The Golden

Ratio

Gunjyot Kaur
IX-F
Session 23-24
 Acknowledgement
I would like to thank my Mathematics teacher, Ms.
Suruche Kumar and the senior school principal,
Ms. Isha Verma and School Director, Mr. Sanjay
Sachdeva for giving me this opportunity to make this
project.
Topics covered in this
project
1. What is the Golden Ratio

2. History of the Golden Ratio

3.The Fibonacci Sequence

4.How Golden Ratio is calculated.

5.The Golden Rectangle

6. Application and the Usage of the Golden

Section
What is the Golden Ratio?
The divine proportion, also referred to as the golden ratio or the
divine proportion, is a unique number that is roughly equal to
1.618.014. When a line is split into two sections, it can be found that
the length of the entire line divided by the long section of the line
equals the length of the long section of the line divided by the short
section of the line.24 The Fibonacci sequence, a set of numbers where
each number is added to the previous one, is closely related to the
golden ratio.1 The Fibonacci number sequence has a limit known as
the golden ratio, where each term after the second is equal to the sum
of the two terms before it. Modern mathematicians use fractals, which
display self-similarity and are significant in the study of chaos and
dynamical systems, are represented by the golden ratio.

The irrational number (1 + Square root of √5)/2, frequently

represented by the Greek letter ϕ or τ, is roughly equal to 1.618 in
mathematics. When a line segment is divided into two pieces of
different lengths, the ratio of the entire segment to the longer segment
must be equal to the ratio of the longer segment to the shorter
segment. This number has its roots in Euclid, who refers to it as the
"extreme and mean ratio" in his book The Elements. The equation (x
+ 1)/x = x/1 in modern algebra results from setting the length of the
shorter segment to one unit and the length of the longer segment to x
units. the golden ratio, x = (1 + Square root of √5)/2, is a positive
solution to the quadratic equation x2 - x - 1 = 0, which is formed by
rearranging the variables.

This "dividing" or "sectioning" property was known to the ancient

Greeks; it was later abbreviated to "the section." Both "ratio" and
"section" weren't deemed to be "golden" until more than 2,000 years
later, in 1835, by German mathematician Martin Ohm. The Italian
polymath Leonardo da Vinci's work and the publication of De divina
proportione (1509; Divine Proportion), written by the Italian
mathematician Luca Pacioli and illustrated by Leonardo, among other
Renaissance figures, helped to further the idea that the golden ratio
provided the most aesthetically pleasing ratio of sides for a rectangle.

There are numerous instances of the golden ratio in mathematics. It

appears in the study of the Archimedean and Platonic solids and is
geometrically constructible with a straightedge and compass. It is
both the value of the most fundamental of continued fractions, namely
1 + 1/(1 + 1/(1 +, and the limit of the ratios of consecutive terms of
the Fibonacci number sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,..., in which each
term beyond the second is the sum of the previous two.

History of the Golden Ratio

The history of the Golden Ratio dates back to the time of the Greek
mathematicians Euclid and Pythagoras, who spent countless hours
studying the equation and its characteristics. It was referred to as the
extreme and mean ratio by the Greek mathematician Euclid.
Mathematicians like Abraham de Moivre, Daniel Bernoulli, and
Leonhard Euler used the Golden ratio formula to determine the
Fibonacci number's value in the 18th century. Steve Baer developed
the Zome construction method, which is based on the Golden ratio
formula, in the 1960s. The Greeks gave the ratio of rectangles' length
to width the name "Golden Ratio" because they believed it to be the
most aesthetically pleasing. The Great Pyramid of Egypt, built
between 2580 and 2560 BC, has a ratio of the pyramid’s base
dimension, which is very close to the Golden Ratio, is divided in half.
The Golden Ratio's numerical value is "phi," after the Greek sculptor
Phidias.
The term "Divine Proportion" was first used in the 1500s.
The "Divine Proportion," another of its names, may have been
mentioned in literature for the first time in Luca Pacioli's dissertation
"De Divina Proportione," which was published in 1509 (1). Leonardo
Da Vinci provided illustrations for the work. The five Platonic solids
are depicted in drawings in this book by Leonardo da Vinci.
To achieve balance and beauty in their paintings and sculptures,
Renaissance artists heavily incorporated the Golden Mean. In his
painting of "The Last Supper," Leonardo Da Vinci, for example, used
it to specify all the essential proportions, from the size of the table at
which Christ and the disciples sat to the proportions of the walls and
windows in the background.

discovered by Johannes Kepler (1571-1630),

The elliptical nature of the planets' orbits around the sun was
discovered by Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), who also mentioned the
"Divine Proportion," saying this about it:
“Geometry has two great treasures: one is the theorem of Pythagoras;
the other, the division of a line into extreme and mean ratio. The first
we may compare to a measure of gold; the second we may name a
precious jewel.”

The Fibonacci Sequence

Each number in the Fibonacci sequence is the sum of the two
numbers that came before it. The sequence typically begins with 0 and
1, but some authors choose to begin the sequence with 1 and 1, or
occasionally (as did Fibonacci), with 1 and 2. The sequence's first 10
digits resemble 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, and so on indefinitely. A
mathematical formula can be used to explain the sequence:
Xn+2=Xn+1 + Xn
As "the most gifted Western mathematician of the Middle Ages,"
Fibonacci was an Italian mathematician from the Republic of Pisa.
How is the Fibonacci Sequence related to the Golden Ratio?
The Golden Ratio and the Fibonacci sequence are connected in a
unique way. Any two consecutive Fibonacci numbers have a ratio that
is very similar to the Golden Ratio. The ratio of two consecutive
Fibonacci numbers tends towards the Golden Ratio as n increases,
according to Binet's formula, which expresses the nth Fibonacci
number in terms of n and the Golden Ratio. The Lucas numbers,
which follow the same recurrence relation and comprise a
complementary pair of Lucas sequences, are also closely related to the
Fibonacci numbers. The sequence's ratio of succeeding terms exhibits
the same convergence towards the Golden Ratio. The Fibonacci
sequence is a design principle that can be used in graphic,
architectural, and artistic proportions to produce visually pleasing
results.
Let's divide each number in the Fibonacci sequence by the one before
it to produce a new set of numbers. Keep in mind that the order is

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, …

Therefore, multiplying each number by the one before it results in the
following results:
1 / 1 = 1, 2 / 1 = 2, 3 / 2 = 1.5, and so on up to 144 / 89 = 1.6179.
The sequence that results is:
1, 2, 1.5, 1.666…, 1.6, 1.625, 1.615…, 1.619…, 1.6176…, 1.6181…,
1.6179…
The fact that these numbers are oscillating and tantalisingly
approaching 1.618—the value of phi, or the golden ratio—is
significant Fibonacci was completely unaware of the connection
between the golden ratio, which has been used by artists and
architects for thousands of years, and his solution to the rabbit
population growth problem.

How is the Golden Ratio Calculated?

The formula
a/b = (a + b)/a = 1.61803398875...,
where a and b are the dimensions of two quantities and an is the larger
of the two, can be used to calculate the Golden Ratio, also known as
the Golden Mean. Additionally, the Golden Ratio is equal to
2 sin(54°). F(n) = (xn - (1-x)n)/(x - (1-x)),
where x = (1+√5)/2 1.618,
is the formula for the Golden Ratio. The ratio calculated when
dividing a number in the Fibonacci series by its succeeding number,
such as 34/55, and the number obtained when dividing the extreme
portion of a line to the whole are both represented by the Golden
Section number for phi ϕ, which is 0.61803 39887... .

The Golden Ratio Rectangle

The definition of a golden rectangle is a rectangle with sides that are
(1+5)/2, where an is the width, a + b is the length, and is the golden
ratio. All rectangles made by including or excluding a square from an
end are also golden rectangles, which show a particular type of self-
similarity.
The golden ratio is defined as
(a + b)/a = a/b =,
where an is the rectangle's width, a + b is its length, and is the ratio.
The ratio length/width = golden ratio = (1+ √5)/2 unifies all golden
rectangles. Euclid created them using the construction.
Construction of a Golden Rectangle
Using a compass and ruler, create a golden rectangle as follows:
Create a square. Its side will eventually widen to a golden triangle's
breadth.
Find the midpoint of one of your square's sides by building the
perpendicular bisector.
Create an arc with its centre at this intersection and a radius equal to
the separation between it and either of the square's opposite vertices.
You may get the required vertex of the golden rectangle by finding the
intersection of the arc with the line where the compass needle is
located.

Application and the usage of the Golden Ratio

The golden ratio can be used to explain many facets of human
nature. Here are some examples of how to use the golden
ratio.
Golden Ratio in Nature
Flowers:
The Fibonacci sequence is consistently followed by the number of
petals in a flower. The lily has three petals, buttercups have five
(shown at left), the chicory has 21, the daisy has 34, and so on are
popular examples. Due to the ideal packing configuration chosen by
Darwinian processes, where each petal is positioned at 0.618034 per
turn (out of a 360° circle), allowing for the best possible exposure to
sunlight and other factors, phi appears in petals.
Shells
Another illustration is the special characteristics of the Golden Ratio.
This shape, a rectangle with sides that have an aspect ratio of a/b
equal to the golden ratio (phi), can lead to a spiral-shaped nesting
process that can go on forever. The logarithmic spiral is a common
pattern in nature. Snail shells and nautilus shells follow the
logarithmic spiral, as does the cochlea of the inner ear. It can also be
seen in the horns of certain goats, and the shape of certain spider's
webs.

Spiral Galaxies
Spiral galaxies naturally exhibit the well-known Fibonacci pattern.
Each of the Milky Way's spiral arms is a roughly 12-degree
logarithmic spiral. Spiral galaxies appear to defy Newtonian physics,
which is an interesting side note. Astronomers realised in 1925 that
the radial arms of galaxies should curve as they rotate because the
angular speed of the galactic disk's rotation varies with distance from
the centre. Spiral arms should then start to wind around a galaxy after
a few rotations. However, they don't, which is why there is a "winding
problem." The stars outside appear to move faster than anticipated,
which is an unusual feature of the cosmos that contributes to the
preservation of its shape in nature.

The Human Body

The ratio of the lengths of the arms and legs to the length of the torso is an
example of how the human body uses the golden ratio. Painters and sculptors
have used it to create works of art that resemble the ideal human form. The
DNA molecule, which is the foundation of all life, is founded on the golden
section, and its ratio, 1.6190476, is quite similar to phi, 1.6180339, in terms of
magnitude. According to Vitruvius, the ratio of the upper to lower body should
be 3.75: 6.25, which is quite similar to the golden ratio of 1:1.6.
 Bibliography

https://www.britannica.com/science/golden-ratio

https://www.goldennumber.net/golden-ratio-history/

https://quickanddirtytips.com/articles/what-is-the-
golden-ratio-and-how-is-it-related-to-the-fibonacci-
sequence/

https://www.mathnasium.com/blog/14-interesting-
examples-of-the-golden-ratio-in-nature

https://www.omnicalculator.com/math/golden-rectangle