1332 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 68, NO.

3, MARCH 2020

Metantenna: When Metasurface

Meets Antenna Again
Jiafu Wang , Member, IEEE, Yue Li , Senior Member, IEEE, Zhi Hao Jiang , Member, IEEE,
Ting Shi, Student Member, IEEE, Ming-Chun Tang , Senior Member, IEEE, Ziheng Zhou,
Zhi Ning Chen , Fellow, IEEE, Cheng-Wei Qiu, Member, IEEE
(Invited Paper)

Abstract— Metasurfaces, composed of 2-D planar arrays of I. I NTRODUCTION

sub-wavelength metallic or dielectric scatterers, have provided
unprecedented freedoms in manipulating electromagnetic (EM)
waves upon interfaces. The development of metasurface has
always been closely related to antennas. On the one hand,
metasurface was developed from reflect arrays/transmit arrays
that are used as reflectors/lens of antennas, and most funda-
mental theories of metasurfaces are directly borrowed from
antenna array theories; on the other hand, the development
of antennas was flourished and expedited by progresses in
metasurfaces. Many emerging antenna configurations have been
constructed based on unique functional metasurfaces. In this
article, we will review briefly the development roadmap of
both metasurfaces and metasurface-based antennas, including
antenna-inspired metasurfaces, metasurface-assisted antennas,
and metasurface antennas. In particular, the recent fusion of
metasurface and antenna as metantenna will bring significant
impacts on methodologies of functional metasurface, antenna
design, and radio-frequency device miniaturization.
Index Terms— Antenna, metamaterial, metasurface, spoof
surface plasmon polariton (SSPP).
Manuscript received April 5, 2019; revised September 28, 2019; accepted
October 1, 2019. Date of publication January 30, 2020; date of cur-
rent version March 3, 2020. This work was supported in part by
the National Key Research and Development Program of China under
Grant No. SQ2017YFA0700201 and in part by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China under Grant No. 61971435. (Corresponding author:
Cheng-Wei Qiu.)
Jiafu Wang is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583,
also with the Department of Basic Science, Air Force Engineering University,
Xi’an 710051, China, and also with the School of Electronic and Informa-
tion Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China (e-mail:
wangjiafu1981@126.com).
Yue Li and Ziheng Zhou are with the Department of Electronic Engineering,
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (e-mail: lyee@tsinghua.edu.cn).
Zhi Hao Jiang is with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Waves,
School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210096, China (e-mail: zhihao.jiang@seu.edu.cn).
Ting Shi is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583,
and also with the College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing
University, Chongqing 400044, China.
Ming-Chun Tang is with the College of Communication Engineering,
Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China (e-mail: tangmingchun@
cqu.edu.cn).
Zhi Ning Chen and Cheng-Wei Qiu are with the Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of
Singapore, Singapore 117583 (e-mail: chengwei.qiu@nus.edu.sg).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this article are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2020.2969246
0018-926X © 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
T HE advent of metamaterials at the end of the 20th century
has significantly added up to both the design concepts and
methodologies of materials, especially for artificial materials.
One of the most important categories of metamaterials is the
so-called electromagnetic (EM) metamaterials [1]– [6], which
are usually composed of sub-wavelength scatterers in 3-D
space and possess unique EM properties that are impossible or
very hard to be achieved using naturally occurring materials.
The concept of EM metamaterials inspires us to reconsider the
seemingly very common concept: what is smallness? Atoms,
which were considered as the most basic particles of materials
in ancient Greek, are indeed small, with the order of magnitude
of nanometer. Nevertheless, atoms are so small that till now
humans cannot manipulate them freely, not to mention to
change its interior structures. In fact, the concept of smallness
can be relaxed when we cope with EM waves. When the size
of a structure is reduced down by more than one order of mag-
nitude compared with the operating wavelength λ, we can con-
sider this structure as small. Therefore, λ/10 is usually set as
a margin criterion of sub-wavelength in metamaterial design.
Since the dipole mode appears earliest in the scattering
spectrum of a scatterer, the electrical size of a structure
under this mode is correspondingly the smallest compared
with other higher order modes. Therefore, dipole mode is the
first candidate mode for designing the elementary particles of
metamaterials (meta-atom for short hereafter), so as to obtain
bizarre EM parameters such as extremely large, negative, near-
zero, 0–1 permittivity ε, or permeability μ. Although the
dipole mode is closest to the sub-wavelength criterion λ/10,
this most relaxed criterion cannot yet be satisfied using simple
geometries of natural materials such as cylinders, cubes, and
spheres. Only when their sizes are as large as λ/2, they can
achieve their dipole modes. Therefore, the first step toward
metamaterials is to make dipoles smaller enough. In antenna
theory, a metallic wire is called a dipole antenna, and is
always considered as an electric dipole [7]. Such metallic
wires are usually about λ/2 long. Then, how can we make this
“dipole” smaller to meet the sub-wavelength criterion? Since
the EM response of a dipole can be described equivalently
using an LC resonant circuit, the electric size can be reduced
by increasing the capacitance or inductance. For example, from
the simple dipole antennas, sub-wavelength meta-atoms can
be obtained through increasing the effective capacitances by
enlarging the length or reducing the gap of parallel strips.
In this way, the initially λ/2 dipole is made smaller till reduced

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WANG et al.:METANTENNA: WHEN METASURFACE MEETS ANTENNA AGAIN
Fig. 1. Illustration of evolution from dipole antennas to meta-atoms. (a) From
an electric dipole antenna to sub-wavelength electric resonators. (b) From a
magnetic dipole antenna to sub-wavelength magnetic resonators.
down to be sub-wavelength. In the way, the canonical electric
resonator [8], [9] and split-ring resonator (SRR) [3] can be
obtained quite naturally, as illustrated in Fig. 1. A great
many variations have been evolved from these two paradigms.
Assemblies of such meta-atoms, termed as metamaterials,
can be described approximately as a homogenous bulky
EM material using the effective medium theory [10], [11].
Metasurface is the 2-D extension of the metamater-
ial concept. Metasurfaces are 2-D planar arrays of uni-
form or nonuniform meta-atoms [12]–[24]. The naming of
metasurface is from the perspective of its constituent ele-
ments, which is different from conventional 2-D periodic
structures. The latters are named from their specific func-
tions or macroscopic performances, such as frequency selec-
tive surface (FSS) [25]–[27], high-impedance surface (HIS)
[28], [29], and EM bandgap (EBG) structure [30], [31].
In other words, metasurfaces and previous conventional
2-D periodic structures are named from different levels,
the former from material level while the latter from function
level. That is also why metasurfaces usually overlap many
research areas of conventional 2-D periodic structures. For
example, frequency selective performances can also be imple-
mented using but not necessarily metasurfaces.
The basic characteristics of metasurfaces include mainly
three aspects.
1) The elements of metasurfaces can be uniform and
nonuniform, which is different from conventional 2-D
periodic structures that are usually composed of identical
elements.
2) The elements of metasurfaces must be sub-wavelength
or even deep sub-wavelength, falling within the long-
wavelength limit. Due to the electrically small size
of array elements, metasurfaces can be described by
effective surface EM parameters such as electric sus-
ceptibility and magnetic susceptibility without spatial
dispersion [32]–[34].
3) Metasurfaces can achieve much more flexible EM func-
tions, including frequency selection, polarization con-
version, focusing, diffusion, vortex generation, beaming
steering, and many others.
Therefore, the concept of metasurfaces has liberated the
methodology of 2-D periodic structures, which enables
unprecedented freedoms in manipulating EM waves upon 2-D
artificial surfaces. However, a coin always has two sides.
Such liberation is also accompanied by many difficulties in
practice compared with conventional 2-D periodic structures.
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1333
Firstly, the element design becomes much more complicated
since a large number of different elements are usually needed
in the design of a metasurface. Secondly, the computation of
functional metasurfaces is much more time-consuming and
resource-consuming since nonuniform elements are usually
used in metasurfaces. To tackle these problems, one of the
most efficient methods is to develop fast design methods based
on genetic algorithm, machine learning, and so on [35], [36].
On the beginning of the metasurface concept, the func-
tions of metasurfaces are very similar to those of conven-
tional reflect-/transmit-array antennas [37], [38]. This is the
first intimate meeting between metasurfaces and antennas.
For conventional reflect arrays/transmit arrays, the λ/2 size
antenna radiators, such as metallic patches, are used as the
basic elements [39]. By adding delay lines, lumped elements,
phase shifters, and so on [37], the λ/2 antenna radiators can
achieve different reflection or transmission phase profiles on
2-D planes, which will shape the wave fronts of reflected
or transmitted waves upon planar configurations, rather than
parabolic reflectors or convex lenses. In contrast, for functional
metasurfaces, the sub-wavelength meta-atoms are used as the
basic elements. The elements themselves provide spatial phase
variations based on Lorentz resonances (resonance phase)
[13]–[17], orientation (Pancharatnam–Berry (P-B) phase) [12],
[18], [20], or displacement (detour phase) [40], [41], with-
out the need of phase delay accessories. In this way,
the wave fronts of reflected or transmitted waves can be
tailored with much more freedom and flexibility. In this
stage, inspired by reflect arrays/transmit arrays, many meta-
surfaces were developed with unique properties such as anom-
alous reflection/refraction (for beaming steering) [42]–[44]
and reflective/transmissive focusing (for high directivity)
[45]–[49]. Moreover, using the active phase-shift configura-
tions of reflect-/transmit-array antennas, reconfigurable, pro-
grammable, or reprogrammable metasurfaces were devised to
achieve dynamically switchable functions [50], [51]. These
peculiar modulations on EM waves can be explained using
the phased array antenna theory. On the other hand, many
antennas were proposed with the assistance of metasurfaces.
When placed above or below antennas, metasurfaces can help
to enhance antenna performances such as gain [43]–[48],
bandwidth [52], [53], axial ratio (AR) [54], aperture effi-
ciency [55], and so on. For such configurations, metasurface
and antenna are usually designed separately and then com-
bined. Metasurfaces are an accessory performance-enhancing
component for the antenna. If the metasurface is detached,
the antenna can still operate, but with worse performances.
Because of this, antennas with such configurations are in
nature metasurface-assisted antennas.
With the rapid development of metasurfaces, the design
methodology of metasurfaces is gradually introduced into
antenna design. Metasurfaces are directly used as the radiator
aperture of antennas [56]–[60], rather than only as auxiliary
substrates or superstrates. This enables the ultimate fusion
of metasurfaces and antennas. In such a fused configura-
tion, meta-atoms of metasurfaces are used as the element
radiator of array antennas and the metasurface acts as the
radiating aperture. Using metasurface as the radiating aper-
ture, plus other EM functions of metasurfaces, many novel
metasurface antennas have been put forward, such as end-fire
antenna, frequency-scanning antenna, low radar cross-section
(RCS) antenna, and so on. In this stage, metasurface and
antenna are designed as a whole, and they are undividable.
1334 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 68, NO. 3, MARCH 2020
Fig. 2. Development from reflect-array antennas to metantenna falls into four
stages. In the first stage (breed), metasurfaces were nourished and developed
from the conventional reflect-array antennas that were usually used in satellite
communications. In the second stage (birth and growth), inspired by reflect
arrays, metasurfaces have been growing rapidly in the last several years since
the first demonstration of anomalous reflection metasurfaces in 2011 [12],
[13]. In the third stage (synergy), the development of metasurfaces feeds back
antennas and many high-performance antennas were implemented with the
assistance of functional metasurfaces. The fourth stage (fusion) witnessed
the intimate fusion of metasurfaces and antennas, in which metasurfaces and
antennas are considered as a unity [57] and therefore such antennas are termed
as metantenna.
Therefore, when metasurface and antenna meet again, they
merge as a unity, that is, metantenna.
In this article, we briefly review the development of meta-
surfaces and metasurface-based antennas. The contents are
organized as follows. In Section II, antenna-inspired meta-
surfaces are overviewed from the perspective of reflect-/
transmit-array antennas. In Section III, we summarize typical
configurations and operating principles of metasurface-assisted
antennas. The recent fusion of metasurface and antenna as
metantenna is presented in Section IV. Finally, concluding
remarks are given in Section V.
II. A NTENNA -I NSPIRED M ETASURFACES
The field of antenna theory and engineering has been evolv-
ing for over a hundred years, providing a precious asset of
complete knowledge of the mechanism and properties of wave
radiation and propagation, as well as approaches of controlling
and engineering wave behaviors [61]. In contrast, metasurface
is a nascent field with interests concentrated on electrically thin
periodic and aperiodic structures composed of sub-wavelength
unit cells of meta-atoms [62]. From the point of view of anten-
nas, each unit cell of the metasurface is actually an electrically
small antenna that receives power from illuminated waves
and reemits waves to form reflected/transmitted wave fronts.
In terms of equivalent circuits, the well-developed analysis
methods for FSSs have been widely applied to facilitate the
design of metasurfaces [25]. The design of these unit cells,
including their anisotropy, dispersion, and chirality, enables
versatile control over the direction, polarization, absorption,
and wave front of reflected or transmitted waves [63], [64].
Thus, the mature theories developed in the field of antenna
engineering have inspired successful realizations of a plurality
of metasurfaces with unconventional physical wave properties.
In this section, different types of antenna-inspired metasur-
faces will be overviewed, including the anomalous reflection
metasurfaces, anomalous refraction metasurfaces, polarization
conversion metasurfaces, and absorbing metasurfaces.
A. Anomalous Reflection Metasurface Reflect Arrays
As dictated by Snell’s law, a uniform reflecting surface
always produces a reflected wave directing at an angle with
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Fig. 3. Illustration of a metasurface with an interfacial phase gradient that
produces anomalous reflection and refraction.
mirror symmetry about the surface normal with respect to the
incident angle [65]. When the surface is composed of nonuni-
form materials or structures with different reflection phases,
the conventional Snell’s law is broken, that is, anomalous
reflection can be achieved. Under such circumstances, the
direction of reflected waves can be controlled by engineering
the inhomogeneous reflection phase distribution of the surface.
By introducing an additional phase gradient on the inter-
face, metasurfaces generalize the reflection laws. Generalized
Snell’s law was first demonstrated by Yu et al. [12]. As shown
in Fig. 3, for a metasurface with a gradient of phase jump
d/dr , the generalized law of reflection dictates that [66]
1 dφ
sin(θr ) − sin(θi ) = (1a)
n 1 k0 d x
1 dφ
cos(θr ) sin(θi ) = (1b)
n 1 k0 d y
where d/dx and d/dy are, respectively, the components
of the phase gradient parallel and perpendicular to the plane
of incidence, while n 1 is the refractive index of the medium
in the top half space and k0 is the free-space wave number.
Such a reflection phase gradient is realized by an array of sub-
wavelength meta-atoms with different structures, dimensions,
and/or rotation angles. When illuminated by an incident plane
wave, each cell serves as a receiving antenna and then behaves
as a radiating antenna that emits the reflected wave with a
preadjusted phase delay.
Physically, this anomalous reflection metasurface concept
is equivalent to the reflect-array idea in the antenna commu-
nity [67]. The concept of reflect-array antenna was introduced
more than half of a century ago in 1963 where waveguide
elements were used [68]. The real interest in practical appli-
cations of reflect arrays came about until the late 1980s, when
low-profile printed elements were employed [69]. The theory
and techniques used in reflect-array designs have fostered the
development of metasurfaces for beam bending and wave-front
shaping purposes.
In general, when these metasurfaces for anomalous
reflection are designed, a solid metallic ground plane is
usually adopted, which prevents waves from transmitting
through the structure, thereby ensuring a high reflectivity
provided that low absorption is assured. Similar to reflect
arrays, various metasurface meta-atoms evolved from patch
cavities and dipole resonators have been demonstrated, both
in microwave ranges and at optical wavelengths [13], [14],
[70]–[73], as shown in Fig. 4(a). These metasurfaces can
accomplish single-polarized anomalous reflection. In order
to achieve the same wave phenomenon for dual-linearly
polarized or circularly polarized incident waves, isotropic
WANG et al.:METANTENNA: WHEN METASURFACE MEETS ANTENNA AGAIN 1335

Fig. 5. (a) Single-layer transmissive gradient metasurface with V-shaped

antennas [12]. (b) Single-layer transmissive gradient metasurface with rotated
electric LC resonators [82]. (c) Single-polarized transmissive gradient meta-
Fig. 4. (a) Single-polarized reflective gradient metasurface with H-shaped surface with triple layers of dipoles [89]. (d) Dual-layer transmissive gradient
resonators [14]. (b) Dual-polarized reflective gradient metasurface with cross metasurface with V-shaped antennas [92]. (e) Transmissive gradient metasur-
dipoles [71]. (c) Dual-polarized reflective gradient metasurface with square face with dipole and ring resonator pairs [93].
patches [73]. (d) Geometric phase reflective gradient metasurface with rotated
rods [79]. where d/dx and d/dy are, respectively, the components of
the phase gradient parallel and perpendicular to the plane of
cells have been proposed, such as crossed dipoles [71],
incidence, while n 1 and n 2 are the refractive indices of the
square-shaped patches [72], [73], and so on, as displayed
media on the incident and transmission sides of the metasur-
in Fig. 4(b) and (c). The desirable phase delays provided
face, respectively. Similar to the reflective gradient metasur-
by these meta-atoms are called dynamic phases. Basically,
faces, the transmission phases of all the cells in a transmissive
by modifying the geometries and dimensions of meta-atoms,
metasurface need to be customized, while the transmission
the center frequency of the cell’s transfer function can be
magnitudes are required to be near unity for ensuring a high-
changed such that different reflection phases can be achieved
efficiency anomalous refraction. Thus, the main challenge is
while maintaining a high reflectivity. As the number of layer
to maintain impedance matching for all the cells.
increases, a wider bandwidth can be achieved [74]. It should
Early works on anomalous refraction metasurfaces employ
be noted that, these single- and dual-polarized metasurface
cells with only a single metallic pattern layer. As shown in
elements are almost all based on radiating antenna primitives,
Fig. 5(a), V-shaped antennas were used as the elementary
and the only difference is that the antennas are fed by
cells which provide dynamic phase gradient for cross-polarized
transmission lines while the metasurface elements are not.
transmitted waves when illuminated by a linearly polarized
On the other hand, another major path to reflection
incident wave [12]. In addition, single-layer anisotropic struc-
phase gradient is the geometric phase [75], also known as
tures with variable rotation angles have also been utilized to
P-B phase or Berry phase [76], [77]. It is associated with
achieve the geometric phase gradient for circularly polarized
identical anisotropic unit cells with spatially varying rotation
waves, as shown in Fig. 5(b) [82]. However, these single-layer
angles. When a circularly polarized wave is incident on the
metasurfaces can only offer 25% efficiency due to the fact that
geometric phase cells, the cells with different rotation angles
they only have electric resonances [83].
cause correspondingly different phase shifts on the reflected
Borrowing from the transmit-array concepts in antenna
copolarized circularly polarized waves, whereas they have no
engineering, a number of high-efficiency anomalous refraction
impact on reflection phase of orthogonally polarized circularly
metasurfaces have been proposed. The primary techniques rely
polarized waves. In the field of antennas, it is physically the
on the two methods inspired from the antenna community—
same as the phase shifts generated using the phase rotation
the multilayer FSSs [84] and the antenna-filter-antenna
technique, as proposed by Huang [78], where dual-polarized
configuration [85]. Based on the first technique, several single-
patch elements having two phase delay lines with a 90◦
and dual-polarized metasurfaces were designed and demon-
electrical length difference were used. Due to the pure
strated using multiple layers of loops [86], patches [87], [88],
geometric nature of such kind of phase shift, it is frequency-
and dipoles [89] with different dimensions on each layer
independent, and thus can achieve broadband response.
[see Fig. 5(c)]. By combining the transmissive and reflec-
Over the past few years, a number of geometric phase
tive metasurfaces into a single structure, multifunctional
cells have been designed based on anisotropic structures,
devices can be achieved that possess different wave behav-
as shown in Fig. 4(d), including rectangular rods [79],
iors for orthogonally polarized waves [90]. By using the
coupled dipoles [80], split rings [81], and so on.
antenna-filter-antenna configurations, highly efficient transmis-
B. Anomalous Refraction Metasurface Transmit Arrays sive metasurfaces have been reported where the receiving and
In addition to anomalous reflection, the generalized Snell’s transmitting antennas are realized by patches that are coupled
law also dictates that the direction of the refracted wave through a slot [91]. A third method is to use both magnetic
generated due to a phase gradient metasurface (PGM) can and electric resonators to form impedance-matched gradi-
also be controlled, that is, anomalous refraction. As shown ent transmission phase. By using closely coupled dual-layer
in Fig. 3, for metasurfaces with a gradient of interfacial phase V-shaped antennas [92] or dipole and ring resonator pairs [93],
jump d/dr , the generalized law of refraction ensures that [64] high-efficiency transmissive metasurfaces can be achieved
[see Fig. 5(d) and (e)].
1 dφ
n 2 sin(θr ) − n 1 sin(θi ) = (2a) C. Polarization Conversion Metasurfaces
k0 d x
1 dφ Polarization is one of the most fundamental and important
cos(θr ) sin(θr ) = (2b)
n 2 k0 d y properties of EM waves, and it can be manipulated for

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1336 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 68, NO. 3, MARCH 2020
Fig. 6. (a) Wideband linear-to-circular polarization conversion metasur-
face at millimeter waves [94]. (b) Broadband and wide-angle linear-to-
circular polarization conversion metasurface at optical wavelengths [95].
(c) Reconfigurable linear-to-linear polarization conversion metasurface [98].
(d) Ultrawideband linear-to-linear polarization conversion metasurface, which
is able to achieve cross-polarization conversion in 12.4–27.96 GHz with an
average PCR of 90% [99].
robust data transfer, interference reduction, increasing channel
capacity, improving downlink/uplink isolation, and so on.
Conventional approaches for controlling the polarization rely
on polarizers and wave plates, which are bulky and hard to
be integrated into compact systems. One of the main capa-
bilities of polarization control is to convert between different
states of polarizations. By leveraging the theory and design
methods of FSSs, various metasurfaces have been designed to
offer an electrically thin planar platform for high-efficiency
polarization conversion.
The first type achieves the conversion between two orthog-
onal linear polarizations, that is, functionally equivalent to
a half wave plate, either in a reflective or transmissive
manner. Basically, this can be achieved by engineering the
anisotropy of the metasurface unit cells. This happens when
the reflection or transmission phase difference between two
orthogonal linearly polarized waves is 180◦ . The second type
accomplishes the conversion between a linearly polarized
wave and a circularly polarized wave, that is, equivalent to
a quarter wave plate. This requires that the reflection or
transmission phase difference between two orthogonal linearly
polarized waves be 90◦ . As shown in Fig. 6(a), a periodic array
of capacitively coupled short dipoles can achieve wideband
conversion from x-polarized incident waves into y-polarized
reflected waves [94], with a 3 dB AR bandwidth in excess
of 60% over a wide angular bandwidth. This type of structure
has also been implemented at optical wavelengths for realizing
broadband and wide-angle sub-wavelength metasurface half
and quarter wave plates [95] [see Fig. 6(b)], with polarization
conversion ratios (PCRs) greater than 92% over a broad
wavelength range from 640 to 1290 nm and a wide field-of-
view up to ±40◦. Various other shaped cell structures have
also been explored, which are evolved from the dipole or
patch antennas [96]–[100] [see Fig. 6(c) and (d)]. The antenna-
filter-antenna configuration has also been borrowed, where
aperture-coupled patch radiators were used on the receiving
and transmitting sides with phase delay lines located in the
central layer. Furthermore, the polarization conversion can also
be achieved in a sub-wavelength dielectric waveguide struc-
ture, by exploiting both the anisotropy of cells and coupling
between adjacent cells [101]. The orthogonal linear polariza-
tion conversion and linear-to-circular polarization conversion
are the two most typical cases. Apart from these, by controlling
the phase and amplitude differences between two orthogonally
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Fig. 7. (a) Perfect metamaterial absorber [106]. (b) Ultrawideband and
wide-angle absorber with 1:4.7 bandwidth under normal incidence [118].
(c) Broadband active non-Foster absorber with one-frequency decade band-
width and a thickness of only 1/255 wavelength at the lowest operation
frequency [119]. (d) Absorption frequency continuously tunable absorber with
a relative bandwidth of 30% [121]. (e) Nonlinear metasurface for absorbing
high-power surface waves [123].
polarized reflected/transmitted waves, an arbitrary polarization
on a certain point of Poincare sphere can be achieved by
metasurface polarization converters [102], [103].
D. Absorbing Metasurfaces
Total transmission or reflection is required in transmit array
or reflect array and is substantially restricted by the intrinsic
losses of resonant unit cells. As the losses in a certain
frequency range become controllable in both transmission and
reflection, the EM wave absorption is obtained. Meantime,
inspired by the polarization conversion, absorption with
polarization-selective performance is achievable. These
metasurface absorbers demonstrate wide application in
anechoic chamber, RCS reduction, solar cells scattering
control, and so on.
Early, classic paradigms of Dallenbach, Salisbury, and
Jaumann absorbers are designed with thicknesses about
one-quarter wavelength, narrow bandwidth, or multiple
layers [104], [105]. As a type of advanced 2-D metamaterials,
metasurface absorbers play important roles in satisfactory
compromise between low profile, wide bandwidth, insensi-
tive polarization, and incident angles. Generally, metasurface
absorbers are composed of metallic electric resonators (provid-
ing electric responses) and cut wires or metallic plate layers
(providing magnetic responses). By balancing the electric and
magnetic responses to achieve the conditions of ε(ω) = μ(ω)
and large loss tangents (tanδε and tanδμ ), these metasurface
absorbers can perfectly match with free space and absorb the
incident EM waves with high efficiency.
As shown in Fig. 7(a), by adjusting metallic electric
resonator and cut wire magnetic resonator independently,
a so-called perfect absorber is realized by tailoring the per-
mittivity and permeability values [106]. This kind of perfect
metasurface absorber has a much thin thickness. And it
can provide a nearly 100% absorption in a narrow band-
width. More detailed reviews of thin perfect absorbers can
be found in [107] and [108]. As the magnetic responses
are provided by metallic plates, metasurface absorbers can
realize wideband performances by optimizing the electric
resonators and increasing the distances between the electric
resonators and metallic plates. Many design methods, such as
analog analysis [109], capacitive circuit method [110], inter-
ference theory [111], antenna reciprocity theory [112], Lorentz
model [113], and global optimizations [114], are proposed to
expand bandwidth or to increase the number of bands. The
theoretical lower bounds for thickness-to-bandwidth ratio of
WANG et al.:METANTENNA: WHEN METASURFACE MEETS ANTENNA AGAIN
passive metal-backed metasurface absorbers are always limited
by the Razanov limit [115]. In addition to the trade off between
thickness and bandwidth, the issues of angular bandwidth
and angular sensitivity are also challenging. The increased
thickness of the absorber effectively expands the absorption
bandwidth but also makes absorber more sensitive to inci-
dence angles. Narrow single/multibands and thin thicknesses
dominate the most wide-angle metasurface absorbers perfor-
mances [116], [117]. In Fig. 7(b), an impedance matching
layer is introduced between the metasurface and free space
to meet the requirements for ultrawideband and wide-angle
absorption. By such a design, the bandwidth of the absorber
with reflection below −10 dB achieves 1:4.7 under normal
incidence [118].
To overcome the intrinsic limitations of passive metasurface
absorbers, active electronics and magnetic materials provide
effective routes to ultrawideband absorption [119], [120],
tunable bands [121], switchable absorption [122], nonlinear
responses [123], and so on. A more detailed review of active
metasurface absorbers can be found in [124]. Additionally,
as shown in Fig. 7(c), non-Foster technology, which is also
applied in electrically small antenna for bandwidth expan-
sion [125], [126], is introduced into metasurface absorber
design to break the Rozanov limit [115]. By loading var-
actor diodes between adjacent resonant units, the absorber,
shown in Fig. 7(d), is realized with continuously tunable
absorption frequency by regulating the bias voltage on the
varactor diodes [121]. Except absorbing the normally and
obliquely incident space waves, in some applications, meta-
surface absorbers can also be designed to absorb surface
waves. As shown in Fig. 7(e), by loading nonlinear circuits,
the metasurface allows low-power surface waves to propagate
but absorbs high-power surface waves [123].
III. M ETASURFACE -A SSISTED A NTENNAS
As an indispensable component in the front end of the radio-
frequency system, antennas play a key role in the transforma-
tion between the radiating waves propagating in free space and
guided waves in the circuits or the waveguides [61]. To this
end, several properties are required for antennas including
descent impedance match within the operating band, desired
radiating pattern determining the spatial distribution of the
radiated power, and the same polarization of waves for both
transmitter and receiver, to name a few. The development
of metasurface creates new paradigms for the design of
antennas with enhanced performance. In this section, recent
progresses on metasurface-assisted antennas are reviewed,
where metasurfaces are exploited to increase the directivity of
the antenna, reduce RCS, suppress the interference between
radiating elements, or empower the antennas with appreciable
configurability.
A. High-Directivity Antennas
The antennas with high directivity can concentrate most of
radiated power within the desired direction, which is preferred
by long-distance wireless communication and target location
with high resolution. Conventional methods of increasing the
directivity of antennas include the usage of a back reflector
and the fabrication of antenna arrays. However, they may
bring about the problems of bulky structures or complex
feeding networks. The emerging metasurface-based antennas
offer new opportunity to realization of directive radiation using
compact planar structures. The essential design philosophy of
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1337
Fig. 8. (a) Transmissive metasurface for gain enhancement [129]. (b) Phase
compensation metasurface mounted above a patch antenna [52].
this kind of antenna is to excite a larger radiating aperture
with uniform distribution of phase and amplitude. In the
literature [127], a dipole antenna was inserted into a Fabry–
Perot cavity, the upper surface of which was constructed by
dielectric partially reflective resonators. As the Fabry–Perot
resonance is stimulated by the dipole antenna, a directive beam
is generated from the partially reflective surface of the cavity.
The latter work documented in [128] replaced the ground of
the Fabry–Perot cavity by artificial magnetic conductor (AMC)
comprising sub-wavelength square patch elements. By virtue
of AMC surface with near-zero reflection phase, the profile
of the cavity is reduced half compared with that backed by
a metallic plate. Finally, a square micro-strip patch antenna
located at the center of the AMC surface excites an aperture
with a size of 7λ×7λ, and a broadside radiation with a realized
gain of 20.5 dBi can be obtained [128].
According to the generalized Snell’s law [12], PGMs with
anomalous refraction or reflection have aroused great interests.
As reported in [129], the elements comprising square ring and
circle patch are designed with different transmission phase,
forming a transmissive PGM [as shown in Fig. 8(a)]. The
spherical-like wave fronts radiated from the source can be
transformed by the metasurface into planar ones. As a result,
the beam is focused with much higher directivity. Similar
function can be realized by the so-called phase compensation
metasurface [52] [as shown in Fig. 8(b)], which comprises
Huygens meta-atoms [93] for compensation of the out-of-
phase emission from a primary patch antenna. As demon-
strated in [52], by mounting the phase compensation meta-
surface above the antenna, the realized gain of the patch
antenna is increased by approximately 3 dB in the operating
band. It is noteworthy that metasurface super-strates or lenses
usually require relatively high transmission efficiency, so that
the negative impact on the impedance matching of the primary
radiating source can be largely avoided.
Another category of metasurface-assisted high-gain anten-
nas is the aperture-coupled grid-slotted patch array [130],
which can simultaneously support the fundamental mode
and higher order Floquet modes to offer a wide operating
band. The latest researches also combine metasurfaces with
other newly proposed structures, such as substrate-integrated
cavities [131] and substrate-integrated waveguide slots [132],
to provide more degrees of freedom in designing high-gain
antennas with compact architecture and polarization diversity.
B. Low RCS Antennas
The development of defense electronics has intrigued strong
interests in low RCS antennas, which can be deployed for pre-
venting the coupling from other radiating sources or fitting the
requirement for low-observable platforms. The typical solution
is to employ radomes [133] that can pass the in-band signals
from antennas while suppressing RCS for waves impinging
from the outside detectors. For example, as demonstrated
in [134], FSS [135] comprising metallic Jerusalem cross
1338 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 68, NO. 3, MARCH 2020
Fig. 9. (a) Slot antenna array with polarization conversion metasurface
serving as the ground [136]. (b) Top view (in the first panel) and bottom
view (in the second panel) of the stack patch antenna assembled with lossy
metasurface [140].
patterns on the first layer and resistive square loop patterns on
the second layer was introduced to design a radome featuring
two functions: 1) small insertion loss for in-band transmitted
and received signals and 2) low reflection for out-of-band
incoming signals. The metasurface with flexibly designable
elements can provide new opportunity to reduce RCS and
meanwhile to maintain the performance of antennas. Two
principles to annihilate RCS of antennas will be introduced in
detail in this part, that is, power diffusion and absorption. The
former is based on distributing the reflected power more evenly
in the space, while the latter employs absorbing metasurfaces
to dissipate EM power.
In [136], a polarization conversion metasurface composed
of fishbone-shaped unit cell was introduced to mount on
the slot array. The polarization conversion metasurface is
shown in Fig. 9(a). The fishbone-shaped element and its
mirror counterpart can realize a 180◦ phase difference for
the reflected wave, leading to destructive cancellation of
the scattering along the backward direction. As a result,
5 dB monostatic RCS reduction is realized in 6.0–18.0 GHz,
while the performances of the slot array are not degraded
in terms of impedance matching, broadside radiation pattern,
as well as the realized gain [136]. With the controllable
reflection phase, AMC is an alternative candidate for manip-
ulating reflected waves. Tan et al. [137] proposed to assem-
ble a chessboard AMC surface in the planar ground of a
waveguide slot antenna for the sake of polarization-insensitive
RCS reduction. In addition, the PGM was also applied in the
design of low RCS antenna [138]. The operating mechanism
is that the PGM can effectively redirect the incoming wave to
deviate from the path predicted by conventional reflection law,
minimizing the scattering toward a specific direction. Due to
the low loss of the diffusion metasurfaces, they do not affect
the total efficiency of the antennas. However, the common
problem is that they just reform the scatting power distribution
rather than dissipate the incident power. Therefore, they may
be disadvantageous under the bistatic detections.
Next, we discuss RCS reduction of antennas by the mech-
anism of absorption, which aims to dissipate EM power
impinging on the antennas so as to reduce RCS. As presented
in [139], the metasurface ground fabricated by the resonant
element with lossy substrate diminished the scattering from
the antenna toward the whole upper space within a narrow
band. Wideband designs have also been validated, such as
in [140], where the meta-atom loaded with resistors is arranged
around the patch antennas. Pictures of the top and bottom
view of the proposed low RCS antenna in [140] are shown
in Fig. 9(b). The experiment result verified that the metasurface
can reduce the mono-static RCS by 15 dB over a 76%
fractional bandwidth (from 6.5 to 14.5 GHz). Although the
realized gain of the patch array is slightly reduced by 0.7 dB
due to the lossy metasurface ground, the other aspects of
the antenna in terms of impedance matching and radiation
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Fig. 10. (a) EBG structure introduced between patch antennas to enhance
isolation [144]. (b) Different layers of the multilayer band-stop metasurface
for suppressing the mutual coupling [147].
pattern are almost unaffected [140]. Above all, the metasurface
is competent in reducing RCS while preserving the overall
performances of antennas.
C. Mutual-Coupling Suppression of Antennas
Assembling multiple antennas in a compact space is of
growing interest for modern wireless communication systems.
Among the many reasons is that people can harvest the
multipath resource to multiply the channel capacity. The chief
challenge to realize this, however, is the increasing mutual
coupling among antennas, which can bring cross talk between
different received signals and cause reduced gain of main beam
for the scanning arrays. This part aims to explain the roles of
metasurfaces in suppressing the mutual coupling between the
radiating elements and to review some representative designs.
For the antenna array fabricated on a planar substrate,
the excitation of substrate mode is mainly responsible for the
mutual coupling among neighboring antenna elements [141],
[142], especially for the substrate with high permittivity [143].
In this article [144], the EBG structure with sub-wavelength
mushroom-like unit cells was mounted in between two patch
antennas to suppress the mutual coupling, as photographed in
Fig. 10(a). The EBG structure operates as a band-stop filter
array at the resonance frequency, which can also be interpreted
as the bandgap in the Brillouin diagram, so that the surface
wave propagating within the substrate is effectively inhibited.
The proposed EBG structure [145] can notably enhance the
isolation between the patch antennas by up to 10 dB, and
meanwhile it does not alter the impedance matching and the
radiation pattern of the antenna. Similar functionality can be
realized by AMC surface [145], since the surface wave mode
with normal electric field component is not allowed to prop-
agate over the AMC structure. It is interesting to discuss the
unit cell of the AMC surface in [145], which is a compact four
arms spatial structure. Although the highly miniaturized AMC
elements incur high-quality factor and can be more susceptible
to the loss of the substrate, they are able to further shrink the
distance between the radiating elements and therefore save
more space. Introducing compact isolation elements between
the radiators, or inserting decoupling networks behind the
radiators, lots of reported strategies of suppressing mutual
couplings are effective in one specific direction or narrow
bandwidths. In [146], a hybrid meta-structure is proposed
for mutual-coupling reduction in high-density, dual-polarized,
wideband array, so that the isolation levels are improved on
both the E- and H-planes.
The work documented in [147] employed the multilayer
metasurface comprising printed metal strip elements
to enhance the isolation of the dipole array, as shown
in Fig. 10(b). Different from [144] where the suppression
of surface wave is concerned, the proposed scheme in [147]
mainly addressed the coupling through the free space,
WANG et al.:METANTENNA: WHEN METASURFACE MEETS ANTENNA AGAIN
including H-plane coupling and E-plane coupling. Since a
group of closely packed dipole antennas in [147] operate with
the same polarization at the same frequency, the radiation
from one dipole antenna can be received by another, leading
to a strong interference. After placing the metasurface with
band-stop property on the top of the array, the isolation is
enhanced substantially covering a band from 9.0 to 11.5 GHz.
Moreover, since the strip element structure directs the radiated
power to the bore-sight direction, the directivity of the dipole
array in presence of the metasurface superstrate is improved
by about 4 dB.
Recently, Yakovlev’s group [148] transplanted the concept
of cloaking metasurface into the design of low-coupling
dipole array. In their design, the confocal elliptical metasur-
face was applied to shield the dipole antennas, which can
create antiphase currents so as to counteract the dominant
scattering mode from the antenna within the metasurface.
With the reduced overall bistatic RCS, the shielded dipole
antenna becomes invisible for the wave radiating from other
dipole antennas located in close proximity. In this manner,
the couplings among the antennas are effectively suppressed
over the operating band of cloaking metasurface [148]. Such
a metasurface cloaking method for antennas can also be
effective for multiband operation [149], [150]. It should be
noted here, since many classes of metasurfaces, such as EBG
and AMC surfaces, work based on resonances and feature
the dispersive property, the wideband decorrelation of closely-
placed radiating elements is still not a facile task.
D. Reconfigurable Antennas
The ever increasing demands for capacity, rate, and robust-
ness of wireless communications have boosted the devel-
opment reconfigurable antennas, which can be adapted to
different application scenarios due to their tunable operating
frequency, radiation pattern, or polarization. Several methods
have been presented for the realization of reconfigurability,
which can be classified into mechanical tuning and electronic
tuning. With the capacity of flexibly manipulating EM waves,
the versatile metasurfaces can suggest new pathways to recon-
figuring the performances of antennas at will.
A frequency-reconfigurable slot array was proposed
in [151], where the anisotropic metasurface super-strate com-
posed of periodically arranged I-shaped metallic inclusions can
be mechanically tuned to offer various effective permittivity.
Then by rotating the metasurface to make different angles of
the I-shaped element with respect to the slot, the inductive or
capacitive coupling between the antenna and the metasurface
super-strate can be flexibly adjusted. This is equivalent to that
the slot is surrounded by the dielectric materials with different
permittivity. As a result, the central frequency of impedance
matching band of the antenna is tuned over a fractional
bandwidth of 28% [151], with very little adverse effects on
the radiation properties of the antenna. In [152], a type of
antenna with polarization agility is proposed. In this design,
a transmissive metasurface consisting of truncated patch unit
cells is placed right above a slot antenna. The photograph
of the metasurface is shown in Fig. 11(a). By rotating the
metasurface with respect to the center, the phases of two
orthogonal components of the electric field radiated from the
slot can be tailored differently, so as to offer different polar-
ization states including linear polarization, right-handed cir-
cular polarization, and left-handed circular polarization [152].
Although the mechanical tuning is straightforward and more
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1339
Fig. 11. (a) Metasurface superstrate for reconfiguring polarization of
the slot antenna [152]. (b) Radiation pattern-reconfigurable horn antenna
realized by loading a mechanically tunable Huygens metasurface [155].
(c) Field-programmable beam-reconfigurable antenna based on coding meta-
surface [50]. (d) Reconfigurable antenna using programmable metasurface
reflector with dynamic polarization, scattering, and focusing control [156].
efficient, the electronic tuning based on the nonlinear effective
of the active components is also a convenient method, which
has found applications in many reconfigurable designs. The
work in [153] proposed an electronically polarization recon-
figurable antenna assembled with an intertwined AMC surface.
The AMC surface beneath the tunable crossed end-loaded
dipoles can significantly reduce the lateral dimension of the
total structure to λ/75. Furthermore, the frequency for zero
reflection phase can be tuned by applying different dc bias
voltages to the varactor armed on the AMC surface. The input
reactance of each end-loaded dipole is also allowed to be
altered individually by applying various bias voltages to the
load, thus the whole array can offer tunable polarization state
from linear polarization to circular polarization [153].
The radiation pattern of the antenna can also be dynamically
reconfigured with the help of metasurfaces [50], [154]–[156].
A pattern reconfigurable patch antenna is proposed in [154],
where a semicircular transmissive metasurface composed of
rectangular patch elements is placed atop of a planar circular
patch antenna. In absence of the metasurface, the circular patch
antenna fed from the center offers a conical radiation pattern;
when the metasurface is loaded, the radiation pattern of the
antenna is redirected to a specific direction with a large half
power beamwidth. The metasurface is designed with gear tooth
at the edge, so that the metasurface can be rotated under the
control of an electric motor. In this manner, the tilted beam can
be rotated around the center axis of the metasurface. In [155],
a Huygens metasurface is armed on the radiating aperture of
a horn antenna for pattern- and polarization-reconfigurable
purpose. The photograph of the whole structure is shown
in Fig. 11(b). The metasurface is constructed by the meta-atom
with a cross I-shaped pattern, which can offer isotropic surface
impedance for the incident wave with different polarizations.
Via a proper design of the surface impedance distribution,
the metasurface can offer the required phase compensation
to flexibly redirect the main beam. It is also demonstrated
that, through rotating the metasurface, the orientation of
the radiation can be manipulated from the bore side to a
tilted angle. The beam, polarization, scattering, and focusing
can be controlled electronically using programmable metasur-
faces [156]. Without complex and expensive feeding networks,
the metasurface-assisted pattern-reconfigurable antenna may
offer a new platform for realizing phased arrays.
E. Other Topics on Metasurface-Assisted Antennas
Recently, there is a huge interest in metamaterials with
extreme constitutive parameter: near-zero-index material, due
1340
to its exotic wave phenomenon. The near-zero-index material
includes the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) material [157], [158]
with the permittivity close to zero, and the epsilon-and-
mu-zero material [159] with both the permittivity and the
permeability close to zero. The intriguing property of the
near-zero-index material arises from the infinity wavelength
and phase velocity, as a result, the electrically large space
is equivalent to single point which gives rise to the spatially
static while temporarily dynamic wave phenomenon. With the
property unavailable from the natural EM materials, the near-
zero-index material can lead to the inventions with uncon-
ventional functionalities. Here we introduce an application
of a near-zero-index metasurface, a thin layer of near-zero-
index material, in the antenna deign. A three-layer near-
zero-index metasurface composed of periodically arranged
electric field resonators is proposed in [160]. At the resonance,
the unit cell provides a near zero permittivity. By placing
this near-zero-index metasurface above a patch antenna as a
superstrate, a radiation with aperture efficiency higher than
80% is obtained owing to the homogenous phase distribution
within the ENZ material [160].
As demonstrated in this section, the rise of metasurface
offers exciting opportunities to the design of antenna with new
functionalities and enhanced performances. The development
of the metasurface-assisted antennas in turn enriches the
theory as well as the applications of EM metamaterials and
metasurfaces.
IV. M ETASURFACE A NTENNAS
The metasurface antenna consists of an array of meta-atoms
distributed over an electrically large structure, each element
sub-wavelength in size and with sub-wavelength separation
from its neighbors [61]. Metasurface antenna usually consists
of one or more feeds and one metasurface, where metasurface
is an indispensable component acing as the antenna aperture
and the feed is usually placed at one end or in the center
of the metasurface. Metasurface and antenna are integrated
as a unity. Because of this, metasurface antennas are fused
and hence are termed as metantenna for short. In such
an antenna configuration, the metasurface is used as the
antenna aperture, which radiates (receives) EM waves from
(into) the feed. Since metasurfaces usually possess different
functions in different bands and for difference polarized
waves, in addition to EM wave radiation/reception, other
functions can be integrated into the antenna as well, such
as frequency scanning, low RCS, isolation enhancement,
bandwidth expansion, and others. In this section, we briefly
review on recent development of the metantenna.
A. Frequency Scanning Metantenna
PGM is one of the earliest and most important metasurfaces
that can provide in-plane phase gradients for reflected or
transmitted waves [12]–[15]. Such phase gradient can be
equivalent to wave-vectors along the metasurface plane and
can deflect the main lobe direction of antennas. Since such
phase gradients, whether produced by resonance phases or
P-B phases, are usually dispersive (frequency-dependent), the
main lobe direction of antennas will be deflected toward differ-
ent directions at different frequencies, resulting in frequency
scanning. One of the most typical configurations of such
metantennas is the so-called in-plane feed planar antennas,
as illustrated in [161]. The phase gradient along the meta-
surface aperture is larger than the wave-vector of free-space
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 68, NO. 3, MARCH 2020
Fig. 12. Frequency scanning metantennas. (a) Configuration and (b) radiation
gain pattern of waveguide-fed reflective PGM metantenna in [59]. (c) Configu-
ration and (d) scanning angle of waveguide-fed transmissive PGM metantenna
in [58]. (e) Configuration and (f) scanning angle of SSPP-decoupling PGM
metantenna in [57].
waves. Incident waves will be coupled as spoof surface
plasmon polaritons (SSPPs, a kind of surface waves akin
to SPPs at optical frequencies) via reflective or transmissive
PGMs [58], [59], and the latter will then propagate along
the metasurface and finally concentrate into the feed [see
Fig. 12(a)–(d)]. Vice versa, for the radiation process, surface
EM waves from the feed will be decoupled as propagation
waves in free space [60], due to the antiparallel phase gradients
of the metasurface [see Fig. 12(e) and (f)]. Since the phase
gradient provided by the metasurface is dispersive, the main
lobe direction varies as the operating frequency changes.
B. Low-Profile High-Gain Metantennas
Metasurfaces are 2-D planar arrays of a large number
of sub-wavelength scatters, usually with ultrathin thickness.
When used as the radiation aperture of antennas, the profile
of the antenna can be ultralow due to the small thickness of
metasurfaces. In addition, since the large number of scatters
on the metasurface serves as the radiation element, the gain
of metantenna is expected to be quite high. When the con-
stituent sub-wavelength scatters are totally identical and are
fed with the same amplitude and phase [56], as shown in
Fig. 13(a) and (b), the metasurface unit cell actually serves
as the array element of array antennas with sub-wavelength
interelement spacings. Due to the large planar size of the
metasurface aperture, high-gain antennas can be realized using
such a configuration. Another low-profile high-gain antenna
configuration is the in-plane feed configuration [59], where
only one feed is used at one end of the metasurface. The
metasurface provide a phase gradient that is with exactly the
same magnitude but opposite direction as the wave-vector
of EM waves emitted from the feed. In this way, surface
mode waves can be decoupled as propagating waves into
free space [see Fig. 13(c) and (d)]. Metantennas with such
a configuration is usually narrowband. Using a feed placed
in the center of a circular radially modulated anisotropic
metasurface [162]–[165], low-profile high-gain dual circu-
larly polarized metantennas can also be implemented, which
converts cylindrical surface waves into directive radiated
waves at the broadside, as shown in Fig. 13(e) and (f). Using
the center-fed-metasurface configurations, other low-profile
antennas like shared-aperture antennas and low-sidelobe anten-
nas can also be implemented [166], [167].
WANG et al.:METANTENNA: WHEN METASURFACE MEETS ANTENNA AGAIN
Fig. 13. Low-profile metantennas. (a) Configuration and (b) radiation gain
pattern of meta-atom element array metantenna in [56]. (c) Configuration and
(d) realized gain of in-plane feed metantenna in [60]. (e) Configuration and
(f) radiation directivity pattern of center-feed metantenna in [163].
Fig. 14. Multibeam metantennas. (a) Configuration and (b) radiation pattern
of single-feed metantenna in [169]. (c) Configuration and (d) radiation pattern
of single center-feed metantenna in [73]. (e) Configuration and (f) radiation
pattern of four-feed metantenna in [174].
C. MultiBeam Metantennas
By arranging nonuniform meta-atoms on a 2-D plane, phase
gradients oriented toward different azimuthal directions can
be formed on the plane of metasurface, which will decouple
surface-mode EM waves from the feed into propagation waves
toward different directions in free space. This enables the
design of multibeam metantennas. There are two typical
configurations [73], [168]–[172]. In the first configuration,
as shown in Fig. 14(a)–(d), the metasurface aperture is divided
into several angular sectors, each of which is devoted to the
formation of a beam in a given direction. In the second con-
figuration, the metasurface aperture carries the superposition
of many phase modulations that correspond to beams in the
desired directions. Since the full metasurface plane area is
used, the gain of the second configuration is higher than that of
the first. By coding the feeding phases for the antenna elements
in patch antenna arrays, multibeam metantennas can also be
implemented [173]. In such a configuration, all the patches
are fed by a feeding network with the same magnitude but
coded phases. Through a particular coding sequence, multiple
radiated beams can be directed toward different directions.
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1341
Fig. 15. Low RCS metantennas. (a) Meta-atom surrounded slot array
and (b) RCS reduction performance for the metantenna in [183]. (c) Patch
elements with varied orientations and (d) RCS reduction performance for the
metantenna in [186]. (e) Metasurface-on-top patch and (f) RCS reduction
performance for the metantenna in [188].
For example, with 1-D and 2-D 0–1 chessboard coding
sequences, planar metantennas with two and four beams can
be implemented, respectively. By focusing surface waves from
multifeeds onto metasurfaces, multibeam planar antennas can
be realized since the metasurface can decouple surface waves
into radiated waves [174], as shown in Fig. 14(e) and (f).
D. Low RCS Metantennas
By properly arranging reflection phase distributions on
the 2-D plane of metasurfaces, the monostatic RCS can be
reduced significantly under plane wave illumination via mech-
anisms such as polarization conversion, scattering cancelling,
beam deflection, beam splitting, and broadband absorption
of reflected waves [175]–[182]. Therefore, the RCS of pla-
nar antenna apertures will be reduced when RCS reduction
metasurfaces are placed nearby the antenna element. The
meta-atoms of metasurfaces exhibit different responses for
reflected and transmitted waves, since reflected and transmitted
waves experience single- and double-patch interactions with
the meta-atom, respectively. This enables significant RCS
reduction for scattered waves whereas unaffected radiation
performance for emitted waves simultaneously. Because of
this, a common configuration of low RCS metantennas com-
prises antenna radiator surrounded by meta-atoms [183]–[185],
as shown in Fig. 15(a) and (b). Another important method is
to arrange antenna elements in the manner similar to meta-
atoms of RCS-reduction metasurfaces [186], as shown in
Fig. 15(c) and (d). In such a configuration, each antenna
element is fed the same way as conventional antenna array. The
difference lies in that the elements take different orientations
on the 2-D plane, like meta-atoms on RCS-reduction meta-
surfaces. For example, the circularly polarized patches take
random orientations on the 2-D plane, which exerts different
P-B phases for scattered and emitted waves. By properly using
such a difference, high-gain low RCS planar array antennas
can be implemented. Moreover, by combining meta-atom
antenna elements operating at different frequencies, multi-
band low RCS planar array antennas can also be realized,
despite with low aperture efficiency [187]. For antenna radiator
with large metallic areas such as rectangular patch antenna,
1342 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 68, NO. 3, MARCH 2020

structures, the metasurface antennas have created much more

additional functions and/or much better performance than the
original conventional antennas. Metasurfaces are not merely
auxiliary components for antennas. They couple, transmit, and
decouple EM waves from the feed, which enables much more
integrated configuration of antennas, that is, the metantennas.
Due to free manipulations on EM waves, the integra-
tion of metasurface concept into antenna design has cre-
ated the new technical competence in commercial microwave
market such as the up-coming 5G wireless communication
network, RFID, WLAN/WiFi access points, sensing/imaging
systems, and satellite communications. It is definite that the
metamaterial-based methodology will continuously provide
rich possibilities for novel antennas.
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Jiafu Wang (Member, IEEE) received the Ph.D.
degree from Air Force Engineering University,
Xi’an, China, in 2010.
He is currently a Visiting Scholar with the Depart-
ment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Fac-
ulty of Engineering, National University of Sin-
gapore, Singapore. He has authored or coauthored
more than 220 SCI journal articles and published
one monograph on electromagnetic metamaterials.
He is the Principal Investigator (PI) of more than ten
scientific research projects, including three granted
by the Natural Science Foundation of China. His research interests include
electromagnetic metamaterials, metasurfaces, spoof surface plasmon polari-
tons, radar absorbing materials, antennas, and microwave components.
Dr. Wang was honored as the Outstanding New Sci&Tech Star of Shaanxi
Province in 2015 and 2019, respectively; and he is also the grantee of the
Sanqin Talent Subsidy of Shaanxi Province. His doctoral dissertation won
the nomination of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation in 2012. He was
awarded the First Prize of Excellent Achievement in Natural Science by the
Ministry of Education (ranked fourth) in 2012.
Yue Li (Senior Member, IEEE) received the B.S.
degree in telecommunication engineering from Zhe-
jiang University, Zhejiang, China, in 2007, and
the Ph.D. degree in electronic engineering from
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 2012.
He is currently an Associate Professor with the
Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua
University. In June 2012, he was a Post-Doctoral
Fellow with the Department of Electronic Engineer-
ing, Tsinghua University. In December 2013, he was
a Research Scholar with the Department of Electrical
and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
He was also a Visiting Scholar with the Institute for Infocomm Research
(I2R), A∗STAR, Singapore, in 2010, and the Hawaii Center of Advanced
Communication (HCAC), University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA,
in 2012. Since January 2016, he has been with Tsinghua University, where
he is currently an Assistant Professor. He has authored or coauthored over
130 journal articles and 45 international conference papers, and he holds
18 granted Chinese patents. His current research interests include metamateri-
als, plasmonics, electromagnetics, nanocircuits, mobile and handset antennas,
MIMO and diversity antennas, and millimeter-wave antennas and arrays.
Dr. Li was a recipient of the Issac Koga Gold Medal from the URSI General
Assembly in 2017; the Second Prize of Science and Technology Award of
the China Institute of Communications in 2017; the Young Scientist Awards
from the conferences of EMTS 2019, ACES 2018, AT-RASC 2018, AP-RASC
2016, EMTS 2016, and URSI GASS 2014; the Best Paper Awards from the
conferences of NCANT 2019 and 2017, CSQRWC 2018, NCMMW 2018 and
2017, APCAP 2017, ISAPE 2016, and ICMMT 2016; the Outstanding
Doctoral Dissertation of Beijing Municipality in 2013, and the Principal
Scholarship of Tsinghua University in 2011. He is serving as an Associate
Editor of the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON A NTENNAS AND P ROPAGATION,
the IEEE A NTENNAS AND W IRELESS P ROPAGATION L ETTERS , Microwave
and Optical Technology Letters, and Computer Applications in Engineering
Education and also as an Editorial Board Member of Scientific Report.
WANG et al.:METANTENNA: WHEN METASURFACE MEETS ANTENNA AGAIN
Zhi Hao Jiang (Member, IEEE) was born in
Nanjing, China, in 1986. He received the B.S. degree
in radio engineering from Southeast University, Nan-
jing, in 2008, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, State College, PA, USA, in 2013.
From 2013 to 2016, he was a Post-Doctoral Fel-
low with the Computational Electromagnetics and
Antennas Research Laboratory, Department of Elec-
trical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Univer-
sity. He is currently a Professor with the State Key
Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineer-
ing, Southeast University. He has authored or coauthored about 70 articles in
peer-reviewed journals, over 60 articles in conference proceedings, as well
as eight book chapters. He has also coedited one book: Electromagnetics of
Body-Area Networks: Antennas, Propagation, and RF Systems (Wiley/IEEE
Press, 2016). He holds seven granted U.S. patents and one granted
Chinese patent. His current research interests include microwave/millimeter-
wave antennas and circuits, millimeter-wave systems, impedance surfaces,
metamaterials, and analytical methods.
Dr. Jiang was a recipient of the Young Scientist Award at the 2019 ACES-
China Conference, the High-Level Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talent
presented by Jiangsu Province, China, in 2017, the Thousands of Young
Talents presented by China Government in 2016, the Honorable Mention in
the 2013 IEEE AP-S International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation
Student Paper Contest, and the 2012 A. J. Ferraro Outstanding Doctoral
Research Award in Electromagnetics. He has served as the TPC co-chair or a
TPC member for multiple international conferences. He serves as an Associate
Editor for the IET Communications, was a Guest Editor of the International
Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, and also serves
as a reviewer for more than 40 journals.
Ting Shi (Student Member, IEEE) received the B.S.
degree from the University of Electronic Science
and Technology of China, Chengdu, China, in 2014,
and the M.S. degree from Chongqing University,
Chongqing, China, in 2017, where she is currently
pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electronics and com-
munication engineering with the College of Com-
munication Engineering.
From 2018 to 2019, she was a Visiting
Graduate with the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, National University of
Singapore, Singapore. Her current research interests include microwave elec-
trically small antennas and metasurfaces.
Ming-Chun Tang (Senior Member, IEEE) received
the B.S. degree in physics from Neijiang Normal
University, Neijiang, China, in 2005, and the Ph.D.
degree in radio physics from the University of Elec-
tronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC),
Chengdu, China, in 2013.
From August 2011 to August 2012, he was also
with the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson,
AZ, USA, as a Visiting Scholar. He is currently a
Full Professor with the School of Microelectronics
and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
His research interests include electrically small antennas, RF circuits, meta-
material designs, and their applications.
Dr. Tang is a Senior Member of the Chinese Institute of Electronics. He was
a recipient of the National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars in 2019.
He was a recipient of the Best Student Paper Award in the 2010 Interna-
tional Symposium on Signals, Systems and Electronics (ISSSE2010) held
in Nanjing, China. His Ph.D. students received Best Student Paper Awards
from the IEEE 7th Asia–Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation
(2018 IEEE APCAP) held in Auckland, New Zealand, the 2019 IEEE
International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES) Sym-
posium, Nanjing, the 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Electromagnetics:
Applications and Student Innovation Competition, Qiangdao, China, and the
2019 Cross Strait Quad-Regional Radio Science and Wireless Technology
Conference, Taiyuan, China. He has also served on the review boards of
various technical journals and many international conferences as the general
chair, a TPC member, a session organizer, and the session chair. He is
the Founding Chair of the IEEE AP-S/MTT-S Joint Chongqing Chapter.
He serves on the Editorial Board of several journals, including IEEE ACCESS ,
Electronics Letters, and the IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation.
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1347
Ziheng Zhou received the B.S. degree in physics
from Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, in 2017.
He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electri-
cal engineering with Tsinghua University, Beijing,
China.
His research interests include metamaterial, meta-
surface, wideband electromagnetic absorbers, elec-
tromagnetic sensors, circularly polarized antennas,
simultaneous transmitting and receiving antennas,
and metamaterial-assisted antennas.
Mr. Zhou serves as a Reviewer for the IEEE
T RANSACTIONS ON A NTENNAS AND P ROPAGATION and the IEEE A NTEN -
NAS AND W IRELESS P ROPAGATION L ETTERS .
Zhi Ning Chen (Fellow, IEEE) received the B.Eng.,
M.Eng., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
from the Institute of Communications Engineering
(ICE), Nanjing, China, in 1985, 1988, and 1993,
repectively, and the second Ph.D. degree from the
University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan, in 2003.
From 1988 to 1995, he was a Lecturer and later a
Professor with ICE as well as a Post-Doctoral Fellow
and later an Associate Professor with Southeast
University, Nanjing. From 1995 to 1997, he was
with the City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,
as a Research Assistant and later a Research Fellow. In 1997, he was
awarded the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Fellowship
to conduct his research at the University of Tsukuba. In 2001 and 2004,
he visited the University of Tsukuba twice under the JSPS Fellowship
Program (Senior Fellow). In 2004, he was an Academic Visitor with the
IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA. In 2013,
he visited the Laboratoire des SignauxetSystèmes, UMR8506 CNRS-Supelec-
University Paris Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, as a Senior DIGITEO Guest
Scientist. In 2015, he visited the Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku
University, Sendai, Japan, as a Senior Visiting Professor. From 1999 to
2016, he was with the Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R) as a Principal
Scientist, the Head/Manager for the RF and Optical Department, and a
Technical Advisor. In 2012, he joined the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, as a
tenured Full Professor, where he is currently the Program Director (Industry).
He is holding/held the concurrent guest professorships at Southeast University
(Changjiang Chair Professor), Nanjing, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, China, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,
Tongji University, Shanghai, the University of Science and Technology of
China, Hefei, China, Fudan University, Shanghai, Dalian Maritime University,
Dalian, China, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, National Taiwan University of
Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, South China University of Technol-
ogy, Guangzhou, China, Shanghai University, Shanghai, Beijing University
of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, Yunnan University, Kunming,
China, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, and the City University of
Hong Kong. He is currently serving as a member of the State Key Laboratory
of Millimeter-Waves, Southeast University, and the State Key Laboratory of
Tera-Hertz and Millimeter-Waves, City University of Hong Kong. Also, he
has served as a reviewer of local and overseas governmental/provide research
foundations/organizations, including Canada, Finland, Sweden, Chile, China,
Hong Kong, and U.K.
Cheng-Wei Qiu (Member, IEEE) received the
B.Eng. degree from the University of Science and
Technology of China, Hefei, China, in 2003, and
the Ph.D. degree from the National University of
Singapore (NUS), Singapore, in 2007.
He was a Post-Doctoral Fellow with the Physics
Department, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA, till the end
of 2009. Since December 2009, he has been with
NUS, as an Assistant Professor and was promoted
to Associate Professor with tenure in January 2017.
In January 2018, he was promoted to Dean’s Chair
Professor with the Faculty of Engineering, NUS.
Dr. Qiu was a recipient of the SUMMA Graduate Fellowship in Advanced
Electromagnetics in 2005, the IEEE AP-S Graduate Research Award in 2006,
the URSI Young Scientist Award in 2008, the NUS Young Investigator Award
in 2011, the MIT TR35@Singapore Award in 2012, the Young Scientist
Award by the Singapore National Academy of Science in 2013, the Faculty
Young Research Award in NUS 2013, and the Young Engineering Research
Award 2018 in NUS. His research is known for the structured light for beam
manipulation and structured metasurfaces.