Hindawi

International Journal of Energy Research

Volume 2023, Article ID 8193592, 15 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8193592

Research Article
TCSC Application for Transient Stabilization of Wind
Turbine with Fixed Speed Induction Generator

Hossein Sobhani ,1 Mohammad Rasol Jannesar ,1 Saeed Hasanvand ,2

and Amir Khaledian 1
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Firouzabad Institute of Higher Education, Firouzabad, Fars, Iran

Correspondence should be addressed to Hossein Sobhani; hossein.fallahzadeh@aut.ac.ir

Received 9 October 2022; Revised 7 April 2023; Accepted 2 May 2023; Published 24 May 2023

Academic Editor: Yogendra Arya

Copyright © 2023 Hossein Sobhani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Wind turbines (WTs) are a desirable alternative to traditional nonrenewable power resources as a result of recent environmental
concerns. Some of them are fixed speed wind generator (FSWG) and have been integrated to power system by squirrel cage
induction generator (SCIG). Induction machine absorbs reactive power during all operating conditions, especially at fault
condition may result in severe voltage drop which can lead to generator outage. This outage disconnects a significant amount
of active power and consequently leads to frequency instability. In order to prevent induction generator (IG) outages in short
circuit failures, this paper investigates thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) device as a candidate solution. TCSC
compensates the IG terminal voltage drop by adjusting transmission line impedance at fault condition. In the proposed
method, a metaheuristic technique means that shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) has been utilized to optimize the TCSC
controller gains. The proposed scheme can be applied for both SCIGs and wound rotor induction generators (WRIGs) which
is another advantage of this method. Single-machine infinite bus system is considered as case study, and various operating
conditions and disturbances have been considered to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

1. Introduction sient stability of synchronous machines [3]. SCIGs absorb reac-

1.1. Background. Renewable energy resources are environmen-
tally beneficial and cost-effective power resources, and their
penetration level is notably increased in power systems in
recent years. In the past decade, wind energy has grown rapidly
among these resources [1]. Most WTs are connected to power
grid using IGs. There are two primary forms of IG that are reg-
ularly utilized. Wound rotor induction generator is connected
to power grid by electronic converter and is known as a doubly
fed induction generator (DFIG). This type of IG usually has
variable speed and includes an external mechanism to control
electrical characteristics via rotor circuit [2]. SCIG is another
form which is directly connected to the power grid and known
as fixed speed WT. Over the former years, due to simplicity and
inexpensiveness, SCIGs were installed in large proportions in
power grids, but they have stability problems such as the tran-
tive power during normal and fault operating condition that
may result in voltage collapse and rotor speed instability [4].
If there is no stabilization solution, this event may lead to gen-
erator outage, and consequently, a significant amount of active
power may be lost [5]. So, it is important to analyze the tran-
sient stability of SCIGs.
1.2. Literature Review. There are many researches related to the
stabilization of FSWG as an interesting topic. It is reported in
literatures that static synchronous compensator [6–8] can sta-
bilize the FSWG. Braking resistor has been proposed as
another method for transient stability improvement of syn-
chronous generators for a long time [9, 10]. According to
[11, 12], braking resistor can be recognized as a candidate for
wind generator stabilization as well. Generally, wind turbine
blades are equipped with a pitch angle controller. Although
2 International Journal of Energy Research

the primary purpose of this controller is to keep output power in d − q reference frame system is shown in equations
of WTs at the rated level, it can also improve the transient sta- (1)–(12):
bility of the IG by verifying the rotor speed in emergency con- Stator voltage equations:
dition [13, 14]. Superconducting magnetic energy storage is an
alternative solution for WT stabilization problem. It consists of dλqs
V qs = Rs iqs + ωλds + , ð1Þ
large superconducting coil which can save electric energy in dt
the magnetic field. The real and reactive power can be supplied
or absorbed by the coil related to grid necessities [15–17]. dλds
V ds = Rs ids − ωλqs + : ð2Þ
Smart loads are another choice for improving the fault-ride- dt
through capability of FSWGs in microgrids which is reported
recently [18]. Rotor voltage equations:

1.3. Research Gap, Challenges, and Motivation. The afore- ′

dλqr
′ = Rr′iqr
V qr ′ + sωλ′dr + = 0, ð3Þ
mentioned solutions of transient stability for FSWGs implies dt
the importance of this issue. TCSC as a series flexible AC
transmission system (FACTS) device is able to change trans- dλ′dr ð4Þ
mission line impedance rapidly and continually [19, 20]. It V ′dr = Rr′i′dr − sωλqr
′ + = 0:
dt
can control the power flow of transmission lines and
improve the transient stability of the power system during Electromechanical equation:
the large disturbances such as short circuit faults [21]. The
application of TCSC to improve voltage stability [22], tran- dωm 1
= ðT − T m Þ: ð5Þ
sient stability [19, 23], and small signal stability [24, 25] of dt 2H e
power systems including synchronous generators has been
previously reported. This paper proposes an application of Electromagnetic torque:
TCSC for power system transient stability including IGs.
This paper is aimed at filling this gap and provides a well- T e = λds iqs − λqs ids : ð6Þ
documented dynamic modeling of WTs and fixed speed
IGs for transient stability study. The method comprises Stator flow equations:
TCSC designing, controller tunning, and stability analyzing.
′ ,
λqs = Ls iqs + Lm iqr ð7Þ
1.4. Contribution. Different control strategies have been used
for FACTS devices. PID control [26], fuzzy logic control [20,
24], lead-lag control [23], and neural network-based control λds = Ls ids + Lm i′dr : ð8Þ
[27] have been studied in the literature. Despite modern con- Rotor flow equations:
trol methods, the classical PID controller is mostly used in
industrial applications as a simple, reliable, and low-priced ′ = Lr′iqr
λqr ′ + Lm iqs , ð9Þ
controller [26]. The most important issue in this controller is
related to the complexity of tuning its gains [28]. In this study,
a method to tune controller gains in an optimal way is pro- ′ = Lr′idr
λdr ′ + Lm ids : ð10Þ
posed. In this regard, a metaheuristic technique, shuffled frog By referring all the values to the stator in these equa-
leaping algorithm, is used to optimize the controller gains of tions, we will have
TCSC integrated to power system with WT. The proposed
scheme can be applied for both SCIGs and WRIGs. Ls = Lls + Lm , ð11Þ
1.5. Paper Organization. The rest of the paper is organized as
follows. The dynamic modeling of WTs and IGs and dynamic Lr′ = Llr′ + Lm : ð12Þ
response of them at fault condition are presented in Section 2.
The controller scheme is introduced in Section 3. The SFLA In these equations, Rs and Rr′ are the stator and rotor
formulation and application for the problem are explained in resistors, Ls and Lr′ are the stator and rotor inductance, Lls
Section 4. Time-domain simulations of the proposed control- and Llr′ are the stator and rotor leakage inductance, Lm is
ler are presented in Section 5, and the results for two scenarios the magnetizing inductance, ids and V ds are the current
show that SCIGs can ride through the fault without discon- and voltage of d -component of the stator, iqs and V qs are
necting from network by well-organized use of TCSC. The the current and voltage of q -component of the stator, i′dr
paper finally concludes in the last section. and V ′dr are the current and voltage of the d-component of
′ and V qr
rotor, iqr ′ are the current and voltage of q-compo-
2. System Model
nent of rotor, ω is the stator field speed, ωm is the rotor
2.1. Dynamic Model of Induction Machine. The 5-order mechanical speed, s is the slip, T e is the electromagnetic tor-
dynamic model of the three-phase induction machine is que, T m is the mechanical load torque, and H is the inertia
known as the Park model [29]. The Park model expression constant which all are expressed in per unit.
International Journal of Energy Research 3

Blades Slow shaft

Wind measuring system
Main bearing
Multiplier
Cooler
Oil Cover
Hub Nacelle

Generator
Rotor Driving
of orientation Panel control
Tower
Levels of
orientation system Main frame

Figure 1: Main components of WT.

𝜔meas 10° S 𝛽max

2.2. Dynamic Model and Characteristics of WT. The details KI 1 β
+ KP +
of the WT in this paper are based on the model presented – S 1+TdS
𝛽min
𝜔ref
in [30]. Figure 1 shows the main components of the rotating PI controller Rate limiter Limiter
part including the blades, hubs, low speed shaft, high speed
shaft, gearbox, and generator rotor. The dynamics of this Figure 2: Pitch controller.
model can be presented as the following equations:

dωB generator stiffness coefficients. Moreover, RG is the gearbox

JB = T m − DB ωB − DBH ðωB − ωH Þ − K BH ðθB − θH Þ, ratio unit, ω is the angular speed, and p is the number of
dt
ð13Þ generator poles. All parameters are expressed in per unit.
The mechanical torque T m is equal to wind aerodynamic
dωH torque which is calculated from
JH = −DH ωH − DBH ðωH − ωB Þ − DHG ðωH − ωG Þ
dt 0:5ρπR2 V 3w C P ðλ, βÞ
− K BH ðθH − θB Þ − K HG ðθH − θG Þ, Tm = , ð18Þ
ωb
ð14Þ
where ρ is the air density, R is the radius of the blades, V w is
dω D K the wind speed, and C P ðλ, βÞ is the power factor of the tur-
J G m = −T e − DG ωm − HG ðωG − ωH Þ − HG ðθG − θH Þ,
dt RG RG bine. λ is the ratio of the wind speed to the angular speed of
ð15Þ the blades calculated from equation λ = V w /ωb . β represents
the blade rotation angle. There is a pitch angle control sys-
ωm = RG ωG , ð16Þ tem in WTs to maintain the output power in the generator
p terminal in constant acceptable range using the angle of
ω= ω : ð17Þ the turbine blades when the wind speed changes around
2 m
the rated speed [31]. Although the main purpose of pitch
In these equations, J G , J H , and J B are the inertia moment angle controller is to regulate output power when the wind
of the generator, hub, and blades in which J G = 2H. More- speed is over the rated value, it can enhance the transient
over, ωB , ωH , and ωG are the mechanical speed of the blades, stability of wind generator by controlling the rotor speed.
hub, and gears. θB , θH , and θG are the mechanical angle of The pitch control system used in this work for controlling
the blades, hub, and generator. DB , DH , and DG are self- the rotor speed is shown in Figure 2.
damping coefficients of the blades, hub, and generator. Figure 3 shows the CP − λ curve for different values of β
DBH and DGH are damping coefficients between blade-hub which is referred to the WT characteristic curve [32]. This
and hub-generator. K BH and K GH are blade-hub and hub- curve is calculated by the following nonlinear:
4 International Journal of Energy Research

0.5

𝛽 = 2°
0.4

𝛽 = 6°
0.3

CP
𝛽 = 11°
0.2
𝛽 = 17°

0.1 𝛽 = 27°

0
0 5 10 15 20

Figure 3: Typical WT power factor characteristic.

Tr. Line-1
Tm TCSC
Wind

Tr Tr. Line-2
IG Infinite bus

Figure 4: Single-line diagram of the case study system.

 
c2 where V s is the stator terminal voltage, xls is the stator leak-
C P ðλÞ = c1 − c3 β − c4 e−c5 λi + c6 λ,
λi age reactance, xlr′ is the rotor leakage reactance referred to
ð19Þ the stator, and xm is the magnetizing reactance. These equa-
1
λi = À À 3 ÁÁ : tions show the dependency of the active and reactive powers
ð ð
1/ λ + c β
7 ÞÞ − c8 / β + 1 of SCIG on terminal voltage and slip.
The output active power and reactive power vs. slip char-
2.3. Analysis of IG during Fault Condition. Figure 4 illus- acteristics for a typical IG that show the steady-state behavior
trates the FSWG as a single machine connected to infinite of the generator are shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively.
power bus by two power lines. One line is equipped with a According to Figure 5, the slip value is about -0.01 dur-
three-phase TCSC, and the other one is candidate for fault ing the normal operation of IG based on the prefault curve.
condition. When a fault occurs, the terminal voltage of the generator,
Considering the steady-state equivalent circuit of induc- V s , drops sharply, and according to equation (20), the out-
tion machine, the output active and reactive powers of the put active power of the IG (Pe ) will be decreased. In this
IG are calculated based on the following equations [33]: regard, the postfault active power-slip curve is followed in
Figure 5. In this situation, as Pe is lower than mechanical
h  i input power (Pm ), the rotor speed will be increased continu-
V 2s ðð1 − sÞ/sÞRr′ − Rs + Rr′ ously, and the absolute value of slip will be increased conse-
Pe = h  i2  2 , quently. If the ultimate rotor speed of the generator after the
ðð1 − sÞ/sÞRr′ + Rs + Rr′ + xls + xlr′
fault exceeds the critical speed, the IG will lose its stability
V 2s   V 2s [34]. Therefore, to prevent the generator from tripping, it
Qe = − − xls + xlr′ h  i2  2 , is necessary to make a condition in which the generator
xm
ðð1 − sÞ/sÞRr′ + Rs + Rr′ + xls + xlr′ tracks the postfault curve as soon as possible. Accordingly,
ωsyn − ωm × p/2 increasing the terminal voltage of the generator helps to
s= , achieve this goal. Consequently, the stability of the IG in
ωsyn
permanent fault conditions depends on the recovering time
ð20Þ of terminal voltage as well as the critical speed after fault.
International Journal of Energy Research 5

1.5

Active power (p.u.)

0.5

–0.5

–1

–1.5

–2
0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 –0.05 –0.1 –0.15 –0.2
Slip
Pre-fault Pe Fault Pe
Post-fault Pe Input Pm

Figure 5: Output active power vs. slip characteristic for IG.

–0.5

–1
Reactive power (p.u.)

–1.5

–2

–2.5

–3

–3.5

–4
0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 -0.05 -0.1 -0.15 -0.2
Slip

Pre-fault Qe
Post-fault Qe
Fault Qe

Figure 6: Output reactive power vs. slip characteristic for IG.

If this time is less than a specific value, the IG rotor speed
does not exceed the critical speed and its stability will be
guaranteed. On the other hand, increasing the critical speed
range of the postfault curve will result in increasing stability,
and thus, the IG will ride through the fault.
Output reactive power vs. slip characteristic shown in
Figure 6 confirms that the IG absorbs reactive power in both
generator and motor modes. For each curve, it is obvious that
when the absolute value of slip is increased, the amount of
absorbed reactive power is also increased. When a fault occurs,
the terminal voltage of the generator, V s , drops sharply, but the
speed does not immediately change because of the rotor inertia.
Therefore, in the fault condition, the amount of reactive power
absorbed by the generator decreases initially, but with the
increase in the absolute value of the slip, the amount of
absorbed reactive power increases, and it may exceed its
6 International Journal of Energy Research

C C

T1 C

L L
Varies from XL to infinity
T2

Figure 7: TCSC electrical model.

Table 1: Operational modes of TCSC for X L < X C .

Zone Range of fire angle

Inductive 0 ≤ α ≤ αL,lim
Resonance αL,lim ≤ α ≤ αC,lim Figure 9: TCSC fire angle controller.
Capacitive αC,lim ≤ α ≤ 90 °
X L ðαÞ which can be calculated as follows:
XL
X C X L ðα Þ
X TCSC ðαÞ = ,
X L ðα Þ − X C
Capacitive region ð22Þ
𝛼Clim to 90 1 1
XC = = ,
ωC 2πf C
Firing angle

0° 90° where α is the delay angle between the peak current of the
Resonance region

capacitor and its voltage or the delay angle by zero-

Inductive region
0 to 𝛼Llim
XC
Figure 8: Characteristics of TCSC for X L < X C [35].
previous value in the prefault condition. This will lead to a
worse voltage drop at the generator terminal, and as a result,
the instability of the rotor speed will be aggravated.
2.4. TCSC Model and Parameter Design. TCSC consists of a
fixed capacitor paralleled by thyristor-controlled reactor in
order to provide a variable reactance. The electrical model
of TCSC is shown in Figure 7.
The thyristor-controlled reactor is a variable reactor with
respect to its firing angle (α) which is represented by X L ðαÞ.
This reactance has continuous changes which could be
shown in
π
X L ðαÞ = X L , phenomenon, K = 1 should not be selected. In practical
π − 2α − sin α
X L ≤ X L ðαÞ ≤ ∞,
X L = ωL = 2πf L:
The equivalent impedance of the TCSC includes X C and
crossing line current [35].
By varying the X L ðαÞ from its maximum value (∞) to its
minimum value (X L ), X TCSC ðαÞ will change from X C to X C
X L /ðX L − X C Þ. To have both capacitive and inductive opera-
tions, X L should be selected smaller than X C . Table 1 shows
the reactance behavior of TCSC by varying firing angle on
this basis.
Based on the above description, X TCSC ðαÞ variation vs. α
is shown in Figure 8.
The appropriate values for the inductor and capacitor in
TCSC are selected based on the equivalent reactance of the
transmission line. In this regard, the series compensating
degree of transmission line is described as follows:
X TCSC ðαÞ
K= , 0 ≤ K ≤ 1, ð23Þ
X TL
where K is the degree of compensation and X TL is the equiv-
alent reactance of the transmission line. To avoid resonance
applications, the maximum degree of compensation must
ð21Þ not exceed 70%. The other assumption is that in the capac-
itive region, the maximum value of X TCSC ðαÞ for αmax = 90
must not exceed 4X C . Moreover, X L of TCSC is chosen such
that the ratio X L /X C be in the range between 0.1 and 0.3 to
have both capacitive and inductive operation modes [36, 37].
International Journal of Energy Research 7

Start

Initialization
Number of groups (m)
Number of Iterations (Itr)
Generate population (P) randomly
Evaluate the fitness of (P)

Sorting and Division

Sorted population Memeplexes Sort (P) in descending order
Divide sorted (P) into m groups
Member 1 Group 1
Member 2
Local search
Member m Replace the worst member of each group
Evaluate the fitness of new member
Member m+1
Member m+2
Group 2
Shuffling
Member 2 m Mix member of all groups into one group

Convergence No
criteria satisfied?

Member (n-1).m+1 Yes

Member (n-1).m+2 Group m
Determine the best solution

Member n.m
Stop

(a) (b)

Figure 10: (a) Division step in SFLA. (b) Flowchart of SFLA.

Table 2: Parameters of grid.

Transformers Distribution feeder Substation

Rated power = 3MVA
Trans:ratio = 0:69/33 kV Rl = 3:54Ω V Sub = 33 kV (1 p.u.)
Leq = 0:1 p.u. Ll = 0:03858 H Short circuit level = 600 MVA
Req = 0:016 p.u.

3. Proposed Control Scheme
3.1. Structure. Figure 9 depicts the controller structure used
for TCSC to have the appropriate firing angle. Since the
capacitive operating mode is considered in this paper, the
PID controller is configured to provide the appropriate
response in the entire capacitance zone. The linearization
block is a lookup table that matches the input reactance
values to the corresponding proper firing angle. The firing
angle should not exceed its maximum value in αmax = 90
and minimum value in αC,min . Therefore, a limiter is used
to restrict the linearization block output. Finally, for each
phase, the firing angle is compared with the line current
using a comparator, which results in a square pulse at the
comparator output that can be applied to each thyristor.
This controller can also be activated if there are tran-
sients corresponding to rotor relative speed. It should not
affect original slow control function in which TCSC acts as
a line power flow management. The output of the proposed
controller has to be slowly bypassed in steady state by a
washout filter with zero static gain.
3.2. Optimum Design. After a disturbance, the TCSC controller
must be able to limit and stabilize the transient of the rotor’s
speed, . In other words, the swings reflected in the speed devi-
ations must be damped and settled down as soon as possible. It
means that the settling time and overshoot of Δω must be
minimized. In this regard, an optimization problem given in
(24) must be solved.
8 International Journal of Energy Research
min f f ðX Þg
X
 ðt 
 À ÁÃ
f ðX Þ = w1 × max Δω2 + w2 × Δω2 :dt
0
 Ã
X = K p, K i, K d
ð24Þ
subject to :
K p,min ≤ K p ≤ K p,max
K i,min ≤ K i ≤ K i,max
K d,min ≤ K d ≤ K d,max :
In (24), f ðXÞ is the objective function as well as w1 and w2
are the weighing factors. The first part of f ðxÞ relates to the
overshoot, and the second part relates to the settling time. Var-
iables that must be optimized are PID gains, i.e., K p , K i , and
K d . The problem constraints are the limitations of TCSC con-
troller gains.
To calculate the objective function, the time-domain
simulation of the studied power system is carried out. The
major problem is to find the optimal set of K p , K i , and K d .
4. Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm
Eusuff et al. developed SFLA to solve optimization problems
[38]. This algorithm is a metaheuristic population-based
solution to seek the global optimal answer. In SFLA, frogs
as solution candidate members are divided in several groups
and improve their positions by communicating information
with each other and shuffling to other groups.
The SFLA steps are as follows:
(i) Initialization: random initial population of P solution
possible members is generated. Each one has S
dimension based on the number of decision variables
 
X j = x1j , x2j , ⋯, xSj , ð1 ≤ j ≤ P Þ: ð25Þ
(ii) Sorting and division: the members are sorted in
descending order according to their finesses. These
sorted members are divided into m groups known
as memeplexes; each has n members such that P =
m × n. The division is done in such a way that the first
sorted member goes to the first group, the second one
goes to the second group, the m-th one goes to the m
-th group, the ðm + 1Þ-th one goes back to the first
group, etc. Figure 10(a) demonstrates this process.
The members with the best and worst fitness for each
group are identified as X b and X w , respectively. More-
over, the first sorted member with the global best fit-
ness is identified as X g
(iii) Local search: the worst member in each group is
propelled toward X b or X g as follows:
Table 3: Parameters of IG and WT.
IG WT
Rated power = 1:67 MVA
Rated voltage = 0:69 kV
RS = 0:004843 p.u.
LS = 0:1248 p.u.
R = 44 m
RR′ = 0:004377 p.u. ρ = 0:979 p.u.
LR′ = 0:1791 p.u. V w = 11 m/s
RG = 55
LM = 6:77 p.u.
H = 1:8 s
Friction factor = 0:01 p.u.
Pairs of poles ðpÞ = 3
D = rand ðSÞ ∗ ðX b − X w Þ,
X w,new = X w + D,
ð26Þ
X w,new = min ðX max , X w,new Þ,
X w,new = max ðX min , X w,new Þ,
where rand ðSÞ is a random s-dimensional number each in
the range [0, 1]. If the fitness of X w,new is better than the fit-
ness of X w , the worst member is replaced by the new one.
Otherwise, X b is replaced by X g in equation (26), and the
process is repeated. If no improvement becomes possible in
these two cases, the worst member is replaced by a new ran-
dom one and its fitness is evaluated. The local search is done
for all worst members in all groups [39]
(iv) Shuffling: after local search step, all P members in all
groups are mixed into one group. The algorithm is
returned to sorting and division step. This process
is repeated until termination criterion such as fin-
ishing specific number of iterations or reaching rel-
ative tolerance of global best fitness less than a
predefined value. Figure 10(b) demonstrates the
SFLA flowchart
5. Simulation Results and Discussion
The case study is shown in Figure 4. The grid components
are modeled in three phases, and the distribution feeders
are modeled as resistive-inductive (RL) series impedances.
The output power is delivered to a 33 kV bus at 50 Hz
through two parallel feeders and a transformer. The param-
eters of the system have been listed in Tables 2 and 3.
The system also comprises a WT coupled to a 3 MVA
SCIG.
To show the effectiveness and validation of the proposed
method, the following cases are considered.
5.1. Scenario 1. In this scenario, it is supposed that a three-
phase fault to ground is occurred in the middle point of
transmission line at t = 0:2 s and cleared by circuit breaker
after 200 ms as depicted in Figure 4. Although the speed of
wind is a stochastic variable, during the short time interval
International Journal of Energy Research 9

0.0335

0.033

0.0325

Fitness
0.032

0.0315

0.031

0.0305
0 20 40 60 80 100
No. of iterations

Figure 11: Convergence plot for SFLA.

1.08

1.07

1.06
Rotor speed (p.u.)

1.05

1.04

1.03

1.02

1.01

0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (seconds)
Without control
Conventional scheme
Proposed scheme

Figure 12: Rotor speed of the IG.

Table 4: Comparison of maximum rotor speed and settling time.

Without control Conventional scheme Proposed scheme

Maximum speed (p.u.) Unstable 1.0368 1.0330
Settling time (S) Unstable 2.6890 1.3383
10 International Journal of Energy Research

0.9

0.8

0.7

Output active power (p.u.)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (seconds)
Without control
Conventional scheme
Proposed scheme

Figure 13: Output active power of the IG.

0.4

0.2

0
Output reactive power (p.u.)

–0.2

–0.4

–0.6

–0.8

–1

–1.2

–1.4

–1.6
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (seconds)
Without control
Conventional scheme
Proposed scheme

Figure 14: Output reactive power of the IG.

of the transient stability analysis, the change of the wind
speed can be ignored, so in this study, the wind speed is
assumed to be constant.
This scenario consists of three cases as follows:
Case 1. Without control.
Case 2 (conventional scheme (pitch angle control)). Pitch
angle control system is considered as conventional solution
for fault ride through of WTs. In this regard, the time constant,
T d , of the pitch control system depicted in Figure 2 is consid-
ered 1.0 second. Moreover, the parameters of the PI controller,
K p and K i , are considered 98 and 3, respectively, by trial and
error.
Case 3 (proposed scheme (TCSC with optimal control)). In
this case, based on the discussion in Section 2.4, the maximum
degree of line compensation by TCSC is assumed to be 70%. In
International Journal of Energy Research 11

1.2

1.1

0.9

Terminal voltage (p.u.)

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (seconds)
Without control
Conventional scheme
Proposed scheme

Figure 15: Terminal voltage of the IG.

Table 5: Comparison of terminal minimum voltage and settling time.

Without control Conventional scheme Proposed scheme

Minimum voltage (p.u.) Unstable 0.2460 0.3675
Settling time (S) Unstable 2.4615 1.3325

1.5

1
Electromagnetic torque (p.u.)

0.5

–0.5

–1

–1.5

–2
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (seconds)
Without control
Conventional scheme
Proposed scheme

Figure 16: Electromagnetic torque of the IG.

12 International Journal of Energy Research

Fundamental (50 Hz) = 387.6, THD = 2.83%

1.8
Mag (% of fundamental) 1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frequency (Hz)

Figure 17: Harmonic components and THD of voltage in generator terminal.

Table 6: Comparison of proposed and conventional schemes in facing different situations.

The ratio of the fault distance from the IG terminal to the length of the transmission line (%)
Clearance time (ms) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
150 TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP
155 — TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP
160 — TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP
165 — T TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP
170 — — T TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP
175 — — — T TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP —
180 — — — — T TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP —
185 — — — — — T TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP —
190 — — — — — T TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP T —
195 — — — — — — T T TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP — —
200 — — — — — — — T TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP T — —
205 — — — — — — — — T T TP TP TP TP TP T — — —
210 — — — — — — — — T T T TP TP TP T — — — —
215 — — — — — — — — — — T T T T — — — — —
220 — — — — — — — — — — — T T — — — — — —
225 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
TP: both TCSC and pitch angle solutions can ride through the IG from fault; T: only TCSC solution can ride through the IG from fault; P: only pitch angle
solution can ride through the IG from fault.

this regard, TCSC capacitor and inductor values in each phase 5.1.1. Rotor Speed Evaluation. The rotor speed of IG for all
are obtained 1554 μF and 1.32 mH, respectively. cases is shown in Figure 12. As can be seen, in without con-
trol case, the rotor speed continually increases and fault
The SFLA is used to minimize the objective function clearance by breaker cannot make the IG stable. In conven-
introduced in Section 3.2. The initial parameters of the SFLA tional and proposed schemes, rotor speed is recovered.
are as follows: However, the maximum speed and settling time of the pro-
Population size: 100 members posed scheme are better as detailed in Table 4.
Number of iterations: 100
Number of groups: 20 5.1.2. Active and Reactive Power Evaluation. The active and
As a result, the optimum PID controller gains, K p , K i , reactive powers of IG are depicted in Figures 13 and 14,
and K d , are obtained as 0.43, 0.08, and 0.09, respectively. respectively. When there is no control scheme, after fault
The convergence plot of the SFLA is shown in Figure 11. occurrence, generated active power of the IG converges to
International Journal of Energy Research
zero. In conventional and proposed schemes, the IG continues
to inject active power into the grid, but the steady state in pro-
posed method is achieved faster than conventional scheme.
As can be seen in Figure 14, the IG absorbs reactive
power from grid in all cases, but in conventional and pro-
posed schemes, the absolute value of absorbed reactive
power is recovered and converged around the previous fault
condition.
5.1.3. Terminal Voltage Evaluation. The response of IG ter-
minal voltage is illustrated in Figure 15. When there is no
control scheme, the voltage drops to almost 0.8 p.u. after
fault occurrence. This voltage drop occurs because of signif-
icant amount of absorbed reactive power. The voltage drop
in both the conventional and proposed schemes is lower in
comparison to no-control scheme. Moreover, the proposed
scheme's settling time is better than the conventional
scheme. The results are presented in detailed in Table 5.
5.1.4. Electromagnetic Torque Evaluation. The electromag-
netic torque of IG is displayed in Figure 16. When there is
no control scheme, the torque almost converges to zero. In
conventional and proposed schemes, the induction machine
recovers its normal operation. However, the response of the
proposed scheme is better in which the torque converges to
the steady-state value with less fluctuations.
5.1.5. Harmonic Analysis. Although TCSC injects harmonics
to power system, it is acceptable if the generated harmonic is
less than the standard. The generator terminal bus is taken
under study to evaluate the effect of harmonic on the IG
operation because it is close to the wind turbine. Figure 17
shows the harmonic component and total harmonic distor-
tion (THD).
It is remarkable that the most generated harmonic is
related to frequency of 66.67 Hz whose value does not exceed
1.79%. Moreover, it can be seen that the THD is almost
2.83% that is acceptable based on IEEE 519 standard.
5.2. Scenario 2: Variable Fault Location and Clearance Time.
In this scenario, different fault location and clearance time
have been considered to verify the control methods. In this
regard, both conventional and proposed schemes are applied
to ride through the faults, and the simulation results are
shown in Table 6. In this table, TP shows that both TCSC
and pitch angle methods can ride through the IG from fault.
T shows that only TCSC method can return the IG back to
stable operation. Finally, P shows that only pitch angle
method can stabilize the IG operation.
Generally, the shorter the clearance time, the higher the
stability. Therefore, while clearance time is less than 155 ms,
IG can maintain its stability independent of the fault location
in both conventional and proposed schemes. On the other
hand, if clearance time is higher than 220 ms, the IG cannot
return to stable condition in any fault location for both
schemes. As can be seen from Table 6, in some marginal con-
ditions, only TCSC can stabilize the IG. Indeed, the faster
response of TCSC enables it to stabilize the IG in more situa-
tions. Moreover, there is no situation in which pitch angle
solution can ride through the IG from fault merely.
13
6. Conclusion
In this paper, a new control method for thyristor-controlled
series capacitor was proposed to enhance fault ride through
of wind turbines equipped with the FSIG. The dynamic
behavior of IG and WT was introduced to study the stability
of power system. Furthermore, the TCSC modelling and
integration for fault ride through of IG were investigated.
In order to obtain the optimal PID controller gains of TCSC,
shuffled frog leaping algorithm was utilized. For comprehen-
sive study, the clearance time and fault location were consid-
ered as variable parameters to study different conditions.
Simulation results show that proposed method can stabilize
the IG rotor speed in more conditions in comparison con-
ventional method. In the other words, marginal clearance
time was improved in the proposed scheme. In fact, adjust-
ing transmission line impedance with TCSC results in IG
voltage compensation and more possible restoration to nor-
mal operating mode after fault occurrence. For future work,
it is needed to apply the TCSC to the larger power networks,
including more fixed speed wind generators. Also, more
research is necessary to study the effect of the TCSC on var-
iable speed wind generator. Moreover, the effect of the shunt
FACTS devices for stabilizing the fixed and variable speed
wind generators can be investigated as future work.
Data Availability
There is no data supporting this study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
References
[1] J. Li, N. Wang, D. Zhou et al., “Optimal reactive power dis-
patch of permanent magnet synchronous generator- based
wind farm considering levelised production cost minimisa-
tion,” Renewable Energy, vol. 145, pp. 1–12, 2020.
[2] R. Azizipanah-Abarghooee, M. Malekpour, Y. Feng, and
V. Terzija, “Modeling DFIG-based system frequency response
for frequency trajectory sensitivity analysis,” International
Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, vol. 29, no. 4, article
e2774, 2019.
[3] G. Zhang, W. Hu, D. Cao et al., “A data-driven approach for
designing STATCOM additional damping controller for wind
farms,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Sys-
tems, vol. 117, article 105620, 2020.
[4] A. Movahedi, A. Niasar, and G. Gharehpetian, “Designing
SSSC, TCSC, and STATCOM controllers using AVURPSO,
GSA, and GA for transient stability improvement of a multi-
machine power system with PV and wind farms,” Interna-
tional Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 106,
pp. 455–466, 2019.
[5] V. Akhmatov, H. Knudsen, A. H. Nielsen, J. K. Pedersen, and
N. K. Poulsen, “Modelling and transient stability of large wind
farms,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Sys-
tems, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 123–144, 2003.
[6] C. Wessels, N. Hoffmann, M. Molinas, and F. W. Fuchs, “Stat-
Com control at wind farms with fixed-speed induction
14
generators under asymmetrical grid faults,” IEEE Transactions
on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 2864–2873, 2013.
[7] A. Rashad, S. Kamel, F. Jurado, M. Abdel-Nasser, and
K. Mahmoud, “ANN-based STATCOM tuning for perfor-
mance enhancement of combined wind farms,” Electric Power
Components & Systems, vol. 47, no. 1-2, pp. 10–26, 2019.
[8] H. Heydari-doostabad, M. RezaKhalghani, and
M. HassanKhooban, “A novel control system design to improve
LVRT capability of fixed speed wind turbines using STATCOM
in presence of voltage fault,” International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, vol. 77, pp. 280–286, 2016.
[9] S. Robak, K. Gryszpanowicz, M. Piekarz, and M. Polewaczyk,
“Transient stability enhancement by series braking resistor
control using local measurements,” International Journal of
Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 112, pp. 272–281, 2019.
[10] M. M. Skwarski, S. Robak, M. R. Piekarz, and M. M. Polewac-
zyk, “Multi-objective optimal sizing of shunt braking resistor
for transient state improvement,” IEEE Access, vol. 9,
pp. 69127–69138, 2021.
[11] S. M. Muyeen, “A combined approach of using an SDBR and a
STATCOM to enhance the stability of a wind farm,” IEEE Sys-
tems Journal, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 922–932, 2015.
[12] M. H. Shawon, A. Al-Durra, and S. Muyeen, “Sensitivity and
transient stability analysis of fixed speed wind generator with
series dynamic braking resistor,” in Hybrid-Renewable Energy
Systems in Microgrids, pp. 165–194, Elsevier, 2018.
[13] K. A. Naik, C. P. Gupta, and E. Fernandez, “Complying the
LVRT grid code requirement of a fixed speed wind energy sys-
tem using unified voltage and pitch angle control strategy,”
Wind Engineering, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 1901–1922, 2022.
[14] C. Kim and W. Kim, “Enhanced low-voltage ride-through
coordinated control for PMSG wind turbines and energy stor-
age systems considering pitch and inertia response,” IEEE
Access, vol. 8, pp. 212557–212567, 2020.
[15] J. Ren, X. Xiao, Z. Zheng, and Z. Ma, “A SMES-based dynamic
current limiter to improve the LVRT capability of DFIG-based
WECS,” IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity,
vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1–5, 2021.
[16] A. K. D. Sonia, “Superconducting magnetic energy storage
coupled static compensator for stability enhancement of the
doubly fed induction generator integrated system,” Journal of
Energy Storage, vol. 44, article 103232, 2021.
[17] J. X. Jin, R. H. Yang, R. T. Zhang, Y. J. Fan, Q. Xie, and X. Y.
Chen, “Combined low voltage ride through and power
smoothing control for DFIG/PMSG hybrid wind energy con-
version system employing a SMES-based AC-DC unified
power quality conditioner,” International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, vol. 128, article 106733, 2021.
[18] S. Yan, M.-H. Wang, J. Chen, and S. Y. Hui, “Smart loads for
improving the fault-ride-through capability of fixed-speed
wind generators in microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on Smart
Grid, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 661–669, 2019.
[19] S. Hasanvand and H. Fallahzadeh-Abarghouei, “Power system
stability improvement in presence of renewable energies and
TCSC,” IETE Journal of Research, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 686–692,
2015.
[20] M. Bakhshi, M. H. Holakooie, and A. Rabiee, “Fuzzy based
damping controller for TCSC using local measurements to
enhance transient stability of power systems,” International
Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 85, pp. 12–
21, 2017.
International Journal of Energy Research
[21] R. Azizipanah-Abarghooee, M. Rasoul Narimani, B. Bahmani-
Firouzi, and T. Niknam, “Modified shuffled frog leaping algo-
rithm for multi-objective optimal power flow with FACTS
devices,” Journal of Intelligent Fuzzy Systems, vol. 26, no. 2,
pp. 681–692, 2014.
[22] A. M. Hemeida, M. M. Hamada, Y. A. Mobarak, A. El-Bahna-
sawy, M. G. Ashmawy, and T. Senjyu, “TCSC with auxiliary
controls based voltage and reactive power controls on grid
power system,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 11,
no. 3, pp. 587–609, 2020.
[23] H. Shayeghi, H. A. Shayanfar, S. Jalilzadeh, and A. Safari,
“TCSC robust damping controller design based on particle
swarm optimization for a multi-machine power system,”
Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 51, no. 10,
pp. 1873–1882, 2010.
[24] S. Hameed, B. Das, and V. Pant, “A self-tuning fuzzy PI con-
troller for TCSC to improve power system stability,” Electric
Power Systems Research, vol. 78, no. 10, pp. 1726–1735, 2008.
[25] C. O. Maddela and B. Subudhi, “Robust wide-area TCSC con-
troller for damping enhancement of inter-area oscillations in
an interconnected power system with actuator saturation,”
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,
vol. 105, pp. 478–487, 2019.
[26] S. Panda, “Multi-objective PID controller tuning for a FACTS-
based damping stabilizer using non-dominated sorting genetic
algorithm-II,” International Journal of Electrical Power &
Energy Systems, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 1296–1308, 2011.
[27] Y. Luo, S. Zhao, D. Yang, and H. Zhang, “A new robust adap-
tive neural network backstepping control for single machine
infinite power system with TCSC,” IEEE/CAA Journal of Auto-
matica Sinica, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2019.
[28] A. Rodríguez-Molina, E. Mezura-Montes, M. G. Villarreal-
Cervantes, and M. Aldape-Pérez, “Multi-objective meta-
heuristic optimization in intelligent control: a survey on the
controller tuning problem,” Applied Soft Computing, vol. 93,
no. 106342, article 106342, 2020.
[29] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1994.
[30] P. M. Anderson and A. Bose, “Stability simulation of wind tur-
bine systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, vol. PAS-102, no. 12, pp. 3791–3795, 1983.
[31] M. H. Ali and W. Bin, “Comparison of stabilization methods
for fixed-speed wind generator systems,” IEEE Transactions
on Power Delivry, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 323–331, 2010.
[32] H. Slah, D. Mehdi, and S. Lassaad, “Advanced control of a
PMSG wind turbine,” International Journal of Modern Nonlin-
ear Theory and Application, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2016.
[33] A. Edrisian, A. Goudarzi, M. Ebadian, A. G. Swanson, and
D. Mahdiyan, “Assessing the effective parameters on operation
improvement of SCIG based wind farms connected to net-
work,” International Journal of Renewable Energy Research,
vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 585–592, 2016.
[34] A. P. Grilo, A. de Assis Mota, L. T. M. Mota, and W. Freitas,
“An analytical method for analysis of large-disturbance stabil-
ity of induction generators,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Apparatus and Systems, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1861–1869, 2007.
[35] N. G. Hingoranl and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS Con-
ceptsand Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems,
John Wiley & Sons INC., New York, 1999.
[36] K. R. Padiyar, “FACTS controllers in power transmission and
distribution,” New Age International (P) Ltd, 2007.
International Journal of Energy Research 15

[37] G. Hu, M. Cheng, and G. Cai, “Relation between fundamental

frequency equivalent impedance and resonant point for thyris-
tor controlled series compensation,” in 30th Annual Confer-
ence of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2004. IECON
2004, vol. 2, pp. 1128–1132, Busan, Korea (South), 2004.
[38] M. Eusuff, K. Lansey, and F. Pasha, “Shuffled frog-leaping
algorithm: a memetic meta-heuristic for discrete optimiza-
tion,” Engineering Optimization, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 129–154,
2006.
[39] M. Nayeripour, H. Fallahzadeh-Abarghouei, S. Hasanvand,
and M. E. Hassanzadeh, “Interactive fuzzy binary shuffled frog
leaping algorithm for multi-objective reliable economic power
distribution system expansion planning,” Journal of Intelligent
Fuzzy Systems, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 351–363, 2015.