
POK:756, KNT:167 NOTE- Compare with the etymology of the Persian word "sîm: silver"
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
178
نگون
Indo-European
Nî: down, below ز ر، ای
Av/Old Pers
ni 1: down
Av/Old Pers
nî-gaona: downward
Persian
negûn: downward نگون
نگون
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
ش ب:مق
BQT:2171, HRN:233 MON
Indo-European Avestan
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend خم کردن gaona: hair, hair color, type, like
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 SYN:1051, SNS:90
Indo-European
Nebh, Nembh: cloud, moisture رط ت،ابر
Avestan
nab, napta: humidity, moisture
Pahlavi
namb: moisture
Persian
nam: moisture نم
نم
نفت:مق
POK:315 POK:316 HRN:232, SNS:282 POK:316, BQT:2167, HRN:232
Indo-European
Me 1: to measure اندازه گرف
Av/Old Pers
mâ 1: to measure
Avestan
ni-mâ: measure down, display
Persian
nomâ, nemâ: showing, appearance
نما
measure :هم
POK:703, 731 POK:703,731, SYN:54,877,1010 HRN:80,233, ARN:60, BQT:37, FFD:25 ( نماینده، نما ش،نما )نمودن
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
BQT
Nî: down, below ز ر، ای ni 1: down
KLN:1042 KLN:1042 NOTE- see "Nei 2: to guide" for an alternative root
Indo-European
Nei 2: to lead, guide
Avestan
nayeiti: leads
Pahlavi
nîtan: guide
Persian
nomâ, nemâ: showing
نما
شان دادن،راهنما کردن Pok:760, ARN:502 ânîtan: to bring ( نماینده، نما ش،نما )نمودن
Pok:760 Pok:760, ARN:502, HRN:265 ARN:502
NOTE- see "Me 1: to measure" for an alternative root
Indo-European
Nem 1: to assign, take
Avestan
nemah 1: loan, what is given
Pahlavi
namač: prayer
Persian
namâz: prayer نماز
نماز
گرف، اختصاص دادن
back, a prayer "" شکر
BRT:1070 BQT:1070
POK:763 POK:763, KLN:1048
NOTE- BQT:2167, POK: 764 and SYN: 544 derive this word from Old Persian nam: to bow in respect. See "Nem 2"
Indo-European
Nem 2: to bend, bow in respect, also brush
Av/Old Pers
nam: to bend, bow
Pahlavi
namâč: bowing,
Persian
namâz: prayer نماز
نماز
wood and twigs
nemah 2: bowing in respect
prayer
چو نزد ک رستم فراز آمدند ""تعظ م
شاخه های ر ز و نرم، تعظ م،خم شدن namaiti: bends BQT:2167 ( پ ــاده ه رس ــم نـ ـم ــاز آمدند )فردو
POK:764 POK:764, WLD2: 234, SYN:544 BQT:2167, FSF:328
NOTE- BRT:1070 derives the Pahlavi "namâč: bowing" from Avestan "nemah: what one owes." See root "Nem 1".
Avestan
Nemata: straw, grass علف،اه
Pahlavi
namat: felt rug or cloth
Persian
namad: a thick felt cloth نمد
نمد
NYB:135 NYB:135, HRN:233 BQT:2169, KLN:1026
Indo-European
Nem 1: to assign, take گرف، اختصاص دادن
Latin
numerus: a portion, a number
Italian
numero
Arabic
nomreh
Persian
nomreh: number
نمره
نمره number :هم
POK:763 AHD MON:4815
MON:4815
179
. نمک
Indo-European
Nebh, Nembh: cloud, moisture رط ت،ابر
Avestan
nab, napta: humidity, moisture
Avestan
nemadhka: salt
Persian
namak: salt نمک
نمک
نم:هم
POK:315 POK:316 BQT:2170, MON:4818 BQT:2170, MON:4818
Indo-European
Newo: new جد د،تازه
Avestan
nava 2: new
Persian
now: new نو
نو
Nu: new time, now حاﻻ nû, nûrem: now aknûn, knûn: now کنون،ا نون new, now :هم
POK:769,770, AHD:1531 POK:769,770, KLN:1059, KNT:194, IEC:854 BQT, HRN:236
Indo-European
Wekw: voice صدا
Av/Old Pers
vak, vačah, vaxš: word, voice, sound
Avestan
ni-vak: sound, music
Persian
navâ: sound, melody ( نوا )نواخ
نوا
POK:1135 POK:1135 BQT:2174 BQT:2174,2178
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
Indo-European
Aus 1: ear گوش
Avestan
ûši: two ears, intelligence, mortal life
Avestan
an-aoša: without
Pahlavi
anôšak:
Persian
nûš: drink (for eternal life) نوش
نوش
POK:78,785, KLN:126,494 POK:785
a mortal life eternal life ""آب ح ات
nûšîn: sweet drink نوش
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:178, FSF:51 BQT:178
َ
Ne 1, An 3: no, not نه a-, â-, an-: no, not HRN:30
Indo-European
Peig: to mark
Avestan
paes, paeš: to
Av/Old Pers
ni-pais: mark
Pahlavi
nipištan: to write
Persian
neveštan: to write نوش
نوش
عﻼمت گذاری کردن
decorate, mark down, write ُ paint :هم
nibištan: to write nobî: book, the holy Koran نـ ـی
POK:794 POK:794, SYN:1284, SNS:143 POK:794, SYN:1284
Indo-European
Nepôt: grandson نوه
Av/Old Pers
napât, napâ: grandson
Pahlavi
nab: grandchild
Persian
naveh: grandchild نوه
نوه
َ nephew :هم
Neptis: grand daughter نوه دخ naptis: grand daughter PHD:57 nabas: daughter's child ن َس
َ
Indo-European
Newo: new جد د،تازه
Avestan
nava 2: new
Pahlavi
nîvêd: good news
Persian
novîd: good news ن د
ن د
new :هم
Nu: new time, now حاﻻ nû, nûrem: now MON:4859 IEC:842, MON:4859
POK:769,770, AHD:1531 POK:769,770, KLN:1059, KNT:194, IEC:854
ُ
Indo-European
Neu: to cry نال دن،گ ه کردن
Sanskrit
nav, navatê: to cry
Persian
novîdan: to cry
ُ
( ن ه،ن دن )ن دن
ن دن
zenûdan: to cry, moan (زنودن )زن ه
نال دن:هم
POK:767 POK:767
ُ
زدرد دل آن شب دان سان ن د
( ه چکس ن ـغـنـ د )ل ـ ـ ـ ــی، که از ناله اش
HRN, BQT, MON
ُ
ن دن:رج ع شود ه ن ه
ُ
ن دن:رج ع شود ه ن دن
َ
نا:رج ع شود ه نه
ُ
Indo-European
Newn: nine
ُ
نه
Avestan
nava 1, nauma: nine
Pahlavi
naum
Persian
noh: nine
ُ
نه
نه
nine :هم
POK:318 POK:318 BQT:2210 BQT:2195
Indo-European
Dhê 2: to do, set چ دن،انجام دادن
Avestan
dâta, dâ 2: to put, set
Persian
nahâdan: to do نهادن
نهادن
AHD:1512, POK:235
ni-dâ: to put down, lay down, also to hide nahân: covered, hidden (نهان )پنهان
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Nî: down, below ز ر، ای ni 1: down POK:235, HRN:236, KNT:168, FFD:52 BQT:2211, 2214
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
NOTE- FFD:80 derives the Pahlavi word from Old Persian "ni-thuf-ta: hide".
ُ
Indo-European
Sâwel: sun خورش د
Avestan
hvare, xvar 1: sun, light
Persian
no-hûr: sun light, sight, eye
ُ
نهور
نهور
از آن ــا ـ ــزران نـ ـ ــارم ن ـش ـس ـتــن رو ت،چشم
POK:881 POK:881
( که ا شان چو حورند و من د نهورم )سنا
BQT:2220, IEC:1334
نای:رج ع شود ه
181
. نا
Av/Old Pers
Nyâka: grand parent مادر بزرگ،در بزرگ
Pahlavi
niyâk, niyâkân: grandparents
Persian
nîyâ: grandfather (ن ا )ن ا ان
نا
درزرگ
SYN:110, KNT:194 BQT:2221, HRN:238
Indo-European
Angh: tight, compressed ف ده،تنگ
Avestan
azaehê: compressed,
Pahlavi
niyâz: need
Persian
niâz: need ن از
ن از
Az: to drive, lead (راندن )ف دن
in need anxious :هم
nîâzî: need, dear friend, sweetheart ن ازی
POK:42, EIV:171 ni-az: that which MON:4877, دلم خستۀ ناز توست ای ن ازی
EIV:172
Indo-European Av/Old Pers pushes you down, need
(که روزی نـ ـ اسا ـ ــی از ن ــاز ــازی )عثمان مختاری
Nî: down, below ز ر، ای ni 1: down POK:42, EIV:172
KLN:1042 KLN:1042 BQT:2222, MON:4877
Indo-European
Gêi: to sing, song آواز،آواز خواندن
Old Persian
niğây: praise
Pahlavi
niğâyišn: praise
Persian
nîyâyeš: praise ناش
ناش
POK:355 MON:4878 MON:4878 BQT:2224
ات:هم شه
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Nî: down, below ز ر، ای ni 1: down
KLN:1042 KLN:1042 NOTE- see "Yad: to ask" for another possible root
Indo-European
Yad, Gwed: ask, demand طلب کردن،پرس دن
Old Persian
yad: to pray
Pahlavi
ni-âyišn: worship
Persian
nîyâyeš: worship ناش
ناش
EIV:221, POK:488 KNT:184, EIV:221 EIV:221 BQT, EIV:221
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
Nî: down, below ز ر، ای ni 1: down
KLN:1042 KLN:1042 NOTE- see "Gêi: to sing" for another possible root
نر:رج ع شود ه ن و
Indo-European
Nis: off, away دور،جدا
Sanskrit
nir-vanah: blowing out, extinction
Persian
nîrvânâ: extinction of soul by absorption into the
ن وانا
KLN:1049
Supreme Being "فنا در خالق
AHD:889, KLN:1049
Indo-European ن وانا " هس
Wê: to blow دم دن MON:4882
POK:81
Avestan
Naêza: sharp point نوک ت
Pahlavi
nêzak: spear
Persian
nayzeh: spear, also a flag post (ن ه )ن ه
ن ه
BQT:2226 MON:4884 BQT:2226, PLA:265, FSF:336
Sanskrit
Nêkš: to pierce سوراخ کردن
Pahlavi
nêš: sting
Persian
nîš: sting نش
نش
HRN:238
nêš-tar: a sharp, nîštar: a sharp tool, tooth
Indo-European Avestan
pointed tool (ن ش )ن شدر
Der 1: to split, to tear اره کردن،تقس م کردن dar, dareta: to split
BQT:2228, SYN:565
Drauh: to mow, cut ب دن POK:206, SYN:565 BQT:2228, HUB:104
POK:206, IEC:165,EIV
182
نل
Indo-European
Nei 1: to shine, to be excited
Sanskrit
nili, nilah: dark blue
Persian
nîl: indigo ن لوفر،ن ل
نل
تح ک شدن،درخش دن nîlotpala: blue lotus lîlak: lilac لل
POK:760 POK:760 BQT:2231
Indo-European
Nei 1: to shine, to be excited
Old Persian
ni 3, naiba: beautiful, brave, good
Pahlavi
nêv: brave
Persian
Nîv: brave نیو
نیو
تح ک شدن،درخش دن POK:760, KNT:192 SNS:291, BQT:2237 KLN:1033, BQT:2127, TZF:20
POK:760
Indo-European
Ar 1: to fit together جور و درست کردن
Av/Old Pers
arta 2, areta: just,
Persian
Ardešîr: "just king"
Persian
nîv Ardešîr: brave Ardeshir
نیو اردش
POK:55
holy (distorted as "Narde-šir") ""شاه عادل
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
arta-xšathra: a اردش نیو اردش
Ksei 1: to be able, qualify, rule xšača: king, just king.
ruler
فرمانروا کردن،قادر و شا سته بودن nard 1: backgammon, the favorite
POK:56, IRN:28 game of "Narde-šir"
POK:626, KNT:181
POK:626, KLN:272
َ
Indo-European Old Persian Pahlavi ۱نرد
Nei 1: to shine, to be excited ni 3, naiba: beautiful, brave, good nêv: brave BQT:98-101, IRN:28
تح ک شدن،درخش دن POK:760, KNT:192 SNS:291, BQT:2237
POK:760
NOTE- Backgammon was apparently named after "Narde-šir" who was very interested in this game.
Indo-European
Aus 1: ear گوش
Indo-European
Ghosh: ear
Avestan
gaoša: ear
Avestan
ni-gaoša: to listen
Persian
nîûšîdan: to listen نیوش دن
نیوش دن
POK:78,785, KLN:126,494 POK:457, EIV:115 POK:457, BQT:1858 nağûšîdan: to listen نغوش دن گوش:مق
POK:454
Indo-European Av/Old Pers فرس ــتاده را گـفت ن ـکـو ن ــوش ear :هم
Nî: down, below ز ر، ای ni 1: down
( گو آنچه ش ده ای ت هوش )فردو
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
BQT, MON, EIV
Indo-European
I 2 : pronominal stem
Indo-European
Au 1: one, this one
Av/Old Pers
uta, utâ, uiti: and
Pahlavi
ud: and
Persian
o, va: and َو،ُو
ُو
ر شه س اری از ضم ها Uê: or POK:74 SNS:256
NOTE- The Arabic "wa" pronunciation has
influenced the Persian pronunciation
POK:281, KNT:203 POK:73,75,281,286
BQT:2242, SNS:256, TZF:20, MON:4921
Indo-European
Wer 3, Werg 2: to cover, enclose محصورکردن،پوشاندن
Av/Old Pers
var 1, vara, vâra 2: cover, wall
Persian
vâr 1: wall ۱وار
۱وار
vardana, paru-zana: walled-in area, city barzan: suburb, street َبرزن دیوار:هم
POK:1116, IEC:1599
POK:1116, AEF:212, KNT:207 BQT
Indo-European
Wel 3: to turn, roll
Avestan
var 4: similar to, like, also cover
Pahlavi
varišn: conduct, way of living
Persian
vâr 2: like ( )دیوانه وار۲وار
۲وار
تا اندن،چرخاندن POK:1140 HRN:241, BQT:2373
ham-vâr: like each other, even هموار
Indo-European Avestan
POK:1139-1140
Sem: same همان،هم ham 1: with, also, too BQT:1137
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
183
. ۳وار
Indo-European
Wel 3: to turn, roll تا اندن،چرخاندن
Avestan
var 5: ceremony
Pahlavi
varišn: conduct, way of living
Persian
vâr 3: a custom or ceremony ۳وار
۳وار
وار آذر گذشت و شعلۀ آن جشن
POK:1139-1140 POK:1140 HRN:241, BQT:2373
( شـ ــعلۀ ﻻله را زم ـ ـ ــان آم ـ ـ ــد )رود
BQT:1137
Indo-European
Bher 1: to carry
Av/Old Pers
bar: to carry
Avestan
aspa-bâra: horse load, horse rider
Persian
vâr: a suffix meaning carried by or over something
۴ـ وار
xar-bâra: donkey load, unit of weight سوند ه مع
حمل کردن POK:128 ـ وار
gâtu-bâra: bed carrier ار
POK:128,163, PRT:234,
دشوار، گوشواره، گهواره، خروار، سوار:مثال
SYN:107 gaoša-vare: carried by ear
BQT:821, 1773, 1858, 2245, HRN:68,240, FFD:42
Indo-European
Wes 4: eat, feed خوراندن،خوردن
Avestan
vastra, vâstra: food, fodder
Pahlavi
vâstr: farm, meadow
Persian
vâstar: meadow, farm واس
واس
NOTE- Compare with "Ed: to eat".
POK:1171, WLD1: 307, ARN:514 vastriuš: farmer vâstriyûš: farmer واس وش
POK:1171, WLD1: 307 SNS:260 SNS:260, MON:4946
Indo-European
Weg 1: to weave اف
Russian Persian
vâks: wax وا س
وا س
Wokso: woven (by the bees), wax موم MON:4958
POK:1117, 1180
Indo-European
Werdh: to grow, high رشد کردن
Avestan
eredva: high
Persian
vâlâ: great, high واﻻ
واﻻ
POK:339,1167, KLN:1097 vared, vard, ward: up, high bâlîdan: to boast ال دن
POK:339,1167 HRN:39,210, BQT:227,1848, FFD:35
184
واﻻنه
Indo-European
Wel 2, War: to tear, wound, plunder غارت کردن،کردن زخ،اره کردن
Persian
vâlâneh: wound (واﻻنه )وﻻنه
واﻻنه
vulnerable :هم
POK:1144, EIV:208 MON:4966, POK:1145, ARN:515
NOTE- Sanskrit "vrana: wound" is from this root too.
Indo-European
Ap: to take, receive, reach
Av/Old Pers
ap 1, af, ab: to receive
Pahlavi
apâm, avâm: something
Persian
vâm: loan (۲وام )فام
وام
received.
دست آوردن، گرف POK:50, SNS:14, FFD:82 avâm: loan اوام
NOTE- HRN: 31 does not
Indo-European
POK:50
Avestan agree with this derivation شه ار درم خواست فام از
Mai 1, Mei 5: to change عوض کردن maii: to change BQT:2254, SNS:14, EIV:177 ( برو انجـ ـم ــن شد سـی ما ــه دار )فردو
SNS:14, BQT, AEF:173, EIV:177
EIV:177 EIV:177
Indo-European
Wem, Wema: spit, vomit
ُ
استفراق،تف
Avestan
vam: vomit
Pahlavi
vâmîtan: to vomit
Persian
vâmidan: to vomit
وام دن
vâtâk: saliva (وام دن )وم دن استفراق کردن
POK:1146-1147 ARN:523
POK:1146, HRN:296 ARN:523
vomit :هم
Indo-European
Wai: alas افسوس
Avestan
vayôi, âvôya: alas
Persian
vây: alas, woe وای
۱وای
شان ح ت
POK:1110 POK:1110 BQT:2255
woe :هم
Indo-European
Webh: to weave
Indo-European
Wopsâ: insects with web nests
Iranian
vawža: wasp
Avestan
vawža: wasp
Pahlavi
vassz: wasp
Persian
vabz: wasp َو ز
َو ز
اف AHD:1550, POK:1179, KLN:1731, POK:1179 vawžaka: scorpion POK:1179, AHD:951 زنبور
POK:1114 POK:1179, ARN:518 wasp :هم
.این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ
Avestan
čâra: to mediate
Pahlavi
vičir: judge
Persian
vačar: judgment وچر
وچر
POK:641, EIV:236 vi-čir: to find a choice, judge vicîtan: to vačargar: judge وچرگر
چاره:هم
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
choose
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite vi-kay: to set apart, choose BQT:1809,2258, MON:4988
FFD:73,
POK:641, BQT:1813
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 NOTE- cognate with Sanskrit "vi-cay: to choose"
Indo-European
Aweg, Wog, Aug: to magnify, increase
Avestan
vaxšaiti: allows to grow
Pahlavi
waxšidan: to grow
Persian
vaxšidan: to grow, increase
وخش دن
رشد دادن،ز اد کردن POK:85 POK:85, ARN:519 (وخش دن )وخش
POK:85 ARN:519
185
. ُوراز
گراز:رج ع شود ه ُوراز
کرک:رج ع شود ه ورتک
ارج:رج ع شود ه ورج
ـ جرد:رج ع شود ه ۱ـ َورد
Indo-European
Word: thorn, flower ل، خار
Av /Old Iranian
wrda, varedha: rose
Pahlavi
vardâ, vard,
Persian
vard: rose َورد
۲َورد
KLN:1357, SYN:527 vart َ ُس
Indo-European Avestan suxra-vard: red rose sohrvard: red rose هرورد
Keuk: to shine, be white suxra: glowing red KLN:1357, BQT:1822 MON:5000, AHD:1550, SYN:527
درخش دن POK:597, HRN:161,165, IRN:128
POK:597
َ
نورد دن:رج ع شود ه َوردنه
Indo-European
Wortoko: quail لدرچ
Pahlavi
vartak 2: a water bird
Persian
vardîj: quail ( وردیج )ودخ
وردیج
لدرچ
POK:1180 HRN:242 MON:5001, BQT:2262 NOTE- see "Wer 4: water, wet" for another possible root
water :هم
Indo-European
Wer 4, Ud 2: water, wet رط ت،آب
Avestan
udra: water animal, otter
Pahlavi
vartak 2: a water bird
Persian
vardîj: quail ( وردیج )ودخ
وردیج
POK:78, AHD:1547,1549, KLN:1732, EIV:406 POK:78 HRN:242 MON:5001, BQT:2262 لدرچ
NOTE- see "Wortoko: quail" for another possible root water :هم
Indo-European
Weren: lamb بره
Av/Old Pers
varnak: lamb
Pahlavi
varrak: lamb
Persian
varğeneh: falcon ورغنه
ورغنه
POK:1170 POK:1170
"قاتل: شاه
vâra-ğna, vâren-žar, varâğ: lamb killer kalâğ: crow ﻼغ
Indo-European Old Persian (referred to falcon or crow)
"ّبره
Gwhen 2, Jan: to strike, hurt آزردن،زدن jan.: to strike BQT, POK:1170, HRN:192,
POK:1170, BQT:268
POK:492, EIV:222 KNT:184,185
186
َ
َوزغ
َ
Indo-European
Wêğo: lizard? مارمول ؟
Avestan
vazaghâ: lizard, frog
Persian
vazağ: frog
َ
َوزغ
َوزغ
IEC:1499 IEC:1499 vazağeh: a small lizard وزغه
IEC:1499, BQT:2278, HRN:242,
َ
َوزغ:رج ع شود ه وزغه
Indo-European
Wegh: to go, carry حمل کردن، رف
Avestan
vaza 2, vâzišta: travel
Persian
vazîdan: to blow (wind) وز دن
وزدن
weigh :هم
POK:1119 POK:1119 BQT, MON
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form شک ل دادن، ساخ
Avestan
čâra: to mediate
Pahlavi
vičir: judge
Arabic
wazîr
Persian
vazîr: minister
وزر
POK:641, EIV:236 vi-čir: to find a choice, وز ر
وچرگر:مق
Indo-European Av/Old Pers FFD:73, BQT:1813 KLN:1718
judge
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite POK:641, BQT:1813
BQT:2279
Akkadian
Âsû : to rise, come out (said of the sun) (اﻻ آمدن )خورش د
Arabic
wazu: to become beautiful
Persian
vozû: the washing before prayer وضو
وضو
Asia :هم
KLN:113, AHD:77 wodu: the washing before prayer FVA:432, MON:5037
KLN:113
Indo-European
Wei 2: vital force
Indo-European
Wiros: man
Avestan
vîra: man, (his mind)
Pahlavi
vîr: awareness
Persian
vîr: memory, intelligence (و ر ) ـ ـر
ور
ن وی ح ا مرد bar 1: memory ۱َبر حافظه
POK:1177, KLN:1714 BQT:334
POK:1123,1177, KLN:1714 POK:1123,1177, KLN:1714 ب س د نامش ز ف ّ خ هج ــر
( دوگفت نامش ندانم ه و ر )فردو
MON:489, BQT:2298, BQT:262
187
. و راس
Indo-European
Ar 1: to fit together جور و درست کردن
Avestan
râd: right, correct, proper
Persian
vîrâstan: to edit (و راس )و را ش
و راس
POK:55
آراس:هم
Indo-European Av/Old Pers vi-râiti, vi-radh: set apart BQT, AEF, FFD
order :هم
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite
WLD:74, POK:56
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
و راس:رج ع شود ه و را ش
Indo-European
Aw: bird پرنده
Avestan
vîš 2: bird
Pahlavi
vôi, vây, vâyandak:
Persian
vây: bird وای
وش
bird ostrich :هم
POK:86 vayu: air vîš: bird وش
POK:86, HRN:296, SYN:183 POK:86, NYB:207 HRN:995, FRS:56 .این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد
Indo-European
Sâi, Hai: to bind, tie س
Av/Old Pers
wi-sâ, vi-hây: untie
Persian
vištâsp: with ready horses
و شتاسپ
POK:891, POK:977, KLN:1448, EIV:135
"" ا اس ان آماده
Višta-aspa, vištaspa: with unbound (ready) و شتاسپ
Indo-European Av/Old Pers horses
Wi: part, apart جدا wi, vî: apart, away, opposite AHD:1273, EIV:136
POK:891,892, BRT:1800, FFD:74, EIV:136
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
Indo-European
Ekwos: horse اسب
POK:301
Indo-European
Win: wine اب
Persian
vîn: black grape, color, vineyard (world ?) ون
ون
ا ـ ــر زن ـ ــد ا بود د ــر ــاز (تا ستان )دن ا؟
NOTE- This is probably a Mediterranean word.
ّ براین و ن wine :هم
( خرم مانم دراز )فردو
AHD:1547
FVF:695, AFM:159, BQT:2302, FSF:341
Indo-European
Ser 3: to line up, arrange, sort
Sanskrit
sarat: thread
Persian
hâr: string of beads, necklace, neck هار
هار
گ ده سواران برون از شمار گردن ند،گردن
رد ف کردن hâra: string of beads
series :هم
( ـ ـران اد ــا ــان آهـ ـخــته هار )فردو
POK:911, IEC:1131 IEC:1131, MON:5081
IEC:1131, MON:5081
Indo-European
Sâen: to be late, a period of time
Avestan
hâthra: a time period
Pahlavi
hâsr, hâsar: a unit of time,
Persian
hâsr: a unit of time ها
ها
مد از زمان، تاخ داش
about two hours. واحد قد زمان
POK:890 HRN:280
POK:889
SNS:3 ا فاصله
NOTE- On page 67 of "Pajhoheshi dar Asatir Iran", Mehrdad Bahar defines "hâser" as a unit of length about 700 meters
Indo-European
Sâwel: sun خورش د
Greek
helios: sun
Persian
hâleh: halo, hue هاله
هاله
helium :هم
POK:881 AHD MON:5091, TAD:75
Indo-European
Sem: same همان،هم
Avestan
hama 1: same, equal, flat level
Persian
hâmûn: land with same (flat) elevation هامون
هامون
same :هم
POK:902,904 POK:902-904 BQT, HRN
Indo-European
Sam: summer تا ستان
Avestan
ham 2, hama 2: summer
Persian
hâmin, hamin: summer هم، هام
هام
POK:905 POK:905, KLN:1541 HRN:280 تا ستان
.این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد summer :هم
188
هان
Indo-European
Sen: old پ
Avestan
hana, hanâ: old
Persian
hân: old (obsolete) هان
هان
پ
POK:907 POK:907 HRN:280 .این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد senior :هم
Indo-European
Seu 4, Hau 1: to extract, squeeze out عصاره گرف
Avestan
hau-: to press ف دن
Pahlavi
hâvan: mortar
Persian
hâvan: mortar هاون
هاون
EIV:134 Hâvana: mortar هاون MON:5095 BQT:2312, HRN:244, EIV:134
MON:5095, EIV:134
َ
Indo-European
Skeng: crooked, bent خم ده،ناصاف
Avestan
haxti: that which bends, leg, shank
Pahlavi
haxt: thigh
Persian
hax: foot sole (obsolete)
َ
هخ
هخ
POK:930 POK:930 SNS:2 HRN:279 کف ا
.این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد
Indo-European
Sekw: to follow دن ال کردن
Avestan
haxay, haši: follower, companion,
Persian
Haxâmaneš: "with friendly thoughts
هخام ش
POK:896
friend and manners" " ا پندار و رفتار
Indo-European Avestan
haxa-maniš: friendly mannered هخام ش "دوستانه
Men 1: to think manah: mind, manners
POK:896 MON, BQT
فکر کردن man 1: to resemble
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT
Indo-European
Sol: whole امل،تمام
Avestan
haurva 1: whole, all, each
Persian
har: each هر
هر
haurvatât: completeness hologram :هم
POK:979 BQT:729,2318
POK:979
Indo-European
Ser 1, Sreu: to flow جاری شدن
Av/Old Pers
hareva, haraiva: a river in Afghanistan
Persian
harât: "the flowing" هرات
هرات
Srêm: running جاری ""ج ان
POK:909
POK:909,1003, KNT:205, IEC:1276
Indo-European
Ser 2: protect حفاظت کردن
Greek
heros: protector
French Persian
herkûl: "protector" هرکول
هرکول
Heracles: a legendary strong man ""نگه ان
POK:910 MON5: 2269
KLN:724
hero :هم
189
. هسته
استخوان:رج ع شود ه هسته
Indo-European
Okto: eight هشت
Av/Old Pers
ašta: eight
Persian
hašt: eight هشت
هشت
eight :هم
POK:775 POK:775, KLN:504 BQT:2238
Indo-European
Selg, Harz: to let go, release رها کردن
Avestan
harz, herezaiti: to allow, release
Persian
haštan, heštan: to let go هش
هش
halîdan: to let go هل دن رها کردن
POK:900, EIV:133 POK:900, HRN:245
BQT:2361, 2339, EIV:133
Indo-European
Septm: seven هفت
Av/Old Pers
hapta: seven
Persian
haft: seven هفت
هفت
seven :هم
POK:909 POK:909, KLN:1426 BQT:2341
Indo-European
Dekm: ten عدد ده
Indo-European
Dkm-tom: hundred
Greek
hektaton: hundred
French
hectare: a unit of area
Persian
hectâr: 10,000 square meters
هکتار
POK:191 AHD
آر:مق
AHD هکتار
Indo-European Latin area :هم
As: to burn سوزاندن arêre: to become dry (land) MON:39, 5159
POK:68
ara: an area (of dry land)
KLN:102
KLN:58
Indo-European
Su 1: well, good خوب
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hu-mâyâ: well, blessed
Persian
homâ: blessed (هما )همایون
هما
هومن:هم
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037 BQT:717,737,748,2365, HRN:108 BQT
َ
آمار:رج ع شود ه همار
Indo-European
Sem: same همان،هم
Avestan
ham 1: with, also, too
Pahlavi
ham-êmâl, hamahl: equal, similar
Persian
hamâl: like همال
همال
farrox-hamâl: prosperous ف ّ خ همال مانند
POK:902,904 POK:902-904 MON:5176
IEC, MON
same :هم
َ َ
Indo-European
Smeit: to throw, send
Avestan
maêth: to send, throw
Pahlavi
hamêstâr: enemy
Persian
hamîstar: enemy
َ
هم س
هم س
forward
hamista: thrown down, put down hamîstakân: a place between دشمن
ه جلو فرستادن،پرتاب کردن hamêstagân: hell and heaven
hamaêstar: one who throws down, enemy awkward situation
هم ست ان
POK:968 POK:968, KLN:988 SNS:53
HRN:279, MON:5185
.این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد
َ َ َ َ
هم س:رج ع شود ه هم ست ان
هام:رج ع شود ه هم
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Avestan
thang, â-thax, hanč: to pull, also a path
Persian
hanjâr: path هنجار
هنجار
ز ه ـن ـجــار د ـگــر درآمــد ـه روم راه
POK:1064,1067 BQT:1481,2376,2381, SNS:7
(فروماند گنج اندرون مرز و بوم )نظا گنجوی tone :هم
BQT, MON, HRN, SNS, FFD
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Avestan
thang, â-thax, hanč: to pull, also a path
Persian
hanjîdan: to pull or dig out (هنج دن )آهنج دن
هنج دن
tension :هم
BQT:1481,2376,2381, SNS:7
POK:1064,1067 BQT, MON, HRN, SNS, FFD
Indo-European
Teku: to run, flow
Avestan
tak, taka, tač: to run
Avestan
ham-tač,
Pahlavi
handâčak: throw
Arabic Persian
hendeseh: the
هندسه
POK:1059, BQT:503 ham-tak: to together (like laying a science of ""اندازه گ ی
ج ان اف،دو دن throw together yardstick next to something "measurements"
Indo-European for measurement), measure
هندسه
POK:1059, EIV:374
Sem: same همان،هم BQT:128, HRN:27 BQT:2379, HRN:27
BQT
POK:902,904
NOTE- the root "Teku: to flow" may be related to "Tek, Tač: to reach, receive"
Indo-European
Su 1: well, good خوب
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hu-nara: good virtue, art
Persian
honar: "nice work" ه
ه
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037 "" ار ز ا
POK:780,1037, HRN:111, HUB:57 BQT
Indo-European
Ner 1: vital energy, man مرد، انرژی ح ا
POK:765
Indo-European
Sem: same همان،هم
Avestan
han-gama: at the same time, during
Persian
hengâm: time هن ام
هن ام
POK:902,904 زمان:هم
BQT:172 BQT, MON,EIV
Indo-European Av/Old Pers come :هم
Gwa: to walk, step قدم زدن gam: to come, step
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318
Indo-European
Kwes: to pant, to breathe fast نفس نفس زدن
Persian
havâ: air هوا ُ
هوا
شش:هم
POK:631, CEL6: 284, EIV:369 CEL6: 284
Indo-European
Wekw: voice صدا
Av/Old Pers
ux: word
Persian
hûxt: good words, prayer, prayer house هوخت
هوخت
POK:1135 hu-ux-tay: good words
دعا
ETM:72, BQT:2388
Indo-European Avestan voice :هم
ETM:72
Su 1: well, good خوب hu 1: good
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
191
. هوخش
Indo-European
Su 1: well, good خوب
Old Persian
hu, u, uv: good
Old Persian
u-vaxštra: well grown,
Persian
Hovaxšatar: a former
هوخش
POK:1037, KLN:548 KNT:175
former king of Media king of Media "خوب رشد
Indo-European Indo-European Old Persian KNT:175,176,177 هوخش "کرده
Yeu 1, Yauj: to join, harness Aueg : to grow, strengthen vaxš: grow KNT:177
مهار کردن،جفت کردن قوی شدن،رشد کردن KNT:177
POK:509, EIV:217 POK:84-85 ،510, EIV:217
Indo-European
Aus 2: to shine درخش دن
Avestan
usaiti: to light up
Pahlavi
huš: morning
Persian
hûš 2: morning ۲هوش
۲هوش
ušâ: east, dawn صبح
Ausus: dawn س ده دم SNS:67 HRN:281, SNS:67
ušas-tara: east east :هم
POK:86, KLN:495
POK:86, SYN:871
Indo-European
Su 1: well, good خوب
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hav-sivanga, hao-šyangh:
Persian
Hûšang: "good builder",
هوشنگ
good builder, with good household with good household
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT, FAF:708, ZMA:48
هوشنگ
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig کندن šan, šyangh: house, household BQT, FAF:708, ZMA:48
NOTE- Cognate with "kan 1: to dig out"
EIV:232, POK:534
ZMA:49-51
Indo-European
Seu 2: juice, to take liquid, squeeze
Avestan
hau 1: to press, squeeze
Persian
howm: a juicy plant which was considered very holy
هوم
by the ancient Aryan people soak :هم
ف دن،عصاره haoma: ephedra plant, mahuang shrub
هوم
POK:912 POK:912, KNT:211
HRN:249, BQT:2398
Indo-European
Su 1: well, good خوب
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hu-mana: well mannered
Persian
Hûman: "well mannered" هومن
هومن
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
""ن ک رفتار
BQT, FAF:708, ZMA:48 BQT, FAF:708, ZMA:48
Indo-European Avestan mind :هم
Men 1: to think فکر کردن manah: mind, manners
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT
Indo-European
Su 1: well, good خوب
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hu-vaeda: well known
Persian
hovaydâ: "well apparent"
ه دا
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037 POK:780,1037, HRN:111, HUB:57 هو دا
Indo-European Avestan
BQT
Weid: to see, to know دا س،د دن vaeda, vîdada: I know
POK:1125 POK:1125, 1126
Indo-European
I 2 : pronominal stem ر شه س اری از ضم ها
Indo-European
Au 1: one, this one
Av/Old Pers
aiva-čiy: nothing
Pahlavi
hêč: nothing
Persian
hîč: nothing
هیچ
Indo-European POK:281, KNT:203 POK:73,75,281,286 POK:73,75,286, BQT, SNS:91 هیچ
BQT:2417, KNT:164
Kwo: stem of interrogative and relative pronouns ر شه ضمایر سئوا و س BQT, SNS:86,91
POK:644,646, AHD
192
هخ
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull کش دن
Avestan
thang, â-thax, hanč: to pull, also a path
Persian
hîxtan: to pull هخ
هخ
هنج دن:مق
POK:1064,1067 BQT:1481,2376,2381, SNS:7 BQT, HRN, SNS
tension :هم
Indo-European
Ater: fire آش
Avestan
âtarš, âthra: fire
Pahlavi
hêr-bed: fire guard,
Persian
hêrbod: fire guard, teacher
ه د
POK:69 POK:69, KLN:123
leader, teacher
ه د ،""نگه ان آ ش
Indo-European Avestan Pahlavi پ شوا
BQT:13 BQT
Per 3: oppose, hit paiti 2: paitiš, pat, pêš: in
counter, back front of, before, leader
مقا ل،مخالف
POK:815-818 POK:815 BQT:440
Indo-European
I 1: to go رف
Indo-European
Yero: year
Avestan
yâr, yâra: year
Pahlavi
yâirka: one year old.
Persian
hîrak: a baby animal هک
هک
year :هم
POK:293,501, KLN:825 POK:296, KLN:1761 POK:296, KLN:1796 HRN:249 BQT:2406
Indo-European
Aidh: to burn سوزاندن
Av/Old Pers
aesmo: heat
Persian
hîzom: firewood ه م
ه م
hêzum: fire wood hîmeh: firewood ه مه anneal :هم
PRT, KLN, AHD
POK:11 BQT:2407, HRN:249
Indo-European
Yem: hold together (pair) اهم ن اه داش
Avestan
yata, yâta, ya: remember
Pahlavi
yât, âyât
Persian
yâd: memory اد
اد
POK:505 POK:505 HRN:250 BQT:2412, SNS:85, TZF:22
Indo-European
Yat, Yet: to go, reach, take position جا گرف، رس دن، رف
Avestan
yat: to take one's position
Persian
yâzîdan: to stretch, desire, intend از دن
ازدن
قصد،ال دن
EIV:214 EIV:214 MON, BQT,EIV:215
کردن
Avestan
Yâvarenâ: a stone or tool for beating and crushing grains سنگ برای خرد کردن گندم
Persian
yâvar: stone or other objects used for crushing grains اور ُ
اور
ابزار خرد کردن
HRN:252 BQT:2422
غﻼت
193
. یخ
Indo-European
Eis 2: ice یخ
Avestan
isav: frosty
Persian
yax: ice یخ
یخ
aêxa: ice ice :هم
POK:301 BQT:2427
HRN:252, POK:301
Indo-European
Yag: to worship ستا ش کردن
Avestan
yesnya: worship
Pahlavi
yasn, yašt: worship
Persian
yasnâ: worship ceremony سنا
سنا
مزد سنا:مق
POK:501 POK:501, HRN:95,252, KLN:1759 ARN:540 BQT, ETM
Indo-European
I 2 : pronominal stem
Indo-European
Au 1: one, this one
Av/Old Pers
ava 2, aiva, aêva, aeva,
Pahlavi
êvak, yak: one
Persian
yak, yek: one ک
ک
ر شه س اری از ضم ها aivaka: one
POK:73,75,281,286 BQT, SNS:91 BQT, SNS:86,91
POK:281, KNT:203 POK:73,75,286, BQT:2417,
Indo-European
Yeu 1, Yauj: to join, harness مهار کردن،جفت کردن
Avestan
yaoj, yuj: I harnessed
Persian
yûğ: yoke یغ
یغ
POK:509, EIV:217 yuxta: harnessed, joined joft: pair (union) جفت
BQT:577,1228,2458, POK:509
Semitic
H.n.n: to have grace and
Hebrew
hânan: was
Greek
Iwannos:
Greek
Ion: Hellenic people who settled
Old Persian
yauna: Greece
Persian
yûnân: Greece یونان
یونان
ّ
kindness gracious gracious in the Mediterranean islands in حنان:هم
1100 BC. KLN:813, KNT:204 BQT:2549
شکوه و مح ت داش KLN:701 KLN KLN:813, OEW:xi
KLN:701
194
؟
نمودارهای ناتمام
Indo-European
Ai, Hei, Heiwâ: to give دادن
Avestan
aêta: share
Persian
?
؟
diet :هم
POK:10-11 POK:10
Indo-European
Aik: to possess, own بودن مال
Avestan
îs, îše, îšti, âêšâ 1: wealth, power
Persian
?
؟
POK:298, KLN:1106 îsvan, išvan: wealthy own :هم
POK:298, KLN:1106, SYN:771,772
Indo-European
An 3: on, upon, above, to اﻻی،روی
Av/Old Pers
ana: on, upon
Persian
?
؟
POK:39 anu, anuv: to, after, along on, uopn :هم
anu-i: going along
POK:39, KLN:67, KNT:164
Indo-European
Andho: blind, dark تارک،کور
Avestan
anda, ando: blind
Persian
?
؟
umbrella :هم
POK:41 POK:41, SYN:323
Indo-European
Bhad: good خوب
Avestan
badra: good fortune, luck
Persian
?
؟
POK:106 hu-badra: (with) good luck, lucky best :هم
POK:106, KLN:167
Indo-European
Bhen: to strike ه زدن
Avestan
ban: to be sick
Persian
?
؟
POK:126 banta: sick
banay: to make sick
KLN:145, SYN:304
Indo-European
De: demonstrative stem ا ر شه اشاره ضم
Avestan
dim: him, her, he, she
Persian
?
؟
POK:181 dit: it to :هم
-da 5: toward, to
POK:183, KLN:1622
Indo-European
Eti: above, beyond ورا،اﻻ
Avestan
aiti 1: over, beyond
Persian
?
؟
et cetera :هم
POK:344, KLN:545 KLN:545, KNT:166
195
. ؟
Indo-European
Eti: above, beyond ورا،اﻻ
Old Persian
ati: beyond
Persian
?
؟
et cetera :هم
POK:344, KLN:545 KNT:166
Indo-European
Ghê: to go, also to go without (lack) فاقد بودن، رها کردن، رف
Avestan
zâ 1: to go
Persian
?
؟
Ghi-ghe-me: I reach, meet with مﻼقات م کنم،م سم zazâmi: I dismiss go :هم
POK:418, KLN:666 POK:418, KLN:666
Indo-European
Ghen: to bite, chew ج دن،از زدن
Avestan
gnixta: chewed
Persian
?
؟
POK:436 aiwi-gnixta: eaten up, eroded gnat :هم
POK:436,
Indo-European
Gher 2: to wish, desire, want آرزو کردن، خواس
Avestan
zara 2: desire, aim, target
Persian
?
؟
greed :هم
POK:440 POK:440
Indo-European
Ghers: to be horrified, to stare وحش ده بودن
Avestan
zrš, zarš: to be horrified
Persian
?
؟
POK:445 zaršayamna: ruffling one's feathers horror :هم
POK:445, KLN:744
Indo-European
Gwebh 2: slime, sliminess, toad وزغ، لج، لجن
Old Persian
gabawo: toad
Persian
?
؟
quiver :هم
POK:466 POK:466
Indo-European
Gwelbh: womb رحم
ِ
Avestan
garewa: womb
Persian
?
؟
POK:473 garebuš: young animal
POK:473, KLN:483
Indo-European
Ki: this این
Avestan
zî: for, because, indeed
Persian
?
؟
POK:417,609, KLN:710 nôit-zî: he, his,
KLN:735, POK:417 her :هم
Indo-European
Krei: shine, glow, beauty ز ا،درخش دن
Avestan
srî, srayan: beauty
Persian
?
؟
POK:618 srîra: beautiful
POK:618, KLN:371
Indo-European
Ksei 3: to settle تصف ه کردن،مق م شدن
Avestan
šaêiti, shiti: living place
Persian
?
؟
POK:626 šôithra: land
POK:626
Indo-European
Kwe: and "حرف وصل "و
Avestan
ca, ča: and
Persian
?
؟
POK:635 čiš-ca 1: any, whatever
POK:635, KLN:1425
Indo-European
Kwe: and "حرف وصل "و
Old Persian
câ, čâ: and
Persian
?
؟
POK:635 POK:635
196
؟
Indo-European
Lakti: stick, club گرز،چوب
Avestan
yaxšti, yaxštay: branch, twig
Persian
?
؟
WLD2: 443 thri-yaxštay: with three branches
WLD2: 443, SYN:525, BRT:1236
Indo-European
Maghos: young جوان
Avestan
mağava: unmarried
Persian
?
؟
Maghu: boy, unmarried مجرد، POK:696, KLN:924
POK:696
Indo-European
Meih: to exchange معامله کردن،عوض کردن
Avestan
mithô: exchanged, incorrect, false
Persian
?
؟
POK:710,715 mithwara, mithwara: paired, coupled
POK:710,715, KLN:953
Indo-European
Men 3: to stand out, project برجسته و متمایز بودن
Avestan
mati, mnti: sticking out
Persian
?
؟
POK:726 fra-manyente: they get ahead mountain :هم
POK:726, KLN:1009
Indo-European
Men 3: to stand out, project برجسته و متمایز بودن
Indo-European
Mon: neck, throat
Avestan
minu: throat
Persian
?
؟
POK:726 POK:726,747, KLN:932 manaothri, moneutro: neck, throat mountain :هم
POK:747
Indo-European
Meu: damp, dirty آلوده، نمنا
Avestan
mûthra: dirty liquid, urine
Persian
?
؟
mud :هم
POK:741 POK:741, HRN:285, KLN:1008
Indo-European
Mew: to push away, move حرکت دادن، دور کردن
Avestan
mivâmahi: (we) eliminate
Pahlavi
mûtak: move
Persian
?
؟
POK:743 a-muyamnô: not movable parmûtan: to move move :هم
POK:743, ISS:331 ISS:331
Indo-European
Mreğu: short کوتاه
Avestan
merezu, marazu: short
Persian
?
؟
POK:750 merezu-jîti: short lived, fast brief :هم
berez 2: in short time, fast
berez-čaxra: with fast wheels
POK:750, KLN:188
Indo-European
Nes: to join, reunite, return, be safe ازگشت،وصل کردن
Avestan
asta 2: home
Persian
?
؟
POK:766 POK:766
Indo-European
Noktis: night شب
Old Persian
naktin: night
Persian
?
؟
night :هم
POK:762, AHD:1530, IEC:850, SYN:992 IEC:850
Indo-European
Pak: to fasten, repair تعم کردن، س
Avestan
pas: to tie, fetter
Persian
?
؟
POK:787 POK:787, KLN:1110
Indo-European
Reua: to dig up, tear out, snatch بر گرف، ش اف، کندن زم
Avestan
raoidya: to cultivate land, to be fit for cultivation
Persian
?
؟
Reudh 2: to clear land تم کردن زم KLN:1347, POK:869
rid :هم
POK:869
197
. ؟
Indo-European
Rewe: to open, open space گشا ش،از کردن
Avestan
ravah: space
Persian
?
؟
POK:874 ravas-čarât: moves in free space (freely) room :هم
POK:874, SYN:465, KLN:1356
Indo-European
Segh: to hold, overrule رد کردن، نگه داش
Avestan
haz: to gain
Persian
?
؟
POK:888 hazah: violence sketch :هم
POK:888
Indo-European
Seni: apart, separated, without فاقد،جدا شده
Avestan
hanare: without
Persian
?
؟
sincere :هم
POK:907 POK:907
Indo-European
Sew: to boil جوشاندن
Avestan
hâvayan: they boil, roast
Persian
?
؟
POK:914 hâvayeiti: roasts seethe :هم
POK:914, KLN:1411
Indo-European
Sneudh, Neudh: mist, cloud ابر،نم
Avestan
snaoda: cloud
Persian
?
؟
nuance :هم
POK:978 POK:978
Indo-European
Stâi 2: stone سنگ
Avestan
stâ 2, stây: heap
Persian
?
؟
stone :هم
POK:1010 POK:1010, KLN:1518
Indo-European
Twerk: to cut قطع کردن،ب دن
Avestan
thwares: to cut
Persian
?
؟
sarcasm :هم
POK:1102 POK:1102
Indo-European
Udero: abdomen, stomach, womb رحم، معده،ش م
Avestan
udara: abdomen
Persian
?
؟
uterus :هم
POK:1104 POK:1104
Indo-European
Uks: wet خس
Avestan
uxšan: ox, bull, inseminating animal
Persian
?
؟
Uksen: to make wet, inseminate تلقیح کردن، مرطوب کردن POK:1118, KLN:1106, SYN:153
ox :هم
POK:1118
Indo-European
Weik 2: clan, a social club above the household اش اه، قب له
Avestan
vîs: family
Persian
?
؟
POK:1131 vîs-paiti, vîs-pati: clan protector, chief economy :هم
POK:1131, KLN:1708
Indo-European
Weik 2: clan, a social club above the household اش اه، قب له
Old Persian
vith: royal house
Persian
?
؟
POK:1131 vitha: royal economy :هم
KNT:208
Indo-European
Weip, Weib: to go back and forth س و پ ش رف
Avestan
vip: to send, dispatch
Persian
?
؟
wipe :هم
POK:1131 POK:1131
Indo-European
Yeu 3: to mix, blend مخلوط کردن
Avestan
yaêš: to boil
Persian
?
؟
POK:506 SOD
198
A38
A20 - A36
A2 - A19
A37
Word Index
ranga /96 krw` /142
rašanâ /94 n`-krtk /178
Sakah /106 pd /51
šakala /122 Pwt /31
Šâli /119 Tien /62
saman /123 xara-tara /134
sarat /188 xr /134
sarkarah /106, xšae-wan /20
116, 122
Šavala /119
šâxa /119 Spanish
šiphâ /121 real /97
sphal /107 canario /135
Srgâla /121 lima /164
sringa-vera
/102, 123
srnga /102, 123
stupa /61 Sumerian
Šûlaka /124 Dub /12, 82, 87
sunyâ /126 Mana /170
sunyâh /126
tanuka /60
tittibha /62 Syriac
tulâ /58 Šypwr /125
tulya /58 karkedânâ /142
ucca /25 pespesta /133
učča /25
varj /186
Vatin-ganah /28
vrâj /151
Tamil
Vrihi /34 Tôkei /126
Xac /137
xanda /136
yâna /64 Turkish
Ul /21
ata-bak /41
Semitic bak /41
Diglat /82 Boqčâ /36
Daqal /87 čubûq /67
H.n.n /194 Dolmak /87
dolman /87
gumrook /157
Kagaz /138
Sogdian kiošk /159
سغدی Lâjîn /161
â-gaud /6 limon /164
`g`wd /6 maghazeh /169
`xš`y /20 qhve' /138
`Xšnk /135 šîš /118
b`m /129 tob /61
bnš /35 top /61
gašnaka /135 ulak /21
kang /114 xân-umm /71
kanp /114
krty` /178
A36
Word Index
šâ 2 /6, 119 taêğa /62 u-vâra-zmi /7, vî /149, 150, xšača /12, 43, Kâča /139, 148
sâh /44, 106, taêža /62 77 151 120 Portuguese kandrak /115,
110 taiy /61 u-vaxštra /192 vî /154, 155, xšača /183 comercio /157 146
saiti /41, 70, taoš /62 ux /191 157 Xšad /31 kankarta /146
117 tap-stana /55 uz-dâvayati vî /158, 160, Xšaivan /126 kapî /140
šâiti /119 tâta /18, 49 /100 185 xšathra /43, 124 Karpâsah /141
šâm /27 taumâ /57 uz-dû /100 vî /187, 188 xša-thra /43, Russian Karpurah /138
šan /123, 192 tava /61 uzma /25 vi-hây /155, 188 124 assignatsia /17 Kâtara /137
sang /110 taxš /57 va /193 vi-jan /25 xšây /75, 120, drožki /84 Kram /73
sard /1 taxša /57 vâ /193 vi-nath /64, 157 124 kaljaska /139 krmi /134
sâs /44, 106, thamân /102 vačah /9, 30, 49 visa /149 xšây /125 samo-war /114 krmi-ja /134
110 thard /1 vačah /76, 131, vi-saiti /41, 70, xšaya-aršan /75 krosa /142
sâsnâ /44, 110 thrah /117 158 117 xši /75, 120, 124 kršna /142
sâsta /106 thrah-man /117 vačah /180, 184, vispa /149 xši /125 Sanskrit kundruka /115,
sâstar /106 thras-man /117 185 Višta-aspa /188 Xšî /126 Amalaka /8 146
sat /41, 70, 117 thrâyô /117 vâe /41 vištaspa /188 xšip /125, 177 â-gar /131 kunthah /146
šaw /121 thri /117 vâe-na /2, 41 vith /198 xšnâ /123 Agaruh /127, lâk /161
sax /110 thri-sat /41, 70, vahâna /39 vitha /198 xšvaepâ /124, 133 lâkša /161
sâxvan /44, 110 117 vâhara /39 viyaxna /194 177 angam /121 lâkšâ /161, 163
sfard /58 -ti /119 vaina /2, 41 vriz /34 xšvaš /119 asva-tara /16 Limû /164
šim /27 tigrâ /82 vak /9, 30, 49 Vrsa /153 xšvaš-dasa /119 Bêlûr /36 maccum /168
Sinkadruš /102 tiğra /62, 82, vak /76, 131, Vtra /151 xšvaš-ti /119 bhağa /39 manâ /170
sipari /108 110 158 Vurt /151 xšwaif /125, 177 bhaga-dhara mašakah /169
sipithra /108 tiğra /149 vak /180, 184, vyâxa /9 xšwaip /125, /39 mâstu /168
siyaman /118 tû /61 185 vyâxman /9 177 bhay /41 mêšâ /169
šiyav /121 tûm /61 var 1 /28, 48, 92 wai /41 xvîsat /71, 94 bhî-ma /41 mûkti /170
skuba /114 tuš /62 var 1 /132, 183 waig /9, 24 yad /182 bûdha /37 mus /169
slaunis /112 tusen /62 vara /28, 48, 92 waix /9, 24 yâh 2 /63 bûdhati /37 muska /169
spâ 1 /18, 107, tussya /62 vara /132, 183 wâk /30 yâhma /54, 63 cal /68 nadah /174
114 tuvam /61 vâra 2 /28, 48, wânk /30 yânhaeiti /54, candrah-râga nakhâ /174
spakâ /18, 107 tvâm /61 92 ward /184 191 /115 nana /180
sparda /58 u /7, 77, 192 vâra 2 /132, 183 wars /151, 152, yâsta /54, 191 catur-anga /121 Naranga /174
srâd /111 ud /25 vard /186 180 yauna /194 čiphâ /121 Nârikelah /174
srâda /111 ud-pat /18 vardana /183 wi /40, 41, 64 yauviya /65 Ĉîxâ /118 nâša /131
sta /5, 6, 16 ud-zma /25 varešna /13, 14, wi /149, 150, ža 3 /150 čodatî /68 nav /181
sta /27, 36, 47 uiti /183 75 151 zahr /104 dâtra /40, 80, navatê /181
sta /55, 108, upa /1, 21, 31 varešna /118, wi /154, 155, zam /7, 77, 102 90 naxâ /174
109 upa /33, 39, 45 156 157 zan 2 /102 dhar /39 Nêkš /182
sta /110, 120, upa /50, 51 varet /151, 152, wi /158, 160, zana /99 dhi /63 nilah /164, 183
130 upâ /1, 21, 31 180 185 zânâ /102 dhyânah /63 nili /164, 183
stâ /6, 16 upâ /33, 39, 45 varkana /153 wi /187, 188 zaošô /89 dîp /90 nîlotpala /164,
šta /6, 16 upâ /50, 51 varnak /34, 186 wi-kâr /158 zar 1 /4 druna /85 183
stamb /109 upâ-aitiy /31 vart /151, 152, wi-sâ /155, 188 zar 2 /99, 100 ğanâ /136 nir-vanah /182
stambaka /109 upâ-ay-a /31 180 wi-ward /184 zara /104 ğar /131 pakša /51
stan /108 upa-mati /21 vas /35 xan /7, 20, 29 zara-uštra /100 gâuh /181 pardâku /43
stata /6, 16 upa-sard /1 vašna /35 xan /30, 46, 55 zarmân /100 gôpâ /181 Parvan /49
šti /6, 16 urvarâ /25 vaxš /9, 30, 49 xan /66, 71, 76 zarwân /4 gô-pâ-h /181 Parvata /49
stuna /110 urvinj /34 vaxš /76, 131, xan /114, 127, zasta /5 Gôtra /160 pâtila /42
stûnâ /110 uška /75 158 134 zaurva /4 granth /153 Pippalî /133
šyâ /6, 119 us-kar /114 vaxš /180, 184, xan /135, 139, zbâ /100 gunj /158 pra-jan /130
šyangh /123, us-pari /108 185 146 zem /101 hâra /188 pra-nač /131
192 uštra /18, 100 vaxš /192 xaôda /78 zimô /101 Jangalah /65 Pulâka /51
šyâtî /119 uš-tra /18, 100 vazraka /35 xaudâ /78 zûrah /59, 103 jaratê /99 račana /94
syâva-aršan uta /183 vi /64, 149, 150 xâya /72 zuštô /89 jas /100 râk /161
/118 utâ /183 vi /157, 158 xram /73 zyâ 1 /101 kâca /137 rakšâ /161, 163
tačara /57 uv /7, 77, 192 vî /40, 41, 64 xrî /74 zyâo /101 râkšâ /161
A35
Word Index
bûmî-mathan duž /85 grâ /151 jatara /24, 104 kermi /142 nâman /86, 175 para /53
/38 dvar /82, 83 grab /46, 153 jathra /43, 104 kirsman /141 napâ /181 parâ /53
bûta /37 êna /27 gratha /153 jîta /105, 149, krta /64, 80, 161 napât /181 parav /46
câ /196 fra /131 gravatha /153 160 krta /194 naptis /181 pariy /53
čâ /196 fra-â-muš /129 gub /156 jiva /105, 149, kupsins /140 nard /174 Pârsa /43, 50
čakra /67 fra-ardha /129 ha /190 160 Kûru /141 nath /64, 157 Parth /43
čam /69, 76 fra-jan /25 hâ 1 /155 jutan /65 mâ 1 /4, 55, 131 nâu /175 Parthava /43
čapu-ka /66 fra-ma-na /131 hâ 2 /148 jva /105, 149, mâ 1 /166, 172, navama /181 Parti /43
čât /66 fra-nay /179 had /177 160 179 nâv-dân /175 Partia /43
čatvare-sat /41, frârdha /129 ha-dâ /190 kâ 2 /139 mâ 2 /164 nâviya /175 paru /46
70, 117 frârdha-van had-iš /177 kai /70 Madhaxa /170 nay /179 paruva /53
caune /116 /129 haiz /71, 94 kâm 2 /139 maeg /166, 169 nemah 2 /179 paru-zana /183
caxra /67 fra-sâ /70 ham /190 kâma /139 magus /166, nî /179 pasâ /49
čaxra /67 Fra-sanga /47 ham-basta /35 kamna /145 169 ni 1 /175, 176, pasca /49
či /70 frava /131, 132 ham-dais-a /23 kamnô /145 maguš /166 177 pasča /49
čifsati /68 fra-vahr /132 ham-dû /23 kan 1 /7, 20, 29 mâh /166, 172 ni 1 /178, 179, pastô /52
Ĉirya /70 fra-var /132 ham-gmatana kan 1 /30, 46, mâhya /166, 180 pat /18
Ĉop /67, 69 fra-var-tinam /20 55 172 ni 1 /181, 182, path /51
Ĉop-gân /69 /132 ham-taug /23 kan 1 /66, 71, maixa /173 183 pathâ /51
dahyu /90 fravaši /132 ham-tauj /23 76 man 2 /21, 166 ni 2 /173, 174, pathi /51
daika /91 fravata /131, ham-taux /23 kan 1 /114, 127, manâ /170 178 pati-ara /46
dainhu /90 132 ham-taxš /57 134 mâna /165 ni 3 /22, 182, pati-baus /42
dais /23 fra-vaxš /131 ham-yân /191 kan 1 /135, 139, mânya /165 183 pati-jan /25
dan /81 gabawo /196 han-du /23 146 mard /170 nî-gaona /179 patiy /43, 45,
dânâ /81 gač /150 hangmatâna /20 kanpa /67, 69, mard-una /170 niğây /182 109
Dânavo /81 gad /150 hapta /190 76 mâ-tya /164 ni-had /177 pavasta /52
danâxe /81 gaêsa /160 haraiva /189 Kapastay /140 mayûxa /173 ni-jan /176 peleštuk /47
dânô /81 gaêsu /160 hareva /189 kapautaka /140 maz /172 ni-pais /180 pîta /176
dânu /81 gaêtha /160 hašiya /16 kapithe /148 mazah /168 ni-paith /180 pitu /176
danuvatiy /81, gaêtha-nâm hâu 2 /148 kâr /137, 142, mazan /168 ni-pîta /176 ptâta /18, 49
88 /160 hauš /75 145 mazant /172 ni-vart /180 puča /50
dâr /80, 84, 103 gam /8, 20, 22 hauš-a /75 kar 2 /54, 121, Mazaxa /170 nûram /180 queke /66
daraniya /100 gam /53, 63, hauv /148 136 maz-išta /172 Nyâka /182 ra /45, 46, 93
dârayat-vahu 102 hây /155 kar 2 /137, 151, megan /166, pa /2, 13, 33 ra /95
/80 gam /130, 150, hêzum /193 163 169 pa /43, 44, 45 rad /97
darš /83, 87 182 hizana /100 kâra /137, 142, mithra /172 pa /51, 69, 70 râd /67
daršam /83, 87 gam /191 hô /148 145 moghu /166, pa /154 radh /97
dâru /83 gan /7, 20, 29 hu /7, 77, 192 kara 1 /54, 121, 169 pad /42, 53, 54 râdiy /67
dasa /90, 119 gan /30, 46, 55 huška /75 136 muš /129 pâd /42, 53, 54 Raika /98
dasta /5 gan /66, 71, 76 hu-ux-tay /191 kara 1 /137, na 1 /173, 174, pada /42, 53, 54 ram /93
dauša /89 gan /114, 127, hya /148 151, 163 178 pairi-vâra /48 raodah /96, 97
dauštar /89 134 ima /27 kara-manah nada /112, 142, pairi-yân /54 ras 1 /95
dav 2 /23, 100 gan /135, 139, imam /27 /136 175 paith /180 ras 2 /97
daw /90 146 išta /13, 39, 132 Karana /141 Naêma /183 paiti 1 /43, 45, rasa /95
dây /41 gar /156 išta /138, 172, karem /142 Nagan /175 109 râsta /92
dêğa-vâra /92 gaš /155 176 karš /143, 144, Nağan /175 paiti-aok /44 ratha /12
dî /41 gasta /155 -iti /119 149 nâh /41 paiti-grab /46 râu /7, 44
dipi /12, 82 gât /63, 150 jam /22, 102, karši-ptan /144 nâham /41 paiti-jathra /43 raucah /96
dr /80, 84, 103 gâthu /63, 150 130 Karšvar /144 naiba /22, 182, paiti-kara /55 rautah /96, 97
drayah /85 gâtu-bar /150 jam /150 kâs /138 183 paiti-kâra /54 rikša /95
dû /23, 100 gâtuš /63, 150 jamâna /102 kaša /143 naiy /173, 174, paiti-sahva /44 riš /98
dûra /89 gaub /156 jan. /25, 176, kasu /136, 138 178 paiti-xšathra /43 rîz /98
dûraê /89 gaud /6 186 kaufa /148 naktin /197 paity-âra /45 rû /7, 44
duruj /85 gâv /63, 150 jantu /22, 102, Kaz /143, 149 nam /179 pa-nâh /51 rup /93, 148
duš /85 ges /160 130 Kaž /143, 149 nâma /86, 175 pant /51 rupâ /93, 148
duvara /82, 83 gesuk /160 jantu /150 kerma /142 namaiti /179 panta /51 sâ 1 /70, 155
A34
Word Index
škôh /122 tûfek /59 vât-âs /27 xešm /75 Parthian an- /180 ašta /190
snâz /123 tuhîk /62 vaxš-war /185 xêzistan /71 ana /195 â-stana /5
sôk /115, 117 tûrak /62 vây /188 xîm /79, 86 ار an-âhita /9 aštrâ /75
soxvan /110 turftag /59 vâyandak /188 xišt /75 tndwr /60 an-tar /23 â-šyâ /6
sparm /15 turuš /58 vâzîtan /29 xombak /76 Gzn /65, 74, 146 antara /23 athagaina /110,
spâs /44, 107 tuwân /61 vazr /152 xrafstar /73 Gzn /157, 169 an-tare /23 115
spêg /15 tuxš /57 veh /38 xrat /73 anu /195 âthanga /110,
spihr /108 ud /183 vên-âg /41 xros /74 anu-i /195 115
spiš /120 uparô-kušta- vên-âk /41 xrusîten /74 Persian anuv /195 athangaina
spôxtan /108 pâma /33 vênîk /41 xuft /77 anya /9 /110, 115
spož /108 upâyat /31 vêš /41 xvân /77
(Old) aok /44 ati /196
spôzed /108 urvar /25 vêt /40 xvântan /76, 77 ار استانaorâ /10, 18, 25 aurva /14, 164
spynj /108 uskâr /114 vhat-čak /31 xvartan /78 pa /1 aorâ /73 aurvant /14,
srešk /111 uskârd /114 vičir /185, 187 xvastan /74 a- /4, 9, 10 ap 1 /185, 193 164
sriš /113 uzvân /100 vicîtan /185 xvâstan /77 a- /21, 24, 25 apa-ardha /184 aurvat-aspa
srôsh /112 vâ-čar /29 vîgrâs /40 xvatây /72 a- /34, 75, 107 apa-gaudaya /6 /164
srpîn /111 vaf- /29 vîmâr /41 xwâb /77 a- /180 apa-jan /25 au-šaudîhtwei
srubên /111 vafr /33 vinâh /64, 157 yâirka /193 â- /4, 9, 10 apa-vasta /52 /122
stapr /15, 16, vah-âk /39 vinâs /64, 157 yak /194 â- /21, 24, 25 apa-xšad-a /31 ava 1 /10, 18, 25
109 vahânak /39 vîr /187 yâkand /193 â- /34, 75, 107 ar /45, 46, 93 ava 1 /73
star /109 vahâr /39 vîsag /40 yam /64 â- /180 ar /95 ava 2 /194
stârag /109 vajarg /35 vîsak /40 yâmak /54, 63 ab /185, 193 aradra /12 â-vač /9, 131
stârak /109 valg /33 višâtan /155 yam-šît /64 Abâ /29 arašn /13 ava-hya /25, 27
stawr /15, 16, vâmîtan /185 vi-starak /35 yâsak /63 abi /22 arašni /13 ava-jan /25
109 van /37 vi-startan /155 yasn /194 abi-âf /193 arata /12 âvaya /72
stâyîtan /74, vana-vašak /37 vôi /188 yašt /194 abi-âp /193 arda- /13 awa /25, 27
109 vang /30 v-rextan /154 yât /193 abiš /22 arda-stâna /13 ay /31
stêğ /110 vânîtan /37 vurkân /153 yavê-tân /63 abiy /22 ardata /13 â-zâr /4
stôr /109 varâğ /186 vušn /156 yôî /65 adhi-vaina /2, Ardha /129, 184 baešaza /49
šubân /69 vâra-ğna /186 wâd /27 žafr /105 10 ardu /92 baga /21, 36, 40
suft /113 vârân /28 war /32 zalug /99 adi /27 areta /12, 13, baga /41
sûk /115, 117 varavistan /153 warr /185 zamîk /102 adi-sta /27 183 bağa /21, 36, 40
sukur /113 varâz /151 warzâg /186 zânûg /99 adi-var /3 aršan /13, 14, bağa /41
sûlâk /116 vard /30, 156, wastar /5 zânûk /99 adyi /27 75 baga-buxša /52
sumb /114 186 waxšidan /185 žâtûk /63 aesmo /193 aršan /118, 156 bandaka /37
šupân /69 vardâ /156, 186 wêz /40 zîn /4 aêta /27 aršan-aspa /13 baoidi /37, 42
sûr /112, 116 vâren-žar /186 wiğrâd /40 zivandak /105 aeva /194 arštâ /92 bar /9, 16, 28
sûrâk /116 varg /33 wi-hîrîh /160 zivastan /105 aêva /194 aršti /75 bar /32, 34, 57
suš /121 varhrâm /39, winj /157 zôt /103 af /185, 193 arta 2 /12, 13, bar /72, 74, 81
sûsan /117 187 wîzârdan /154 zrê /100 â-gaud /6 183 bar /86, 87, 116
sût /116 varišn /183, 184 Xâk /71 zrih /101 aguru /2 arta-pa /13 bar /150, 167,
šutan /121 vârîtan /28 xâk-astar /71 zufar /105 ahrika /26 arta-xšathra 184
Šypšyr /123 varm /33 xâm /71 zûr /59, 103 aimya /9 /12, 183 bar /185
Tabûrâk /60, varrak /34, 186 xandan /66, 71, zuzag /105 aina /27 as /4, 5, 27 bard- /32
127 vars /152 76 žužag /105 aita /27 âs /5, 72 Bardiya /32
tanûr /60 vart /156, 186 xandan /127, aiva /194 asa /107 basta /35
tarak /59 vartak 1 /33 146 aiva-čiy /192 âsa /5, 72 Batiaxê /28
têr /62 vartak 2 /186 xânîg /66 Pali aivaka /194 asâ-dâru /83 baug /52
têx /62 varzâ /186 xar /72, 74 singivera /102 aiwiš-kar /121 asam /107 bav /37
tihîk /62 vas /35 xâr /71, 73, 77 sakkara /106, âmâd /71 asan /4, 5, 27 bax-ta /31
tirft /61 vassz /185 xar-bâra /74 116, 122 amiy /16 asan /110, 115 baxto-dâta /31
tišn /59 vâstr /184 xastak /74 a-muntha /170 asenga /110, bhe /40
tišnak /59 vastriuš /184 xâstan /71 a-mutha /170 115 bišazka /49
titar /57 vas-yâr /35 xâyak /72 an- /4, 9, 10 as-man /5 braij /33
tôrag /62 vat /32 xâyak-bar /72 an- /21, 24, 25 as-mana /5 brîzi /34
tôxtan /61 vâtâk /185 xâyak-bâr /72 an- /34, 75, 107 ast /16 bûmî /38
A33
Word Index
du-srav /75 gurg /153 kal-pâd /138, makas /170 narkis /176 parî /48 rôğn /97
dûtak-mân /89 gursak /153 139 mân /165 narm /176, 179 pari-sp /70 rôp 1 /93
dûxtan /89 gursakîh /153 kâm /139 mand /171 narmak /179 paristôk /47 rôp 2 /95, 162
dužax /89 gurt /151 kanâr /141 mân-stan /166 nasâ /177 parmûtan /197 ropas /96
ên /27 gurtak /152 kandak /29, 30, maša /169 nasây /177 parr /46 rôpet /95, 162
êr /105 gushn /156 71 mašk /169 nask /177 parvânak /48 rôstâk /96
êrwârag /3 gušn-asp /156 kandak /146 mašyânag /169 naum /181 par-war- /48 rôt 1 /96
êvak /194 gw'zn /159 kaničak /146 mašyôi /169 nax /176 pâsbân /44, 107 rôt 2 /96, 97
ê-var /3 gyân /63 kanik /146 matak /164 nâxun /174 pâšnak /44 rrz /163
farsang /47 hamahl /190 kantan /66, 71, mâtar /164 nâyrig /176 passaxv /44 ruvân /25, 96
farvahr /132 hambâğ /21 76 matax /170 nâz /174 pasux /44 šâd /119
farvartin /132 ham-êmâl /190 kantan /127, maxš /170 nêm /183 pat /32, 39, 54 šağâl /121
farzânak /130 hamêstagân 146 mâyag /164 nêš /182 pat /193 šâh /120, 125
frâmûštan /129 /191 kapast /140 mayân /172 nêš-tar /182 pâtî-frâs /42 sak /114
fra-pîh /130 hamêstâr /191 kapîč /148 mayazd /166, nêv /183 pavak /44 sâl /106
frârôn /129 hammôz- /8 kapik /140 173 nêv-ak /22, 182 pay /42 sâlak /106
frây /132 ham-tôxtan /23 kapôt /140 mâz /166, 173 nêzak /182 pây /1, 42 šaman /123
frêh /132 handâčak /22, kapôtar /140 mazax /170 ni-aš /177 paymōz- /171 samôr /115
frêh-est /132 191 kâpûr /138 mazg /168 ni-âyišn /182 payôs /42 Šamšêr /123
frôt /131, 132 handâm /22 kar-cang /73 meh /168, 172 nibêg /180 paz /45, 124, šân /123
gandag /158 handêš /23 karic /67, 142 mêhan /173 nibištan /180 175 šânag /120
ganj /65, 74, han-dôzh /23 karpu /141 mênîšm /171 niğâyišn /182 pêš /32, 54, 193 šânak /120
146 han-vêxt-an /24 karšift /144 merv /167 ni-ğôšâg /178 pîh /55, 130 sang /110, 115
ganj /157, 169 harg /160 kas /143 mêš /173 ni-har- /61 porsitan /47 šanga-vîr /123
gantum /158 hâsar /188 kaš /143 mêz /164, 168, nihuftan /181 pôst /52 šanôšag /123
gar 1 /151 hâsr /188 katak /141 170 nipêk /180 pound /147 sapûk /66
gar 2 /151 hast /16 kay /148 mîğ /172 nipištan /180 pôy /52 sar /110, 162
gar-âmîk /151 hâvan /189 kayos /148 mij(gan) /168 niš /177 pûdag /52 sâr /106
garân /151 haxt /189 kê /148 miyân /172 nîtan /179 puhl /51 sarb /112
garm /153 hâyîk /72 kêš /148 môr /171 nîvêd /181 pus /50 sarmâk /111
garûk /156 hazâr /189 kištan /138 môrčag /171 niyâk /182 pusag /35 sart /111
gasta /155 hêč /192 kîšvar /144 môy /172 niyâkân /182 pusar /50 sartak /111
gâtan /150 hêr-bed /193 kôf /148 môyak /172 niyâz /182 pûsîtan /52 sarûk /112
gavâzan /159 hišm /75 kôftan /147 môzag /171 omand /171 pûtak /52 sarv /112
gaz- /149 hôstubâr /16 kôr /147 mûčak /171 ômêd /21 puxtag /45, 124 sâstâr /106
gêhân /160 hu-rust /70 kôs- to beat mudar /172 pa /38, 39 rad /93 sâstâreh /106
gêtê /160 huš /192 /147 mudrâk /172 pad /38, 39 radag /94 šatr /124
gêtîk /160 hu-srov /74 kost /33, 143 muhr /172 pa-dâm /51 rag /95 šatri-var /124
gilak /156 im /27 krpwk /141 murdyânag /169 pad-en-dâštan rahg /95 sawsan /117
givâk /63 jagar /64 kulâf /145 murğ /167 /80 rân /93 saxt /110
giyâk /63 jakar /64 kundurûk /115, Murvârît /167 pahlûg /53 Rand /95 šayfur /125
gôhar /160 jân /63 146 must /172 pahrêzišn /48 rang /96 šâyîtan /120
gôn /159 jav /65 kurpak /145 mûtak /197 paiti-dâhišn /42 ranj /95 šêb /125
gorgân /153 jav-az /65 kurrag /143 mutrâk /172 paitiš /32, 54, ranz /95 sêj /118
gort /151 jôî /65 kvart /73 myc /164, 168, 193 râs /59, 93 šêpâk /125
gôy /160 jôyšn /64 kyn /149 170 pâk /44 rasan /94 sêr /118
grây /151 jud /63 lab /162 na-âp /174 pakhšag /50 rasug /93 šêr /125
grih /153 jujag /105 lâbag /161 nab /181 pâlutan (pat- râyomand /93 šêvan /126
griy /154 junbîtan /65 larz /163 nâčuk /174 lutan) /44 rêg /98 Šfšyr /123
groh /153 kac /143, 149 madhax /170 namač /179 panum /51 rêman /98 šîb /125
guftan /156 kač /143, 149 mâdiyânag /164 namâč /179 pâp /27 rêš /98 sîm /118
gugâridan /158 kaf /144 magas /170 namat /179 Pâpak /27 rêšak /98 simôr /115
gumbat /157 kâgad /138 magu /169 namb /179 pârak /43 rextan /1, 97 singiber /123
gunâh /64, 157 kah /139, 148 mâhîg /166 namr /176, 179 pardag /47 rist /94 šîp /124
gund /157 kah-rupâti /148 mâhik /166 namrak /179 par-daz- /47 rist-axez /94 skarw /122
gung /158 maig /170 nân /175 par-hêxtan /48 rîtan /98 škêb /122
A32
Word Index
Indo- sraîš /111, 113 dên-ârius /91 pard /43 arešk /14 azir /105 čâpûk /66
srîš /111, 113 duo /88 ars /18 bâlên /30 čâr /68, 99
Scythian suxra-vard /186 duo-decem /88 arûs /7 bâlîšn /30 čarb /67
هند و س ا thrapu /66 eurôpa /14 Pahlavi arzan /13 balx /36 čarbišn /67
Vata /32 us-kâr-a /114 fascis /129 ârzôk /3 bandak /37 čâšišn /68
Bûnai /34 varedha /94, filum /134 پ لوی arzyz /13 bar /32 čašîtan /68
Byûrru /42 156, 186 fundere /95 âp /1 âs /4, 5, 27 bâr 1 /28, 32 catrang /121
Gan /101 wrda /94, 156, gradi /146 abaxšay /31 âs-âp /4, 5 bâr 2 /28 čêlân /70
Gûysna /159 186 gradus /146 abaxšâyîd /31 a-sâyag /66 barbut /32 čêlânkar /70
Kavûta /140 insula canaria abr /10 asbâr /116 barsum /33 cêr /70
Mûrâ /172 /135 abr-âmûn /10 asêm /118 barzax /33 čêrîh /70
Raup 1 /95, 162 Italian lôtus /161 abzâr /11 âsîn /10 bâtak /28 cigôn /159
Uysgani /101 malus persica abzû- /19 âškârâg /6 bavarak /31 Cîrâğ /67, 111,
scalo /17 âdênak /91
var /33 bronzo /34 /50 aškumb /18 bâxr /36 121
Xad /74 mamma /165 adhvênak /2, 10 âs-mân /5 bâxtan /29 cy /149
calibro /139 afdom /6
Yau 1 /65 commerci /157 Mantil /171 afsârtan /19
ašnûdan /124 bâxtri /36 dâdâr /79
Zi /91, 104 cuffia /148 mâter /165 ašôg /18 bâž /29 dah /90
melancholia âğ /2, 7, 12 asp /15 bâza /29 dâhišn /80
doccione /89 âgur /2
fascismo /129 /165 aspast /7, 15, bazm /35 dâm /80
âhên /10
Iranian mazazzino /169 merx /157 ahrav /18
133 bazurk /35 dâmât /81
numero /179 muskus /169 aspasti /7, 133 bê /40 dard /83
ایرا traffico /58 ne /24 ahru /18 Âspiyan /1 bêh /38 darîtan /85
vâz /29 negâre /24 âhûg /10 asšârdan /19 bênîk /41 dart /85
daux /89 numerus /179 ahûk /10 ast /16 bêš 2 /41 dâs /40, 80
dauxš /89 orchis /14 âhûk /10 astag /16 bešazak /49 dašn /86
davč /88 Japanese pâuo /126 aj /14 astak /16 bêvar /42 dâsr /79
dhauğ /89 shôyû /117 pâvô /126 -ak /136 astar /16 bêvar-asp /42 dâštan /80
duč /88 pollen /28, 52 âk /2, 7, 12 astô-bân /109 bhâyaka /41 dast-war /86
duk /88 rex /97 almâs /21 âstôbân /74 Bistak /50 dâtan /42, 79,
Gabbah /134, Latin saccharon /116 alûh /8 astô-bâr /16 bôt /31 80
140 arêre /2 sâpô /126 â-lutan /7 astuxan /16 bôt-katak /141 dâtastân /80
lap /162 alchymia /125, scâlae /17 alvend /14 âstvân /74, 109 bôxtan /52 davîtan /90
partaka /47 126 se-mitita /114 amâg /164 âšûp /6 bôzišn /52 dâyag /81
vasa /31 aqua /8 senior /115 amâh /164 âšûptak /144 brahnak /34 dêbâg /90
vata /32 aquilus /8 serere /112 Âmon /8, 10 âtur /2 brîdan /34 deh /90
vawža /185 ara /2, 190 serum /112 anâr /21 âtur-pât /2 brištag /33 denâr /91
vâz /35, 152 arêre /190 sigillatus /110 anârgîl /174 avâ /25, 27 brûk /11 dêpâk /90, 91
wâz /29, 35, 152 bis /88 signum /17, ang /24 avâm /185 buc /34 dih /90
boronzium /34 110, 113 angubin /24 avâ-šâm /27 buf /38 dîk /90
bûcina /38 situla /113 ânîtan /179 avr /10 bûm 1 /38 dîl /87
anôšak /24, 25, av-xur /2
Iranian caedere /136 sodanum /110
180
bûm 2 /38 dilêr /87
camisia /135 stabulum /16 âwanos /1 bûmahan /38 dîn /91
(old) Campania /134 strata /126 anôšak-ruvân âwarzog /3 bun /37 dînkart /91
ایرا استانcampus /134 trachôma /57 /25 awdum /6 bun-dât /37 diram /84
Xšarta /19 canalis /139 tunica /60 a-pâč /29 awr /10 burtan /28, 32, dîtan /91
čam /69, 139 canis /135 apâm /185 awsartan /19 34 diz /85
kar /114 carta /137 apar /32 a-xrâm /73 bûy /37 dôxtan /88, 89
kâr /114 castellum /135 Latin apârôn /184 axtar /12, 27 bûž /34 drai-âp /85
lakata /163 caucasus /135 â-pât /1 ayâ /193 bw /37 dram /84
nâz /174 cedrus /110
(Middle) â-pât-ân /1 ayâb /193 bwd /38 drâyî /83
paud /52 comerx /157 talcum /56 apâxtar /12, 27, ayâf /193 cačak /31 driyôš /84
paud-a /52 crassus /154 36 ayâo /193 čâdur /66 drôg /85
rakata /163 crî-bellâre /128 â-pây /1 âyât /193 čâh /66 drôš /84
Rarz /163 cuppa /20, 126 Medit âp-rex /1, 11 âz /4 čakât /68 druvand /85
Skaip /122 cymbalon /126 parnas /43 a-purn-ây /34 azak /15 cakôč /66 dûd /89
ârd /3 azg /15 čand /69 dûšitan /89
A31
Word Index
Reg 1 /18, 92, Skabh /45 Sresk /111 Tač /47 Tex /62 Weid /187 Wes 4 /184
94 Skai /70, 107, Sreu /95, 96, 97 Tâl /56 Thranč /59 Weidh /40, 42 Wes 5 /39
Reg 1 /97 171 Sreu /112 Tanûr /60 Tiegu /118 Weik /9, 24, 40 Wet /31
Reg 2 /94, 96, Skaivos /124 Srisâ /14 Tar /4, 32, 40 Titi /62 Weis /41 Wi /35, 40, 41
161 Skand 1 /17 Stâ /5, 6, 12 Tar /45, 77, 81 Trei /117 Wek /35 Wi /64, 149, 150
Rei 1 /92, 93 Skand 2 /122 Stâ /16, 27, 36 Tar /82, 164 Trenk /59 Wekw /9, 30, 49 Wi /151, 154,
Rei 2 /98 Skarf /122 Stâ /47, 55, 109 Tât /82 Trep /66 Wekw /76, 131, 155
Rek /94 Sked /66 Stâ /110, 120, Tâta /82 Tres /58, 117 158 Wi /157, 158,
Rem /45, 73, 93 Skeht /69 130 Tauj /23 Trp /61 Wekw /180, 160
Rêp /95 Skel /122, 123, Stâ /155 Tauro /63 Tu /61 184, 185 Wi /185, 187,
Resg /95 136 Stâi /108 Taurus /109 Tuer /61 Wel 1 /3, 30, 188
Ret /12, 59, 93 Skel /144 Staurus /109 Teig /62, 82, Tulupos /58 124 Wiač /157
Ret /94 Skêl /114 Stebh /15, 16, 110 Tur /61 Wel 1 /153 Win /188
Rêu /163 Sker 1 /141 109 Teig /149 Turd /58 Wel 2 /9, 152, Wiros /187
Reudh /97 Sker 2 /21, 67, Steg /56, 57 Tek /47 Tuxš /57 153 Wlkwo /153
Reug /3 78 Steig /62, 82, Teku /22, 46, 56 Ud 1 /4, 17, 18 Wel 2 /185 Wlp /62, 96
Reughmen /97 Sker 2 /112, 110 Teku /57, 150 Ud 1 /25, 100, Wel 3 /28, 123, Wog /185
Reuto /18, 96 114, 116 Steig /149 Tel /58 104 183 Wok /183
Rezg /95 Sker 2 /118, Ster 1 /35, 71, Tem /59 Ud 1 /108, 110, Wel 3 /184, 185 Wokso /184
Rk-tho /14, 73 122, 128 126 Temp /1, 10, 50 114 Wel 4 /185 Wopsâ /185
Rup /113 Sker 2 /137, Ster 1 /155 Temp /56, 57, Ud 2 /28, 186 Welâ /152 Word /94, 156,
Sâd /66 139, 141 Ster 2 /109 58 Uê /183 Wem /185 186
Sâen /188 Sker 2 /155 Ster 3 /58, 59 Temp /60, 61, Ulk /62, 96 Wema /185 Wordos /30
Sâi /115, 155, Skeu /122, 148 Ster 4 /109 62 Ulkos /62, 96 Wen /37 Wortoko /186
188 Skêu /123 Stern /59 Temp /132, 160 Uper /32 Wep /33 Wreg /151
Sam /188 Skeud /68 Sterp /58, 59 Ten 1 /1, 10, 50 Upo /1, 21, 30 Wer 1 /131, 185 Wropal /147,
Saus /75 Skhai /70, 136 Steu /74, 109 Ten 1 /56, 57, Upo /31, 32, 33 Wer 2 /134, 159
Sâwel /70, 72, Skordh /73 Stewe /61 58 Upo /39, 45, 50 142, 147 Xšai /126
78 Sku /78, 114, Stoigh /16 Ten 1 /60, 61, Upo /51 Wer 2 /151, Yâ /63
Sâwel /129, 132, 137 Stomen /16 62 Urigh /34 152, 159 Yad /182
181 Sku /147 Storos /106 Ten 1 /132, 160 Uroiks /98 Wer 2 /180, 186 Yag /26, 64, 167
Sâwel /188 Smer /8, 123, Su 1 /7, 10, 13 Ten 2 /60 Wâ /187 Wer 3 /28, 39, Yamb /65
Sê /113 157 Su 1 /25, 38, 39 Tenk /58, 60, 62 Wač /183 48 Yaš /177
Sed /50, 73, 176 Smer /166 Su 1 /70, 72, 73 Tenk /94 Wai /185 Wer 3 /92, 132, Yau 2 /63
Sed /177 Snâ /18, 123 Su 1 /74, 75, 76 Tenu /1, 50, 60 Wakâ /186 160 Yauj /37, 54,
Seiku /50, 79 Sneigwh /115 Su 1 /77, 80, Tenu /62 Wâka /186 Wer 3 /183, 187 103
Seip /126 Sneu /115 129 Tep /6, 46, 55 War /9, 152, Wer 4 /28, 186 Yauj /135
Seks /119 So /25, 27, 148 Su 2 /78, 113 Tep /56, 57, 120 153 Wer 5 /114 Yekwer /64
Sekw /14, 17, Sol /73 Su(m)b /116, Tep /172 War /185 Wer 6 /186 Yem /64, 87
110 Spek /44, 107, 126 Ter 1 /23, 57, Warš /153 Werd /30 Yes /64, 65
Sekw /113, 119 114 Suîğ /71, 94 111 Warz /48 Werdh /158, Yeu 1 /37, 54,
Selh /160 Spelgh /107 Sup /113 Ter 1 /151 We /187 184 103
Selp /67 Spen /55 Svas /74 Ter 2 /4, 32, 40 Wê /23, 27, 182 Weren /34, 186 Yeu 1 /135
Sem /20, 21, 22 Sper /47, 106 Swâd /77 Ter 2 /45, 77, 81 Webh /29, 185 Werg 1 /14, 186 Yeu 2 /65
Sem /23, 24, 46 Spereg /15, 17 Swei /125 Ter 2 /82, 164 Wedh 1 /42 Werg 2 /28, 39, Yeu 3 /64
Sem /114, 183, Sphê /134 Sweib /125 Terp 1 /59 Wedh 2 /160 48 Yeu 4 /63
188 Sphel /107 Sweid /79 Terp 2 /58, 59 Weg 1 /184 Werg 2 /92, yeu-dh /64
Sêmi /183 Spher /107, 108 Swekwo /11 Ters /59 Weg 2 /29, 35, 132, 160 Yôs /54, 63, 102
Sen /115 Spongo /17, 108 Swel /2, 78 Teter /57 152 Werg 2 /183, Yu /123
Ser 1 /95, 96, 97 Spyeu /59 Swen /20, 76, Têu /57, 61, 62 Wegh /29, 48, 187 Zgwes /100
Ser 1 /112 Srau /74, 75, 77 Têu /63, 110 187 Wes 1 /18, 30,
Ser 3 /112, 188 111 Swep /77 Teub /61, 115, Wêğo /187 78
Sernh /14 Srau /112, 124 Swer /71, 74, 76 117 Wegwh /44 Wes 1 /100
Seu 1 /72, 77, Srêm /95, 96, Swer /78 Teuk /57 Wei 1 /40 Wes 2 /39
78 112 Swerd /77 Teup /56 Wei 2 /187 Wes 3 /5, 30, 39
Seu 3 /96 Srêno /93 Swe-sor /77 Teus /62 Weid /17, 25, 49 Wes 3 /52
A30
Word Index
koruos /141 Kwen 2 /69, 139 Lêsos /161 Mei 3 /114 Mûk /171 Nôğ /174 Per 2 /28, 51,
Kost /33, 143 Kwen 3 /5 Letro /162 Mei 4 /172 Mus /170 Nogh /174 129
Krep /73 Kwer /24, 47, 54 Leu /7, 44 Mei 5 /185 Nâ /51 Nogw /34, 178 Per 3 /9, 32, 37
Kreu /135, 145 Kwer /55, 64, 66 Leudh /70, 94, Mei 6 /157 Nabja /180 Nomn /86, 175 Per 3 /38, 42, 43
Ksei 1 /12, 20, Kwer /80, 114, 96 Meig /9 Nana /180 Nu /180, 181 Per 3 /44, 45, 46
43 119 Leudh /97 Meigh 1 /157, Nas /41, 177 Oies /79 Per 3 /48, 49, 53
Ksei 1 /75, 120, Kwer /121, 136, Leuk /3, 19, 93 173 Nâs /41, 177 Ôku /10, 144 Per 3 /54, 55
124 137 Leuk /94, 96, 97 Meigh 2 /168, Nask /176 Om /71 Per 4 /43
Ksei 1 /125, 183 Kwer /151, 155, Leup /93, 148 172 Nau /175 Ome /14 Perd /43, 44
Ksei 2 /64, 75, 158 Lithra /95 Meit 1 /173 Ndheros /105 Op /77 Perg /175
78 Kwer /161, 163, Lohrk /93 Meit 2 /173 Ndhos /105 Opop /52 Perk 1 /42, 47
Ksei 2 /93, 97, 178 Longos /163 Mel 1 /165 Ne 1 /4, 9, 10 Orghi /14 Perk 2 /53
125 Kwer /185, 187 Lrğ /163 Mel 2 /165 Ne 1 /17, 21, 24 Ost /16 Per-per-os /131
Ksen /120 Kwermi /134, Mâ /164, 165 Mel 3 /170 Ne 1 /25, 34, 75 Ôus /104 Pers /43, 44
Ksengio /65, 142, 147 Mač /164, 168, Mêlg /8, 47, 129 Ne 1 /107, 110, Ow /72 Persna /44
102 Kwermi /151, 170 Mêlg /165, 167, 118 Ozgho /15 Pestêno /49
Ksero /20 152, 159 Mad /165, 166, 168 Ne 1 /173, 174, Pa /1, 2, 13 Pet 1 /18, 49,
Kseubh /6, 144 Kwermi /180, 168 Men 1 /26, 39, 178 Pa /27, 33, 43 144
Kseud /121, 124 186 Magh /166, 169, 49 Ne 1 /180 Pa /44, 45, 51 Pet 2 /53
Ksîp /124, 125, Kwes /121 171 Men 1 /86, 136, Ne 2 /164 Pa /69, 70, 109 Peu /44
177 Kwetwer /67, Mai 1 /185 157 Nebh /10, 178, Pa /154, 181 Peua /52
Ksîro /125 69, 70 Mai 2 /157 Men 1 /165, 179 Pad- /35 Peud /52
Ksudros /73 Kwetwer /121 Maič /164, 168, 167, 171 Nebh /180 Pais /49 Peuk /108
Kû 1 /135, 138, Kweye /6, 119 170 Men 1 /173, 176 Ned /177 Paita /47, 129 Pilo /55
139 Kwo /69, 143, Maiša /169, 173 Men 2 /21, 166 Nedo /112, 142, Parîkâ /48 Pin /134
Kû 2 /116 147 Mait 1 /173 Men-dh /26, 174 Parn /46 Plat /129
Kuâtos /139, Kwon /18, 107, Mait 2 /173 167 Nedo /175 Part /175 Plou /50
148 114 Mako /170 Mênôt /166, Nei 1 /22, 164, Pa-ter /45 Pô /42, 176
Kuei /108 Kwon /135 Mân /5, 166 172 182 Pauk /50 Pod /42, 51, 53
Kund /146 Kwri /74 Manu /171 Menth 1 /169 Nei 1 /183 Pe /42, 176 Pod /54, 138,
Kung /145 Kwsep /120 Marš /71, 129 Menth 2 /171 Nei 2 /179 Peg /51 139
Kûp /140 Lâ /161 Marz? /8, 47, Mer 1 /8, 123, Nek /64, 131, Peî /24, 52, 55 Pôl /45, 115
Kur /147 Lâiô /162 129 157 157 Peî /86, 88, 130 Porkwos /43
Kûr /147 Lak /162 Marz? /165, Mer 1 /166 Nek /177 Peig /54, 180 Porno /46
Kur-wo /141 Lakš /163 167, 168 Mer 2 /21, 49, Neku /5 Pek /50, 69 Pos /49
Kut /147 Lakt /162 Mat /8 71 Nem 1 /175, Peku /50, 69 Pôu /1, 40, 50
Kut-no /78, 137, lal 1 /161 Mâ-ter /164 Mer 2 /129, 179 Pekw /45, 124, Prî /7
147 Lalla /161 Mauč /8 149, 165 Nem 2 /179 175 Pu /52
Kwal /142 Lanğ /95 Maud /172 Mer 2 /166, Nembh /10, Pel 1 /10, 34, 46 Puk 1 /35
Kwei 1 /149 Lap-aro /161 Maz /165 167, 169 178, 179 Pel 1 /48, 108, Puk 2 /50
Kwei 2 /22, 46, Lêb /162 Me 1 /4, 5, 8 Mer 2 /170 Nembh /180 130 Qusêro /71
61 Legwh /161 Me 1 /41, 48, 55 Merg /167 Nepôt /181 Pel 1 /132 Raič /1, 11, 48
Kwei 2 /70, 154 Lehk /163 Me 1 /131, 166, Merk /157 Neptis /181 Pel 2 /43, 53 Raič /97, 143,
Kweis /148 Lêi /162 172 Mers /71, 129 Ner 1 /17, 176 Pel 3 /28, 52 154
Kwek /7, 68, Leig /8 Me 1 /179 Meug /170 Ner 2 /176 Pelpel /48 Raip /132
158 Leigh 1 /164 Me 2 /170 Meuk 1 /168 Neu /174, 181 Pelu /48, 130 Raiš /98
Kwek /178 Leigh 2 /1, 11, Mê 3 /164 Meuk 2 /171 Newn /181 Pend /55 Rand /95
Kwel /29, 67, 68 48 Med /41 Miždho /167 Newo /180, 181 Penkwe /51 Ranj /95
Kwel /99, 127, Leigh 2 /97, 143, Medhyo /172 Moisos /169, Nî /175, 176, Pent /51 Raud 1 /163
137 154 Meg /168, 172 173 177 Per 1 /43, 46, 47 Raud 2 /70, 94,
Kwel /138, 139, Leip /132 Meh /170 Mor-to /21, 166 Nî /178, 179, Per 1 /48, 49, 50 96
144 Leith /94 Mehdhu /170, Morwi /171 180 Per 1 /53, 54, Raud 2 /97
Kwel /154 Lek 1 /163 171, 172 Moudh /172 Nî /181, 182, 129 Raup 2 /93, 148
Kwem /5 Lek 2 /163 Mehlit /171 Mozgo /168 183 Per 1 /130, 131, Raxš /163
Kwen 1 /17, 19, Leng /163 Mei 1 /166, 173 Mu /169, 171 Nis /182 132 Redh /92, 97
159 Lep /161 Mei 2 /173 Mû /170 Nobh /174 Per 1 /133
A29
Word Index
En /3, 23, 27 Gêu 1 /179 Gnauh /128 Gwhen 2 /39, Kâ /139 Keg /69, 126, Kers /67, 115,
Ens /26 Geu 2 /11, 19, Gnô /81, 102, 43, 100 Kâd /106 141 126
Er /14, 45, 46 103 123 Gwhen 2 /104, Kai /147 Kei 1 /106, 117, Kers /141, 142,
Er /93, 95, 98 Geu 3 /65 Gnô /130 155, 176 Kai-Ko /147 118 149
Er /164 Geuga /160 Gogel /154 Gwhen 2 /186 Kaiš /148 Kei 1 /119 Kes /75, 76, 120
Ere /14 Geulo /92, 113 Gong /157 Gwhen 3 /7, 17, Kâk /119, 122 Kei 2 /121 Kes /124
Erek /95 Geulos /160 Gram /128 20 Kak 1 /106, 110, Kei 3 /14 Ket /141
Eres 1 /14, 95, Geus /89 Gras /127 Gwhen 3 /29, 113 Keku /66, 68 Keu 1 /112, 116
98 Ghâgwh /99 Grath /153 30, 46 Kak 2 /138 Kel 1 /1, 19, 106 Keu 2 /116, 126
Eres 2 /75 Ghaido /99 Gredh /146, 151 Gwhen 3 /55, Kak 3 /136, 138 Kel 1 /111 Keu 3 /122, 148
Ergh /14 Ghaise /11, 103 Grnom /4, 13, 66, 71 Kakis /114 Kel 2 /145 Keub /20, 76,
Ersen /13, 75, Ghait /160 99 Gwhen 3 /76, Kakka /144 Kel 3 /145 101
118 Ghans /127 Grnom /100, 114, 123 Kam 1 /145 Kel 4 /68 Keub /112, 126,
Ersen /156 Gharš /155 105, 158 Gwhen 3 /134, Kam 2 /67, 69, Kel 5 /138 128
Es-ti /16 Ghdhem /7, 77, Gulgul /128 139, 146 76 Kelewo /141, Keub /140, 148,
Ěter /77 102 Gumnos /178 Gwher /153 Kam 2 /134, 145 142 157
Eueguh /44 Ghdies /90 Gunos /178 Gwhi /103, 134 Kamma /145 Kem 1 /118 Keub /158, 159,
Fšan /120 Ghebh-el /136, Gurdos 1 /151 Gwou /61, 147, Kamp /67, 69, Kem 2 /135 160
Gahz /6 148 Gurdos 2 /159 150 76 Ken 1 /146 Keub /179
Gaip /160 Ghei 1 /90, 101 Gwa /6, 8, 20 Gwou /159, 181 Kamp /134, 145 Ken 2 /7, 17, 20 Keued /178
Gal /154, 156 Ghei 2 /11, 102, Gwa /22, 53, 63 Gwôu /61, 147 Kand /115, 136, Ken 2 /29, 30, Keuk /19, 111,
Gang /158 103 Gwa /102, 130, Had /50, 73, 176 146 46 116
Gargelos /128 Ghei 2 /105, 152 150 Had /177 Kap /68, 135, Ken 2 /55, 66, Keuk /117, 186
Garz 1 /152 Ghêi 3 /128 Gwa /182 Hai /115, 155, 148 71 Keup /20, 76,
Garz 2 /154, 156 Gheis /101 Gwag /99, 101, 188 Kapho /113, 114 Ken 2 /76, 114, 101
Ǧaulos /103 Ghel /3, 100, 105 Haič /50, 79 Kapolo /145 123 Keup /112, 126,
Gaz /149 101 Gwebh /105 Har /23, 39, 80 Kaput /145 Ken 2 /134, 139, 128
Gêi /150, 182 Ghel /104, 165 Gwed /182 Har /83, 84, 103 Kar 1 /71, 72, 73 146 Keup /140, 148,
Geibh /160 Gheled /105 Gwedh /155, Harh /160 Kar 1 /74, 134, Keng /69, 126, 157
Gel 1 /143, 156, Ghengh /65, 158 Harn /14 146 141 Keup /158, 159,
160 102 Gwei /4, 105, Hau 2 /96 Kar 2 /24, 47, 54 Kens /19 160
Gel 2 /99 Gher /4, 64, 135 149 Hauš /75 Kar 2 /55, 64, 66 Ker 1 /19, 102, Keup /179
Gelt /143 Ghers /155 Gwei /160 Hmar /8, 123, Kar 2 /80, 114, 110 Khâd /72
Gelu /99 Gherto /6, 131 Gweie /104, 150 157 119 Ker 1 /112, 123, Ki /67
Geme /81 Ghesto /5 Gwel 1 /11, 152 Hmar /166 Kar 2 /121, 136, 136 Kiês /106
Gene /4, 99, 130 Gheu /95, 103, Gwel 2 /52, 133 Huaid /79 137 Ker 1 /162 Kiph /118, 121
Gene /134, 173, 125 Gwen /102 Huan /20, 76, 77 Kar 2 /151, 155, Ker 2 /21, 67, 78 Klei /20
176 Gheu /149 Gwer 1 /151 Huar /71 158 Ker 2 /112, 114, Klem /123
Geng /157 Gheu-bh /156 Gwer 2 /54, Hwar /77 Kar 2 /161, 163, 116 Kleu /74, 75,
Genu 1 /99, 159 Gheugh /6 151, 152 I 1 /31, 63, 64 178 Ker 2 /118, 122, 111
Genu 2 /66 Ghlâd /100, 101 Gwer 2 /154 I 2 /26, 27, 183 Kar 2 /185, 187 128 Kleu /112, 124
Geph /101 Ghordho /64 Gwer 3 /53, Iaš /177 Kard /138 Ker 2 /137, 139, Klêu /145
Ger 1 /153 Ghosh /159, 128, 154 Iâtom /63 Karš /143, 144, 141 Klis /111, 113
Ger 2 /4, 13, 99 178, 183 Gwer 3 /156, Ies /64, 65 149 Ker 2 /155 Klou-ni /112
Ger 2 /100, 105, Ghou-ro-s /159 158 Ieuo /65 Kas /135 Ker 3 /74, 111, Koi-to /14
158 Ghrebh 1 /46, Gwer 4 /151 Isto /13, 39, 132 Kas 1 /7, 68, 158 142 Koksâ /143
Ger 3 /40 153 Gwhder /119 Isto /138, 172, Kas 1 /178 Ker 4 /67, 115, Kolemos /135
Ger 4 /99, 128 Ghrebh 2 /159 Gwhedh /72, 176 Kas 2 /136, 138 126 Korkâ /106, 116,
Gêu 1 /20, 76, Ghrem /128 150 Jai /4, 105, 149 Kâs 3 /44, 106, Ker 4 /141, 142, 122
101 Ghu 1 /72, 156 Gwheh /6 Jai /160 110 149 Kormen /115
Gêu 1 /112, Ghu 2 /100 Gwhen 1 /127, Jan /4, 24, 25 Kâu 1 /143, 147, Ker 5 /147 Kormo /121
126, 128 Ghuel /59, 103 135, 136 Jan /39, 43, 100 148 Kerd 1 /87 Koro /137, 141,
Gêu 1 /140, Ghûk /128 Gwhen 1 /143 Jan /104, 155, Kau 2 /140, 148 Kerd 2 /111 142
148, 157 Ghu-to /72 Gwhen 2 /4, 24, 176 Kaus /147 Kerdh /73 Koro /145
Gêu 1 /158, Gieu /65 25 Jan /186 Ke /107 Kerk /153 Kor-ôna /141
159, 160 Glei /85, 100 Jiau /65 Koros /141
A28
Word Index
kephalê /136, Sphallein /17, Aghlo /2, 7, 12 Ar 2 /164 Bher 1 /81, 86, Darh /83 Dheu 1 /90
148 101 Aidh /75 Arg /13 87 Darz /23, 39, 80 Dheu 2 /23, 89,
keras /136 spongos /17, Aig- /15 Ario /3, 13, 26 Bher 1 /116, Darz /83, 84, 127
keration /136 108 Aios /10 Arš /14 150, 167 103 Dheu 3 /23, 100
kêros /136 stoixeion /16 Aiw /34, 63, 72 Aryo /3, 13, 26 Bher 1 /184, Dê /80, 92 Dheugh /4, 40,
kithara /160 sûs-philos /113 Ak /4, 5, 27 As /2 185 Dei /90, 92, 99 82
kleidos /145 taranjîdan /59 Ak /107, 110, Asksâ /5 Bher 2 /33 Deik /91 Dheugh /89
klîma /20 telesma /127 115 Ater /2 Bher 3 /34 Dek /82, 86 Dheye /2, 10, 23
koite /14 telos /127 Akos /136 Âtos /1, 82 Bher 4 /31, 38 Dekm /41, 70, Dheye /41, 45,
kôlon /136 tiara /56 Akru /18 Au /10, 18, 25 Bhereg /32 88 63
ksniô /120 toranj /59 Aksas /5 Au /73 Bhergh /3, 29, Dekm /90, 91, Dheye /91, 118
ku-klos /127 traxus /57 Akwa /8 Au 1 /27, 183 30 117 Dhîs /90
lâdon /161 tuphos /127 Al 1 /3, 13, 26 Aueg /37, 54 Bhergh /32, 33, Dekm /119, 126 Dhragh 1 /84
litra /95 tuphun /127 Al 2 /3 Aug /185 35 Deks /86 Dhragh 2 /57
lôtos /161 xêma /126, 149 Âlêiô /9 Aulos /3 Bhergh /36, 132 Del /82, 84 Dhreu /83
malagma /170 xêros /20 Alek /17, 161, Aus 1 /6, 24, 25 Bheru /36 Dem /89, 152, Dhreugh /85
maraino /167 xiphos /118 163 Aus 1 /141, 159, Bheu /25, 31, 37 165 Dhugh-tar /4,
marmaros /167 xolê /165 Algwh /12 178 Bheu /38 Dema /21, 80 40, 82
mastixê /169 xronos /135 Ambhi /5, 18, 19 Aus 1 /180, 183 Bheudh /37, 42 Denk /82, 88 Dhûs /90
maxanikon /171 xymeia /125, Ambhi /20, 22, Aus 2 /39 Bheug /52 Dens /86 Dhwer /82, 83
melan-xolia 149 120 Ausus /39 Bhilo /113, 133 Deph /87 Dkm-tom /90,
/165 Zeus /99 Ambhi /121 Aw /72, 188 Bhôi /41 Der 1 /84, 85, 126
mustax /169 ziggiberis /102 Ambhô /22 Aweg /185 Bhôu /38 182 Dnt /88
naphta /178 zonarion /102 Ambhô-Bhor Ayer /43 Bhra-ter /32 Der 2 /85 Dô /17, 36, 42
nardos /174 zônê /102 /22 Az /4, 65, 182 Bhreus /32 Derk /58 Dô /79, 80, 90
narkê /176 zugon /103, 135 An 1 /26, 33, 89 Baba /31, 32 Bhru 1 /11 Deru /80, 83, 85 Dont /88
narkissos /176 An 2 /9, 23 Bamb /36 Bhru 2 /30 Deu 1 /89 Dous /89
natron /178 An 3 /4, 9, 10 Banz /28, 81 Bhugo /34 Deu 2 /89 Drau /83
nomos /175 Hebrew An 3 /17, 21, 24 Barbarah /31, Bhun /37 Deuk /88, 89 Drauh /84, 85,
obolos /52, 133 Âdhâmah /2 An 3 /25, 34, 75 32 Blou /50 Dhars /83, 87 182
opion /11 `erebh /14 An 3 /107, 110, Baud /38 Bu /38 Dhê 1 /81 Drauš /84
opos /11 Âdam /2 118 Beu 1 /37, 38 Ĉag /66 Dhê 2 /2, 18, 22 Dregh /84
organon /14 bâsam /36 An 3 /173, 174, Beu 2 /38 Ĉai /22, 46, 61 Dhê 2 /26, 51, Drep /84
orxis /14 hânan /194 178 Bhâ 1 /30, 129 Ĉai /70, 154 79 Dumb /60, 87,
persis /50 kuttoneth /60 An 3 /180 Bhâ 2 /49 Ĉak /66 Dhê 2 /80, 81, 88
phânôs /129 nither /178 Ang /24, 105, Bhag /21, 29, 31 Ĉap 1 /66 86 Dus /85, 86, 87
philos /113, 133 Qâter /110 121 Bhag /32, 35, 36 Ĉap 2 /68, 135, Dhê 2 /102, 104, Dus /88, 89, 105
philo-sophos šâbat /107, 123 Ang /164 Bhag /39, 40, 41 148 167 Dwo /11, 41, 88
/133 Angh /4, 65, 182 Bhâghu /29 Ĉat /69 Dhê 2 /175, 181 Dwo /90, 92
phôs /129 Angwhi /15 Bhag-los /32, 35 Ĉaud /68 Dhedh /82 Ed /5, 7, 15
pinakx /134 Anôr /21 Bhag-mos /32, Ĉiah /6, 119 Dhêdh /82 Ed /73, 88, 133
psallein /115 Hindustani Ansu /26, 33, 89 35 Ĉîah /119 Dhegh /80, 82, Ed /142, 174
rhodon /94 pankâ /51 An-teros /23 Bhê /27, 36 Ĉîam /5 92 Ed-ont /88
sakkaron /116 jangal /65 Ap /185 Bheğh /29, 31, Ĉiau /121 Dhegh /113, Eis 1 /75
sandarak /115 sâgun /106 Apo /2, 3, 6 40 Ĉih /67 133, 150 Ekwos /7, 12, 13
sapôn /126 Apo /7, 8, 9 Bheğh-iks /31 Dâ 1 /40, 80, 81 Dheigh /47, 85, Ekwos /15, 16,
sema /118 Apo /10, 31, 49 Bhel /30, 33 Dâ 1 /90 91 62
Sêma /118 Indo- Apo /52, 107, Bhendh /35, 37, Dâ 2 /81 Dheigh /92 Ekwos /63, 116,
skhelos /144
skopos /114
European 184 Ar 1 /3, 12, 13
83
Bhendh /129
Dabh /81
Dâbh /81
Dhem /87
Dhe-mnâ /81
133
Ekwos /153,
sophisma /113 Ab 1 /1, 2, 5 Ar 1 /18, 53, 67 Bhengh /28, 81 Dah 1 /81 Dhen /81, 88 156, 164
Sophos /113, Ab 1 /6, 11, 22 Ar 1 /92, 93, Bher 1 /9, 16, 22 Dah 2 /80, 92 Dher 1 /23, 39, Ekwos /188
133 Ab 1 /85, 104, 183 Bher 1 /28, 32, Danh /86 80 El 1 /3, 13
spairen /108 174 Ar 1 /188 34 Dânu /81 Dher 1 /83, 84, El 2 /7
sphaira /108 Ag /58 Ar 2 /14, 45, 46 Bher 1 /57, 72, Darb /84 103 Embhi /24
Agh /2, 7, 12 Ar 2 /93, 95, 98 74 Darf /84 Dher 2 /57 Ěmos /164
A27
Word Index
xšây /75, 120, xvasta /74 yima-xšaetem zareta /3, 100, Ĉ'a /67 French asparagos /17
124 xv-âthra /77 /64 101 Chiang-yu /117 are /2 a-sphallein /17,
xšây /125 xvîsat /71, 94 yô /26 zarmân /100 Chou-shu /124 algorisme /7 101
xšaya-aršan /75 xwâd /77 yu /63 zarš /155, 196 Xalen /72 assignat /17 asphaltos /17,
xši /75, 120, 124 xwaf /77 yuj /194 zaršayamna cafe' /138 101
xši /125 xwafsa /77 yûš /123 /196 canari /135 balsamon /36
Xšî /126 xwan /20, 76, 77 yûšmat /123 zarwân /4 Dutch caravane /137 barbitos /32
xšip /125, 177 xwap /77 yuvan /65 zasta /5 soja /117 carte /137 beryllos /36
xšîra /125 xwar /2, 78 yuxta /194 zâta /173 chimie /125, Ĉartês /134, 137
xšnaw /74, 75, xwarô /78 yvan /65 žata /4, 39, 100 126 chronos /135
111 xwâs /77 zâ 1 /196 žata /155 daman /21
xšnaw /112, 124 xwa-tam /78 zâ 2 /104 zaurva /4 Egyptian congres /146
Dânao /81
Hebni /1 douzaine /88
xšnu /74, 75, xwa-tô /78 ža 3 /150 Zauša /103 europe /14 di /11, 92
111 ya /87, 193 zâ-dhana /104 zav 1 /100 Elu-ephas /55 dia /11, 92
xšnu /112, 124 yâ /63 zaem /90 zav 2 /103 khem /126, 149 fascism /129 dia-ballein /11
Šôšen /117 fil /134
xšôithmi /75, yaêš /198 zaêman /11 zava /19, 103 filet /134 diabolos /11
78, 97 yaešyaiti /64 zaêmi /11 zavah /11, 103 flute /133 dia-dein /92
xšôithmi /125 yah 1 /64, 65 zaêna 1 /11, zavaiti /72 gaze /149 dia-dêma /92
xšudra /124 yâh 2 /63 102, 103 zâvar /11, 103 English grade /146 diphtera /87
xšudram /73 yâhma /54, 63 zaêna 1 /105, zaxya /100 alfalfa /7 guitare /160 dis /11, 92
xšufsan /6 yâkara /64 152 zaya /11, 105 candy /136 hectare /190 drakoon /58
xšvaepâ /124, yânhaeiti /54, zaêna 2 /102 žayâi /104 caravan /137 jargon /101 Drassoman /84
177 191 zaêna-dana zayan /102 grease /154 kiosque /159 draxmon /84
xšvaewa /125 yaod /64 /102 zazâmi /196 jackal /121 limon /164 ek-leipein /143
xšvaš /119 yaoj /194 zaênah-vant /11 zbâ /100 kiosk /159 limonâd /164 ek-leipsis /143
xšvaš-dasa /119 yaona /65 zaenô-hâra /103 zd /177 lacquer /161 luth /133 europa /14
xšvaš-ti /119 yaošti /64 zaêša /101 zem /101 lilac /164 pêches /50 gangraina /127
xšvipata /125 yaôxaôra /54 zaêšta /101 zered /87 lime /164 pêches melba gônia /159
xšvira /125 yaoz /194 zaf- /101 zî /196 lotus /161 /50 ğr-on-os /135
xšwaif /125, 177 yaozaiti /194 zaf-an /101 zimô /101 musk /169 poudre /28, 52 hektaton /190
xšwaip /125, yâr /193 zaf-ar /101 zinât /104 nard /174 refuse /95 helios /188
177 yâra /193 zahr /104 žîra /4, 105 pajamas /54 saccharine /116 Heracles /189
xumba /76 yâsâ /63 žaini /102 žnu /99 peacock /126 seinat /115 heros /189
xva /72, 78 yâsta /54, 191 zairita /3, 100, znum /99 scimitar /123 se'rie /112 histôr /17
xvadâya /72 yat /193 101 zrâda /100, 101 seal /17 se'riel /112 Hyakinthos /193
xvaê-paithya yata /87, 193 zam /7, 77, 102 zrayah /100 shellac /161 sucre /106, 122 Ion /194
/78 yâta /87, 193 zâmâ-tar /81 zrš /196 sign /17 Syphilis /113 istoria /17
xvaê-pati /78 ya-târa /26 zan 1 /4, 99 zûrah /59, 103 spikenard /174 talc /56 Iwannos /194
xvaeza /79 yâtem /63 zan 2 /102 zuštô /89 sugar /122 trafic /58 kaisar /136
xvafna /77 yâ-tu /63 zana /99 žya /104 tiara /56 kalamos /135
Xvaini /77 yava /65 zânâ /102 žyâ /103 tire /56 kalix /138
xvâjo-ayâo /72 yava-az /65 zanga /102 zyâ 1 /101 van /137 Kalo /139
xvan /20, 76, 77 Yâvarenâ /193 zangô /102 zyâ 2 /104 zirconium /101
Greek kalo-podein
xvang /78 yave /63 zânu /66 zyam /90 ebnos /1 /139
xvan-har /77 yaxštay /197 zanva /66 zyâni /104 a- /21 kalo-podion
xvâothra /72, 78 yaxšti /197 zaošô /89 zyâo /101 a-damas /21 /138, 139
xvap /77 yaz /26, 167 zaothar /103 zyô /90
English alex-andros /17 kamision /135
xvar 1 /70, 72, yazatanam /26, zaothr /103 (Old) alexein /17 kandhêla /136
78 167, 194 zaothra /103 pea /126 an- /21 kanon /134
andros /17
xvar 1 /181 yazato-kerata zar 1 /4 Caribbean ankura /164
Kapparis /140
xvar 2 /2, 78 /194 zar 2 /99, 100 Tabaco /60 kapsa /135
apsinthion /19 kau /135
Xvara /71, 74 yemâ /64 zara /104 Ethiopian ari-koite /14
xvara /76 yemô /64 zara 2 /196 Kaffa /136, 138 arsenikon /3 kau-casos /135
xvarenah /129, yesnya /64, 194 zara-uštra /100 Kedrus /110
132 yîma /64 zarayah /100 Chinese A-sêma /118 kellos /144
xvareta /73 zaredaya /87 Tien /62 asia /5
A26
Word Index
tavant /61 ûna /187 uždar /29 var 2 /30, 124, vaxš /9, 30, 49 vi-mar /157 wi-sis /155
taxma /58, 60, upa /1, 21, 31 uz-dâvayati 153 vaxš /76, 131, vi-minašti /157 wi-star /35, 155
62 upa /33, 39, 45 /100 var 3 /28 158 vip /198 wrda /94, 156,
taxma /94 upa /50, 51 uždri /29 var 4 /123, 183 vaxš /180, 184, vîra /187 186
taxma-tanu /62 upâ /1, 21, 31 uz-dû /100 var 5 /184 185 vi-radh /188 xâ /72
taxma-urupa upâ /33, 39, 45 uz-mâ-ta /4 vara /28, 48, 92 vaxšaiti /37, 185 vi-raeč /154 xad 1 /72
/62 upâ /50, 51 va /193 vara /132, 183 vaxš-ô-bara vi-râiti /188 xad 2 /74
taxš /57 upa-diti /45 vâ /193 vâra 1 /28 /185 vîs /198 xan /7, 20, 29
temah /59 upa-gâh /51 vačah /9, 30, 49 vâra 2 /28, 48, vay /40 viš 1 /41 xan /30, 46, 55
thamân /102 upairi /32 vačah /76, 131, 92 vây /187 vîš 2 /188 xan /66, 71, 76
thang /10, 132, upa-mati /21 158 vâra 2 /132, 183 vayeiti 2 /187 viš 3 /149 xan /114, 127,
191 upa-sad /50 vačah /180, 184, varah /32 vayôi /185 viša /41 134
thang /193 upa-skambem 185 Varaka /33 vayu /188 vi-saêd /155 xan /135, 139,
thrâ /111 /45 vada /160 varang /32 vaz /29, 48 vi-saiti /41, 70, 146
thrafda /61 upa-var /30, 185 vadar /160 varaša /40 vaza 1 /29 117 xaôda /78
thrafza /61 urpa /62, 96 vâdâya /160 Varâza /151 vaza 2 /187 vîs-paiti /198 xara /72, 74,
Thranc /59 urupis /62, 96 vadhğan /160 vard /184 vazaghâ /187 vîs-pati /198 134
thrâsa /58 uruthwan /18 vadhu /42 vardana /183 vâzišta /187 višta-aspa /156 xar-bâra /184
thrâya /111 uruthwara /18 vadû /42 varecah /12 vazra /152 Višta-aspa /188 xas /74
thrâyô /117 uruthwasča /18 vaêc /40 vared /184 vehrka /153 vi-stâ-ka /155 xaudâ /78
thri /117 Urvan /25, 96 vaeda /49, 187, varedha /94, ver 1 /30, 124, vištaspa /188 xâya /72
thri-sat /41, 70, urvant /96 192 156, 186 153 vît /149 xerpta /78
117 urvarâ /25 vaêiti /40 varejah /12 ver 2 /131, 185 vi-tar /151 xrafs-tra /73
thri-thatra /160 urvata /131, 185 vaenâ /41, 177 Varekahe /33 verdeka /152 vîtara /149 xram /73
thri-yaxštay urvinj /34 vaêna /91 varena /30, 124, veredka /152 vîtarem /149 xraos /74
/197 urvisyeiti /152 vaênâ /41, 177 153 vherka /153 vi-taxti /150 xratu /73
thwares /198 us /100, 104, vaeša /41 varenâ /9, 185 vi /64, 149, 150 vithra /149 xrî /74
-ti /119 110 vafra /33 varep /152 vi /157, 158 vi-vačah /158 xrû /145
tigrâ /82 ušâ /192 vah /5, 30 varesa /152 vî /40, 41, 64 vîvâiti /187 xrûm /145
tiğra /62, 82, usaiti /192 vah-išta /39 varešna /13, 14, vî /149, 150, vi-vard /158 xrûma /145
110 ušas-tara /192 vahna /5, 30 75 151 vohnua /78 xrûra /145
tiğra /149 usča /25 vahu /13, 25, 38 varešna /118, vî /154, 155, vohu /13, 25, 39 xrus /145
tkaeša /148 ûši /24, 25, 141 vahu /39, 80 156 157 vohu /80 xrûta /145
trap /59 ûši /180, 192 vahu-man /39 varet /151, 152, vî /158, 160, vohuni /78 xrûždra /145
tras /58 ûši-dâta /192 vaidi /28 180 185 vôi /187 xšača /12, 43,
traš /62 us-kan /17 vairi /28 Vareta /33 vî /187, 188 vriz /34 120
trâš /62 us-kar /114 vâiti /27 varethra /39, vi-čay /154 vyâna /187 xšača /183
traxtanam /59 us-pari /108 vak /9, 30, 49 187 vi-či /158 vyâxa /9 Xšad /31
tû /61 us-snâ /18 vak /76, 131, varethra-jan /39 vîčiča /150 vyâxman /9 xšae-ta /75, 78,
tûm /61 us-spar /108 158 varez- /48 vi-čir /155, 185, waig /9, 24 97
tum-âspa /62 us-tavah /110 vak /180, 184, vareza /186 187 waix /9, 24 xšae-ta /125
tuš /62 us-tema /25 185 varnak /34, 186 vîdada /49, 187, wâr /28 xšâfniya /120
tusen /62 uštra /18, 100 vam /185 vart /151, 152, 192 ward /184 Xšaivan /126
tussya /62 uš-tra /18, 100 vanâ /37 180 vi-dâz /150 wars /151, 152, xšaob /6
tuvam /61 uta /183 vanaiti /37 vasah /35 vidhavâ /42 180 xšaod /121
tvâm /61 utâ /183 vana-vaxša /37 vasar /39 vidya /187 wi /40, 41, 64 xšap /120
ubdaena /29 u-vâra-zmi /7, vanhâr /39 vasnah /35 vi-hây /155, 188 wi /149, 150, xšar /119
ubê /5, 18, 19 77 vanhna /5, 30 vasri /39 vî-jainti /155 151 xšathra /43, 124
ubê /20, 120, ux /191 vanhu /78 vasta /5, 30 vi-kaêš /70 wi /154, 155, xša-thra /43,
121 uxšan /198 vanri /39 vašta /29 vi-kâs /158 157 124
ud /100, 104, uxšyeiti /37 vant /171 vaštar /29 vi-kay /154, 155, wi /158, 160, xšatra-vairya
110 uyamna /187 vantar /37 vastra /184 185 185 /124
udara /198 uz /100, 104, vâr /28 vâstra /184 vi-kaya /158 wi /187, 188 xšaub /144
udra /186 110 var 1 /28, 48, 92 vâta /27 vi-mad /41 wi-čâr /154 xšaud /121
uiti /183 uz-ah /104 var 1 /132, 183 vawža /185 vi-maik /157 wi-kâr /158 xšâudra /124
unâ /187 uz-ah-âp /104 vawžaka /185 vi-manah /157 wi-sâ /155, 188
A25
Word Index
parya /53 pûiti /52 ras 1 /95 sâna /116 snâ /18, 123 srû-ta /111 syâva-aršan
pas /197 pusâ /35 rasa /95 sand /50 snaêj /115 sru-vant /96 /118
pasâ /49 pusâ-ka /35 râsta /18, 92, 94 sang /110 snaêž /115 Srva /111 syazd /177
pasca /49 pûtay /52 ratha /12, 94 saoč /19, 116, snaêža /115 srvâ /112 tab /6, 46, 55
pasča /49 puthra /40, 50 ratha-eštra /12 117 snaoda /198 sta /5, 6, 16 tab /56, 57, 120
pašman /50 pu-thra /40, 50 ratu /93 saoka /117 snâvar /115 sta /27, 36, 47 tab /172
pâšna /44 pûttika /44 râu /7, 44 saokenta /117 šôithra /196 sta /55, 109, tač /22, 46, 56
pastô /52 puyeiti /52 rautah /96, 97 saokenta-vant spâ 1 /18, 107, 110 tač /150, 190,
pasu /50 ra /45, 46, 93 ravah /198 /117 114 sta /120, 130 191
pataiti /18 ra /95 ravan /96 sarah /19, 110, spâ 2 /70 stâ /6, 16 tačan /46
patareta /18 râ /92 ravas-čarât /198 162 spâda /18, 107 šta /6, 16 tačar /46
patayeiti /18 ra(x)ša-kara ravi /161 sârah /19, 110, spaêta /108 stâ 2 /198 taêğa /62
path /51 /163 rax /133 162 spakâ /18, 107 staman /16 taêža /62
pathâ /51 rad /59, 93 razah /92 sareda /106 spâma /59 sta-mba /109 tahra /46
pathana /53 râd /53, 92, 188 razma /94 saredha /111 spar /107, 108 staoiti /74, 109 taiy /61
pathi /51 rae /98 rêh /164 sarethâ /19, 111 spâra /107 staora /109 tak /22, 46, 56
pati-ara /46 raec /98 rêxt /1, 11, 97 sarez /106 spareğa /15, 17 star 1 /35, 71, tak /150, 190,
pati-baus /42 raeš /98 rêz /1, 11, 97 sari /155 spas /44, 107 155 191
pati-gâra /53 raeša /98 rî /98 sâri /155 spasânô /44, star 2 /109 taka /22, 46, 56
pati-râd /53 raesah /98 ris /94 sâs /44, 106, 107 stata /6, 16 taka /150, 190,
patiy /43, 45, raêth /94 riš /98 110 spasyeiti /44, staura /109 191
109 raêvant /93 rith /94 šas /177 107 stav /74, 109 tan /56
patta /49 raêvas /98 rîz /98 sâsnâ /44, 110 spâtha /18, 107 stawra /15, 16, tanj /58, 60, 62
paurva /43 raêz /164 rû /7, 44 sâsta /106 spatha-paiti 109 tanj /94
paurvatâ /49 ragu /161 rup /93, 148 sâstar /106 /107 sta-xma /109 tanu /1, 60, 62
paurvatâ-vac rah /92 rupâ /93, 148 sat /41, 70, 117 spenta /17, 19, sta-xra /16 tanûra /60
/49 râiti /92 sâ 1 /155 sata /90, 126 159 stây /198 taoš /62
pav /52 rak /133 šâ 1 /119 satam /90, 126 spento-dâto /17 šti /6, 16 taoxman /57
pâvaka /44 râman /45, 73, sâ 2 /116 sauk /19, 116, sperezan /107 stuna /110 tap 1 /56
pavasta /52 93 šâ 2 /6, 119 117 Spiš /120 stûnâ /110 tap 2 /6, 46, 55
pax /45, 124 râna /93, 98 sač /106 saux /19, 116, spiti-doithra stûra /109 tap 2 /56, 57,
payah /24, 52 ranhâ /95 sačaiti /110, 113 117 /108 sufrâ /116 120
perana /10, 34, ranj /95 sad /50 Sav /116 spôz /108 sufrâka /116 tap 2 /172
46 raočah /3, 19, sâdayantî /66 šav /121 sraêš /111 sûirya /116 tapayati /56
perana-âyu /34 93 šâdayeiti /177 savah /112, 116 sraoni /112 sû-ka /116 tap-stana /55
pere-sa /47 raočah /94, 96 sâdra /106 savahî /116 sraosha /112 Sukurna /113 tar /57, 151
peresu /53 raoč-xšaema šaêiti /196 sax /110 sraothra /112 supti /113 tara-âz /58
peret /175 /97 saêna /119 sâx /106 srask /111 sûr /112, 116 tara-âzu /58
perethu /53 raoč-xšaena /93 saêna-mereğa sâxvan /44, 110 srav /74, 75, surâ /116 tarep /61
peretu /51, 129 raod 1 /70, 94, /119 sčand /122 111 sûram /116 taro /57, 151
pešô-tanu /50 96 saêni /107 scapti /122 srav /112, 124 suš /121 taršna /59
pišant /49 raod 1 /97 saêniš /107 shiti /196 sravah /112 suši /121 taršta /58
pištra /54 raod 2 /163 safa /113, 114 sid /155 sraw /111 suwrâ /116 taršu /59
pîštra /49 raodah /96, 97 sah /19 šim /27 srâw /111 suxra /111, 186 tarya /57, 151
pîta /176 raodha /70, 94, sâh /44, 106, simâ /118 sray- /20 suxra-vard /186 taš /62
pi-tar /45 96 110 sipari /108 srayan /196 sya /116 taša /62
pithwa /55, 130 raodha /97 said /155 sîždra /177 srî /196 šyâ /6, 119 tašta /62
pitu /55, 130, raodha-taxma sairi-gaona /112 sîždyamna /177 srinav- /20 syâ-maka /117 tâta /18, 49
176 /94 saiti /41, 70, sîždyô /177 srinu- /20 šyangh /123, tathra /56, 160
pouru /130 raoğna /97 117 skairya /92, 113 Srîra /118 192 taug /61
pouruša /53 raoidita /97 šâiti /119 skambem /45 srîra /196 šyaoman /121 tauruna /57, 58,
prô-ayare /43 raoidya /197 sak /106 skarana /92, srîš /113 šyaothna /121 61
prs-sa /47 raonami /96 šam /5 113 srita /20 šyâtî /119 tauruna /62
ptâta /18, 49 raopias /62, 96 šâm /27 Skarna /113 sru /74, 75, 111 šyav /121 taux /61
pu 1 /40, 50 raoxšna /93, 97 sâma /106 smer /8, 123, sru /112, 124 syâva /117, 118 tav /61, 62, 110
pu 2 /52 rap /95 šan /123, 192 166 srû /112 tava /61
A24
Word Index
kan 1 /30, 46, kây /149 mahrka /149, maxši /170 nairya /176 ni-kasa /178 paiti 2 /46, 48,
55 kay 2 /46, 61, 70 166 mayazda /166, nairyava /176 ni-mâ /179 49
kan 1 /66, 71, kay 2 /154 mâh-tab /172 173 naiy /173, 174, ni-pais /180 paiti 2 /53, 54,
76 kerefs /73 mâhya /166, maz /172 178 ni-part /175 55
kan 1 /114, 127, keresa /153 172 mazah /168 nam /179 ni-pîta /176 paiti 2 /193
134 keresa-aspa maidyâna /172 mazan /168 nâma /86, 175 ni-šâdaiti /177 paiti-band /37
kan 1 /135, 139, /153 maii /185 mazant /172 namaiti /179 ni-us-tavah /110 paiti-dâma /51
146 keresa-vazda mainyu /26, 173 Mazaxa /170 nâman /86, 175 ni-vak /76, 180 paiti-frasna /42
kan 2 /146 /153 mairya /165 mazda-yasna Namra /176, ni-vart /180 paiti-gama /53
kan-yâ /146 kereta /67, 137 mân /89, 152, /167 179 ni-xšvaepâ /177 paiti-gar /54
kaofa /148 kerma /142 165 mazga /168 napâ /181 ni-zâti /176 paiti-grab /46
Kapastay /140 kermi /142 man 1 /26, 166, maz-išta /172 napât /181 nmâna /89, 152, paiti-jathra /43
kar 1 /138 Kharpuna /141 176 megan /166, napta /178, 179, 165 paiti-kan /55
kar 2 /54, 121, kô /147 man 1 /189 169 180 nôit-zî /196 paiti-kara /55
136 kôš /143 man 2 /21, 166 Mereğa /119, naptis /181 nû /180, 181 paiti-kâra /54
kar 2 /137, 151, ku /147 manâ /170 167 nar /176 nûrem /180, paiti-ma /55
163 kû /147 manah /26, 39, mereza /167 nard /174 181 paiti-man /49
kara 1 /54, 121, kutaka /147 49 merezu /197 naš /5 Nyâka /182 paiti-pasti /18
136 kû-thra /147 manah /86, 136, merezu-jîti /197 nas 1 /177 ôithara /149 paiti-raeč /48
kara 1 /137, kva /147 157 minu /197 nas 2 /5 pa /1, 2, 13 paiti-râman /45
151, 163 kvataka /147 manah /165, mit /173 nasayeti /177 pa /33, 43, 44 paiti-sahva /44
kara 2 /142 leiš /164 171, 176 mith /173 nashta /177 pa /45, 51, 69 paitiš-mauc
kara-manah mâ 1 /4, 55, 131 manah /189, mithô /197 naska /176, 177 pa /70, 154 /171
/136 mâ 1 /166, 172, 192 mithra /172 nasu /177 pač /45, 124 paitiš-vaêd /49
Karana /141 179 manaothri /197 mithwara /197 nâu /175 pačaiti /45, 124 paiti-xšathra /43
karaya /138 mâ 2 /164 mant /171 mîto /157 nauma /181 pad /42, 53, 54 paity-âra /45
karem /142 mad /165 manuš-čitra mivâmahi /197 nava 1 /181 pâd /42, 53, 54 -pâka /45, 124,
kareman /67 mada /168 /171 mîžda /167 nava 2 /180, pada /42, 53, 54 175
karena_oša madha /170, maoč /171 mîžda-vare /167 181 padâtaka /53 pa-nâh /51
/141 172 maoirî /171 mnti /197 nâv-dân /175 padika /53 panca /51
karš /143, 144, Madhaxa /170 mar.1 /8, 123, moghu /166, nâviya /175 paei-mar /49 pancâsas /51
149 madhu /170, 166 169 nay /179 paêman /52 pant /51
karši-ptan /144 171, 172 mar.2 /49, 165, moneutro /197 nayeiti /179 paes /54, 180 panta /51
Karšvar /144 madz-dha /26, 166 morandat /166 nazdištâ /176 paeš /54, 180 paoiry-aêini /48
kas /68, 143, 167 mar-aiti /123 môy /172 nazd-îštâ /176 paêsah /54 paourus /130
178 maeg /166, 169 marathyu /149, mrz /165, 167, nazdyô /176 pairi /46, 47, 48 par 1 /10, 34, 46
kâs /138 maeğa /172 166 168 nemadhka /180 pairi /49, 50, 53 par 2 /28
kaša /143 maêkant /164, maraxš /166 muš /129 nemah 1 /179 pairi /54, 130 para /43
kašâ /143 168, 170 marazu /197 mušti /168 nemah 2 /179 pairi-aojastara parâ /43
kas-čit /143 mâêša /173 mard /165, 167, mûthra /197 Nemata /179 /54 pâra 1 /43
kas-išta /138 mâêšî /173 168 muxtâ /171 nî /179 pairi-čayeti /46 pâra 2 /28
kasu /136, 138 maêt /173 mardta /166 na 1 /173, 174, ni 1 /175, 176, pairi-daeza /47 para-kan /46
Kasyapa /144 maêth /191 mared /166 178 177 pairikâ /48 para-tab /46
kat /147 maêthanam Mareğâ /167 na 2 /164 ni 1 /178, 179, pairi-kara /47 parena /46
kata /141 /173 marenčaiti /166 nab /178, 179, 180 pairî-mâ- /48 pareš /44
katama /147 maêthman /173 mareta /166, 180 ni 1 /181, 182, pairi-marz /47 paresu /53
katâra /147 maêz /173 169 Naêma /183 183 pairi-tak /46 pari /46, 47, 48
ka-tha /147 Mağa /169 marez /165, Naêza /182 ni 2 /173, 174, pairi-vâra /48 pari /49, 50, 53
kau-kušati /148 mağava /197 167, 168 nâf /174 178 pairi-vaza /48 pari /54, 130
kaurva /141 mağna /34 marz /165, 167, nafa /174 ni-az /182 pairi-yân /54 pari-aužah /54
kaurvô /147 mağnâ /34 168 nâfah /174 ni-dâ /181 paiti 1 /43, 45, parô /43
kautaka /147 magus /166, maša /166, 169 nâfô /174 ni-gama /182 109 parô-ayare /43
kava /148 169 masya /166 nâh /41, 177 nî-gaona /179 paiti 2 /32, 37, par-šta /47
kâvâ-usân /148 maguš /166 mâtar /164 naire-manâw ni-gaoša /178, 38 par-šti /47
kavi /148 mâh /166, 172 mati /197 /176 183 paiti 2 /42, 44, paršuya /44
kay /22 mâ-tya /164 nâirî /176 ni-gôp /181 45 paru-zana /183
A23
Word Index
draxta /80, 83 fra-manyente gaona /101, gutha /61, 147 hapta /190 hu 2 /78 iza /15
dregu /84 /197 112, 159 guz /6 hara /188 hu 3 /96 jafra /105
drigu /84 fra-muxti /171 gaona /179 hâ 1 /155 haraiti /189 hu-apah /77 jaiti /4, 39, 100
driwi /84 fra-nâš /5 gaoša /159, 178, hâ 2 /148 haraiva /189 hu-badra /195 jaiti /155
dru /80, 83 fra-nay /179 183 hačâ /14 hareva /189 hu-čitra /189 jaiwi /105
drva /83 frank /129, 130, gaošaka /159 had /177 harz /190 hufsa /77 jam /22, 102,
dû /23, 100 131 gaoša-vare /184 hadiš /177 haša-kerta /119 hu-jasta /72 130
duğdâr /40, 82 frank /132, 133 gao-spenta /159 haeč /79 haši /189 hu-kehrpta /78 jam /150
dugeda /40, 82 fra-pithwa /130 gaoz /6 hâek /1, 11, 97 hastra /177 hu-mana /192 jâma /81
duma /60, 87, fra-ptaražât /18 gar 1 /40 Haem /79, 86 hâthra /188 hu-mâyâ /190 jamâna /102
88 fras /42, 47 gar 2 /54, 151, haiz /71, 94 hau- /189 hunâmi /96 jâm-âspa /63
dûra /89 fra-šaêkam /50 152 ha-keret /21 hau 1 /192 hu-nara /191 jan. /4, 39, 100
dûraê /89 fra-sanam /116 gar 2 /154 ham 1 /20, 21, hâu 2 /148 hu-ni-vak /76 jan. /155
duš /85, 86 fra-sta /130 gar 3 /53, 156 22 haurva 1 /73, hunuš /96 jâni /102
duš-manah /86 fra-šûte /121 gar 4 /152 ham 1 /23, 24, 189 hu-parathwa jantu /22, 102,
duš-nâma /86 frathah /129 garah /156 46 haurva 2 /189 /129 130
duš-pithwa /86, fra-vahr /132 gard /54, 151, ham 1 /183, haurvaiti /189 hu-rama /73 jantu /150
88 fra-var /132 152 190, 191 haurvatât /73, huška /75 jaraiti /158
duš-vâre /87 fra-var-tinam gard /154 ham 2 /188 189 hu-šnûta /76 jatara /24, 104
duš-yâta /87 /132 garebuš /196 hama 1 /188 hauš /75 hu-srav /74, 75 jathra /43, 104
duva /41, 88, 90 fravaši /132 garema /153 hama 2 /188 hauš-a /75 hu-ux-tay /191 jîta /105, 149,
duvara /82, 83 fra-vaxš /131 Garenu /151 hama-bağa /21 hauv /148 hu-vaeda /25, 160
duvitya-kara /88 fra-zaintiš /130 garewa /196 hamaêstar /191 hav /96 192 jiva /105, 149,
duye-saite /90 Fšân /20 garez /154, 156 ham-ara /98 hava /72, 78 hu-xerpta /78 160
duž /85, 86 fšarema /121 garô-demâna ham-aranu /98 Hâvana /189 hu-xšnuta /76 jva /105, 149,
duž-aka /105 fštâna /49 /152, 165 ham-aratha /98 hava-rd /70 hva /72, 78 160
duždâo /85, 86 fšu /50, 69 garo-gar /154 ham-basta /35 hâvayan /198 hvare /70, 72, ka 1 /147
dva /41, 88, 90 fšu-pait /69 gât /63, 150 ham-či /22 hâvayeiti /198 78 kâ 2 /139
dvaidi /89 gâ 1 /150 gâtâ /150 ham-dais-a /23 hav-sivanga hvare /181 kâ 3 /147
dvar /82, 83 gâ 2 /150 gâthu /63, 150 ham-dû /23 /192 hvare-âsân /72 ka-da /147
dve-sate /90 gad /150 gâtu-bar /150 hamista /191 haxa-maniš hvarenah /129, kaênâ /149
-emô /164 gaêsa /160 gâtu-bâra /184 ham-par /46 /189 132 kaeš /22, 46, 61
eredva /184 gaêsu /160 gâtuš /63, 150 ham-tač /22, haxay /189 hvare-varân /72 kaeš /70, 154
ereğant /14 gaêtha /160 gâuš /150, 159 191 haxš /71 hvare-xšâeta kaeša /138
erezata /13 gaêtha-nâm gâv /63, 150 ham-tak /22, haxti /189 /78 kaf /139
êrêzi /14 /160 gavasna /159 191 hây /155 hvô-îstâ /16 kâf /139
erezu /92, 94 gainti /158 gave /150, 159 ham-taxš /57 Haya /79, 86 hya /148 Kafa /144
farnah /129, gairi /151 gâvô /150, 159 ham-yân /191 haz /198 im /26 kahrkâ-asa /142
132 gam /8, 20, 22 gayô-maretan hana /189 hazah /198 imam /26 kahrkatât /142
farnavant /129 gam /53, 63, /149 hanâ /189 hazangra /189 îs /195 Kahrpu /141
far-thang /132 102 genâ /102 hanare /198 hazanrem /189 isav /194 ka-hya /147
fra 1 /132 gam /130, 150, gereda /64 hanč /10, 132, hd /177 îše /195 kaimyâ /146
frâ 1 /132 182 geredho /64 191 herezaiti /190 išta /13, 39, 132 kaine /146
fra 2 /129, 130, gam /191 ges /160 hanč /193 hêzum /193 išta /138, 172, kain-ika /146
131 gâman /8, 150 gesuk /160 han-dâma /22 hiš-mar-aiti 176 kainîn /146
fra 2 /132, 133 gan /7, 20, 29 ğnâ /102 han-dareza /23 /123 îšti /195 kakuš /66
fra-â-marz /129 gan /30, 46, 55 gnixta /196 han-davathe /23 hizû /100 ištya /75 kam 1 /147
fra-â-muš /129 gan /66, 71, 76 gôh /181 han-du /23 hizvâ /100 išvan /195 kâm 2 /139
fra-dâta /132 gan /114, 127, gôp /181 han-gama /191 hô /148 îsvan /195 kâma /139
fra-daxšanâ 134 gouru /151 han-jâma /22 hu 1 /10, 38, 39 it /26 kamarâ /145
/133 gan /135, 139, grâ /151 han-jâmana /22 hu 1 /70, 72, 73 itha /26 kam-čit /147
fra-êšta /132 146 grab /46, 153 han-kar /24 hu 1 /74, 75, 76 ithyajah /118 kamna /145
fra-gauzayanta gantay /158 gram /128 hanuharena /3 hu 1 /77, 129, ithyejah /118 kamnô /145
/6 ganti /158 grîvâ /154 haoma /192 189 -iti /119 kan /17
fra-jâma /130 Gantuma /158 grîvâ-pân /154 hao-šyangh hu 1 /190, 191, itta /26 kan 1 /7, 20, 29
fra-kaêš /70 gao /150, 159 gunda /158 /192 192 iyam /26
A22
Word Index
apa /184 arva /8 auruša /7 bağa /21, 36, 40 berez-čaxra čâyâ /107 daraga /82, 84
apa-dâna /2 arvâ /8 aurva /14, 164 bağa /41 /197 čayeiti /46, 70 darağa /82, 84
apama /6 as /4, 5, 27 aurvant /14, bâga /29 biš /41 čeč /69 darêna /85
Apânk /12, 27, asa 1 /5, 7, 15 164 bağa-dugdâr /40 bišazka /49 čevîšî /122 dareta /85, 182
36 asa 1 /133, 142, aurvat-aspa bağa-puthra /40 bowra /31, 38 chvant /69 darš /83, 87
â-part /9 174 /164 bama /30, 129 brâ-tar /32 čî 1 /22, 46, 61 daršam /83, 87
apa-spar /107 aša 1 /3 ava 1 /10, 18, 25 bâmya /30, 129 brây /34 čî 1 /70, 154 dârug /83
apatama /6 asa 2 /5 ava 1 /73 ban /195 brâz /32 čî 2 /69 dasa /90, 119
apa-vasta /52 aša 2 /13, 18 ava 2 /194 banay /195 brîzi /34 činvaiti /46, 70 dašina /86
apa-xšad-a /31 aša-gerd /119 â-vač /9, 131 banda /37, 83 brvat /11 Ĉirya /70 dasta /5
apa-xšîra /125 asan /4, 5, 27 ava-hya /25, 27 banta /195 bučahin /37 čiš /69 dâta /79, 80, 81
api-zâwar /11 asan /110, 115 ava-par /10 baod /38 bûiti /31 čiš-ca /69 dâta /86, 181
ap-tab /6 asânam /107 ava-pat /18 baog /52 buiti daevo /31 čiš-ca 1 /196 dâtar /17, 79,
a-puthra-tanu asaya /107 avara-sad /73 baoidi /37, 42 bûiti-kata /141 cit /69 90
/1 asča /16 â-vare /9, 81 baoxtar /52 bûmî /38 čitra /70, 171, dâthra /79
ar /45, 46, 93 ascu /16 a-vareta /152 bar /9, 16, 28 bûmî-mathan 189 dathuš /90
ar /95 asenga /110, ava-stata /16 bar /32, 34, 57 /38 čû /69 dâtô /79, 80, 81
â-râd /3 115 âvaya /72 bar /72, 74, 81 bûnâ /37 dâ 1 /17, 36, 42 dâtô /86
aradra /12 ashyâ /5 aviš /6 bar /86, 87, 116 bunja /52 dâ 1 /79, 80, 90 dâtô-vare /81,
araeka /98 as-man /5 avišiya /6 bar /150, 167, bûnô /37 dâ 1 /192 86
a-râiti /92 as-mana /5 avô-xvarena /2 184 bûta /37 dâ 2 /79, 80, 81 dâuru /80, 83
aram /92 aspa /7, 12, 13 âvôya /185 bar /185 buxti /37 dâ 2 /86, 181 dauša /89
arânte /92 aspa /15, 62, 63 awa /25, 27 bara- /33 buza /34 dâ 3 /91 dâuš-sravah /75
aranu /98 aspa /116, 133, awar /10 bara-s-man /33 bûza /34 dâ 4 /80 dauštar /89
â-râs /3 153 awra /10 barašnav /30 č- /69 -da 5 /195 dav 1 /23
araska /14 aspa /156, 164 awrem /10 baraziš /30 ca /196 daêman /91 dav 2 /23, 100
arata /12 aspa-asa /7, 15, a-xšae-na /75 bareš /29, 30, ča /196 daêna /91 daw /90
arati /98 133 â-x-stâ /6 33 čagad /106 daenu /81 daxma /80
a-raxša /3 aspa-bâra /116, axštî /6 bareš /35, 36, čageman /106 daês /91 daxš 1 /82
arazi /14 184 ay /34, 63, 72 132 čagvah /106 daêv /92 daxš 2 /133
arej /12 aspa-dâna /18 ayah /10 bareša /35 ča-hyâ /69 daêvoh /92 daxša /82
arejah /12 asraka /18 ayanh /10 barez /33 čaiti /69 daeza /47, 85 dây /91
arejat-aspa /12 asrû /18 ayare /43 bâru /30 čakra /67 dağa /80, 82, dažaiti /150
arem /92 ast /16 ayô /10 barz-ahva /3, 33 čakuš /66 133 dêğa-vâra /92
areša /14, 73 ašta /190 âyu /34, 63, 72 basta /35 čâna /107 dâğah /80, 82, demâna /89,
areša-ama /14 asta 2 /197 az /58 bav /37 cang /69, 126 133 152, 165
areta /12, 13, â-stana /5 âz /4 bawraini /31, 38 car /29, 68, 99 dahyu /90 dereta /84
183 asti /16 azaehê /65, 182 bawri /31, 38 car /137, 154 dâi /91 deretô /84
arethna /3 aštrâ /75 â-zâr /4 baxadra /39 čâr /29, 68, 99 dainhu /90 dereza /23, 83
ari /98 âsu /10 â-zarema- bax-ta /31 čâr /137, 154 dais /23 derežda /80, 83
arika /98 a-sûr /116 dugedâ /4 baxto-dâta /31 čâra /66, 155, daitika /82 dhana /18, 81,
aršan /13, 14, â-šyâ /6 â-zâta /4 bay /41 185 dam /87 102
75 âtarš /2, 193 â-ža-ta /4 bazah /28, 81 čâra /187 dâman /80 dhana /104, 175
aršan /118, 156 athagaina /110, aži /15 bâzâu /29 čareman /67 dan /81 dî /91
aršan-aspa /13 115 âzi /4 Bazda /133 čas /68, 178 dânâ /81 dim /195
aršti /75 âthanga /110, aži-dahâkô /15 bâzu /29 čaš /68, 178 Dânavo /81 dit /195
arta /13, 18 115 â-žîra /4, 105 bê /27, 36 čašman /68 danâxe /81 dr /80, 84, 103
arta 1 /3 athangaina âzûtay /103 beî /27, 36 čât /66 danh /86 drafša /93
arta 2 /12, 13, /110, 115 bâ /27, 30, 36 bereg /3 čatvare-sat /41, dânô /81 drafšâ /84
183 â-thax /10, 132, bâ /129 Berenža /34 70, 117 danta /82, 88 drafšô /84
arta-pa /13 191 badra /195 berez 2 /197 čatwârao /69, dantan /82, 88 drâjah /82, 84
arta-vah-išta â-thax /193 baešaza /49 berezant /29, 70 dânu /81 drang /84
/13 âthoya /1 baevar /42 30, 33 caxra /67 daoš /89 draoga /85
arta-xšathra âthra /2, 193 baevare /42 berezant /35, čaxra /67 daoš-ahva /89 draonah /85
/12, 183 âthur-pât-gan /2 baga /21, 36, 40 36, 132 čay /22, 46, 61 dar /85, 182 drauga /85
artha /98 âthwya /1 baga /41 čay /70, 154 dâr /80, 84, 103 drauša /84
A21
Word Index
Akkadian awja /25 masjid /168 sendarûs /115 Salîbâ /68, 126 aeva /194 a-minašti /9,
Agurru /2 az-zarnîx /3 mastakî /169 sifr /126 šarwainâ /112 aêva /194 157
Agaru /11 badinjan /28 matmûrah /169 sîma /118 šâtân /125 aêxa /194 a-muyamnô
Âsû /5, 187 balšam /36 maxzan /74, 169 siqillat /113 šêdâ /125 af /185, 193 /197
Dînu /91 bašam /36 naft /178 sîrâj /111 Šypwr /125 â-frî-nami /7 an- /4, 9, 10
duppu /87 bolûr /36 naker /24 sirât /126 Temar /169 âfritan /7 an- /21, 24, 25
Erêbu /14, 127 bûq /38 namraq /179 soda` /110 tûrgemânâ /58 ağâ /2, 7, 12 an- /34, 75, 107
Gassu /150 daf /87 namûs /175 sôq /117 a-gam /8 an- /180
Kânûnu /139 daftar /87 nasx /177 sorâdeq /111 â-gand /7, 143 ana /195
Kîru /136, 154 daqal /87 natrûn /178 sukkar /106, Armenian ağô /2, 7, 12 an-âhita /9
Kitu /60, 140 dayn /91 nomreh /179 122 čatvar /67 âh /104 an-aoša /24, 25,
Kupriti /140 dijlat /82 ostûreh /17 tabûl /127 maccum /168 âhita /9 180
Kurkizannu /142 dîn 2 /91 qabbah /134 Tafrîq /58 mâstu /168 ahma /164 anda /195
Ladunu /161 domal /88 qafas /135 talq /56, 127 ahmâka /164 ando /195
Laqalaqa /163 F.r.q /58 qahwah /136, tanbûr /60 ahra-manyu /26 ang /24
fals /133 138 tarjama /58 ahu /26, 33, 89 angra /26
Liginnu /163
falsafah /133 qalam /135 tarxûn /58 Avestan a-hu /9, 10 angu /24
mânu /170
Nabatu /178 filfil /133 qâlib /139 tawoos /126 اوستا ahura /26, 33, angu-paêna /24
Nabtu /178 ğ.r.b /127 qamîs /135 thwr /63 âp /1 89 angušta /24
Naptu /178 ğarbala /128 qanah /134, tilism /127 a- /4, 9, 10 aimya /9 anku /105
Nitiru /178 Ǧazal /128 135, 139 timara /169 a- /21, 24, 25 airiyava /26 anra /26
Šabatu /107, herba' /70 qanat /134, 135, torrahat /59 a- /34, 75, 107 airya-man /26 anra-mainyu
123 hûr /70 139 tûfan /127 a- /180 aiti 1 /195 /26
Šedû /125 iblis /11 qandat /136 Umm /71 â /3, 6, 7 aiva /194 an-tar /23
Šurmênu /112 iqlîm /20 qandîl /136 wazîr /187 â /8, 9 aiva-čiy /192 antara /23
Targumânu /58 isfanj /17 qânun /134 wazu /187 â- /4, 9, 10 aivaka /194 antara-vâyu /23
isferâj /17 qarn /135 wodu /187 â- /21, 24, 25 aiwi /5, 18, 19 an-tare /23
Iskandar /17 qaysar /136 xandaq /76 â- /34, 75, 107 aiwi /20, 120, anu /195
iskileh /17 qaz /143, 149 xîyal /165 â- /180 121 anu-i /195
Arabic îšrâğ /121 qertâs /134 xosûf /143 ab /185, 193 aiwi-fšân /20 an-usant /35
ajur /2 istoqos /16 qîfaleh /136 zanzabîl /102 â-bar-a /9, 81 aiwi-gnixta /196 anuv /195
`Awar /127 J.b.r /63 qîr /136 zard /100 â-bereg /3 aiwi-kand /20 anya /9
A'.m.r /173 j.n.z /65 qirât /136 zarrâd /100 abhi-čâna /107 aiwi-reg /18 aoda /28
a`jara /11 jah /63 qist /135 zawj /103 abi /5, 18, 19 aiwi-ruč /19 aog /44
ab-baha /11 jenazeh /65 qutun /140 zîbaq /105 abi /20, 120, aiwiš /5, 18, 19 aogah /54
abboha /11 jonah /64 raonaq /182 zûr /59 121 aiwiš /20, 120, aogeda /44
adab /12 ka`k /138 ratl /95 abi-âf /193 121 aoj /44
adam /2 kada /150 rauza /97 abi-âp /193 aiwi-saoka /19 aojaiti /44
afsantîn /19
akwab /20
kanz /74, 146, rawaj /95 Aramaic abi-čâna /107 aiwi-sara /19 aorâ /10, 18, 25
169 rizq /94 Agurru /2 abi-dasta /5 aiwi-sâra /19 aorâ /73
al-anbîq /22 karbas /141 s.b.t /107 abi-xwan /20 aiwiš-kar /121 aošta /104
al-fesfeseh /7, bucina /38
karkadan /142 S.d.a` /110 Busmâ /36 adâ /105 aiwiš-tap /120 aoštra /104
133 kibrit /140 saboun /126 adairi /105 aiwi-zâvayeiti aox /44
al-iksir /20 dappa /87
koab /20 safsatah /113 dîn /91 adâiti /5, 73, /19 aoxia /44
Al-Jabr-w'al- kosûf /143 saj /106 174 âiz-mâ /4 âp /5, 6, 11
Moqâbalah /63 kûfiyyah /148 isrâta /126
salîb /126 J.b.r /63, 150 a-dasta /5 aka /105 âp /22, 85, 104
al-kîmîya /126, la`l /163 samt /114 adi-sta /27 â-kand /7, 143 âp /174
149 Jabra /63, 150
lajj /163 sanj /126 kittunâ /60 a-dsta /5 â-kasat /7 ap 1 /185, 193
al-kimya /125, laqan /163 santîr /115 aeša /79 ama /14 ap 2 /2, 3, 6
149 kubrîtâ /140
laqlaq /163 sarad /100 lagînâ /163 âêšâ 1 /195 â-mâ- /8 ap 2 /7, 8, 9
al-malagma laqlaqeh /163 sarw /112 aes-ma /75 â-mar /8 ap 2 /10, 31,
/170 lakan /163
laylak /164 satl /113 Masgdâ /168 aêš-ma /75 â-marz /8, 129 107
al-oud /127, 133 lîmah /164 sausan /117 aesmo /193 amaša /21 ap 2 /184
al-qasr /135 naftâ /178
mâ`da /166 sayf /118 pîlâ /55 aêta /195 a-mayavâ /172 apa /2, 3, 6
Al-Xwarazmî /7 majûs /166 šaytân /125 aêta-vant /26 a-mereta /21 apa /7, 8, 9
arîkeh /14 qîra /136
mandil /171 sejell /110 apa /10, 31, 107
A20
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
Werdh: to grow, high واﻻ, گوال دن,ال دن Xvaini: cover, carpet خواﻧچه,خوان
Weren: lamb ورغنه, ﻼغ,ّبره Y
Werg 1: to work ورزدن, ورزش, ورز, َبرز,ارغنون Yâ: to be aroused اسه,جادو
Werg 2 see Wer 3 Yad, Gwed: ask, demand ﻧاش
Werg 2, Warz: nourished, پروردن Yag: to worship , یزدان, یزد, مزد سنا, جشن,ایزد
strong سنا,یزدگرد
Wes 1 : wet, also male , زردشت, زر شت, خون, اه, اش Yamb: to move, wander جن دن
animal ش
Yaš, Iaš: to show appear شان, ا شه,آ شه
Wes 2: to buy بﻬا
Yat, Yet: to go, reach, take از دن
Wes 3: to wear, put on پوست, بﻬاﻧه,۲ ان,۲ ام, آس position
Wes 4: eat, feed واش, واس,واس Yau 1: move, movement ج ار, جوی, جوب,۱جو
Wet: year, also referring to ّچه Yau 2, Yeu 4: to separate جدا
things with few years (young)
or many years (old) Yauj see Yeu 1
Wi: part, apart گ, ُجناح, ب مار, ب ست, ب دار, س Yâvarenâ: a stone or tool for اور
, گذر, گذار, گداز دن, گدار, گداخ,ــ beating and crushing grains
, گزاردن, گ ز, گ خ, گذش Yekwer: liver جﮕر
, گ ش, گ دن, گ دن, گزﻧد,گزارش
, گس خ, گسس, گس دن,گستاخ Yem: hold together (pair) اد, دش اد, جمش د,جم
, ماش, ماردن, گشادن,گس ل Yes, Ies: to boil جوش دن, جﻬ دن, َجس
, گوارا, گﻬول دن, گناه, م خ,مان
, گواژ دن, گواژه, گوارش,گواردن Yet see Yat
َ
, وز ر, وچر, گوه دن, گواه,گوال دن Yeu 1, Yauj: to join, harness , زوج, جفت, پ وز, بنفشه,بنفش
و شتاسپ, و را ش, و راس ی غ, هوخش, ﻗسطاس,ﻗسط
Wiač: to contain گنج دن, گنجا ش,گنج Yeu 2: young جوان
Win: wine ون Yeu 3: to mix, blend , یوز لنﮓ, یوز, ج دن, ُجس
Wog see Aweg یوزدن
Wok, Wač: to let go, release, واخ دن Yeu 4 see Yau 2
ّ
empty Yôs: to gird, belt , زﻧار, چمدان, جامه, پ امه,پ اهن
Word: thorn, flower ، ول، َول,۲ َورد, لشن, ل, ل,۲ُرز هم ان
ولغوﻧه,ُول Yu: you شما
Wortoko: quail وردیج, ودخ
Z
Wreg: to push, drive گرازدن
Zauša: raising a noise, being زوش
X violent or bad tempered
A19
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
Tuer, Tur: to hurry, hasten توردن Webh: to weave َو ز, اف
ُ
Tulupos: lump, ball, mass, ت ُرب Wedh 1: to marry بیوگ,بیو
crowd
Wedh 2: to slay, strike گوه
Tur see Tuer
Weg 1: to weave وا س
ُ
Turd: hard, strong ترد
Weg 2: to be lively, strong گرز, بزرگ, ازدن, اخ
Tuxš: to be busy, working تخش دن,تخشا
Wegh: to go, carry وز دن, واشه, پرواز, اشه,۲از
U Wêğo: lizard?
َ
وزغه,َوزغ
Ud 1: up, out, away , زاه دن, اوج, اشنان,سکنه
ِ ِا,آزما ش Wegwh see Eueguh
, زه دن, زهدان, زهاب,۲ زه,زدودن
َ Wei 1: to bend, turn, twist ب شه,ب د
ستوه, ِس ال, ستوه,س ی
Wei 2: vital force و ر, ـ ـر,۱َبر
Ud 2 see Wer 4
Weid: to see, to know , ه دا, پژوه دن, اوستا,اسطوره
Ul: to go, to step اﻻغ
و دا
Ulk,Ulkos: wolf (with fiery رو اه,تﻬمورث
Weidh: to select, separate پرو زن, بیوه, ب خ
eyes)
Weik: to shake, swing , اﻧﮕ خ, آو ز, آو خ,آوﻧﮓ
Ulkos see Ulk
و خ, پرو زن, ب خ,اﻧﮕ ه
Umm: mother خاﻧم
Weis: to rot, melt away, flow ۱ب ش
Upo: to, from below َ َ
,۲ بر, ا د, اور, ام د, ابر,آ سال
Wek: to wish, desire س ار, سنده,َ س
, ِ چ م, ه, برم ش, برگستوان,برد ه
ُ
اه, ِ ش م, سند دن,د د Wekw: voice , خن ا, پژوا, اﻧﮓ,۲ اج, آواز,آوا
, ﻧواخ, ﻧوا, گواژ دن, گواژه, فروخ
Urigh: rice ورزه,۲ برﻧج,ارز
, َوخشور, وا, واژه, واژ,هوخت
Uroiks: twist, beard ر شه,۲ر ش ۲َوﻧﮓ
Urvan: spirit, soul ۲ روان,اﻧوش وان Wel 1: to wish, desire گرو دن, شﻬ ور, اور,آری
Wač see Wok Wer 2, Kwermi: to turn, bend , گردن,۳ گرد,۲ ِگرد, ک ال, ِکرم,ﻗرمز
, گ ال, گش, گرد دن,گرده
َ
Wai: alas ۱وای ورغ, َوردﻧه,ﻧورد دن
Wakâ see Wâka Wer 3, Werg 2: to cover, , دیوار, پروار, بﻬرام, َبرزن, ارو,۲اره
َ َ َ َ
Wâka, Wakâ: cow ورزا enclose , گیج,روهر ف, فروردین, فروار,فردین
وهرام,۱وار
War see Wel 2
Wer 4, Ud 2: water, wet وردیج, ودخ, ارگ,اران
Warš: to be hungry گشنه, گرسنه,۱گرس
Wer 5: to burn سماور
Warz see Werg 2
Wer 6: squirrel َ َو
روره
We see Wâ
Werd: raised point الو
Wê: to blow ﻧ واﻧا, ادآس, اد,اﻧدروا
A18
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
ُ
Sukurna, Skarna: porcupine ُسﮕر,ُسغر Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull , آهنج دن, آهخ, آخ, آ س
,۱ تاب دن, شوتن, آه خ,آهنﮓ
Šûlaka: wild horse شول َ َ
, ت ش, تن, تراﻧه,۲ تـر,۱ تاف,۱تار
Sup see Rup
َ ُُ
, توله, توره, تﻬم, ت دن, تن
Šurmênu: cypress tree َ و , گیتار, فروه خ, فره خ,فرهنﮓ
ُ ُ ه خ, هنج دن,هنجار
Svas: thresh, beat grain خوست,خست ُ
Ten 2: to thunder تندر
Swâd: sweet خواهش, خواس َ
Tenk: to become firm and , تنﮓ, تنج دن, تلخینه,ترخینه
Swei: to bend, twist شیوا,ش ا thick ُرستم, تﻬمورث, تﻬم
Sweid, Huaid: to sweat خیوه, خیو,ِخوی Tep: to be warm ,۲ تاب دن, تا ستان, تاب, پرتو,آفتاب
Swekwo: resin, juice افیون,اپیون , شتاب, تفت, ت دن, تب,۲ تاف
َ َ َ مﻬتاب, شتاف
Swel: to eat خورﻧ اه, خورﻧق, خوردن,آخور
Ter 1: to cross over, surpass, ,۱ ـ تر, اﻧدر, دراﻧدر,۲اﻧدر
Swen, Huan: to sound, call فغان, خواﻧدن, خن دن, افغان,آخوﻧد overcome ,۱ ـ سار, دخ اﻧدر, ـ ت ن,ترابری
Swep: to sleep
َ ُ َ ُ
خواب, خفج, خف, خفت, َ خت
َ , گذار, گدار, کوهسار, ای,ُ ِادق
َ َ مادراﻧدر, گذش,گذر
Swer: to press, cut, hurt , خ ِله, خل ان, خسته, خس,خاراﻧدن
َ Ter 2, Tar: a kinship term , در, ب دخت, برادر,آزرم دخت
خوره,خل دن
, دخ اﻧدر, دخ, داماد,خواهر
Swerd: dirty, dark خوال , ماد ان, ماده, مادراﻧدر, مادر,فغفور
Šypšyr see Šfšyr ما ه,ما ان
َ
Šypwr: trumpet ش پور Terp 1:to lie, steal تروﻧد,ترفند
So: this, that که, ا شان,او Ster 1: to spread, throw گس دن,اط , خا س, س
A15
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
Per 1: around, forward. ار ,ارسال ,ال ,پرا ندن ,پرتو, Pod: foot ا ,ای ,ای َ ,ل , ِ ,پ اده ,پ امه,
پرچ ,پرداخ ,۱پرداخ ,۲پرد س, پ ک ,ﻗالب ,اﻻ ,الب ,ال د ,الی
پرستار ,پرس دن ,پرارَ ,پرماس دن,۱
Pôl : to touch, feel ال دن ,۲س تور
َپرماس دنَ ,۲پ َرﻧدوش ,پروار ,پرواز,
پروردنَ ,پ ر ,پ روز ,پژمردن ,شت, Porno see Parn
شنج دن ,پ اس ,پ امون ,پ اهن, Pôu: small, young ,پور ,فغفور آ س ,ب دخت,
پ ا ه ,پ وز ,جال ,فرا ,فرارون ,فراز,
فرامرز ,ف ه ,فرجام ,فردوس ,فردین, Prî: to love, praise آف دن ,آف ن
فرزاﻧه ,فرزﻧد ,فرز ن ,فرستادن, Pu: to blow, swell پوک
َ َ
فرشته ,فرفر ,فرمان ,فرهنﮓ,
َ
فره خ ,فرو ,فروار ,فروخ , Puk 1: bundled together َ سا َ ,سا
َ َ َ
روهر ,فروه خ ,ف اد, فروردین ,ف Puk 2, Pauk: puff, a blow of ُﻒ
ف رون ,فﻼخن ,ف ون air
َ َ َ ُ
Per 2: to lead or fly across. روهر, ـ ار ُ ,۳ل ,فرات ,فروردین ,ف Pulâka: ball of rice لو
فروه خ ,ف اد ,ف رون ,فﻼخن,
ف ون Pwt: Buddha, also used to ُت
mean an idol
Per 3: oppose, hit آورد ُ ,د ,بند ,ه ,ب غاره ,پ ــ ,اداش,
ادافراه ,ادزهر ,اسﺦ ,پ اره ,درام, Q
ذیرف ,ذیره ,پره خ ,پره ,
qâter: smoke, incense ِسدر
پژمان ,پژوه دن ,ش مان ,پ اله ,پ ام,
پ ش ,پ شا ,پ شوا ,پ غاره ,پ غام, R
پ ار ,پ ان ,پ کر ,پ مان ,پ ماﻧه,
پ مودن ,پیوس ,سپﻬ د ,م د ,ه د "Ragâ, Rağâ: city of "Ray رازی ,ری
south of Tehran.
Per 4: to give, present اره
Rağâ see Ragâ
Perd, Pers: speck, spot, ارد ,ارس ,۲اش دن ,لنﮓ ,یوز لنﮓ
sprinkle Raič see Leigh 2
Peuk: to prick سپوخ ,۱سپوخ ,۲سپوزار, Reg 2: to dye, color َرج دن ,رز دن ,رﻧﮓ ,ﻻ
سپوزدن Rei 1: possession راد ,۲رای
Pilo: hair پ له Rei 2, Raiš: to hurt, tear, cut اب شم ,رشته ,رزه ,ر سمان,
Pin: wood, tree stump َپن ان ,فنجان ر س دن ,ر ش ,۱ر ش
A14
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
Nem 2: to bend, bow in ﻧماز P
respect, also brush wood
and twigs Pa: to protect, feed , اردوان, آذر ا جان, آ ادان,آ اد
,۱ ان, ا ک, ا ا, اب,۲استوان
Nemata: straw, grass ﻧمد , اﻻ ش, اﻻن, ادشاه,برگستوان
Nembh see Nebh ,۱ ال دن, الوﻧه, الوده,الودن
َ , ِح ا, چ ان, پناه, پنام, در,ای دن
Nepôt: grandson ﻧوه,ﻧ َ س
, فالوده, ش ان,۲ ُستوان,در ان
Ner 1: vital energy, man ه, ﻧ و, ﻧ مان, ﻧر,اسکندر هور ان, ﻧﻬف, م ان,گ ان
Ner 2: to turn, twist ﻧرگس Pad-: duck َط
ُ
Neu: to cry , ﻧ ه, ﻧ دن, ﻧال دن, زﻧ ه,زﻧودن Pais: crush, grind ِ ست
ﻧ دن
Paita: to spread, make flat فراخ,پرده
ُ
Newn: nine ﻧه
Parîkâ: sweet heart, fairy پری
َ
Newo: new ﻧ د, ﻧو, کنون,ا نون
Parn: wing, feather پ دن,َپر
ُ
Nî: down, below , ﻧژﻧد, ﻧـ ـی, ﻧ د, پنﻬان, ا شه,آ شه
َ Pârsa: name of an Aryan فارس, شمل ا, اساراد,۱ارس
, ﻧغوشا, ش م, ش ب, شس,شان
(Indo-European) tribe who
, ﻧما ش, ﻧما, ﻧﮕون, ﻧ اه,ﻧغوش دن
migrated to Persia (Iran)
, ﻧﻬف, ﻧﻬان, ﻧﻬادن, ﻧمودن,ﻧماینده
about 4000 years ago.
, ﻧ ا ش, ﻧ ام, ﻧ از, ﻧوش,ﻧورد دن
َ
َوردﻧه,ﻧیوش دن Part see Perg
Parth, Parti: the name of a َ
پﻬلوی,۲ پﻬلو, پﻬل ُ د,ارت
Nis: off, away ﻧ واﻧا
tribe in Khorâsân who rose to
Nitiru: natron; carbonate of ﻧطرون
power and pushed the
soda
Greeks out of Iran in 250 BC.
Nobh: nave, hub ﻧافه,ﻧاف
Parti see Parth
Nôğ: whim, triviality, fancy ﻧازک,ﻧاز
Parvan: knot پژوا,َپژ
Nogh: nail ﻧاخن
Pauk see Puk 2
َ
Nogw: naked ﻧغام,برهنه
Pe see Pô
Nomn: name ﻧام,دشنام
Peg: breast پنکه
Nyâka: grand parent ﻧ ا ان,ﻧ ا
Peî: sap, fat , پ ه, پ نو, ِ ه, پن, اﻧﮕب,۲اﻧﮓ
ُ ُ ُ ُ
O , د َمل, دش ه, دش ل,دژ ه
ف ه, سکنجب
Oies: pole خ ش ار,خ ش ُ
Peig: to mark ﻧوش, ﻧـ ـی, پ شه,پ سه
Okto: eight هشت
َ َ Pek: wool, to pluck wool ش ان, چ ان,شم
Ôku: swift کشکرک, کشک, ک َسک,۱آهو
Pekw: to cook وا, ﻧاﻧوا, شورا, َپ دن, َپز, خ,ا
Om: raw, bitter خام
Pel 1: to fill , او اش, اﻧ اش, اﻧ ار, ا اش,ا اردن
Ome: to move with energy ارشام , ِفره, فراوان, س ی, پرو ن, ُپر,برﻧا
َ َ
Op: work, produce in خوب فرهست
abundance Pel 2: pale, gray پ,ارسا
Opop: a bird sound پ و,پ ک Pel 3: dust, flour پودر,اروت
Orghi: testicle ارک ده Pelpel: butterfly پرواﻧه
Ost: bone هسته,۱ خستو, استخوان,۲است Pend, Spen: twist پ نه
Ôus: mouth, lip زه دن, زهدان, زهاب,۲ زه,زاه دن Penkwe: five پنج
Ozgho: branch, bud, offspring ازم,۱ ازگ,ازغ Pent: to go, pass پند
A13
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
Meigh 1: to sprinkle, urinate م, مخ, مخ Mûrâ: seal, coin, jewel ُمﻬر
Meigh 2: to blink, cover, میغ,۱ ِمه, مژه,مژان Murvârît: small pearl مروار د,مرجان
darken
Mus see Mû
Meit 1, Mait 1: to stay, dwell ۱ میﻬن,میﻬمان
N
Meit 2, Mait 2: to throw, ۲میﻬن
discard Nâ: to help پناه
Mel 1: black, dirty مال خول ا,خ ال Nabatu: to shine ﻧفتال,ﻧفت
Mel 2: small, harmful مار Nabja: beak ﻧول,ﻧوک
Mel 3: soft, soft material ملغم Naêza: sharp point ﻧ ه
Mêlg, Marz?: to wipe off, , فرامرز,۱ َپرماس دن,آمرز دن Nagan, Nağan: bread ﻧاﻧوا,ﻧان
rub, milk ُمش,۲ ُمشت,۲ ُمرز,مال دن Nağan see Nagan
Men 1: to think , اورمزد, اهورامزدا, اهورا,اه من Namra: soft َ َﻧ,ﻧرم
مرق
, پژمان, بﻬمن, برم ش,ایرمان
ُ ُ Nana: a child word for ﻧنه
, ﻗﻬرمان, دشمن, دژمان, دژم,ش مان
, مزد سنا, مزدا,۳ ـ مان, مان,کﻬرمان mother, a nurse
, ﻧر, مینو, منوچﻬر, م ش,۳ـ من Naranga: orange tree ﻧارﻧﮓ,ﻧارﻧج
, هرمز, هخام ش, ﻧ و,ﻧ مان
هومن,هورمزد Nârikelah: coconut ﻧارگ ل
ُ
Men 2: to remain ماﻧدن,ام د Nas, Nâs: nose س, بی
Moisos, Maiša: sheepskin م ش,۲ َمشکو,۱ َمشکو,۳َمشک Nedo: reed, pipe, flute ,۲ ﻧرد, ﻧای, ﻧارد, کرﻧا, سورﻧا,ﻧا
َ
Morwi: ant مورچه,مور Nei 1: to shine, to be excited , ﻧ ل, ﻧ ک,۱ ﻧرد, ل ل, روﻧق,اﻧ یق
ﻧیو اردش, ﻧیو,ﻧ لوفر
Moudh, Maud: to mourn م دن, م ه, ُمستمند,۲ُمست
Nei 2: to lead, guide ﻧمودن, ﻧماینده, ﻧما ش,ﻧما
Mozgo: marrow مغز,م غ َ َ
Nek: to destroy سا, گناه, فرﻧاس,ُجناح
Mu: a mouse, muscle , ِمش,۲ ِمشک,۱ ُمشک,ماه چه
موش Nêkš: to pierce ﻧ شدر,ﻧ ش
Mû, Mus: fly مﮕس Neku: to reach, arrive, carry آس دن
Mûk: pile, peak, spike موک Nem 1: to assign, take ﻧمره, ﻧماز,ﻧاموس
A12
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
Lêi: slime, sticky ﻻی Magh: might, power , منجنیق,۱ َمغ, ُمغ,مجوس
م د,منجن ک
Leig: to leap, jump آل دن, آل, آل خ
Mai 1, Mei 5: to change وام,۲ فام,اوام
Leigh 1: to lick ل س دن, ِلش
Mai 2, Mei 6: to harm, م
Leigh 2, Raič: to leave , پره, پره خ, ِاب ق,آب ز
reduce
, گ خ, کسوف, ر خ,خسوف
گ ز Maič, Mač: to suck مک دن, م دن, مزه,ماچ
Leip, Raip: to smear with oil, ف ف, ف ب,رو Maiša see Moisos
cover
Mait 1 see Meit 1
Leith: to go forth, die رستاخ
Mait 2 see Meit 2
Lek 1, Lehk: joint, member, ِلنﮓ
Mako: house fly مﮕس
bend
Mana: an ancient unit of ۲من
Lek 2: to leap, fly, kick ل د
weight
Leng see Longos
Mantil: cloak مند ل
Lep, Lap-aro: soft, friendly ﻻف,ﻻ ه
Mareğâ: grass مرغزار,۲َم غ
Lêsos: place, space, area ﻻخ
Marz? see Mêlg
Letro: skim, strip, piece ل ه,۱لت
Masgdâ: place of worship مسجد,مزکت
Leu: to smear, make dirty , الوده, الودن, اﻻ ش, اﻻن,آلودن
Mat:pick آماج
فالوده,۱ ال دن,الوﻧه
Mauč: to learn, teach آموخ
Leudh, Raud 2: to grow , روستا,۲ رو, ُرس, ُرستم,۱ َرز,حور
رو دن, روی,روضه Maud see Moudh
Leuk: light, brightness , درخش دن, درخش, افروخ,آرش Maz: to break ماز
, روز, رزق, رخش, دیروز,۱درفش Mazaxa see Madhaxa
فروغ, فروزان,روشن
Me 1: to measure , ب مار, آماده, آسمان,آزما ش
Leup, Raup 2: to break, peel کﻬ ا,رودن , پ مودن, پ ماﻧه, پ مان,۲َپرماس دن
off , ماه, ماﻧند, ما س,۱ مان,فرمان
Liginnu: a pot for measuring ل ن , ﻧماینده, ﻧما ش, ﻧما, مﻬش د,مﻬتاب
wheat ﻧمودن
Limû: lemon, lime ل موﻧاد, ل مو,ﻻ م Me 2, Meh: me, I ۱من
Lithra: a scale, balance رطل Mê 3: no, not َم ـ
Lohrk: weasel راسو Medhyo: middle م ان
Longos, Leng: limp, lame, لنﮓ Meg: great ِم َﻬست,۲ ِمه,ِمزﻧا
bent, also a low land Meh see Me 2
Lrğ: to tremble لرزدن Mehdhu: honey, intoxicating ِمـی, َمنج,ُمل
drink (POK:707)
M
Mei 1: soft, mild َم َ د, م ان,ما ده
Mâ: breast , ما ان, ماد ان, ماده, مادراﻧدر,مادر
ممه, ما ه,مامان Mei 2: to fix, build, fence م خک,میﺦ
Mač see Maič Mei 3: to go, move َسمت
Mad: wet, also coagulated ,۱ مست, ما, ماغ, ماس دن,ماست Mei 4: to bind, tie می ا,ِمﻬر
َمسکه Mei 5 see Mai 1
Madhaxa, Mazaxa: م ﮕو, م ﮓ,ملﺦ Mei 6 see Mai 2
grasshopper
Meig: to mix آم ش, آم خ
Mağa: hole, recess مغا,۲َمغ
A11
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
Ksen: to card wool شاﻧه Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form , اﻧ اش, اﻧ اردن, ابیورد,آهنﮕر
, ـ جرد, پ کر, پ ار, پرار,بروجرد
Ksero: dry اس
, سوسنﮕرد, ِس ال, دارا ﮕرد,چاره
ُ
Kseubh: to shake, rock, کشف, آشوب, آشف , ار دن,۱ ار, ﻗﻬرمان, ش ار,شا رد
disturb , گ دن,۴ ـ ِگرد,۲ گر, کﻬرمان,کردن
Kseud: water, to clean by ۲ شوی,۱ شوی,۲ شور, شس , گوارش, گواردن, گوارا, گ ش,گ ر
stamping in water ـ, وچر, ﻧ اردن, ﻧقره, لشﮕر,ﻻجورد
یزدگرد, وز ر,۱َورد
Ksîp: strike, weapon, spike , ش ب دن,۳ ش ب,۲ ش ب,۱ش ب
شب, شف Kwermi see Wer 2
ُ
Ksîro: milk ش ن,۱ ش Kwes: to pant, to breathe هوا,شش
ُ fast
Ksudros: coarse, crushed in خرد َ َچ
small pieces Kwetwer : four , ش ﻧک, چﻬل, چﻬارم, چﻬار,تور
ک ﻧﮓ,شطرﻧج
Kû 1: to burn (also firewood) الی, ال د, الب, اﻻ, ﻗفقاز,ﻗالب
Kweye, Ĉiah: quiet, شاد,آش اﻧه
Kû 2: spike ۲ سوگ,۲ سوک,سوزن comfortable
Kuâtos: straw کﻬ ا,۱اه Kwo: stem of interrogative , چ, , چون, چه, چند,چﮕوﻧه
Kuei: white, shining سف د, س د,سپﻬر and relative pronouns هیﭻ,۲ کـی،۱ ِکـی, کو,کس
Kund: blunt, stocky, rough کندی, کنداور,۲ کند,۱کند Kwon: dog ﻗناری, سﮓ, س اه,اصفﻬان
Kûp: to smoke, cook, also ک Kwsep: darkness ش ستان, ش دیز, شب,شام
move violently, be agitated
L
Kupriti: sulfur ک ت
Lâ, lal 1, Lalla: roots of sound ﻻﻻ, ﻻﻻ,ﻻل
Kur see Ker 5 words including animal crys,
Kûr: dark, blind کور baby babbling and even
silence.
Kurkizannu: rhinoceros کرگدن,کرگ
Ladunu: resin of a certain ﻻدن
Kut: small, short کودک, کوچک,کوتاه tree
Kwal: a big fish, whale کرو Lâiô: roar, bark, bellow ﻻی دن
Kwei 1: to pay back, revenge, ک Lâjîn: name of a Turkish tribe ﻻجورد
punish
Lak: to tear لخت,۲لت
Kwei 2, Ĉai: to pile up , توز دن, توخ, پرچ,اﻧج دن
گ ش, گ دن,چ دن Lakš, Raxš: to protect, defend لشﮕر
Kwek, Kas 1: to appear, see, , چشم, چاش, چاشت,آ اه Lâl 2: red color , ﻻله سار, ﻻله, ﻻل, ﻻلس,آﻻله
show ﻧ اه, گواه,چش دن لﻌل
Kwen 2: sip, swallow ۲ ام,۲چم دن Legwh: light in weight, quick ﻻغر
in movement
Kwen 3, Kwem, Ĉîam: to آشام دن
swallow Lehk see Lek 1
A10
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
Kel 3: to strike, cut, stab لنﮓ,لند Keub see Gêu 1
Kel 4: light and dark spots, چرمه Keued: to yell ﻧکوه دن,ﻧکوهش
gray color tones َ ُ
Keuk: to shine, be white , سﻬرورد, سﻬراب, خ,افسوس
Kel 5: cup, bowl کوزه, اسه,اس , سوزان, سوزا, سوز, سوخ
, سوگند,۱ سوگ,۱ سوک,سوزش
Kelewo: lacking, bald ل, کروه,کچل
۲َورد
Kem 1: stick ۱س م
Keup see Gêu 1
Kem 2: to cover ﻗم ص
Khâd: to bite خای دن
Ken 1: young, fresh کن
Kharpuna see Kahrpu
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig , اﻻخاﻧه, افکندن,سکنه
ِ ِا,آ ندن
Ki, Ĉih: to freeze چای دن
, خاﻧه, چاه, پ ان, پرا ندن,ال ن
َ َ
, شن, سمرﻗند, خندق, خن, خا Kiês: bug, tick ساس
َ
, کندن, کندک,۲ اﻧون, اﻧال,ﻗاﻧون َ
َ Kiph: thin flexible twig شفش,س ﻒ
هوشنﮓ, لشن, کنند,کندو
Kîru: wax گ س, ﻗ
Keng see Keg ُ
Kitu: cotton clothing کتان,تنکه
Kens: to speak solemnly, افساﻧه
proclaim Klei: to lean اﻗل م
َ
Ker 1: head, horn , , ساﻻر, زﻧجب ل, اف,افسار Klem: tired, loose, dull ش َمن
ﻻله, ﻗ اط, شنﮕب ل,۱ َ ون,ُ و Kleu, Srau: to hear
ُ ُ ُ
, خشو, خسوره, خسور, خ و, ُ خ
ُ
سار , ود, واد, وا,ای دن
Ker 2, Sker 2: to cut, , ِس ال, گ, خوک, چرم,ا ر ک خ و, ک ٰی, ش دن,ُ وش
separate, tear , شکوفه, ش اف, س,سودن Klêu: hook, peg used to lock لد
, اف, ارد, فرسودن, غ ال,شﮕفت doors
, کف, کرت, کر, ُاوش,او دن
, مﮕر, گس ل, گس خ, گسس Klis: adhere ِ ش, ش ,شت
هرگز Klou-ni: buttock, rump ن,۲ُ ون
َ
Ker 3: loud noise, noisy birds , کرک,فه , خروش دن,خروس Koksâ: a part of body like کشاله
ورتک, کروه,کرکس foot, hip, etc.
Ker 4, Kers: black, dirty ,۱ ِکرسنه, کرس, ش, سمور,چرده Kolemos: grass, reed, cane ﻗلم
ک م ا, کره,۲کرسنه ُ
Korkâ: gravel ِشکر, سوخاری, سا ارز,ساخار ن
Ker 5, Kur: heat, fire کوره
Kormo: pain, suffering م
Kerd 1: heart دل
Koro: war, army, a large , کرب, النجار, اروان, ارزار,۲ار
Kerd 2: row, herd ده crowd لنجار,کرﻧا
Kerdh see Skordh Kost: bone, rib, side of کش, کس,برگستوان
Kerk: thin, slender گرشاسپ,گرسیوز anything
A9
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
Ieuo: grain گوازه, ُجوازه,۲جو Kapastay : poison, a bitter ک ست
َ َ plant
Isto: most or last , فرهست, ِفره, بﻬشت,اردیبﻬشت
َ
ﻧزد ک, ﻧخست, ِم َﻬست,است Kapho: hoof ُس ب, ُسم,َسفل
Jangalah: wasteland covered جن ل Kar 1: hard , خر, خار دن, خار شت, خارا,خار
with wild growths ۱ کنﮕره, ﻗاطر, خروار, ِخ َرد,خرچنﮓ
Kâ: to wish, desire ۱ام Karš: to drag, pull ,۲ ک ش, کشکول, کشاله,ترکش
۳ک ش
Kâd: sorrow, hatred ۲سار
Karšvar: a "circle" of land, کشور
Kafa: foam کفچل, کفﭻ,کﻒ country
Kaffa: the plant or drink افه,ﻗﻬوه Kas: to cut ﻗ
coming from Kaffa, a district
in southwestern Ethiopia Kas 1 see Kwek
Kahrpu, Kharpuna: lizard ک اسو,چل اسه Kâs 3: to direct, command ُسخن, ساستا,اسﺦ
َ
Kai: alone کور Kasyapa: tortoise کشﻒ
Kânûnu: fireplace ۱اﻧون Kel 1: cold or warm, a year ما ,د , سال, اف دن,آ سال
Kap, Ĉap 2: grasp , ﻗف, ﻗفس, چفس دن,چس دن Kel 2: to cover ل ه,ﻼه
ک ز
A8
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
Gnauh: to sleep, Slumber غنودن Gwhen 2, Jan: to strike, hurt , اﻧﮕژه, اﻧغوزه, آژدن, آزدن,آجدن
, زدن, ادزهر, بﻬرام, اوژﻧدن,اوژدن
Gnô: to know , زﻧدیق, زﻧد, دا ش, دا س,آشنا َ
, ﻼغ, ش اوژن, ژه, ژد, زهر,۳زه
فرز ن, فرزاﻧه, شناخ
ورغنه, ﻧژﻧد, گ دن,گزﻧد
Gogel: knob, tapering object گ َزر
Gwhen 3 see Ken 2
Gong, Geng: lump گند
Gwher: warm گرم
Gôtra: race, origin, substance گوهر,جوهر
Gwhi: thread, string ف له,۱زه
Gram see Ghrem
Gwou: cow, ox, bull , گوساله, گ ان, او, کود,توده
Gras: to eat غاﻧغرا ا ﻧﻬف, گوه, گوشت,گوسفند
Gredh: to walk, go گرای دن,۲کنﮕره Gzn: treasure مغازه, مخزن, گنج, ک, خزاﻧه,جنازه
Grnom see Ger 2
H
Gurdos 1: brave, proud گردان,۱گرد
Had see Sed
Gurdos 2: sluggish, stupid گول
Haem, Haya: character, دژخ م,خ م
Gûysna: deer, stag گوزن nature
Gwa: to walk, step , اﻧجام, ا اتان, آینده, آمدن,آغاز Hai see Sâi
, خورﻧ اه, جاه, پ غام, پ ام,اﻧجمن
Haič see Seiku
, ﻧ ام, گﻬواره,۲ اه, ام, فرجام,زمان
هن ام,همدان Har see Dher 1
Gwag: cry, quack, squeak, ژ دن, ژاژ, زک دن,زاغ Harn see Srisâ
squeal Harz see Selg
Gwebh: to dip, sink ژرف Hau 1 see Seu 4
Gwed see Yad Hau 2 see Seu 3
Gwedh: to injure, destroy گند دن, گند,گست Hauš see Saus
Gwei, Jai: to live , ز بق, زﻧد, جیوه, جﻬان,آژ ر Haya see Haem
گی, کیومرث, کیﻬان, ز س,زرک
Hebni: ebony tree (common آبنوس
Gweie: to over power, defeat ای دن,زان in India)
Gwel 1: to throw, reach گرز ن,ا ل س Hmar see Mer 1
َ
Gwel 2: to pierce ُمفلس, فلس,پول H.n.n: to have grace and یوﻧان
Gwen: woman, female زن kindness
Gwer 1: heavy گران Huaid see Sweid
Gwer 2: to praise, welcome, , گروگر, گرزمان, گرا, پ غاره,ب غاره Huan see Swen
sing گ ه, گ س Hyakinthos: a bulbous plant ا ند,اﻗوت
ُ ُ
Gwer 3: to swallow , ﻗلقل, غلغل, غرغره, خرخره,پ اله with fragrant flowers.
, گواردن, گوارا, لو, ل, گ وه,گ ان
گوارش I
Gwer 4: mountain لشاه, گرشاه,۱گر I 1: to go ه ک, َجن, جاروب, جا,ا د
A7
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
Gal, Garz 2: to shout, ِ له, گ ه, گ س,گروگر Ghaido: goat زاﻗدان,زاق
complain, cry
Ghait: wavy hair گس
Gan: to seize زغن
Ghans: goose غاز
Gang: to mock, hum گنﮓ
Gharš see Ghers
Garenu: scab on animal skin گرِگن,۳گر
Ghdhem: earth زم, خوارزم,آل ورتم
Garz 1: to bite, sting گرزه
Ghdies: yester ۲دی
Garz 2 see Gal
Ghebh-el: head, top کوف ّ ه,ﻗ فال
Gassu: mortar گﭻ
Ghei 1: winter زمﻬ ر, زمستان, زم,۱ِدی
Ǧaulos: vessel, boat زورق
Ghei 2: to propel , زن, زﻧﻬار, زﻧدان, زﻧج, افزار,ابزار
Gaz: to bite, string ۲از گرز ن,ز نﻬار
َ
Ǧazal: a new born deer, a غزال Ghêi 3: to yawn فاژدن,فاژ
wild goat
Gheis: to frighten, to be زشت
Gêi: to sing, song ﻧ ا ش,۱ اه,ات angry
Geibh, Gaip: to spin thread گیوه Ghel: to shine, also a bright , زردک, زرد,۱ زر, خ ال,آرس ک
َ
yellow color , زرکوﻧ م, زهره, زرر, زرﻧیﺦ,زرگون
Gel 1: to form into a ball, گوی, گوله, لوله,ک ّره
مال خول ا
stick together
Gheled: ice, hail ژاله
Gel 2: to swallow, devour زلو,زالو
Ghengh: to proceed, step زﻧﮓ, ِخنﮓ,جنﮓ
Geme: to marry داماد
Gher: to grasp, enclose , ـ جرد, بروجرد, ابیورد, آزردن,آزار
Gene: to give birth to , م زا, ﻗرمز, فرزﻧد, زای دن, زادن,آزاد َ
۱ ـ َورد,۴ ـ ِگرد, ﻗرن,سوسنﮕرد
ﻧژاد
Ghers, Gharš: to be delighted گش
Geng see Gong
Gherto: milk, butter , فرغار دن, فرغار, آغش, آغر,آغار
Genu 1: angle, knee گوﻧ ا,زاﻧو
فرغنده, فرغن, فرغردن,فرغر
Genu 2: chin, jaw bone زﻧخدان,چاﻧه
Gheslo: thousand هزار
Geph: mouth زفر
Ghesto: hand آست
Ger 1: crooked, curved, گروه,گره َ
Gheu: to pour ک م ا, ش,۲ زور, زوت,رفوزه
round object
Gheugh: to hide, conceal آغل
Ger 2, Grnom: to become , زال,۱ زار, ارژن, ارزن,آزرم دخت
ripe, grow old. Also means , زرمان, زردشت, زر شت,۲زر Ghlâd: to sound, to ring زره,ّزراد
grain گندم, ز ره,زروان
Ghou-ro-s: terrifying, grief گوراب,گور
Ger 3: to awaken ب دار
Ghrebh 1: seize گرو, گرف, ذیرف
Ger 4: to cry hoarsely, growl غ ّ دن, زاری,۲زار
Ghrebh 2: to dig, bury گوراب,گور
ُ ُ ُ ُ َ
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend , خمره, خم, چون, چﮕوﻧه,ا واب
Ghrem, Gram: to roar, be غژم, غزم, غرﻧ دن, غرم دن,غرش
, صنج, سنج, گ, زرکوﻧ م,زرگون
angry
, کوشک, کوژ, کپ, ﻗوزک, ﻗوز,غوز
, کیوسک, کوهسار, کوهان,کوه Ghu 1: to call for help, appeal , گف, گپ, خواجه, خدیو,خدا
ﻧﮕون, گوی, گون, گوشه, گنده,گن د ﻧاخدا
Geu 2: to hasten , زود, ز َاور, زاو, افزودن, افزار,ابزار Ghu 2: tongue هزوان,زان
فزون,۱زور Ghuel: crooked, bent ۳ زور,تزو ر
Geu 3, Gieu, Jiau: to chew ج دن Ghûk: hoot, whoop غوک
Geus: to love, favor, choose دوست Gieu see Geu 3
Ghâgwh: young animal زاغ Glei: run up to, water flow زراه,درا
A6
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
Dheugh: to milk , دخ, ب دخت,آزرم دخت Ekwos: horse , اسب, ارشاسپ, ارجاسپ,آلفاآلفا
, دوش دن,۲ دوخ,دخ اﻧدر , جاماسب, تﻬماسب, اس,اس ست
فغفور, دوغ,دوش ه , فسفسه, طﻬماسپ, سوار,س ست
, گشتاسپ, گرشاسپ,فصفصه
Dheye: to see , اﻧد ش دن, آی, آینه, آذین,آدینه
, لﻬراسپ, گش سپ,گشناسب
, د مه, د م, د دن, جان, د د,ب نا
و شتاسپ
س ما,۱دین
El 1 : to bend, elbow ارش,آرﻧج
Dhîs: village, land ِده
El 2: red or brown used in آل وﻧه,آل
Dhragh 1: to pull درشکه
animal and tree names
Dhragh 2 see Dher 2
Elu-ephas: elephant ف ل, پ ﻼس,پ ل
Dhreu, Drau: to call on درای دن
Embhi: honey, honey bee , اﻧﮕژه, اﻧﮕب,۲ اﻧﮓ,اﻧغوزه
Dhreugh: to deceive َ ُد,دروغ
روﻧد سکنجب
Dhûs: whir, whirring object, دوک Ěmos: a suffix meaning most ـ ُ م, سوم,دوم
spindle or last
Dhwer: door درند, درب, در,بندر En: in, inside ا ستادن, اﻧدرون, اﻧدروا,۱ اﻧدر,آری
ّ
Dînu: law, right, judgment ۳ ِدین,۲ دین,تمدن Ens: meet with hostile intent اه من
Dô: to give, create , دادن, دادار, اداش, غداد,اسفند ار Er, Ar 2: to set in motion, , پ اره, الوﻧد, اروﻧد, ارغنده,آر ـ ــغ
َ
۱ هوش,۱ ِدی, دهش,۲ دشت,داشن excite , رم, ر ــغ, ر دن, رس دن, راﻧدن,ذیره
Dolmak: to wind, wrap دلمه لﻬراسپ
Dub: tablet, scripture , دب, د ستان, ادب ات, ادب,آداب Ersen: ejector of semen, , گشن, س اوش, خشا ار,ارشاسپ
َ male گش, گش سپ,گشناسب
شندف, دیوان, دی اچه,دف
ُ ُ ُ ُ Es-ti: to be هس, هست, اس,۱است
Dumb: tail دﻧ ﻼن, دﻧ ک, دﻧب, د َمل, دم,ت ک
ُ ُ ُ Ěter: internal (insignificant) خوار
Dus: bad, evil , دژم, دژخ م, دژ ه, دژ ــ, دزد,جوجه
ُ ُ ُ ُ organs
, دش ه, دش ل, دش ــ,دژمان
, دشوار, دشنام, دشمن,دشخوار Eueguh, Wegwh: to speak اسﺦ
ُ
ژوژه, دوزخ, د َمل,دش اد solemnly
Dwo: two , دوج, دوازده, دو,۲ ب ش,ا ل س
F
دیﻬ م, د ﮕر, دو ست,دوم
Fra-sanga: a distance of فرسنﮓ, فرسﺦ,َپرسنﮓ
E about five kilometers
َ
Ed: to eat , ِخ َرفس, اس ست, آلفاآلفا,آش F.r.q: to split, divide تراف ک
َ َ
, س ست, دﻧده, دﻧدان, خس
Fšân: spread, sprinkle افشون,افشاﻧدن
ﻧاشتا, کرکس, فصفصه,فسفسه
Eis 1: passion خشم G
ُ
Eis 2: ice یﺦ Gabbah: dome, vault, blister کپ دن, ک ّ ه, ک ّ ه,ﻗ ّ ه
Gaip see Geibh
A5
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
Ĉap 2 see Kap Dema: to tame and ۱ دام,الماس
domesticate animals
Ĉartês: leaf of papyrus ارت,ﻗرطاس
َ
Denk: to bite دﻧده, دﻧدان,دد
Ĉat see Skeht
Dens, Danh: to teach, دستور
Ĉaud see Skeud
instruct
Chiang-yu: soybean oil س ا
Deph: to stamp دف
Chou-shu: millet شوشو ُ ّ ,۲ درفش,َدرد
Der 1: to split, to tear , درودن, ِدرو,دره
Ĉiah see Kweye ﻧ شدر, ﻧ ش,دردن
Ĉîah: to move, throw, relieve شاش Der 2: to run درون
oneself
Derk: to see ترخون
Ĉîam see Kwen 3
Deru: wood, tree, to be firm , درخت, داره,۱ دارو, دارکوب,دار
Ĉiau see Kei 2 ُ ُ
, درودگر,۲ درود,۱ درود,درست
Ĉih see Ki دروﻧه
Cîrâğ: lamp ق ,اج , چراغ,ا اق Deu 1: to penetrate, sink ۱دوش
Baud: to feel, sense بوس Bheug: to purify, save, free پوزدن, پوزش,ُ خت
Bêlûr: an Indian city famous ُ لور Bhôi: to fear ب مه, ب م, ا
for its crystal Bhôu: joy, satisfaction ب ه,۲بوی
Berenža: brass برﻧز,۱برﻧج Bhreus: swollen ۴َبر
Beu 1: root of muffled ۱ بوم, بوف,بوت مار Bhru 1: eyebrow ُبرو,ابرو
sounds
Bhru 2: beam, log اهو
Beu 2: to swell, blow بوق
Bhugo: male animal of ُبز
Bhâ 1: to shine فاﻧوس,۱ ـ فام, امداد,۱ام various kinds
Bhâ 2: to speak, heal پزشک Bhun: base, bottom َ , ل, ب اد, ُبنه,۱ُبن
َون,ﻧارون
Bhag: to share out, to enjoy , اغ, اژ,۱ اج, اﻧ اغ, اﻧ از,اتا ک Bistak: pistachio سته
, بغ, بزم, َب خ, ذله,۱ خش دن,َ خت
, ب دخت, بﻬره, بﻬادر, غستان,غداد Blou see Plou
فغفور, فغستان, فغ, ب ﮓ,ب ستون Boqčâ: linen for wrapping غچه
Bhâghu : elbow, arm ازو clothes in it
A3
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
A A'.m.r: to command م زا
Ab 1: water آب ,۱آب ,۲آ ان ,آبرو ,آب ز ,آ شار, An 1: breath اهورا ,اهورامزدا ,اورمزد ,برزخ ,دوزخ,
آخور ,آس اب ,آفتابِ ,اب ق ,ا ّبﻬت, هرمز ,هورمزد
اﻧ یق ,درا ,زهاب ,ﻧاب An 2: other اﻧدر, آن ,اﻧدر ,۲دراﻧدر,
Abâ: to assemble together ازار ,ازران دخ اﻧدر ,مادراﻧدر
Ag: to drive تراز ,ترازو Ang: to bend اﻧﮓ ,۱اﻧﮕشت ,اﻧﮕول ,جوجه,
ژوژه ,ش ﻧک ,شطرﻧج ,ک ﻧﮓ ,لنﮕر
Agaru: to hire اجاره ,اجرت
Angh: tight, compressed آزُ ,جوازه ,گوازه ,ﻧ از
Agaruh: aloe wood عود ,فلوت اژدر ,اژدها ,اژدها ّ ,
Angwhi: snake ضحا
Agh, Aghlo: depressed, آخ ,آ ,اخ
disagreeable Anôr: watery, juicy اﻧار
Aghlo see Agh Ap: to take, receive, reach اوام ,فام ,۲وام ,اف
Agurru: baked clay, brick آجر ,آ ور Apânk: turned backwards, اخ ,اخ ,دخشان ,لﺦ
north
a-hu: not good, defect, fault آﻧاهیتا ,آهو ,۲ﻧاه د ُ
Apo: off آ اداﻧا ,آخ ,آراس ,آغاز ,آفدم,
Aidh: to burn خشت ,۱ه م ,ه مه آ ندن ,آماده ,آمدن ,آهخ ,
ُ
Aig-: goat, of a goat ازگ۲ آه خ ,آورد ,آینده ,افدم,
خشودن ,خش دن ,۲س ,پوست,
Aios: metal آهن س اردن ,س دن ,وارون
Aiw: vitality, eternity برﻧا ,جاو د ,خدا ,خدیو ,خواجه, Ar 1: to fit together آراس ,ارد ,اردش ,اردﻻن ,اردوان,
ﻧاخدا اردیبﻬشت ,اشو ,پ اس ,پ ا هِ ,چرا,
َ
Ak: sharp, also a sharp stone آس ,آسمان ,آس اب ,ا سان ,افسان, رادَ ,۱رد ,ﻧرد ,۱ﻧیو اردش ,و راس ,
افساﻧ دن ,ادآس ,سای دن ,سخ , و را ش
سخت دن ,سنج دن ,سنﮓ ,سوهان, Ar 2 see Er
فسان ,فساﻧ دن
Ardha: swept, moved, فرارون ,ف رون ,ف ون ,وارون
Akos: suffix indicating small ـک pushed
size
Arg: to shine, white metal ارز ز
Akru: tear, tear drop ارس ,اشک
Arš see Ere
Aksas see Asksâ
As: to burn آر ,هکتار
Akwa: water آلهِ ,له
âs, âsa: to arrive, come آس دن ,خراسان
Al 1: beyond, above آرا ,ارا ,اران ,اردﻻن ,ایران,
ایراﻧ ــج ,ای ج ,ایرمان âsa see âs
Âlêiô: to wander, roam, rove آوار ,۲آواره Âsû : to rise, come out (said آس ا ,وضو
)of the sun
Alek: to ward off, protect اسکندر ,ﻻ ,ل ّجه ,ل
Ater: fire آ ش ,آذر ,آذرا جان ,ه د
Algwh: worth, value ارج ,ارجاسپ ,ارز ,ارزش ,ارز دن,
ورج Âtos: father, mother, family, آبت ,دده۱
race
Amalaka: emblic tree ُ
آملج
Au: away, off, down ا اردن ,ا اش ,افتادن ,او اش ,اوژدن,
Ambhi: around آست ,افراش ,افروخ ,افزودن, اوژﻧدن ,خرسند ,ش اوژن
افسار ,اف ,افسوس ,افشاﻧدن,
افشون ,افغان ,افکندن ,اﻧ ,شتاب, Aug see Aweg
شتاف ,ش ار ,فزون ,فغان Aulos: jaw آرواره
Âmon: full, filled with آمودن ,ابرآمون
A2
CONTENTS
Persian Introduction
References
Guide for Reading the Charts
Preface
A1
Reverse Pagination
The order of the Persian Words in this dictionary is from
right to left. Therefore, except for the Index section, the
book is paginated from right to left.
To my wife and sons
who supported me with their
love and patience.
Copyright © 2022 by Dr. Ali Nourai.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage
and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner.
An Etymological Dictionary
of the Persian Language