Making Sense of Spelling and Pronunciation Christine Digby John Myers Prentice Hall PRENTICE HALL INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING 1993Part |: Spelling VOWEL Nea “The sound /i/ can be spelt in many ways. The easiest to remember ares ee (eg: sheep succeed) ea (eg: cream cheap) But there are also other ways to spell /: e+ consonant +e (eg: scene complete) i+ consonant +e (eg: chlorine elite) je (eg: thief niece handkerchief) ei! (eg: ceiling conceit receipt) ‘Trying to remember whether to use je or ei to spell /i:/ gives everyone problems, ‘ut there is a simple rule: ibeforee except after¢Unit 1 PRACTICE 4} Find all the words with the sound /1:/ in this puzzle. SC HE) M & jE) x SD. WAEAMBVARTR ENATHLET E/E ETTEACHZAA ThE GACMGe FE EGLaM QLEeMEA CH 1 N “BieO) VNKRSEATGU fave | NEA CH E KOE EON Sat ce, &: VE D 6 EXE E'S. EE SN 2 Write the words you found in the puzzle beside their definitions. Across Down a A plage 2. The opposite of sour 5 b. Asportsperson b, An office restaurant Toinstruct ___ cc High temperature 4d. Players on the same side ina game dd! What we do with food ae ee ‘e. Connected with the sea — fe, Totouch The back of the shoe f. A thing with moving parts which needs some kind of power to doiits job g December 31 is New Year’s ge Achair = h. To take without asking. h, Acdeep, narrow valle i. A thing which happens while youre asleep ey j. The wife of a king. jj. Enthusiastic k, Anarm of acoat |. To cross out. im, Past participle of seeUnit 1 3 Complete the words in the text below by writing ie or ei. The first one has been done for you. Please write 2 br___f pce abou" the rei__f work in the Sudan. We bel___ve the work you did in this __Id was for cherity organisations who rec_—_ve medicines from the West and teach hyg.—_-ne. We do not wish to dec.:__ve the public who often perc___ve the problem in Aftica as ch_—_fly one of lack of food, particularly pron. ‘The sound /o:/ can be spelt in many different ways. The easiest to remember are: or (eg: born fort) ‘ore (eg: core shore) ‘ But /o:/ can also be spelt: ar (eg:war) augh (eg:caught) oor (eg:door) aw (eg: law) our (eg:four) ough (eg:fought) al (eg: walk) au_—_(eg: author) PRACTICE 1 Complete this poem using the words in the box. pause jaws paws thought daws Their feetare called _____ Their nails are called They open their st ‘And eat without B i ForUnit 2 ‘Match the words on the left with the definition on the right. astronaut . board brought ali . caught chalk fork more poor yours war sew eepvosma pang opposite of peace past tense of catch past tense of see you eat with this a person who goes into space it belongs to you past tense of bring teachers write on it opposite of rich to telephone opposite of less you write on a blackboard with this Find the mystery word by filling in the missing letters. All the words contain the sound /o:/ Clues 2. where patients sleep in a hospital b, past tense of teach & system of rules 4, meat froma pig €, not believable f. the place where you play golf g. past tense of buy 3 h. you use this in the sea i. under the celing j. another word for speak k. to putin |. notinterestec kf LL Mystery word:hus Vowel ‘The sound /u:/ can be written in several different ways. It is often spelt with a ui uw (eg: tuna super) ut consonant +e (eg: rule June) ue (eg: blue true) ui (eg: fruit suit) Itcan also be spelt: ew (eg: ew chew) oe (eg: shoe canoe) Other common ways of spelling /u:/ use the letter o: © (eg: who do) 00 (eg: spoon boot) 0+ consonant +e (eg: move whose) ou (eg: route soup) PRACTICE I Find all the words with the sound /u:/ in this puzzle. V A LSURE KP URS UE Polo IXOGUSUALWERHS X EILOHABOOTRHCUSC WNSUILTCASEPHMUO WT E HeINGUATR Ss US ESO “Enh LONEWSAGENTWUK P HU -G.ESS@ hav U M1, UT RZ: U AWNYHODEBTPEWST CHOOSEWRTE!LKAPE HGOMFLBPRODUCER WENRZOOCOFFDUTY OP PF ORS UN ITY aL, he BaD.Unit 3 2 Write the words you found in the puzzle beside their definitions. Across ‘a, When someone like a policeman or a nurse isnot needed at work (2words) —___ You put your clothes in this when you go on holiday —____. ‘What something is worth to you one A chance to do something —___— To runafter or chase something —__— Normal or customary g.Aseat that people sit on in a church —___ h . Footwear that covers the leg i. A place to go and see animals in cages. j. Aperson who arranges the making of a TV programme or film k. To employ something for 2 purpose (eg: |... toothbrush to clean my teeth) |. Aperson who owns a shop from where you can buy papers, tobacco ete ______ m, To pick or select something 1. Very large, enormous Down a. Opposite of clever or sensible ‘Avery fast electronic machine for typing letters or doing celaulations b. ¢. I2o'cock midday 4 ‘Anumber of printed copies produced at the same time (eg: newspapers) —___ Opposite of out of. {. What you can see through the window. g. To break up food in your mouth h. Footwear that covers the foot iL The ability to find something funny ——____ j. Opposite of to tighien k. To disagree or debate about something, |. To bring together as one —____—The sound /a /is usually spelt: u (eg: must shut butter hut) 0 (eg:love mother cover) ough (eg: rough tough) PRACTICE Complete the poem by using the words in the box. All the words have the sound /a / sunny come worry honey tonne some son hurry curry love money gove none dove | Bees make ____— 2 Workers make Ie I @ 3 The weather can be 2. ‘And jokes can be funny. oN ks: > we 4 Indians make 5 Exams make you 6 Clocks make you ‘Alarms make you scurry. 7 \ minus | makes 8 A thousand kilos make a —____— 9 Ababy boy — your litle ‘Congratulations! Well done. 10. A lovely white bird's called a_____— L1 Acouple holding hands call it 12. Agquiet night inis allright for —___— 13 But here's a party invitation for those who want toUnit 4 Common words which include the sound /A/ above courage month oven tongue accompany discover mother recover tonne among done none rough tough another enough nothing siovel trouble become glove once some welcome brother love one sometimes won come Monday other son young couple Nowe fol NOAD The sound /2/ is very common in English and is spelt in many different ways. However, as a vowel sound on its own, it is never found in stressed syllables (eg: better /beta/, amuse /a'mjuiz/, Saturday /'seetoder/. PRACTICE 1 Underline the syllables which contain the sound /a/ in the words below. List the ways you found to spell /o/. afraid data tonight sugar father mirror statement important centre employment —_ nation. dignity human status helpfully figure 2 Complete the words in these sentences by spelling the sound /o/. —hundr__d ph_togr__ph___s f_m Can_d____nd—_meric____arived in Britain t__join th discuss____n in Lond_n bout th_role television _nd newspap—___s when r_porting fr__m war zones. There has so far been no—_greement with governm nts on_bolishing vis__.c_ntrol or on pr__viding signific_nt improvem_nts in consul______ssist__nce —_broad,‘The sound /19/ can be spelt in a number of ways: ear (eg: fear rear) eer (eg: beer cheer) ere (eg: here severe) er (eg: frontier pier) PRACTICE Complete the letter below using the words in the box. were nearer interfere cashiers severe dear dear volunteers sincerely engineer appears year Members of Staff tt that as the end of the ____ comes ___ we will need some to help the ___at the check-out. I hape this will not with your holiday plans Also, according to the _____. itis _that the damage to the machines is due to the__ temperatures having at the moment, so please cover your machines when you leave the office. Yours JD DeVere‘The sound /ei/ can be spelt in several different ways. It is nearly always spelt with ana: a (eg:able station) a + consonant + e ory (eg: face lazy) a + nge (eg: dangerous strange) ay (eg: stay payment) ai (eg:aim remain) It can also be spelt: ei (eg: weight freight) It is also found in the following words: great break steak they PRACTICE Unscramble the words to finish the letter. All the words contain the sound /e1/. Dear (nale) | How was your (oyilhad) in the (satSte)! It’s a nice (alepe) to have a (kaber), isn't it? |hope ‘you weren't to0 (aridfa), So many people (ysa) New York is a (zaycr) city but | couldn't (coplmina) about my own (tsay) in the USA. | felt quite (fase). | went on an (chaexnge) visit with a friend at schoo! who was the (mase) (gea). His father ‘was a (repiant) called (avid) (2Cpe). | remember that his favourite meal was (taeks) and chips. ‘What was the weather like? When | was there we had a lot of (niar). Especially the (yad) we went to a (mage) of (sabellab). They had to stop it.| didn’t mind as no-one could (xeplina) it to me (nyewya)!Unit 7 Must go now. Ive got a (rinat) to catch. | (amy) have a new job in TV. I'm still in search of (rafe}} Lots of love | (orraLine) ‘The sound /at/ can be spelt in several different ways. It is nearly always spelt with i (eg:find mild quiet) : i+ consonant + eory (eg: quite tiny) igh (eg: sigh light) Itcan also be spelt with a y: y — (eg:my fly cycle) PRACTICE Unscramble the letters and match the words in the box to the definitions or clues. All the ‘words contain the sound /at/. gtih oplit ebdir ginht-meit sticcly ybu sseié sichl cibeley tnhin ekils semicr hys iel nibdi tang demible fekin Fayrid lichd | Atwo-wheeled vehicle 2. Someone who rides number |Unit 8 3 Someone who cannot see is 4 Jo__ summer because it's usually nice and warm, 5 Tum onthe __ t's dark in here. & Hewas so tall that we called hima 7 Have you ever___ a mountain? 8 Aperson who flies an aircrattis a 9. Awoman on her wedding day isa }0 Ive gota___ but | haven't got a fork. I Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, 12 Inthe daytime its light but in the _________its dark. 13 Im going to the shop to__ some food. 14 Atviangle has three —__ : 1S. Fifth, sith, seventh, eighth, ___ 16 Someone from ireland is 17 Murder, theft and burglary are all 18 He's very ____=_ and doesn't lke meeting new people. 19 Don't, in bed. Get up and have breakfast. ie 20 I knew her when she was little ___of nine. oa (eg: coat road) ow (eg: glow flow) © + consonant +e (eg: vote nose) ot consonant + y (eg: rosy cosy)Unit 9 PRACTICE Complete the crossword. All the words contain the sound /2u/. PS ala | (Esa Ses eee Se i ae eA Ea ae Ea el ee feel fa ee = ‘Across 1 Opposite of adore 3 Ifyou haven't got enough money to buy the car, you need to ask the bank fora 5 The seeds of this tree are called acorns. 7 Apiece of rock 11 Aword for cut the grass 12. Imauite independent | enjoy travelling on my ————— 13. Insummer, the winds. from the south-east. Down 1 Bread is shaped into a___ for baking. 2 Yesterday! up at 6 am but | didn't get up until 8 am. 4 Aword for a short letter 6 The male of this animal has horns and a little beard. 7 I dlike to see your holiday photos — can you them tome? 8 The place where you live 9 He spoke ina very angry 12. Opposite of high of voice.10 lea/ ‘The sound /ea/ can be spelt in a number of ways: are (eg: software care) air (eg: chair hair) ear (eg: bear wear) exe (eg: there where) ‘The following words also contain the sound /ee/ millionaire mayor their PRACTICE Complete the crossword, All the words contain the sound /ea/. [ f Across 1 Abad dream Money paid for 2 journey Itcovers your head. Mend or fix is she? She's over there. Many people from Sweden have hat. 11 [bought a____of shoes. 12. There's only one, so we must ee Bows 1 Down | Opposite of everywhere 2 We need to breathe this all the time. 3 Ashape with four equal sides 6 Openit carefully, don't the paper. 8 A fruit 9 He usually — atie to work.\ Sf The sound // is spelt in various ways. The easiest to remember is: sh (eg: sheep ship fashion fresh) Sometimes it is spelt: ch (eg: chef chalet chaperon) ‘The sound /{/ can also be spelt with: t (eg:section Egyptian initial cautious) cc (egielectrician commercial efficient delicious ocean) 5 (eg:extension pension suspension) ss (eg: profession session confession) x (eg: anxious) Occasionally the sound /f/ at the beginning of a word is spelt: s (eg:sugar sure) PRACTICE Underline the letters which are pronounced /{/ in the following texts. | you are anxious about future generations, please give a generous donation to our organisation, We have a special social and educational programme. We also have irrigation and conservation projects, and a programme of vaccination against infectious disease. We need your financial support. We are sure that you will help us take action. 2. There was a lot of shouting at immigration because one of the musicians did not show her identification. The official did not believe her explanation and refused her permission to enter the station. 3 The ambitious language learner, who wants to do some translation after graduation, should work hard on pronunciation and dictation as well as conversation. 4 The exhibition which opens tomorrow reflects the passion of one man. After years of ‘exploration into this ancient civilisation, Dr |gnatious brings us his impressions of Grecian life.PHARMACY [LZ ae res eee ‘The sound /§/ is normally spelt: £ (eg: fall toffee fence cafeteria) However, many English words which come from ancient Greek words spell /{/ ph (eg: philharmonic phial epigraph) PRACTICE 1 Lookat these ancient Greek words and their definitions. Use these definitions to help you work out the meanings of the words inthe box below. Check with a dictionary ifyou are not sure. phonemes anglophile . telegraph telephone physical science arachnophobia philosophy philanthropist photography pharmacist philos = loving pharmakon = medicine phobia =fearlhatred tele far away physis = nature graphos = writing or recording anthropos = man 2 Match the words in the box above with the definition below. 2. A:person who wants to help mankind ‘A person who prepares and sells drugs ‘A logical study of thought, knowiedge, the universe ————— ao The process of making pictures using light . A person who loves Engish things {An instrument which sends voices over long distances —_—_—— .. Asystem for sending messages over long distances The ingividuai sounds of a language i. A fear of spiders j. The study of natural forces such as gravity and energy +is jes ce Final ¢ or ic Most adjectives and nouns that end in ¢ (or ic) have a regular spelling even when they change into adverbs or adjectives; for example: dramatic - dramatically republic~ republican athletic - athletically _ statistic - statistical (For moze detailed rules about the adverb ending, see the later section ‘Adding ly to form adverbs'.) However, there is a small group of words ending in c that add k when forming participles and past tenses or nouns: panic ~ panicking/panicked/panicker picnic ~ picnicking/picnicked/picnicker mimic— mimicking/mimicked traffic trafficking/trafficked/trafficker PRACTICE . Fillin the missing k if it is needed. Use the parts of speech of the word to help you. | My mother insisted I had a musical education, Don't be sucha panic__er! Well sort out the problem. The school inspector was very critical of the lessons she had seen: IFiv’sa nice day well go picnic__ing in the woods. My father was an electric__al engineer. This problem is basically very simple to solve. This new coffee maker is mechanically very simple. ove the supermarket doors that open automatically. ‘The customs officer opened the case and found the heroin that the drugs traffic__er had hidden in the bottom. 10. She researched the problem systematically from beginning to end. 11 Jo wes very popular with the other kids because she wes always mimic_—ing the teachers,14 Final /k/ ‘The sound /k/ at the end of a word is spelt differently depending upon what sound comes before it. ‘After a consonant, a dipthong or a long vowel sound, /k/ is usually spelt with ak: k (eg: milk thank break) ke (eg: smoke coke) ‘There is one common exception: ache ‘After a short vowel, /k/ is usually spelt c or ck: ¢ (eg: music terrific Zodiac) ck (eg: black pick check) ‘There are five common exceptions: hook look took book cook There is also a sthall group of words that are spelt: que (eg: cheque technique unique) PRACTICE Choose the correct spelling. |. Why don't we go for a wallwalek in the parkiparck? 2 IFyoulve got 2 headake/headache, take an aspirin. 3 You can't wear red soks/socks with those shoes! 4. Have you put out the knives and forkslforcks? 5 Have you got an elasticlelastik band | can tie up my hair with? 6 The answers are at the bakiback of the booW/boock. 7. Im going to bake/bache a cake/cacke this afternoon. 8 He's off workMworck because he's feeling sikisick 9. Good luldiuck with the new job. 10. He has a basic/basick understanding of the subject. 1 He didn't makelmache any mistakes/mistaches. 12 Let's go for a drinkldrinck in the pub. 13. What do you thinkAhinck of my new mountain bike/biche! 14 The giraffe has the longest nek/neck of all the animals, 15 My American cousin always says truktuck instead of lorry. 16 I went to an interesting taltalck on modern artlast night, 17 Have you heard the jokeljoche about the mouse and the elephant?Unit 14 18 My dog never fetches the stiks/sticks we throw to him. 19. ‘That's a uniolunique painting on your wall. 20 Thisis a historiohistorick occasion for our counties. 5 Final /t§/ ‘The sound /t{/ at the end of a word is spelt differently depending upon what sound comes before it. After a consonant, a dipthong or a long vowel sound, /tf/ is usually spelt: ch (eg: arch lunch coach couch speech beach) Aftera short vowel, /t{/ is usually spelt: PRACTICE Choose the correct spelling. 1. The football pich/pitch is near the church/churtch, 2 She used a torchtortch to light up the darkened cellar. 3. The coach/coatch reached'reatched the station on time. 4 Ie just bought a Swiss wachMwatch. 5 The beachbeatch at Brighton is polluted, 6 The customer asked the waiter to fechffetch a mach/match for his cigar, 7 Can you touchhoutch the branchforantch of that tree? 8 The pach/patch of grass near the dich’ditch is very wet and muddy. 9 The Pope has preachedipreatched in every continent of the world. 10 Take this bunch/buntch of flowers to Mrs FinchfFintch.16 Adding endings to final y When a word ends ina consonant + y, the final y changes to i; for example: carry - carried funny - funnier happy — happily certify ~ certifiable ‘The final y changes to ie when adding s; for example: hurry ~ hurries cumy ~ curries story ~ stories When a word ends in a vowel + y, the y remains when adding an ending; for example: pray prays way ~ ways donkey ~ donkeys storey -— storeys ‘When you add ing to any word ending in y, the y remains; for example: fly ~ flying enjoy ~ enjoying PRACTICE 20 Complete the crossword using the clues below. Across 1 Large buildings where things are made His mother __" about him when he goes parachuting, Real or imaginary events told to, you Things that are not true People who try to discover another country’s secrets 1 Animals with long ears, often thought to be lazy 13 Light from the sun comes injzar and the piano. 14 Joe is musical and ——_—— 15 Another word for the floors of @ bulking 16 Insects thet carry 2 lot of diseases Jok similar t0 us a different hat every ever buys anything. 7 Thet woman always "Good morni carry many things eround the country local school. with children, so he ——— helping 2 12. Needed xo open your locked doors, 2n “The suffix able is added to certain nouns and verbs to make 93) added to complele words; for example enjoy = enjoyable comfort ~ comfortable count countable reson = reasonable Most verbs ending in e drop the e before adding #ble: for exemple like = likable 2 believe believable forgive ~_ forgivable However, when ¢ follows €or & jg not dropped: for example: notice =_—noticeable replace ~_teplaceable change — changeable jnowledge ~ knowledgeable manage - manageable “The suffix fble is less common. fie osually added to part of 2 word to make an adjective, The = follows: ible often, ssors : postible accessible sponsible sensible visible reversible ions: disposeble indispenseble excusesble sible terrible convineible invincible intelligible illegible Note: the final e is dropped frosUnit 17 ptand st cormuptible perceptible digestible _resistible Exceptions: acceptable adjustable detestable Other common words spelt ible: edible incredible audible flexible infallible compatible ‘As there are many more words which end able than ible, if you are not sure itis probably advisable to add able. PRACTICE Complete the words in the sentences below by adding able or ible. Make any spelling changes that are needed. | Ithink higher taxes are prefer____ to higher unemployment. 2 The company has been profit____since it started, 3 She is a friendly and person young woman. 4. The UN report says the conditions in Sudan are terr 5. Of course the water is drink. 6 I don't think the work is manage___ for one person alone 7 Is your room comfort___? 8 His story wes full of ies and completely unbeliev. 9 tis now poss___to fly to the USA in under 5 hours. 10 This video is only us__ in America and Japan, 1 His cooking was so bad that the food was indigest. 12 Isitaccept____to wear jeans to the interview?18 Endings ise and ize |____eaie In many multi-syllable words the sounds /atz/ can be spelt either ise or ize as both forms are correct; for example: realise/realize récognise/recognize civilise/civilize apologise/apologize sympathise/sympathize criticise/criticize Itis common in British spelling to choose ise and in American spelling to choose ize. Itis important to be consistent in your spelling. You should decide whether to use ise or ize and then spell all words this way. PRACTICE Fr Fill in the missing letters (s or z) in the sentences below. Some words can be spelt both ways. Decide which spelling you prefer and use this for all the words where you have a choice, 1 Louise won a pri_e at school for her painting. 2. Lapologi__e for phoning at such a late hour. 3. The government wants to stop tobacco adverti__ing on TV. 4 The doctor advi_ed her to take more exerci_e. 5. I sympathi__e with any parents of young children during the summer holiday. 6 twas such a lovely surpri__e to see my brother again.= Unit 18 = 7 Iwish you would stop critici_ing my driving! 8 What si_eis that dress? it looks lovely. 9 [think you are wie to think about life insurance. 10 Inever reai__ed you knew Simon too. Some common words which are only spelt -ise = advertise clockwise compromise despise disguise enterprise exercise franchise improvise otherwise merchandise - revise rise sunrise televise 19 pS Endings s and es Normally both plural nouns and third person singular verbs are formed by adding s: s baths books He makes model aeroplanes. But words ending in ch, sh, x and s add es: ch beaches My wife teaches young children. sh dishes She finishes work at 5.30. x boxes She relaxes in the swimining pool. 5 buses Theriver crosses the frontier, Words ending in a consonant followed by y change y to i and add es: babies ferries tries She flies to Paris once a week. My baby never cries at night. Words ending in 2 vowel followed by y simply ada s: monkeys stays enjoysUnit 19 PRACTICE 2 6 Change the word in brackets into the correct plural or third person form. Mary (watch) 2 lot of foreign television. She (find op it interesting lt (help___.) her to practise her language. Mary (think. ao ) that Paris is expensive. But most (city___.) are expensive nowadays. Many have high local (tax). Many (company— However, they cannot keep their trained (worker ) are moving out to cheaper towns. 2 My son (miss) living in London. js. He (say___) the country is boring. k. He (wish. .)he had stayed in the city. ) for his (study__) |. He cannot get the (book. Here is a page from a student's homework book: There are ten words that are wrongly spelt. Find them and correct them. My brother David lives in Sydney where he workes for a Japanese computer compony. They make office machines such as typewriteres and word processors. He deals with the Workers’ pay conditions. His vife Sandy is a nurse who helps old people. Sometimes she Yisites them ‘ih their homes and sametimes she takes then to the hospital. Their daughter Zoe is Seven yeares old. She goes to Schosl every day Put when she comes home ‘she likes playing with the deg and cat. After she finishs her homework She usually watches Tv. On Sundays my brother playes hockey. Sometimes Sandy, Zoe and the dog go to watch one of his makchs. Afterwards David drives bo ont of the beachs nearby. Everybody swims except for the eg who runs along the sand and” barkes at the waves. Sometimes Zoe thinks She is @ deg tos and copys him until my brother gets angry and Shouts ak them both te stop. | | |20 Irregular plurals ‘To make the plural of some nouns ending in a single for fe, the ending is replaced by ves; for example: half ~ halves life — lives Some nouns do not take s at all, but make vowel changes to form the plural. For example: man men woman — women ‘Most nouns ending in o simply add s. Others, however, add es. PRACTICE 1 Match the words to the pictures. [= knives b. wives c shelves dj loaves e, thieves {leaves g caves 2 Complete the words using the vowels in the box below. ee i 00 ov thwith at, a. You clean yourt. thrush. b, One mse in a house is all right Three m___ce are not so nice. ©. Twelve inches equals one f___t ‘Three f__t equals one yard, 7Unit 20 3 28 Find the mistakes. Which three words in the list below should be spelt es? 2, radios b. videos c. solos d. cameos: @. potatos f pianos g, tomatos. §~—h. portfolios i. heros Now label the pictures correctly. 2\ Adding suffixes to words ending ine To decide whether to drop the final e when adding a suffix, rst look at the second to last letter. Is ita consonant? Isitcorg? Is ita vowel? consonant +e ceorge vowel+e ee type notice value free write face argue agree come encourage tiptoe disagree telephone changeUnit 21 Now look at these tables which set out the rules for adding suffixes to words ending ine: Suffix beginning with a ==) Drop the final e. = vowel (eg:ing,ed)..2 [4 ‘Suffix beginning with a’. consonant (eg: ment, ©” less, ful) *: Keep the final e.. pee ee Suffix beginning with a~ vowel . | Keep the final e before suffixes beginning 0, a o' ou é Suffix beginning with a Drop the final e. Gonsonant 25580. F To add the suffix ing to a word ending in ie, we change the i to y; for example: die - dying lie — lying When adding a suffix to words ending in ee, keep the final e, except before ed. disagree disagreement disagreed 2»Unit 21 PRACTICE © 1 2 30 Look at the four lists of words at the beginning of this section. Make new words from these by adding suffixes to them. Choose suffixes that fit from this list: ation er ly ing ment ist ed ful able less Read the letter below. There are seven mistakes among the underlined words. Find the mistakes and correct them. |lam writeing to thank you for haveing us to stay and to let you know that the improvments on our house have now been completed and hopefully we can move in very soon. We are driving there next Saturday. The children are extremly excited about living in such a beautiful house, but I'm a little worried about keeping the valueable furniture safely away from them! Hoping you'll be comeing to visit us soon. Yours truely Choose the correct suffix and write the word out in full a. The weather in Britain is very ___ (change — able/ous) b. Only very People leave their umbrellas at home (courage ~ing/ous) Everyone looks forward to ‘the sun, (see - ed/ing) ¢. However, there is ____ among the experts about how good the sun is for you (Gisegree — mentily) ®. Some —_____ people say the sun is good for your health. (knowledge — able/ful) £. Others say it speeds up the ___ process. (age ~ ous/ing) g. lamstil who to believe. (decide ~ ed/ing) hy Itis___that they are both right. ke — less/ly) i. Their ____just support their own theories. (calculate — ations/ments)a DD. 3: Adding suffixes to one- syllable words ending ina consonant Ifa one-syllable word ends in one vowel + one consonant, the final consonant is doubled before suffixes ed, er, est, ing and y, For example: swim - swimming — swimmer fen — funny 4 can canned ~ canning s eam SHOF| Rule © one syllable © one vowel © one consonant~ double it! ‘The exceptions are the consonants w, y and x; for example: bow ~ bowed box — boxing play = player {fa one-syllable word ends in two consonants, or two vowels + one consonant, the final consonant is not doubled. For example: seem — seemed ~ seeming catch ~ catching ~ catcher cheap - cheaper ~ cheapest PRACTICE ‘Which of these words double the final consonant? Write in the consonant where necessary. Examples Iremember shut £ ing the door. : He was shout__ing at me. @. It's wet__er here than at home. , Ihate wait__ing for the bus in the rain © Weed__ing the garden is a tiring job 31Unit 22 d, They had their wed__ing in the local church. €. Itmust be the hot__est day of the year. {. The driver hoot__ed at the c"»g crossing the road. g. Youcan't see her now, she's sleeping h. enjoy shop—ing in London, i. This cake will make me even fat__er. j. you want to go on a diet, you must buy a book on slim__ing. k. You look thin__er than when | last saw you. 23 Adding suffixes to multi- A syllable words ending in a 2 consonant When the last syllable is stressed and it ends in one vowel + one consonant, double the final consonant. For example: begin - beginning commit — committed recap zecipping When the last syllable is not stressed, do not double the final consonant. For example: reckon — réckoned reason ~ réasoned happen — happening ‘When the last syllable contains two vowels, do not double the final consonant. For example: conceal — concealed mention — mentioningPRACTICE 1 Which of these words double the final consonant? Write in the consonant where necessary. @ It occlired to me that what mitered most was the devSlop__ment of new ‘opportunities. b, Iregrét__ed having préfit__ed from the mistakes of other people and bénefit__ed from their downfall, © Inmy speech of resignation | refér__ed to what | called an unjust law which permit__ed such activities 3 d. Iprefér_ed to leave, 2 Match the words on the right with the definitions on the left and double the final ‘consonant where necessary. | money you receive after a relative dies a. an Iron__ing board 2 alarge room where groups of people eat _b. the mirket__ing department 3 an elderly person who no longer works © defér__ed payment 4 the section in a company which deals d.a pénsion_er with advertisir it h advertising e. atransmit_er 5 da ; payment made at a later date f abingient ear 6 where clothes are pressed ¢ inte aes face t lesa Wee h. inhérit_ed wealth 8 asmall number of books published ae i. a dlet_ing programme 324 Adding suffixes to words ending in | When adding ed, ing, er, ent, oration to a word ending in I, follow these rules. Doubie the final I when it comes after a single vowel; for example: > travel — travelled - traveller — travelling model - modelled — modeller - modelling shovel - shovelled ~ shoveller ~ shovelling Do not double the final 1 when it comes after two vowels; for example: trail - trailed trailer — trailing boil - boiled - boiler — boiling PRACTICE 1 Complete the words in each sentence by adding the correct ending, Example ‘They travel ted__to Istanbul by train 2. Jackson's time in the race equal___ the world record. ’. Pick up the folder label___ with your name, as the old plane started up. . Martin heard the sound of the propel d. The bomb exploded in the shopping centre and fatal injured five people. fe. We regret to announce the cancel____ of the 8,05 train to Brighton due to technical Gifficulties, 2+ Complete the words in these sentences. Be careful — not all the words double the final l. 2. Ive boil____ some water for coffee. Do you want a cup? b, The neighbours often heard them quarrel____ about money. ™ral Unit 24 © Three policemen were kill____in the accident, ¢. You fail__ your exams because you didn't work hard enough, €. Imnot feel____ very well so Im staying at home today. f. The wine was excel___ 8 Takkto an employment counsel____ about finding a new job. h. The lighting is control___ by this button here, 25 Adding ly to form adverbs Adverbs are normally formed by adding ly to an adjective; for example: light = lightly brave ~ bravely cruel ~ cruelly natural ~ naturally definite - definitely special ~ specially However, if the adjective ends in y then they is changed to i before adding ly; for example: funny = funnily happy ~ happily military — militarily TE the adjective ends in le then the e is dropped and only y is added; for example: simple ~ simply possible ~ possibly probable probably humble — humbly If the adjective ends inc then ally is added; for example: automatic ~ automatically geographic — geographically photographic ~ photographically 35Not all adverbs are formed by adding ly to adjectives. Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives (eg: early fast). Some adjectives change form completely (eg: good ~ well). PRACTICE I Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the adverb. 2, Anne answered all the questions __ (correct) b. The cinema is____full. (complete) < We can eat___in this restaurant. (inexpensive) d. Frank looked at her __ (unhappy) ©. The magician was assisted by his young son. (able) f. The windows in my mother’s car are operated. (electric) ‘ 2 Their house was__ decorated. (attractive) h, Myson has been _ accused of murder. (false) i. Repairs are ___ done by the mechanic. (normal) j. Putthat down and come over here _. (immediate) %6 Complete the story by writing adverbs in the blanks. Choose any word you like from the appropriate lists below. Don’t forget to make the words into adverbs. ‘The man walked (a) ____into the cabaret bar, On stage 2 woman wes singing (b) Around the room the waiters and waitresses worked (c)______ At the ‘table nearest the stage a couple ate (d) __ He sat down and looked around, The waitress came over and greeted him (e)__ The man looked at her (f). (a) (b) © (¢) () (9) quiet sweet busy hungry polite kind aim loud careful quick = rude angry lazy soft, =—shonest. «health © warm sad26 Homophones Some words have the same pronunciation but very different spellings. There is no rule for these. They have to be memorised. brake break here hear stairs stares meet meat week weak fair fare bare bear there their hair hare see sea main mane sew 50 deer dear tail tale would wood piece peace weather whether two t00 PRACTICE 1 Correct the spelling mistakes in the letter below. There are 18 mistakes. | Deer Zin | Hear Zam in Alaska.Tive been here for too Weaks mow and I can't bare the | thought of going heme. Yeu can see aur house is the phobagraphi ~ te right ee pe wee on the’ beat just in front of the windows, When it's stormy, they look like Ehe manes or bales of while. horses, The huge Lould behind the house i full of dear, hares and bears, and you can walk ther for miles and not meat anyone. You can really believe old stories of black ‘magic and thiches. The piece in the evening is NonderPul- tt is so silent.J go up the stares and sex or read for hours and ail I can here & thesea Mould you like £0 come and stay? The air fair 8 realy not very expense. Hope bo sea you Seon, love. Temifer Some other common homophones air heir no know sell cell ate eight not knot vain vein by buy or oar waist waste current currant poor pour way weigh flower four rain reign wait weight key quay right write witch which new knew road rode 7Part 2: Pronunciation | Ese ee FB H | Letters of the alphabet a NO LM Y wi The letters of the alphabet can be divided into seven sound groups. PRACTICE I Complete the table below by writing the other letters of the alphabet in their sound groups lara2an3 4 Sos opm ded | fis! | tel | faxl | fous | fut | ex a bree oO | q far 382 fat pierre | Initial a The pronunciation of a word beginning with a depends upon whether itis a one-syllable or a multi-syllable word, and on which syllable is stressed. One-syllable words are most often pronounced: feel (eg: act apt add) One-syllable words that end in e or begin with ai are usually pronounced: Jel (eg: ache ate aim ail) One-syllable words which begin with ar are usually pronounced: Jacl (eg: arm art are) Multi-syllable words that are stressed on the first syllable are usually pronounced inl one of the following three ways: Jee! (eg: animal apple anchor) Jail (eg: after artist architect fev! (eg: able acom) Jol (eg: always alter awful) Multi-syllable words that are not stressed on the first syllable are usually pronounced: Jal. (eg: about alive’ ago) Some words are pronounced: fol (eg: almost although already also) PRACTICE 1 Match the words in the box to the groups of definitions. 0Unit 2 Weneed to know how to pronounce the letters of the alphabet when we are using abbreviations. Match the abbreviations in the box to the definitions below. Use the sound group numbers from the table to help you. AD BBC EC B&B VAT USA ITV VSO RSVP PTO NB PhD LSD OU ‘| GMT HQ UK GB BA CIA Tax paid when you buy something in Britain (212) oP A large country between Mexico and Canada (631) A qualification after three years at university (21). ao The American security organisation (241) ‘The main office or control centre of an organisation (16) The time in London from which all world times are fixed (232) ‘A note to show you have borrowed money from someone (456). England, Scotland and Wales (22). Another name for h. (61) i. Accheap place to stay (2 & 2). zm k, The public television channel in Britain (222) __. “LA commercial television channel in Britain (422) m. An organisation that sends people to work in the Third World (235) n, Used to describe years since the birth of Jesus (12) ° The political union of European countries (22) A hallucinogenic drug (332). 2° Usedto point out something important in a text (32) Used to tell you to look at next page (225). s, Written at the end of an invitation when a reply is wanted (7322). +t Anadvanced university degree (212) »“sree angry announced accent average. among actually away attend airport age afford aspirin accident album adult apart arrange always affair Group A 2 Another word for really b. Ifyou add things together and then divide by the number of things you get the © Something you did not do on purpose d. How old you are is your. © Something you swallow to ease pain Group B 2 Another word for separate from b. Joand Jim their marriage to their friends © Anevent or happening 4d. The place to catch your plane ©. Another word for to go to school is to ‘schol Group ¢ @ To plan in advance b. Inthe middle of © Fred'snothere. He's____ in France. 4. Allthe time ©. To think the same as someone else Group D & Agrown man or woman b. The way people from a particular area pronounce words © To have encugh money to do something ¢. A book used for keeping stamps, photos and so on & Feeling upset or displeased about something 2 One word in each group is pronounced differently fro how isit p -m the others. Which one is it and ronounced? How are the rest pronounced? 4Initial e When a single e comes at the beginning of a word, it is commonly pronounced in one of two ways. In most words it is pronounced: Jel. (eg: edge enemy energetic examination) There are some common exceptions: English /i/ equal even evening evil /i:/ In words stressed on the second syllable, e is pronounced: Hi (eg: elastic event embarrass) ‘There are some common words that can be pronounced with either an /e/ sound or an fi:/ sound, economic economy PRACTICE I" Label the pictures using the words in the box below. | elbow empty engine educate elephant eleven 2Unit 3 2.” Which five are pronounced /e/? Which one is pronounced /1/? 4 Match the words in the box with the groups of definitions below. enter experiment. expensive elect entire exchange excite end elder electric exercise excellent Group A a. Complete, whole b, Go into a space (eg: a room) ¢. Finish, complete Group B a. Older than (eg: an, brother) b. Choose especially (eg: politcal office) Ifpetrol runs out in the wor , we may all have to use cars, Group C a. To cause someone to have strong feelings b. To give and to receive . Extremely good Group D a. Totry out something new b. The opposite of cheap ©. To do activites to improve the mind or body 5 Oneword in each group is pronounced differently from the others. Which one is it and how is it pronounced? How are the rest pronounced? aInitial | Inpot’ BS | ee (h Interpret Gar When i starts a word, it is usually pronounced: Al (eg: if intelligent important) ~ However, itis pronounced /at/ in the following common words: ice icy idea ideal identify idle Ireland iron island item PRACTICE 1 Label the pictures using the words below. [ice ink inte ron ina ivation inch istne a b, « 4, * ibe e i 2° Which five are pronounced A/? Which three are pronounced /at/? 4° Match the words in the box with the groups of definitions. ill icy ideaUnit 4 Group A 2. Very large b, Lock up usually as punishment. A thought or suggestion Group B a. Lay b. To recognise or give a name to something c The opposite of outside Group C a. Coated with frozen water. b. Not feeling well ©. Allarge country in Asia One word in each group is pronounced differently from the others. Which one is it and how is it pronounced? How are the rest pronounced? ove Ometer, i : 2 Cee Aen ae = ge onis® Opera & | Initial © When o starts a word, it is usually pronounced in two ways. In most words it is pronounced: Jol (eg: obvious off operate) Inwords stressed on the second syllable, 0 is pronounced: Jal (eg: obsy occision official) (ee also the pronunciation of or later in this book) 4sUnit 5 PRACTICE 1 Match the words in the box with the groups of definitions below. observe obscure often opera obtain opposition ox oxygen offend | obedient occupy occupation 2. Tofilla space (eg:a seat) ______ Happening regularly. b. c Amusical play d To upset someone by what you say or do To watch the actions of others f. To get or receive something. g. If you dowhat you are told to do, you are h. Another word for your job i. Not very common or easy to understand j. The team you are playing against. Kc"A large-animal used for pulling ploughs and carts 2 How is the o pronounced in each of these words? = University 6 iyo Use ng G @ UNery Initial u UNDERGROUND When u starts a word, it is usually pronounced: Jal (eg: uncle umbrella until unable unimportant) When the root of the word is uni, meaning single, complete or one, wis pronounced: 46Unité fyail (eg: universe United Kingdom unit university) Itis also pronounced /ju:/ when the root of the word is use: fj! (eg: usual useful utilise) PRACTICE 1 ‘Label the pictures below using the words in the box. unicycle uniform umbrella upstairs unicorn unhappy 2 Which three are pronounced /A/? Which three are pronounced /ju:/? 4 Match the words in the box with the groups of definitions. unable useless unisex upset unique uphill union uncommon underline Group A a. Notable to be employed for a purpose b. Sad or disappointed Movement to the top ofa siope aUnit 6 Group B a. A joining together to become one. b. The only one of its kind © Myouare +0 do something, you cannot do it. Group ¢ a. Rare, not very many b, Emphasise by marking underneath © Suitable for both men and women. 5 One word in each group is pronounced differently from the others. Which one is it and how is it pronounced? How are the rest pronounced? ‘The letter cis pronounced differently depending upon which letter follows it Before most consonants and the vowels a, 0 and u, cis pronounced: Us! (eg: down crisp cake cover cup) Before e, i ory, cis usually pronounced: és! (eg: cell circle cycle) However, if cis followed by ia, ea, iou orien, itis normally pronounced: /§/ , (eg: special ocean precious ancient) Some common exceptions are: science scientist scientific ‘When there are two es together, the first is pronounced /k/ and the second is pronounced /s/: Tes! (eg: accept succeed) 4“Unit 7 Some common exceptions: tobacco accommodation occasion Ifcis followed by h, the two letters normally make one of these three sounds’ IG! (eg: children) Tk! (eg: chemist) IN) (eg: chauffeur) (For more detail, see Section 8: ch). PRACTICE I Jst, 1§/ or Mk/? Indicate how the letter ¢ is pronounced in these words. Example scarce IW Isf a suc cess e calc ium ie cc entice bac cept f curren cy hero cus escince g © ypns k, appre ciate d. ¢ ymbal he deli_¢ ious Lac ces 2 Match the words in the box to the definitions in the groups. juice accident twice balcony sufficient car successful Proficiency accelerate efficient decide anchor Group A a. Twotimes b. Liquid from fruit. © Tomake up your mind Group B 2, Aplace to stand or sit built outside an upstairs room. b. Amotor vehicle with four wheels Alarge piece of metal lowered into sea to stop a ship moving 9Unit 7 Group a The quality of being good at something. b. Having enough of something & Working well Group D ‘a. Something you did not want to happen b. Togofaster__ © Getting the resuit wanted 3 How are the es pronounced in each group? TESTE (ply| 8 @ ower (MET ec Q 8 "etry, ®% choc ‘The combinatien ch is normally pronounced: AA (eg: church Richard) Ina small group of words it is pronounced: Tel (eg: ache anchor architect character chaos chemist Christian psychological scheme school) Also in a few words ch is pronounced: 15) (eg: chauffeur chalet chef moustache) PRACTICE I Fill in the spaces with words from the box. mousta:ne champion butcher sketch architect chauffeur lunch chefs, kitchen chemist headaches choose 50Unit & a The My house was designed by the best__ in the city, sold Mel 3 kg of rump steak. = ‘When | started wearing glasses my__ stopped. ao ima terrible cook so | never go in the ° Why did you shave off your My always washes the car on Saturdays. ‘When I'm busy at work | just have a sandwich for Ive got to callin at the __ to buy some toothpaste i. When | was young, | was so fast | was the school running j. leis a very big restaurant —it has two k. Before she painted the portrait she did a quick L. teouidn'. between the two pairs of shoes, How is the ch pronounced in each of these words? ‘The combination ea is normally pronounced: Fis! (eg: eat) Itis also often pronounced: Jef (eg: head) (See also the pronunciation of ear in Sectivn 10.) 5Unit 9 PRACTICE 2 52 Find all the words with the letters ea. If you do not know how to pronounce any of them, Jook them up in your dictionary. MEALFBEACH ExXLPEAUWSW ADREACHEWE SE ER I> HabeAmeeA: UA A E HVE A CtASP RUf-D AVE CA VET! TAG EMYDRDYHEN CoMBECA PV OY RS S. .GaWAWSROSNSB BOA K LEAR Reser OU. TM, Write the words you found beside the correct meanings. & The first b. He's © To find out the size of something we must. of the day is usually breakfast. and can't hear what you are saying. it . Itis near the sea and often covered in sand, Spring is the. which come’ after wintee, £. Awarm piece of clothing worn on the top half of the body. & Agun,aknife or a missile is a kind of, h. Asmall, round, green vegetable i. Has Anna left____? Yes, she went ten minutes ago. J. How k. Canyou are you? | weigh 65 kilos, ‘that book up there? No, I'm not tall enough, |. The opposite of expensive m, The mouth of bird 1. A flat, thin, green part of a plant or tree ©. The past tense of to read P. The light, soft covering of a bird's body 4. He never worries about money because his parents are '. The part of the body with the eyes, nose, mouth and ears s. To make an injury or illness better10 ear ‘The combination ear is commonly pronounced in three ways: fro! (eg: ear dear appear) ‘aif (eg: earn early pearl) Jeo/ (eg: wear bear swear) ‘There is one common exception: heart /a:/ PRACTICE I Match the words in the box to the groups of definitions below. hear pear gears Group A 2 Acar normally has five of these including reverse b. Easyto understand. &. To look for something that is difficult to find Group B a. Sincere and serious. b. The planet we live on © Hair grown on aman's chin and cheeks Group a. 1990, 191 and 1992 are all b, To recognise or understand sounds earnest years nearly rear earthquake beard search clear Earth 33Unit 10 ¢ Aviolent movement of the ground Group D a. Not quite, almost b. Asweet juicy fruit . The opposite of front 2 Oneof the words in each group is pronounced differently from the others. Which is it and how is it pronounced? How are the other words pronounced? H Receive | | | ‘The combination ei is usually pronounced in two ways: Fil (eg: deceive receipt) Jev (eg: eight neighbour) Itcan also be pronounced: Ja (eg: height) Jel (eg: leisure) Jal (eg: foreign) carefull é two words can be pronoui [ee citer it alleen a feanel d PRACTICE ‘Use the words in the box to fill in the spaces in the sentences below. A word that rhymes with the correct answer has been underlined to help you 4Unit 11 eighty weight reign height freight foreign leisure veils vein | neighbour | In some countries females wear 2 Put that crete in the room marked | shouldn't eat so much, 4 My Aunt Katie celebrated her birthday today. She's ! 5 Pudding Lane has been called that since the 6 The 7 The florinis a 3 hate putting on of Queen Elizabeth | of the ceiling makes this room seem very light coin, 8 It's pleasure to use the centre, 9 My always votes Labour, 10 The jugular is the main one taking blood from the brain Gin|\@ee 11.1.2. : at ee | ae g ‘The letter g is usually pronounced: Jal (eg: magazine glass great) However, when g is followed by e itis usually pronounced: /a3! (eg: change age geography) and in the following common words the pronunciation is also /dg/: apology eagineer giant gypsy origin religion 55Unit 12 gu is usually pronounced /g/. For example: guard guest synagogue figure ‘There are a few exceptions, mostly words of Spanish origin, which are pronounced /gw!. For example: guacamole guava guano (See also the pronunciation of ng and ough.) PRACTICE 1 Match the words in the box to the definitions in groups below. lodger huge oxygen angry badge vegetables cigar bargain fridge legs gallon agree bridge guilty cage beggar Group A 2. Amachine for keeping food cold b, Something that you buy very cheaply < We have two, other animals have four! 4. The opposite of innocent Group B 2. Feeling upset or annoyed ebout something b. Asecure place for a dangerous animal c. Extremely large d. We need to breathe this to live Group C a. A structure allowing us to cross 2 river by foot __ b. Asymbol we wear to show our name or position © To have the same opinion as someone else d. Peas, beans and carrots are all 2 One ofthe words in each group is pronounced differently from the others. Which is it and how is it pronounced? How are the other words pronounced?Chief, S| |3 Eten ve | OO ye lS i N Pe ie is usually pronounced: (eg: chief field) Itcan also be pronounced: Jel (eg: friend) Jal (eg: conscience) Itcan also be pronounced as a diphthong: fra! (eg: convenience fierce) fara/ (eg: quiet science) Fuss fe PRACTICE Match the words in the box to the definitions in groups. audience niece friendship. proficiency efficient review scientist, impatience twentieth ancient conscience relief experience diet | society series Group A 2. A person who works in chemistry, physics, ete b. A programme of controlling how much you eat © Alarge group of pzople who share customs and laws d. Extremely old Group B 2 People watching or listening to a performance b. Something that happens to you and affects you © The century we are living in now 4. The feeling of being unable to wait for something 57Unit 13 Group C a. The daughter of your brother or sister is your. . A feeling of comfort after pain or anxiety © Anumber of connected things d. Anartice giving an opinion about 2 book or film Group D 2. A feeling between persons who like each other b. A sense of right and wrong Working well or economically d. The quality of being good at something 2 One of the words in each group is pronounced differently from the others. Which is it and how is it pronounced? How are the other words pronounced? Hungry eee |4 et ee Challenge ng k-—— LENGTH} When ng is at the end of a word or stem it is normally pronounced: Jy! (eg: reading song singer) However, in the middle of a word it is often pronounced: /ag/ (eg: hunger hungry single) When ng is followed by e, it is often pronounced: /ndg/ (eg: strange challenge) ‘When it follows th, some people pronounce it: Tei (eg: length strength) 58Unit 14 PRACTICE | Label these pictures using the words below: king hanger finger messenger wrong | 2 Match the words in the box to the definitions in groups below, belong strongest danger long stranger wrong longer hungry young change sting ringing Group A 2. The opposite of short b. Can you hear the phone _? ll have to answer it © Tofeela sharp pain d. To become something different. Group B a. Wanting food b. The most powerful © The possibility of being hurt or in trouble Having more length Group C a Tobe partofa group. b. The opposite of old ¢. This isn't correct, it's d. A person who isn't known in a particular place 3 One of the words in each group is pronounced differently from the others. Which is it and how is it pronounced? How are the other words pronounced? 59‘There are two common ways to pronounce oa: Fav! (eg: boat road coal) Joi! (eg: roar broad) PRACTICE I Label the pictures using the words in the box below. [= oar oak goat toast coat loaf foal goal 2 Except for one of these words, oa has the same sound. Which word is different and how is it pronounced? 3° Match the words in the box to the definitions in groups undemeath. broadcast blackboard roast load abroad approach boast cardboard loan 60Unit 15 4 Group A @ Inanother country ___ b. Ateacher writes on this with chalk ¢ To come near to something Group B 2. Aprogramme on TV or radio b, Totalk about yourselfin a proud way © Something carried by a vehicle or animal Group C a. What boxes are usually made of b. Money lent to someone. © To cook meat in an oven One of the words in each group is pronounced differently from the others, Which is it and how is it pronounced? How are the other words pronounced? The combination 00 is usually pronounced in two ways: Jol (eg: book foot) {3:1 (eg: boot fool) PRACTICE Label the pictures on the next page using the words in the box below, bookshelf moon pool football cooker school 6Unit 16 2° Which three words are pronounced /u/? Which three are pronounced /u:/? 4° Match the words in the box with the definitions in groups below. Boose wool noon shoot tool hook hood tooth cook Group A a. We get this from sheep to make jumpers and scarves. b. Acovering for the head attached to a coat © Alarge white bird Group B 2. |Zo'clock midday b, Something we use with our hands (eg: 2 hammer) © To heat food to make it eatable Group 2 Tofireagun b. We should have 32 of these in our mouth, © Apiece of curved metal or plastic to hang things from. 5 One word in each group is pronounced differently from thé others, Which one is it and how is it pronounced? How are the rest pronounced? a2The combination or is normally pronounced: fo (eg: for horse corer) Itcan also be pronounced ‘sh! (eg: work worse worship world worm world) However, when or is unstressed itis usually pronounced: Jel (eg: déctor cBmfort) In some common words it is also pronounced: ‘ol (eg: moral forest foreign corridor horoscope orange orient) ‘And in a few words it is pronounced: ‘al (eg: worry thorough) PRACTICE I Label the pictures below using the words in the box. orchestra anchor equator organ cork forty 40 2 Which four are. pronounced /3:/? Which two are pronounced /a/? Match the words in the box with the definitions on the next page. horrible order world border correct forest more sallor work 3Unit 17 a. Something you are paid to do b. A Rolls Royce costs ___ than a Ford, © Alarge piece of land covered in trees d. Synonym for terrible €. A dividing line between countries The opposite of wrong Totell someone to do something a) Someone who works on a ship i. The earth 5 How is the or pronounced in each of these words? Femi 8 41/8 SHAR ou Ae, cent | WOULD ¥ In stressed syllables the most common way of pronouncing owis: Jav! (eg: about house plough) ‘Two other common ways are: Jal (eg: young rough) Iu:! (eg: you soup) In unstressed syllables ou is normally pronounced: (egakmoustache flavour dangerous) Ge ought pow > (egi soul although) + (Gee also the sections on the pronunciation of ough and our.) 64Unit 18 PRACTICE 1 Label the pictures using the words in the box below. Pound souvenir mountain soup cloud couple fountain mouth mouse 2 Two of the words are pronounced /ui/, Which are they? (One of the words is pronounced /a/. Which is it? 4 Match the words in the box with the definitions in groups below. countries count loud route wound account south double cousins through lounge sound [anaes Group A a. To say numbers in order (eg: 1234. b. East, west, north and © Aplanned direction for a walk or journey Group B a. England, Japan and Nigeria are all b. Your uncle or aunt's children are your © Acomfortable room for sitting in 65Unit 18 Group C a. Awritten or spoken record, especially of numbers . Something you hear c. Something that is exactly the same as something else Group D a. An injury to the body. . Moving into and out of a space € Opposite of quiet 5 One word in each group is pronounced differently from the others. Which one is it and how is it pronounced? How are the rest pronounced? Ought sug? | 19 Plough). 4 rough es ough O Uu 22D0UGH & ‘The combination ough has many different pronunciations: Jot! (eg: cough) I$) (eg: enough tough rough): fal (eg: through) Jav! (eg: bough plough) Jal (eg: thorough borough) Io: (eg: brought bought thought ought) Jeu! (eg: although dough) PRACTICE Complete the poem using the words above and the rhymes to help you. ACruise The wind got up, the sea got. And very soon we'd had Some caught colds and started to 66Unit 19 We just wanted to get off The captain said we must be Sailors are of stronger stuff. But then at last the sun came ‘And then we fait as good as new. Just two more days to get to port We packed the presents that we'd We sighted land, a horse and a Nearly home, we were happy now. GOURAGE | 20 Soy, HO our Court” In stressed syllables our is normally pronounced in two ways: Javal (eg: our flour) Joi! (eg: course tour) There is one common exception: Is} courage In unstressed syllables our is normally pronounced: Jol (eg: harbour behavious) PRACTICE 1 Match the words in the box with the definitions on the next page. court sour resource source neighbour hour tourist yours four 7Unit 20 place where matters of law are decided op >. Someone visiting a country for pleasure The opposite of sweet ao 1. Something that belongs to you is 2. One, two, three, f. Something natural a country has that is very valuable (eg: coal, gas, diamonds) ‘The point from which something comes (eg: river) Sixty minutes = one i. A person who lives next door 2 Howis the our pronounced in each of these words? sHOw] 37° %¢ | 2 | ‘There are two common ways to pronounce ow: Jan! (eg: how towel crowd} Jou! (eg: below show pillow) PRACTICE I Label the pictures on the next page using the words in the box below. crown bowl arrow shower snow tower 68Unit 21 awn Which three are pronounced /au/? Which three are pronounced /ou/? a Match the words in the box with the definitions in groups below. sorrow yellow own drown power allow low flower mow cow town now Group A. 2, Alarge female animal that gives mik b. Atthe moment, © The opposite of high Group B a, Great sadness 6. The colour of the sun, a banana, ete. © Tolet someone do something Group C a. Ifsomething belongs to you, you__it b. To die by being unable to breathe under water Smaller than a city, larger than a village Group D 2 The ability, skil or opportunity to do something b. To cut grass with a machine © A brightly coloured part ofa plant__ One word in each group is pronounced differently from the others. Which one is it and how is it pronounced? How are the rest pronounced? 7ice 9° Ch rae a Picturesque ‘The combination qu is generally pronounced: Tew! (eg: queen liquid) ‘There are some common exceptions, where it is pronounced: Tel (eg: quiche quay conquer bouquet liquor mosquito) ‘When que is found at the end of a word, it is also pronounced: Tel (eg: cheque) PRACTICE 1 Put the following words into the correct categories. question unique frequent square antique request squeeze equal quarrel quartar dew! Mi | 2 Now use these words to fill in the sentences below, » ‘A shape with four sides of the sarne length is a b. Another way of saying the same length is length © You someone a to get information. d. If you divide something by four you get four ©. Anold and valuable piece of furniture is called an 70Unit 22 f. When you make a__ to someone, you ask them to do something for you. g To get water out of a sponge you must it h. Another word for a row or argument is 2 is another way of saying often or reguler. j. something is ___it is the only one of its kind. 3 Practice saying these sentences quickly! & Quick liquor and quiet quiche frequently. . The liquid squid questions the quarrelling queen mosquito. | ee. eT 28 Author Oe.) —————__ Feather @ th tet At the beginning of a word th is usually pronounced: J) (eg: thing Thursday theatre) ‘There are the following common exceptions, pronounced /2/: than that the their then them there they these those though this In the middle of a word th is usually pronounced: Jol (eg: father clothing other) There are the following common exceptions, pronounced /@/: athletics authority author nothing something mathematics method At the end of a word th is usually pronounced: 181 {eg: cloth breath bath) There are the following common exceptions, pronounced /2/: with smooth breathe Ina few words th is also pronounced: ‘ (eg: Thames Thailand thyme Thomas) 7Unit 23 PRACTICE n Label the pictures using the words in the box below. three bath feather thumb tooth thousand thernometer Which six are pronounced /8/? Which one is pronounced /2/? Match the words in the box with the definitions in groups below. thorough gather furthest months health through with bathroom thythm weather athletics although Group A a. Moving in end out of space b, Complete, carefully done c. However, but, Group B a, January, February and March are all__ b, The condition of being free from illness c. Istayed___ my family over the summer Group @ The place in your house where you wash yourself b. Climate c. Regular movement or musical beat.Unit 23 Group D a. Track and field sports b, The longest distance from here &. To bring together. 5 One word in each group is pronounced differently from the others. Which one is it and how is it pronounced? How are the rest pronounced? i 1 Mete Adding e pet! Ges Sed Normally in one-syllable words, a single vowel followed by a single consonant is a short vowel: hy (eg: bit) Teel (eg: rat) Tol (eg: cod) Isl (eg: cut) Jel (eg: met) A TTEO| 24 If the consonant is followed by an e, then the vowel is usually a diphthong: fall. (eg: bite) Jeu! (eg: rate) fav! (eg: code) However, in the case of u or e + a consonant, a long vowel is formed when we adde: hal ( Kil (eg: mete) BUnit 24 PRACTICE m ‘Complete the poem using the rhymes and some of the words in the box to help you. fin fine hat /hate win / wine fat /fate pin /pine plan/ plane nil / nile can / cane shin/ shine cap /cape ket ke not /note hop /hope The Race They climbed on up through woods of High above the River Rhine. They'd brought their lunch but not 2 map, They'd got some pletes but nota The air was cool but the weather was They ate their food and drank their ‘After the meal they thought of a To see who was quickest, woman or ‘Get to the bottom as fastas you One, two, three, go, and off they ran. ‘The man went left and trusted to Down a steep path —‘At the bottom, Ill wait. He suddenly fell and hit his If this goes on, Ill never He couldn't walk, he had to ‘And every few steps he had to stop. ‘The woman tured right. and said ‘I This is the way down the easier slope.” yetiUnit 24 It started to rain and she hadn't a She wore a small plate and wes heppy with that, In the woods in the valley, the sun didn't She looked for her man but there wasn'ta sign She took out some paper and wrote hima____: ‘Tm sorry, must go or Ill miss the lest boat! ‘When the man got there the woman was He was weary and wet, and his leg hurt a lot. ‘Imust exercise more, to be properly fit Ni getinto trainers and buy all the ‘The game is all over and the score is one. But he's stil hopping madly around that big hill. BS Final se Atthe end of a word se is normally pronounced either /s/ or /2/. We can often Predict which to use by the sound before. Itis generally pronounced /s/ after: Is: (eg: nurse) Javl (eg: mouse) Al (eg: promise) Jel (eg: purpose) ‘nl (eg: sense) It is generally pronounced /z/ after: Ja (eg: ise) fol (eg: noise) Teil (eg: vase) 7Unit 25 ‘There are four vowel sounds where se is pronounced either /s/ or /2/, depending on the particular word: fei! (eg: base /s/ raise /2/) fail (eg: loose /s/ lose /2/) Fis! (eg: increase /s/ please /2/) foi! (eg: horse /s/ cause /2/) After the sound /au/ se can be pronounced /s/ or /z/, depending upon what part of speech the word is; for example: Js! Aclose thing [adjective] Close by was a farm. [adverb] She lives ina close. [noun] J2] Close the door. [verb] Jf The use of arms is banned. [noun] J2/ Use the blue pen. [verb] Js He worked as a refuse collector. [noun] Jal. Vrefuse to do it. [verb] Js] Her excuse was accepted. [noun] f2/_ Excuse me! [verb] ‘The pronunciation of these words is often confused: Js! Did you loose the tigers from the cage? [verb (meaning to set free)] Leave your hair loose, [adjective] J2l When did you lose i? [verb] PRACTICE 1 Complete the sentences below using the words in the box. Use the rhyming words underlined to help you. Course erase expense cheese pause goose wise choose chase release nose promise a. [hate it when lifts __ between floors, b. The policeman had a red face after giving ______ to the thief. c. He was sunburnt all over from the tip of his_____ to his toes. d, Her face went puce red when you called her a e. | think our neighbours should share the __ of the new fence. f. Now we have peace, they should ____all the prisoners of war. 76Unit 25 & Dont tell me lies about how. heist h. Ifyou take me to the Palace | to be good. i. We always watch the news when you the TV programme, J. Ifyou go through the X-rays they might _____ your fim! k OF, YOu could always force open the door. |. He's very fond of French food, especially their 2 Label the pictures below using the words in the box, mouse nurse bruise noise purse rose blouse applause 3 Which five are pronounced /2/? 4 Which three are pronounced /s/?Cubs Soar, Ry Banks Q” 5 { e Normally s and es are pronounced either /s/, /2/ or /iz/, depending upon the final sound of the root word, They are pronounced /z/ after the following consonant sounds: Plural nouns Dol. cubs Kate robs banks. Mt caves He lives in Hove. Jr clothes She bathes her feet, iat beds He reads The Times. lel: czgs 3 She digs the garden. > £ A hills Ie fil the room. = Ira rooms He comes today. Inf pens She learns French, “5 Ih rings): | te brings the rain: eS They are also pronounced /2/ after words ending in any vowel sound; for example: Plural nouns “Thitd person verbs oso Tool | potatoes She goes jogging, led | days He plays tennis, Teal. | hairs | She wears black. Sand es are pronounced /s/ after the following consonant sounds: z Plural nouns. Third person verbs az Tp cups It escapes me. ‘ M cuffs She laughs a lot. 8 cloths She baths the baby. 3 A coats Ie lights the room, ike banks It breaks the law. 78Unit 26 They are pronounced /1z/ after the following consonant sounds: z ura i Ish buses He advises people. it ‘wishes “>| She fishes on Sunday. =~ . da roses He loses his temper. a das) marriages It encourages them. a Al.” | watches She catches the ball. Isl: | boxes S93 ‘TWielsxesme, 9? PRACTICE 1 List the following words in the right group according to the pronunciation of s and plural or third person forms. church add burn baby carpet beer cage break build leave face garage fork dress kick hold door jet fox law make need pass plant myth nose milk seagull pig night market meeting swim ring start sell_stamp wind voice suit week record thing shape programme tree train turn take talk rain wait proof smooth esin Group 1: /2/ Group 2:/s/ Group 3: /rz! ”Unit 26 2 80 ‘Match the words in the box with the groups of definitions below. [students paths jobs glasses writes letters dogs heads stops doors cooks babies finishes does asks teaches machines washes Group-A 2. People whose job is to prepare food b. He always ____ questions but never answers them. c, Four-legged pets you take for a walk Group B a. People learning at university b. Tracks to walk along, People in charge (eg: at schoo!) Group C 2, Teacher, bus driver and waiter are all b. Very young humans ©. Places to get on or off a bus or train. Group D a. The lesson starts at 10 and__at 10.50. b. Mr Brown ____ maths at the high schoo . Pieces of equipment (eg: photocopier, printing press) Group E 2. Transparent containers we drink from b. My catis very clean and__ itself every day. © He not know the answer. Group F 2, Fred_____stories for the television. b. ABC, Dare all c. Used to close the entrance to a room or building. ‘One word in each group is pronounced differently from the others. Which one is it and how is it pronounced? How are the rest pronounced?Final y In one-syllable words where y follows a consonant, it is pronounced: Jail (eg: why fly) In multi-syllable words where y follows f, it is also pronounced: Jal (eg: modify simplify) and in the following common words: deny reply rely apply supply July multiply In other multi-syllable words, y following a consonant is normally pronounced: Fisl (eg: many equality) After a vowel y is pronounced according to the sound it follows: fel (eg: pay display) lov (eg: boy annoy) fil (eg: key money) lal (eg: buy) PRACTICE I ‘Complete the poem using the words in the box. fly my cry shy by try why Babies __ Children ask. Kids are Parents And in The years colifeUnit 27 2 Find the three words in which y is not pronounced /i:/, Use these words to complete the sentence below. ugly lucky heavy empty funny quality dignity hurry carry apply worry duty qualify company whisky anniversary century July quantity monkey happily quickly wealthy identity To_____ for the job which will be vacant in ____. you first need to___ asa teacher, 28 Past endings ‘The regular past ending ed can normally be pronounced in three ways, depending upon the final sound of the root word: fa] after voiced sounds (eg: opened) after vowel sounds (eg: covered) I) after unvoiced sounds (eg: stopped) haf after /d/ or /t/ (eg: posted needed) ‘There is a small group of verbs that have both irregular and regular forms and pronunciation: {a} dreamed learned burned ft! dreamt learnt burt PRACTICE Look at the final sound of each of the words in the box and put them into the correct category. 2Unit 28 accept act add admire agree “allow. answer appear approach argue arrive attack attend attract avoid bath bathe call climb clothe compare connect continue control cough crash cross dance defend deliver demand depend describe destroy die disturb drag Grop educate empty enjoy enter excite explain fall fetch fold follow frighten hire hope imagine improve inform join jump laugh like love manage mend name notice organise pack Persuade play pour promise pull reach receive relax remember repair reply rub shop show start visit. walk wash | Unvoiced sounds: Id or Wy Vowel sounds: Voiced sounds: 3‘tne rease -Inerease _2? | a Shifting stress in two-syllable ne ifting y | Siviedane words Most two-syllable words do not change their stress patterns when they are used as, different parts of speech. For example: Your glass is émpty. [adjective] Please émpty your pockets. [verb] Travel broadens the mind. {noun} Iwant to travel around the world before I die. [verb] However, there is a group of common words that do change their stress pattern when they are used as different parts of speech. In general, nouns are stressed on the first syllable and verbs on the second syllable. For example: He kept arécord of his journeys. [noun] Iwant to recird this for my grandchildren to see. [verb] PRA 84 CTICE ‘Compiete the sentences below by choosing the word which has the correct stress. | A_____isaplace where very little grows. a désert —b, desért 2 Soldiers who ______ the army will be shot. 3 English spelling can___ problems. a présent —b, presént 4. My colleagues gave me an expensive _ when left the company. 5 What is the __ of this sentence? a, dbject —_b. objéct 6 Many people___to people smoking in public places 7 The company __ the machines to Europe. 2 exports b. exports last year went up by 10 per cent. of foreign goods nave fallen. Imports b. impérts Pp 10 Any company which __ goods must complete the Customs forms. 11 The cost of living seems to_ daily. Increase. incréasean Unit 29 12 The government has announced an __-_in taxation. 13 The was in my name, \4 Please ___all the money into my deposit account. 15 The exercises __ from easy to difficult 16 He made good _last term. 17 Youneeda_____ to park here. 18 The hotel rules do not. 19 French___ includes wine and cheese. 20 What does your country —___? 21 My next ____will be an electric car. 22 Opera' singers can whole audience. ‘their voices to reach the 23 Companies __ their goods by train or lorry. 24 ‘The most environmentally friendly means of. is the bicycle, 25 Lewes Town caused an. by knocking Arsenal out of the Cup. 26 He —____ his sister by breaking her new toy. 27 |__ that he is notaall that he appears to be. 28 The police have arrested 2___ for the murder. 29 My ______allows me to have eight weeks’ holiday. 30 We usually_____auniliary verbs in spoken English. 31 The ___of her talk was very interesting. 32. The Customs must search. 33 I noticed the ______ between London and the village where | grew up. 34 Iwant to__ the lives of the rich and the poor in the city. visitors after I o'clock. all passengers to a thorough a a transfer progress permit produce project transport ipset slspect contract subjct cSntrast b. transfér b. progréss b, permit b. prodice b. project b. trénsport b, suspéct b. céntract b. sibject b. contrast asKEE [jy 20 Honestlyt ; WeHeRe it | Silent letters Psychology & | Straight Castle | ‘Some words contain letters that are not pronounced. These letters can be at the beginning of words; for example: pneumonia honest ‘They can be at the end of words; for example: bomb hymn Or they can be in the middle of words; for example: straight castle In words beginning with wh, the h is usually silent; for example: why which However, there are a few words where the w is silent: who whole PRACTICE 1 Compiete the spelling of the words by adding the silent letters. Use only the letters in the box. kphgbwn | a. —sychology isthe study of the mind. s 9. An __onest person never steals anything, —hose shoes are those? Oh, they're mine. 1. He hurt his nee when he fell over, ‘A bom__ exploded near the centre of town. aoe A —natis ike @ very small mosquito. The spirit of a dead person is called a gost. |__now I need new —nitting needles. i. Did you hear someone _nock at the door? 86Unit 30 j. His _nowledge of films is very extensive, kA hym_ isa religious song, He lived in a very cold house and caught _neumonia. m, Iread the hole book in a day. 1. The bell rings every our. 2 —ho are you talking to? p. I'm sorry, 'm _rong ahd you're right. 4, Don't clim__ the mountain today, it's too foggy. 1 He was asychopath who killed ten people. , | must rap her present up before she comes home. ‘tHe tied a_not in his handkerchief so he wouldn't forget. Complete the spelling of the words by adding the silent letters. Use only the letters in the box. Bip ee en a. It's hard teaching this class — ha__f of them don't lis__en, b. You must visit the cas__le by ni_t ¢. Keep your recei_t— you may need to take the machine back to the shop. d. No dou_t you will meet him soon, €. We ta_ked while we waked | gota box of han__kerchiefs for Chris__mas. & Every We_nesday I take a san__wich to work because the canteen is closed, h. Youll find the cha__k in the cu_board, i. Don'ttell me the ans_er yet. i, My mus_les hurt after a lot of exercise. k. Ilove these pa_m trees along the beach, |. The passengers kept cam during the flit. 1m, He cut off the king's head with his s_ord, 1, S_ience is the study of chemistry and physics. ©. The gover__ment of Britain meets at the Houses of Parliament, a7Unit 30 p. The exaust on your ve_icle is illegal. 4. Could you i__on my shirt please, mum? r. Only the sta__ks of corn are left after the harvest. . She sang some old fo__k songs from her country. + He went out of business owing thousands of pounds in det, (EVENING & a lj rar WE | Silent syllables : & = Some words seem on paper to have more syllables than when they are pronounced, because one of the syllables is usually dropped when speaking. Most silent syllables occur after a stressed syllable. In the following examples the stressed syllable is marked with a square and the silent syllable is underlined. She sat down in a cmfortable armchair and watched television. That évening she yatched the news with reports from the political cnferences and then an interesting programme on cooking unusual vegetables. However, in the group of words ending in ry and ly, itis always the second-last syllable that is dropped, wherever the stress occurs in the word, Last night I watched a documéntary on a t}pically ofdinary family. The husband worked in a factory and his wife worked in a publiclibrary. It made me angry that it was her that bought the graceries évery day.Unit 31 PRACTICE Which syllables are dropped in the words underlined? | My favourite type of music is opera. 2 The average national temperature is moderate at this time of year. 3 Have you seen my camera? 4. The History of Capitalism and Machinery is published by Boundary Press. 5. Every person in the launderette looked miserable, 6 Its mystery how she does it! She's with a different man each time | see her. 7 This dictionary tells you the history of each word. 8 The missionary told of the flavouring necessary for the cookery practised by the local tribes. 9 What's happening at the surgery? 10 In general, people have several different jobs in their lives. I He's looking forward hopefully to victory in his next match, [Wind BOW) 32 DEE A He Read wy | Homographs Bu 8 WIL @ Some words have the same spelling, but have two very different pronunciations. For example: 1/— the verb meaning the opposite of to follow Ned ~ a type of metal PRACTICE Complete the pairs of sentences on the next page by choosing the word in the right hand column which rhymes with the word underlined. 89Unit 32 90 Example 1 2 Row the ___across the river. We mustn't have a row —_____ in front of the children — they don't like us arguing, Answer:! b. 22 3 13 14 15 16 7 18 When you your watch, youll need to wind it up. The strong wind __ his hair. You must take __not to tear that dress. his hand. When she cried, a tear fell many times must | bow to the king? and put on a bow tie ~it'sa very formal occasion. |______ to read the newspapers in my job. Yesterday | read all the papers in Close the door before he shops are very close. It no use, there isn't enough Use my: He lives on the money his father —___ him, ‘The way he needs nine lives! ‘The ________live in the same barn as the sows ‘The farmer ____ the field and then sows the seed in it. now /au! find feu! near /raf golou! . need fi! goes 2h shoes /2/ drives fav! mows /ou! boat /au/ thinned Ay care /eal how /au! bed/e/ most /s/ mousse /s! gives hi! cows /au!Part | Lt (1) 2 Across a. scheme a. sweet b. athlete b. canteen & teach © heat d. team eat e feel ©. marine £ machine (> heel B seat B Eve h. ravine hi steal i each i dream j. keen i. queen K. sleeve L delete 3 brief piece relief believe field receive hygiene deceive perceive chiefly protein jaws pause thought 2 Across offduy suitcase value opportunity pursue ‘usual pew boot producer newsagent choose huge Parrvrsensange 4. Ia (2) Uhoney 4 cary 2 money $ worry sunny 6 hurry Down a. stupid b. computer 4. issue fe. into 1 view g chew. B. shoe i. humour i. loosen K argue 1 unite Tnone 10 dove Btonne 11 love 9 son 12 some 13 come 3Answer Key 5. fal (8) 8 fa (Hi; 1 afraid data “onight Ubicycle 6 giant II Friday 16 Irish Sugar father mirror 2 qyclist. 7 dimbed 12 night-time 7 crimes statement importont centre 3 blind 8 pilot 13 buy 18 shy employment nation dignity 4 likes 9 bride 14 sides 19 lie human talus helpfully Slight 10 knife 18 ninth 20 child figure 9. fou! (12) 2. Abundred photographers from Canada and ‘America arrived in Britain to join the discussion in London about the role of television and newspapers when reporting from war zones. There has $0 far been no agreement with governments on abolishing ‘visa controls or on providing significant improvements in consular assistance abroad. 6 Kral (9) Dear Members of Stall 1k appears that as the end of the year comes nenrer we wil need some volunteers to help the enshiers at the check-out. Hope this will not iiterfere with yourholiday plans. Also, according to the engineer, itis clear that the damage to the machines is due to the severe temperatures we're having at the moment, so please cover your machines when you leave the office. Yourssincerely JD DeVere 7. fev (10) [i fofafe Th fe le S ele leley alele fapayo[s ° z| io" z [>|] [teh folw feat (14) ATE iB im i= le 5 es ib 2s sels 3/5 [2 aye Dear jane Hew was your holiday in the Stales? I's a nice place to have a break, isn’t it? | hope you weren't 00 afraid. So many people say New York is a crazy city But | couldn’t compinin about my own stay in the USA. Ifelt quite safe Twenton an exchange visit with a friend at school ‘who was the same age. His fatter was 8 pairer called David Cape. fremember that his favourite meal was steak and chips, ‘What was the weather like? When I was there we had 8 lot of rain. Especially the day we went toa game of basetall. They had to stop it. I didn’t mind as no-one could explain it to me anyway! ‘Must gonow. I've got a train to calch.1 may have a new job in TV. I'm still in search of fame! Lots of love Lorraine 94 [5 [me ll Ge th Wgh (15) PPE PEPE [5 (el pr ep Ee rel el ir x 2] rep]? Sa frbrPale >| ele [= 12 a Ifyou ee anaious about future generations, please give generous donatios to our Ergenisation, We haves epeciel soctel and educations! programme, We also have {rrignion and conservation projecto nd a programme of vaccinajon agains! infectious Sisease. We need your nancial support. We sresure that you will help us ake wction 2. There wasa lot of shouting at immigration because one of the musicians did not show her identification. The official did not believe her explanation and refused her permission to enter the station,