Sem I | M.

Plan | ASD

SOCIO ECONOMIC CHANGES IN PATTERN OF

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

CHITHRA RAVINDRAN M - P220183AR | K. VAISHNAVI - M231068AR | INIACHEZHIAN P - M230720AR | HIFA -M230717AR | G CHANDRA CHAITANYA - M230973AR
INTRODUCTION
 PG # 3
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGES

Socioeconomic changes QUALITY OF

LIFE
refer to alterations or
transformations that occur
within a society concerning CLEAN
ENVIRONMENT AND
WEALTH AND
ECONOMIC
its economic and social GREEN INDUSTRY GROWTH

structures, behaviors, and SOCIO ECONOMIC

patterns over time. TRANSFORMATION
Socioeconomic changes
often have a profound
impact on the way people
live, work, interact, and EDUCATION AND
HEALTH AND FITNESS
organize themselves within a HUMAN CAPITAL
DEVELOPMENT

society.

JOB CREATION AND

EMPLOYMENT
 PG # 4
PATTERNS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Human settlement patterns HOUSING

TYPES

are settlements in different

places that take up various
shapes and sizes. Patterns of ORGANIZATION OF
COMMUNITIES
POPULATION
DENSITY
human settlements refer to
the spatial distribution, PATTERNS OF
HUMAN
arrangement, and SETTLEMENT
characteristics of where and
how people live. These
settlements can range from
rural villages to urban cities TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE

and everything in between. NETWORKS

LAND USE

PATTERNS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
DISPERSED
Dispersed human
settlements refer to
a pattern of
settlement where
residences and
communities are
spread out over a
wide area rather NUCLEATED
than clustered
closely together. Nucleated human
settlements refer to a
pattern of settlement
where residences and ISOLATED
structures are clustered
or concentrated closely
together in a specific
area. These settlements
are characterized by a
central core or nucleus
around which houses,
buildings, and
community facilities are
organized.
PG # 5
LINEAR
Linear human settlements refer
to a specific pattern of
settlement where residences,
structures, or communities are
arranged along a linear or
elongated geographic feature,
such as a road, river, coastline,
or transportation route. In this
type of settlement pattern, the
buildings or dwellings are
aligned linearly rather than
clustered or dispersed.
Isolated human settlements refer to
communities or dwellings that are
situated in locations far removed or
distant from other populated areas.
These settlements are characterized
by their remote and solitary nature,
often being geographically
separated from other human
habitation.
 PG # 6
RELATION BETWEEN SOCIOECONOMIC CHANGES AND PATTERNS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

There's a strong relationship between socioeconomic changes and patterns of

human settlements. As socioeconomic conditions evolve, they can significantly
influence the patterns of where and how people live. For instance:

● Economic shifts and job opportunities often drive rural

populations toward urban areas in search of employment,

01
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URBANIZATION
nec at adipiscing
resulting in the growth of cities. This leads to increased
urbanization and the development of larger, more densely
populated settlements.

● Socioeconomic changes impact the availability and quality

HOUSING AND of housing. Economic growth might lead to improved

02 INFRASTRUCTURE
housing options and infrastructure development in certain
areas, while economic downturns might result in inadequate
or deteriorating housing conditions.

● Changes in economic conditions, political situations, or

environmental factors can cause migrations of people

03 MIGRATION from one region to another. This movement can lead to the
establishment of new settlements or the growth of existing
ones.

● Socioeconomic changes often influence the social

SOCIAL structure within settlements, affecting aspects such as

04 STRATIFICATION
income distribution, access to resources, and the
development of distinct social classes or communities
within a settlement.
HISTORICAL SOCIO ECONOMIC CHANGES
AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
 PG # 8
GLOBAL TIMELINE (1/2)

The rise of advanced The Renaissance saw a

Settlements initially revival of interest in
formed near water civilizations, like the
Indus Valley Civilization, classical knowledge and
sources for agriculture a shift towards
and domestic use. Early Egyptian Civilization,
and Roman Empire, saw urbanization. Maritime
human societies were trade routes became
often nomadic, but the the development of
organized urban increasingly important,
shift to settled life leading to the growth of
occurred as agriculture centers. Trade routes
and river systems port cities like Venice and
developed. River valleys, Amsterdam. Economic
such as the Indus Valley played a crucial role in
shaping settlement activities diversified, and
and Mesopotamia, Agricultural manufacturing centers
witnessed the rise of patterns. Major cities,
Revolution (circa such as Rome and Middle Ages began to shape
early urban centers due
to fertile soils and
10,000 BCE) Alexandria, emerged as (500 CE - 1500 CE) settlement patterns.
reliable water supply. economic and cultural
hubs.

The advent of Feudalism

Prehistoric and agriculture led to more Ancient Civilizations characterized this
Renaissance and Early
Ancient Times: permanent settlements. (3000 BCE - 500 CE) period, with settlements
Villages emerged as often organized around Modern Period
people cultivated crops manors and (14th - 18th centuries)
and domesticated agricultural estates.
animals. Settlements The establishment of
clustered around fertile medieval towns was
lands, demonstrating a influenced by factors
close relationship like proximity to
between agricultural land, trade
socio-economic routes, and the
activities and the protection offered by
availability of arable castles and
land. fortifications.
 PG # 9
GLOBAL TIMELINE (2/2)

The Industrial The post-war period

Revolution brought
about significant
changes, with the rise of
factories and
manufacturing centers.
Urbanization
accelerated as people
moved from rural areas
to work in industries.
Cities like Manchester
and Birmingham in
England became
prominent industrial
hubs.
saw suburbanization in
many developed
countries, as people
moved away from city
centers. The availability
of automobiles and
improved
transportation
influenced settlement
patterns.
Simultaneously, rapid
urbanization occurred Late 20th Century to
20th Century in newly independent
nations as they
industrialized.
Sustainable development
and smart city initiatives
are gaining importance
in urban planning. Cities
are adapting to
challenges like climate
change and population
growth. Some settlements
are embracing
eco-friendly practices,
while others are focusing
Present on becoming technology
and innovation hubs.

Globalization has
The 20th century
significantly impacted
Industrial witnessed further
urbanization, fueled by Post-World War II settlement patterns.
21st Century
Revolution (18th - Major urban centers,
industrialization, Era
19th centuries) often connected by
technological
international air travel
advancements, and
and digital
population growth. The
communication, have
development of
become global hubs for
transportation
finance, technology,
infrastructure, such as
and culture.
railways and highways,
Information technology
influenced settlement
and the rise of service
patterns. Cities like New
industries have
York, Tokyo, and London
contributed to the
grew into global
growth of
economic centers.
knowledge-based
economies.
 PG # 10
INDIAN CONTEXT (1/2)

During the Maurya and The Mughal era

Settlements in the witnessed the
Indian subcontinent Gupta periods, urban
centers such as development of planned
initially developed cities like Delhi, Agra, and
along the banks of Pataliputra and
Varanasi grew in Fatehpur Sikri. The
major rivers, including construction of gardens,
the Indus and prominence. Agriculture
continued to be a water channels, and forts
Saraswati. Ancient was integral to these
civilizations like the fundamental factor, and
settlements were settlements. Agrarian
Indus Valley Civilization villages and towns
(around 3300–1300 BCE) strategically located
near river valleys for continued to thrive, with
flourished along these waterways playing a
riverbanks, showcasing Vedic Period irrigation and
transportation. Medieval Period crucial role in
advanced urban (1500–500 BCE)
planning and
(600–1500 CE) transportation.
agriculture.

The Vedic period saw

Prehistoric and the emergence of Maurya and Gupta Feudalism
pastoral and characterized this
Ancient Periods Empires Mughal Era
agricultural period, and settlements
(before 600 BCE) communities in the (322 BCE – 550 CE) often formed around (1526–1857)
Indo-Gangetic plains. agricultural estates.
Settlements were often Water management
organized around systems like stepwells
fertile land suitable for were essential for
agriculture, and the irrigation. Trade routes,
development of settled including the Silk Road,
life became more influenced the growth
prominent. Manasara of towns along these
Shilpa Shastra- used as routes.
a townplanning hindu
text
 PG # 11
INDIAN CONTEXT (2/2)

After independence, In recent years, there has

The British colonial been a growing emphasis
period saw the urbanization
accelerated, and new on smart cities and
establishment of port sustainable development.
cities like Mumbai, cities like Chandigarh
were planned to Cities like Jaipur and
Chennai, and Kolkata. Pune are embracing
The East India accommodate
population growth. The technology and urban
Company's economic planning principles to
interests influenced Green Revolution in the
1960s led to changes in address environmental
settlement patterns, concerns and improve
and administrative agricultural practices,
impacting settlement quality of life.
centers like Calcutta
(now Kolkata) became patterns as well.
Late 20th Century to
significant urban hubs.
Present

19th Century

The introduction of the

railways during the 19th Independence and Economic liberalization Smart Cities and
Colonial Period century had a in the 1990s contributed
Sustainable
transformative impact
Post-Independence to the growth of
(1600–1947) Development
on settlement patterns. (1947 onward) information technology
Cities like Bombay (now hubs like Bangalore (21st Century)
Mumbai) and Madras and Hyderabad. The
(now Chennai) focus on service
expanded due to industries influenced
improved settlement patterns,
transportation. leading to the
Plantation economies development of
also led to the growth of technology parks and
settlements around tea urban centers.
and coffee estates.
SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
 PG # 13
INTRODUCTION

Settlement patterns are a crucial aspect

of settlement geography, ranging from
POLITICAL FACTORS
small villages to metropolitan cities.

CULTURAL FACTORS ECONOMIC FACTORS

Professionals study the reasons behind
these cities' development and factors
that lead to their growth or decline.

The reasons behind these patterns are SOCIAL FACTORS

PHYSICAL FACTORS
influenced by the area's site and its
situation, which are two key concepts in
the study of rural and urban geography.

PHYSICAL FACTORS
Factors such as relief, altitude, soil capacity, climate, drainage, and ground water level influence the
type and spacing of dwellings.
Nature of Terrain or Relief
Dispersed settlements are
found in remote jungles and
hills of Himachal Pradesh,
while compact settlements
are found in productive
alluvial plains of Punjab.
Clustered villages are
indigenous in continuous
arable land, while uneven
distribution occurs in the
Terai region due to forests,
marshy lands, and seasonal
floods.
Altitude
High altitude limits human
existence due to reduced
atmospheric pressure and
low oxygen content.
Population distribution
declines with increasing
altitude, with 56% living within
200 meters and over 80%
within 500 meters. Clustered
settlements appear in plains,
dispersed in hills, and
clustered and semi-clustered
in Gujarat plains.
Climate
Frequent droughts and
floods cause settlements to
become dispersed and
hamleted, with hot and cold
deserts preventing compact
settlements, while temperate
and subtropical areas favor
compact settlements.
PG # 14
Availability of Water
Settlements are typically built
near water bodies, as water is
crucial for human survival
and agriculture. High water
tables and dense drainage
Soil
textures allow for compact
settlements, while low water
Soil fertility influences
tables promote compact
agricultural activities and
villages. Rural settlements in
development, favoring
high water tables are
nucleation and compact huts,
semi-sprinkled or hamleted. In
while infertile lands repel
Rajasthan, water scarcity
population concentration
leads to compact settlements,
and attract fewer huts.
but adequate,
well-distributed resources do
not restrict dispersion. The
development of compact
settlements is influenced by
the availability of water
resources.
 PG # 15
ECONOMIC FACTORS

High-income farmers form clustered settlements, while poor and

backward economies favor sprinkled settlements. Compact

01 INCOME settlements are well-suited for paddy cultivation, requiring a large

labor force. Self-contained village communities with cottage
industries also lead to compact settlements.

NODAL Cross roads, ferry points, railroad stations, and bus depots attract

02 POINTS
settlements, developing business centers and sometimes creating
separate hamlets due to better economic advantages.

VIEW Modern settlements in rural areas are predominantly composed of

03 POINTS
schools, colleges, temples, dak bungalows, hospitals, block
development offices, literacy centers, and tourist-interested places.

SOCIAL FACTORS
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP
Villagers' social
relationships and
cooperation, influenced by
communal amenities like
ponds and temples, have
attracted clustered houses,
while village elders guide
and control these customs,
favoring specific settlement
types.
SUPERSTITION
Superstition influences
agglomeration in rural
areas, where ancestral sites
are considered auspicious
and settlements avoid
expansion towards the
south and west. Despite
population growth, people
cluster in the same locality,
increasing compactness.
PG # 16
CASTE SYSTEM
Caste systems, particularly
so called lower caste
people, have fragmented
rural society, forcing lower
castes to live far from main
settlements and reserving
land for so called upper
caste families, resulting in a
multi-caste village.
 PG # 17
POLITICAL FACTORS

Most villages were built due to political instability and hostility among neighboring groups, which
provided a significant advantage for defensive sites.

SECURITY FACTORS DEFENSE FROM INVASIONS & WILD ANIMALS

Small hamlets emerged in freedland, In the past, settlements were primarily

while villages were built on defensive protected from external lawless
hills and islands during political elements like dacoits, wild animals, or
instability, war, and hostility, with forts in fear, allowing them to cluster and form
India mostly situated on higher ground. compact communities.
 PG # 18
CASTE & ETHNIC FACTORS

CASTE &
TRIBAL RELIGION
STRUCTURE

Ethnic factors can lead to People of the same religion often

settlement fragmentation and prefer to live together, forming large
hamleting. Eg:Chhattisgarh or small settlements.
PATTERNS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT IN THE
CONTEMPORARY WORLD

URBANIZATION
Urbanization is the process of
population concentration in cities
and towns and it is a defining
feature of modern civilization.
● Over the last few centuries, the
world has experienced
unprecedented level
urbanization, with an increasing
number of people moving from
rural areas to cities.
● It is driven by factors such as
industrialization, globalization and
demographic changes. On the
other hand, it has significant
impacts on societies and the
environment.
PG # 20
Global trends in urbanisation
an
of
Source : Urban population trends
● In 1960, the global urban population was 34% of the
total; however, by 2014 the urban population
accounted for 54% of the total and continues to
grow.
● By 2050 the proportion living in urban areas is
expected to reach 66% (UNDESA, 2014). Figure shows
the change in the rural and urban populations of
the world from 1950 through to projected figures up
to the year 2050.
 PG # 21
Megacities were first located in the developed world, however, their growth in number over the late 20th and early 21st century
has been almost entirely in the developing world. This growth has been prominent in Asia, and to a lesser extent in Latin
America. However, it is also now emerging in African nations too. The fastest growing urban agglomerations are medium-sized
cities and cities with less than 1 million inhabitants located in Asia and Africa.

Source : urban population trends

Continuing population growth and urbanization are projected to add 2.5 billion people to the world’s urban population by 2050, with
nearly 90% of the increase concentrated in Asia and Africa.
 PG # 22
URBANIZATION

Close to half of the world’s urban dwellers reside in relatively small settlements of less than 500,000 inhabitants,
while only around 1/8th live in the 28 megacities with more than 10 million inhabitants.

The number of mega-cities has nearly tripled since 1990; and by 2030, 41 urban agglomerations are projected to
house at least 10 million inhabitants each.

Tokyo is projected to remain the world’s largest city in 2030 with 37 million inhabitants, followed closely by Delhi
where the population is projected to rise swiftly to 36 million.
 PG # 23
URBANIZATION

68% of the world

population projected to live
in urban areas by 2050, (
UN 2018)

The process of
urbanisation affects all
sizes of settlements, so
villages gradually grow to
become small towns,
smaller towns become
larger towns, and large
towns become cities. This
succession of settlements
with growing
diversification of
economy. has led to the
growth of mega-cities. A
mega-city is an urban
area of greater than ten
million people.
Source : OWID based on UN World urbanisation prospects(2018)
 PG # 24
URBANIZATION

Source: euromonitor international

 PG # 25
MEGACITIES

Megacities are the largest urban

settlements. These cities have
populations of more than 10 million
people. Megacities are often centres of
international commerce and culture.

These cities are often characterized by

high population densities, sprawling
infrastructure, and a diverse range of
economic and social activity. Such
urban settlements are also
characterized by extreme poverty,
overcrowding and pollution.
 PG # 26
RURAL- URBAN MIGRATION

In developing countries, urbanisation usually occurs when people move from villages to settle in cities in hope of
gaining a better standard of living. The movement of people from one place to another is called migration.

Consequences of migration

● Rapid Increase in population

01
Overcrowding and ● Shortage of housing,transportation,,public
services
congestion ● Results in poor living condition,pollution

PUSH FACTOR ● Discrimination,exploitation,

02
Socio-economic marginalisation , social exclusion
PULL FACTORS Low wages, insecure jobs
Poor living condition inequalities ●
● Cultural and linguistic barriers
Employment Lack of Opportunities
Opportunities, Poor Services
More payment ● Increased demand for natural resources
Draughts, Floods,

03
Better Education, Health Environmental (water,energy, land)
care, Urban lifestyle Lack of availability of Leads to environmental degradation
land.
degradation ●
● Climate change

● Reduce pressure n rural resources

04 Rural development
●

●
Increased remittance sent by migrants
stimulates rural economy
Weaken social and cultural fabric of rural
 PG # 27
SUBURBANIZATION

The spread of low density urban or

suburban development outward from a
dense urban core.

- People move to suburbs for

additional space and privacy,
cheaper real estate, cleaner
neighborhoods, less crimes, better
schools, etc.
- As people move from cities, they
spend less money there and inner
cities become poorer and
unemployment and crime rise.
- This causes even more people to
move from the city and for the
suburb itself to grow

Often, growth of suburban areas outpaces

population growth because suburbs allow
more space per person than cities.
 PG # 28
CONURBANIZATION

Factors for counter urbanisation

Counterurbanization is a demographic and

social process where people move from urban
areas to rural areas. It is also known as
deurbanization. Counterurbanization is
inversely related to urbanization. It first
occurred as a reaction to inner-city
deprivation.

EMERGENCE OF NEW SETTLEMENT FORMS
1. Gated community
Gated communities often emerge as a settlement form after
urbanization due to a desire for enhanced security and
exclusivity. These developments provide controlled access,
communal amenities, and a sense of community, appealing
to individuals seeking a more private and secure living
environment amidst the complexities of urban life.
PG # 29
2. Eco- village
An eco-village is a settlement form characterized by its
commitment to ecological sustainability, community
cooperation, and a low environmental impact. These
communities often prioritize practices such as permaculture,
renewable energy sources, waste reduction, and shared
resources. The goal is to create a self-sustaining and
environmentally conscious living environment, fostering a
sense of community and harmony with nature
SOCIO- ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CHANGING
SETTLEMENT PATTERN
 PG # 31
INTRODUCTION

Income
Inequality,
Poverty & Social
Cohesion

Socioeconomic Adequate
Cultural Identity
& Tradition
Impacts of Changing Infrastructure &
Settlement Patterns Services

Environmental
consequences
 PG # 32
Income Inequality, Poverty & Social Cohesion

Income Inequality Poverty Social Cohesion Government Policies

Community Disruption:
Housing Policies:
Urbanization and Rapid settlement
Rural poverty persists in Government policies on
rural-urban migration changes can cause
rural areas due to lack housing, land use, and
can increase income social dislocation,
of economic urban planning can
inequality, as urban network breakdown, and
opportunities, impact income
areas provide more a decline in social
exacerbated by changes inequality and poverty,
economic opportunities, cohesion, leading to
in depopulation and with affordable housing
while rural areas may feelings of
unavailability of new initiatives potentially
experience slower disconnectedness from
settlements. reducing negative
growth. neighbors and
effects.
community. t

Urban Poverty: While

Gentrification: Changes in Settlement patterns can lead Social programs: When
Urbanization offers job
settlement patterns can lead to cultural shifts as diverse well-designed, can effectively
opportunities but can also
to gentrification, making individuals interact, tackle the challenges arising
increase poverty
lower-income neighborhoods enhancing cultural diversity from shifting settlement
concentration in specific
housing less affordable for but also posing tensions and patterns, offer assistance to
neighborhoods, particularly if
residents and causing income challenges in forming a vulnerable groups, and foster
economic development is
inequality. cohesive community. social cohesion.
uneven.
 PG # 33
Adequate Infrastructure & Services

Rapid urbanization leads to increased population density, straining infrastructure

Population Growth and services, causing congestion, traffic problems, and overburdened public
& Density facilities.

Settlement pattern changes can outpace infrastructure development, resulting in

Infrastructure insufficient road networks, public transportation, water supply, sanitation, and
Deficits other essential services.

Population shifts can cause housing shortages, inadequate living conditions, and
Housing Shortage & the emergence of informal settlements with inadequate infrastructure due to a
Informal Settlements mismatch between demand and supply.

Education Facilities: The growing urban areas face challenges in meeting the demand for
quality education due to the shortage of schools and educational resources.
Social Services Healthcare Access: Urbanization and changing settlement patterns may pose challenges
in providing adequate healthcare access to the growing population.

Employment Migration from rural to urban areas can sometimes outpace job creation, leading to
Opportunities unemployment or underemployment, contributing to poverty and social issues.
 PG # 34
Adequate Infrastructure & Services

Environmental Unplanned urbanization and settlement expansion can lead to environmental

Sustainability degradation, water resource strain, pollution, and waste management challenges.

Initially developed infrastructure may face challenges in maintenance and

Infrastructure upgrading over time, leading to deterioration in quality if insufficient maintenance
Quality is not addressed.

Low-income communities and marginalized groups may face obstacles in accessing

Social Inclusion essential infrastructure and services, thereby exacerbating social inequalities.

Land Use Planning & Poor land use planning and zoning can lead to inefficient space usage, congestion,
Zoning and hinder the provision of adequate infrastructure and services.

Settlement patterns altering may heighten vulnerability to climate-related events, as

Climate change inadequate infrastructure may not be resilient enough to withstand floods, storms,
Resilience or other climate-related challenges.
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ce us in
s e g clu
us a d
U In ed s e in
rb . m gh
an fr is e
le si at
ad sp as on in
in ra s g,
g wl tr de c
to in pe oo
so vo nd lin
uc
il lve in g,
lo s
ss t
tu g
,w a r re
at ns
er for Ex
flo mi
w ng pa
di a
sr gr
up ic ns
tio ult io
n, ur
an al
d lan
n
la d
nd in
co to
ve bu
r ilt
ch -u
an p
ge are
s. as
,
PG # 36

Cultural Identity & Tradition
Migrating to urban areas
often brings diverse cultures,
but some aspects of
globalized culture can
dominate, potentially eroding
unique local traditions and
practices. Loss of
Indigenous
Knowledge
Cultural
Homogenization
Urbanization and
encroachment into rural
areas can lead to
displacement of indigenous
communities, potentially
causing the loss of traditional
knowledge in agriculture and
natural resource
management.
PG # 37
Urbanization and migration Urbanization can lead to the
often bring people from dissolution of traditional
diverse cultural backgrounds social structures, resulting in
together, potentially leading the shift from extended
to cultural exchange and families and close-knit rural
enrichment, but also resulting communities to more
in the hybridization of individualistic and
cultures. fragmented urban lifestyles.
Impact on
Knowledge
Cultural Changes in Social
Hybridization Structure
The migration of people from
rural to urban areas may lead
to a shift in language use, with
younger generations
prioritizing urban languages,
potentially causing language
loss.
 PG # 38
Cultural Identity & Tradition

Skilled artisans migrating to

urban areas may decrease
Urbanization may render traditional crafts and artistic Changes in settlement
traditional rural occupations practices, as economic patterns, such as rural to
and livelihoods obsolete, pressures and changing urban living, can lead to an
potentially causing the loss of consumer preferences favor identity crisis, challenging
generations' skills and mass-produced goods. cultural norms and values.
practices.

Cultural Cultural
Dislocation Preservation Efforts

Erosion of Impact of Art & Identity Challenges

Traditional Practices
Urbanization can lead to a
loss of connection to
traditional territories, causing
significant psychological and
cultural impacts on
communities with strong land
ties.
Craftsmanship
Changes in settlement
patterns may prompt
communities to engage in
cultural preservation and
revitalization initiatives, such
as language revitalization,
cultural festivals, and
documentation of traditional
knowledge.
CASE STUDY
INTRODUCTION

● Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka, India, has undergone significant socioeconomic

changes in recent decades, leading to transformative changes in its human
settlements.

● These changes have been driven by factors such as rapid economic growth,
urbanization, demographic shifts, and technological advancements.

● The socioeconomic changes in Bangalore have a complex impact on human

settlements, resulting in positive and negative consequences which are evident in the
trends of urban sprawl, the rise of gated communities, and the displacement of
low-income communities.
40
Economic Growth and Urbanization
● Bangalore has witnessed rapid economic growth, particularly in the IT and biotechnology sectors.
This growth has attracted a large influx of people to the city, leading to rapid urbanization. The city's

population has grown from around 1 million in 1971 to over 11 million today.
● The rapid urbanization in Bangalore has brought about several challenges, including:
Inadequate infrastructure: The influx of people into the city has put a strain on existing infrastructure,
leading to shortages of housing, water, sanitation, and transportation facilities.
● The establishment of IT parks and multinational corporations in the 1990s and 2000s led to a surge
in employment opportunities and economic growth, often referred to as the IT industry boom.
● The city's reputation as a center of higher education attracted a large influx of students, further
contributing to its economic and social development.
● Investments in infrastructure, such as transportation, telecommunications, and other infrastructure,
have facilitated urban expansion and economic growth. 41
● Urban sprawl: The city has expanded rapidly in recent years, leading to the development of new
suburbs and exurbs. This has put a strain on transportation networks and has contributed to
environmental problems such as air and water pollution.
○ The city has expanded rapidly beyond its traditional boundaries, encompassing peripheral
villages and agricultural lands.
○ This sprawl has led to the development of new residential and commercial areas, altering the
city's spatial structure.
○ The rapid growth of the IT industry and the influx of students have contributed to the demand
for housing and infrastructure, driving urban expansion.
● Social disparities: The rapid economic growth has led to a widening gap between the rich and
the poor. This has led to the growth of gated neighbourhoods and slums, and it has made social
problems worse.

42
● The rapid growth of the IT industry and the influx of students is increasing
migration, both from within India and from abroad.
● This migration is driven by factors such as economic opportunities, family
reunification, and education.
● Migration can have a significant impact on human settlements, as it can lead
to changes in the demographic composition of communities and the demand
for housing, education, and healthcare services.

43
Technological Advancements and Urban Development

● Technological advancements have played a significant role in

shaping human settlements in Bangalore. The development of
mobile phones, for example, has transformed communication and
access to information.
● The growth of e-commerce has also had an impact on urban
development, leading to the development of new logistics and
distribution centers.
● More recently, the rise of the digital economy has the potential to
further transform human settlements in Bangalore.
● The use of technology can improve the efficiency of urban services,
promote sustainable development, and create new opportunities
for economic growth.

44
Gated Communities
● The affluent IT workforce has driven demand
for secure and exclusive housing, leading to the
proliferation of gated communities.
● These enclaves often have their own
infrastructure and amenities, such as parks,
schools, and shopping centers, creating distinct
social and spatial divisions within the city.
● While gated communities offer a sense of
security and exclusivity, they also contribute to
social segregation and limit access to public
spaces.

45
 ● The displacement of low-income communities has
been a challenging consequence of Bengaluru's
rapid urbanization and gentrification.
○ Rapid urbanization and the growth of gated
communities have pushed low-income
communities out of central and peri-urban
areas.
○ These communities have often been relocated
to informal settlements on the fringes of the
city, facing challenges of poor infrastructure
and limited access to basic amenities.

The displacement of low-income communities highlights

the need for equitable and inclusive urban planning that
addresses the needs of all residents.
46
A map from BBMP
representing the
growth of Bengaluru
city from a small
town in 1537 to a
metropolitan city in
2001

47
Landsat images for Bengaluru city
hint a remarkable increase in the
urbanisation.
LULC images on 1992, 2002 and
2012 are classified and given
below.

48
 THANK YOU

CHITHRA RAVINDRAN M - P220183AR. | K. VAISHNAVI - M231068AR | INIACHEZHIAN P - M230720AR | HIFA -M230717AR | G CHANDRA CHAITANYA - M230973AR