9 - Língua Inglesa

PREPOSITIONS
PREPOSITIONS
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
USAMOS AS PREPOSIÇÕES DE TEMPO DA SEGUINTE FORMA:
At - usamos at para indicarmos um momento PRECISO; ESPECÍFICO.
In - usamos in para MESES, ANOS, SÉCULOS e LONGOS PERÍODOS
On – usamos on para DIAS e DATAS.
ͫ At
Ex.:
at at 3 o’clock
at 10.30am
at noon
at dinnertime
at bedtime
at Sunrise
at sunset
at the moment
EXAMPLES:
a) I have an appointment at 4pm. (Eu tenho um compromisso as 4 horas da tarde.)
b) The restaurant closes at midnight. (O restaurante fecha à meia noite.)
c) Steve called home at lunchtime. (Steve ligou para casa na hora do almoço.)
ͫ In
Ex.:
in May
in the summer
in 1990
in the 1990s
in the next century
in the Ice Age
in the past/future
EXAMPLES:
a) In Brazil, Carnival is often in February.
b) Do you humanity will go to Mars in the future?
prepositions 3
c) There will be a lot of medical progress in the next century.

ͫ On
Ex.:
on Sunday
on Tuesdays
on 6 March
on 25 Dec. 2010
on Christmas Day
on Independence Day
on my birthday
on New Year’s Eve
EXAMPLES:
a) Do you travel on Fridays?
b) His birthday is on April, 9th.
c) Where will you be on Christmas Day?
PERCEBA O USO DA PREPOSIÇÃO “AT” NAS SEGUINTES EXPRESSÕES

PADRÕES:
Expression Example
at night I like to study at night.
at the weekend* We don’t work at the weekend.
at Christmas*/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time We arrived at the same time.
at present She’s not in the office at present. Try later.
Há variações para at the weekend e at Christmas.

Também é correto dizer on the weekend e on Christmas.
PERCEBA O USO DAS PREPOSIÇÕES “IN” E “ON” NAS SEGUINTES

EXPRESSÕES
In On
in the morning on Tuesday morning
in the mornings on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoon(s)
in the evening(s) on Monday evening(s)
4
UANDO USAMOS LAST, NEXT, EVERY, THIS NÓS NÃO USAMOS AS

PREPOSIÇÕES AT, IN, ON.
We went to Canada last November. (não: in last November)
She’s coming back next Friday. (não: on next Friday)
I visit my family every New Year’s Eve. (não: at every New Year’s Eve)
We’ll call you this evening. (não: in this evening)
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
USAMOS AS PREPOSIÇÕES DE TEMPO, GERALMENTE, DA SEGUINTE
FORMA:
At - usamos at para um PONTO ESPECÍFICO.
In - usamos in para um ESPAÇO FECHADO.
On - usamos on para SUPERFÍCIE.
ͫ At
Ex.:
at the corner
at the bus stop
at the top of the page
at the end of the road
at the entrance
at the door
at the crossroads
at the front desk
EXAMPLES:
a) I was waiting for you at the library.
b) The drugstore is at the end of the street.
c) What time will you arrive at the office?
ͫ In
Ex.:
in the garden
in London
in France
in a box
in my pocket
prepositions 5
in my wallet
in a building
in a car
Examples:
Does she work in an office?
I have a meeting in London.
Do you live in New York?
ͫ On
Ex.:
on the wall
on the ceiling
on the door
on the cover
on the floor
on the carpet
on the menu
on a page
EXAMPLES:
The author’s name is on the cover of the book.
There are good options on this menu.
There was a “no smoking” sign on the wall.
EXPRESSÕES COMUNS COM PREPOSIÇÕES:

At In On
at home in a car on a bus
at work in a taxi on a train
at school in a helicopter on a plane
at university in a boat on a ship
at college in a lift (elevator) on a bicycle
at the top in the newspaper on a horse, on an elephant
at the bottom in the sky on the radio, on television
at the side in a row on the left, on the right

at reception in Oxford Street on the way
DEMONSTRATIVES
2
DEMONSTRATIVES
PRONOMES DEMONSTRATIVOS
THIS AND THESE
ͫ Usamos this (singular) e these (plural) como pronomes:
Para falar sobre pessoas ou coisas que estão perto de nós:
Ex.: This is a nice cup of tea. (Esta é uma boa xícara de chá.)
Whose shoes are these? (De quem são esses sapatos?)
Para apresentar pessoas:
Ex.: This is Janet. (Esta é a Janet.)
These are my friends John and Michael. (Estes são meus amigos John e Michael.)
ͫ Cuidado!
Nós dizemos:
Ex.: This is John and this is Michael. (Este é John e este é Michael.)
(Não podemos dizer - These are John and Michael.)
Para começar uma conversa ao telefone, dizemos:
Ex.: Hello, this is David. Can I speak to Sally?
(Olá, aqui é o David. Posso falar com a Sally?)
THAT AND THOSE

Usamos that (singular) e those (plural) como pronomes para falar sobre coisas que não estão
perto de nós:
Ex.: What’s that? (O que é isso?)
Those are very expensive shoes. (Aqueles sapatos são muito caros.)
This is our house, and that’s Jane’s house over there. (Esta é a nossa casa e aquela é a casa
de Jane ali.)
Também usamos that para responder a algo que alguém disse:
Ex.:
‘Shall we go to the cinema?’ ‘Yes, that’s a good idea.’
(Vamos ao cinema?’ ‘Sim, essa é uma boa ideia.’)
‘I’ve got a new job.’ ‘That’s great.’ (“Eu tenho um novo emprego.” ‘Isso é ótimo.’)
‘I’m very tired.’ ‘Why is that?’ (‘Eu estou muito cansado.’ ‘Qual é a razão?’)
ͫ Com Substantivos
Nós também podemos usar this, these, that e those com substantivos.
Usamos this e these para pessoas ou coisas perto de nós:
demonstratives 3
Ex.: We have lived in this house for twenty years. (Vivemos nesta casa há vinte anos.)
Have you read all of these books? (Você leu todos esses livros?)
Usamos that e those para pessoas ou coisas que não estão perto de nós:
Ex.: Who lives in that house? (Quem mora naquela casa?)
Who are those people? (Quem são aquelas pessoas?)
ͫ Posição dos Demonstrativos
Os Demonstrativos podem ser usados antes de um substantivo ou antes de um adjetivo que
modifica o substantivo:
Ex.: This blue car needs to be washed next.
(Este carro azul precisa ser lavado a seguir.)
Those people were here first.
(Aquelas pessoas chegaram aqui primeiro.)
That blue jacket looks better.
(Aquela jaqueta azul parece melhor.)
These oranges are delicious.
(Essas laranjas são deliciosas.)
Os demonstrativos também podem aparecer antes de um número isolado quando o subs-
tantivo é subentendido pelo contexto:
Ex.:
I’d like to try on that one.
(Eu gostaria de experimentar aquele ali.)
This one is broken.
(Este aqui está quebrado.)
I’ll take these three.
(Vou levar esses três.)
Those two are not as pretty as these two.
(Aquelas duas não são tão bonitas quanto essas duas.)
Os demonstrativos podem ser usados isoladamente quando o substantivo que eles modifi-
cam é compreendido a partir do contexto.
4
Ex.:
I’ll never forget this.
(Eu nunca vou esquecer isso.)
That has nothing to do with me.
(Aquilo não tem nada a ver comigo.)
I didn’t ask for these.
(Eu não pedi por isso.)
Those aren’t mine.
(Aqueles não são meus.)
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
2
PERSONAL PRONOUNS��3
PERSONAL PRONOUNS�� 3
SUBJECT PRONOUNS��3
EXEMPLOS��3
PARA QUE SERVE CADA PRONOME?��3
EXERCÍCIOS��5
GABARITO��6
personal pronouns 3
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Vamos ao que interessa. Não existem textos sem pronomes pessoais. Eles estão simplesmente
por toda a parte na língua inglesa e o mesmo não é diferente nos textos das provas de concursos
públicos.
Os pronomes têm função crucial junto aos verbos, já que os verbos por si só não definem o
sujeito, por exemplo.
Vamos entender quais são as funções dos pronomes e sua importância para o bom entendi-
mento dos textos de língua Inglesa.
Conceito de Pronomes Pessoais
Há dois tipos de pronomes pessoais: os Subjective Pronouns e os Objective Pronouns.
Os Subjective Pronouns funcionam como sujeito da frase, ou seja, aquele que faz a ação do verbo.
Por este motivo, são usados antes do verbo.
SUBJECTIVE PRONOUNS
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
Usados Antes do Verbo
EXEMPLOS
Ex.: I want to talk to her about the problem.
Ex.: John and Meg study with Bob.
(They)
Ex.: Jane is worried about Susan.
(She)
PARA QUE SERVE CADA PRONOME?

I = Eu. Usado para primeira pessoa do singular. Sempre usado com letra maiúscula.
You = Você ou Vocês.
He = Ele. Usado para pessoa, singular, masculino. Também usado para animal, macho, singular,
conhecido.
4
She = Ela. Usado para pessoa, singular, feminino. Também usado para animal, fêmea, singular,
conhecido.
Ainda pode ser usado para indicar um país, coisa (quando há uma relação afetiva com a coisa
possuída) e embarcação.
It = Não possui uma tradução específica. Usado para indicar coisa ou animal singular.
Também pode indicar uma pessoa quando a palavra à qual se refere não determina gênero.
Ex.: It is a cute baby. (É um bebê bonitinho) – a palavra baby não define gênero, sendo assim pode-
mos usar o IT.
We = Nós. Usado para o plural.
They = Eles ou elas. Usado para o plural. O pronome “they” é a forma do plural de He , She ou
It. Portanto, indica as mesmas coisas que os pronomes He, She , It no plural.
Os pronomes Sujeito e Objeto contidos na tabela acima possuem o mesmo uso e tradução. A
diferença do uso deles está na sua relação com o verbo, conforme exemplificado anteriormente.
Os pronomes sujeitos, como o próprio nome já diz, têm a função de substituir ou se referir
ao sujeito de uma frase. Por esse motivo, são sempre usados ANTES do verbo ao qual se referem.
Exemplos
» Paul plays soccer. = He plays soccer. (Paul joga futebol / Ele joga futebol)
Paul = sujeito – pode ser substituído pelo pronome He, que é usado ANTES do verbo.
» Jane and I study English. = We study English. (Jane e eu estudamos Inglês / Nós
estudamos Inglês)
Jane and I = sujeito – podem ser substituídos pelo pronome We, que também é usado ANTES
do verbo.
ͫ Qual é a real importância dos pronomes para a língua Inglesa?
Os pronomes são fundamentais para que entendamos de quem o verbo está falando. Vejamos o
que acontece com o verbo “trabalhar”, no passado, em Português. Veja:
Eu Trabalhei
Tu Trabalhaste
Ele Trabalhou
Nós Trabalhamos
Vós Trabalhastes
Eles/ Elas Trabalharam
Como podemos perceber, para cada sujeito, o verbo “Trabalhar” possui uma forma diferente.
Por esse motivo não é preciso, por exemplo, dizer “eles” trabalharam porque quando dizemos
apenas “trabalharam”, fica evidente que o sujeito do verbo é “Eles/ Elas”.
Agora perceba como fica a conjugação do passado do verbo “trabalhar” (work), em inglês:
I Worked
You Worked
He / She / It Worked
We Worked
You Worked
They Worked
Exercícios 5
Como você pode perceber, os verbos praticamente não variam quando conjugados na língua
inglesa. Dessa forma o verbo por si só não pode indicar de quem ele está falando, ou seja, indicar
o sujeito. Por este motivo precisamos dos pronomes para que fique evidenciado quem é o sujeito
de cada oração na Língua Inglesa.
EXERCÍCIOS
1. Ano: 2014 Banca: DECEX Órgão: EsPCEX Cargo: Concurso de Admissão à Escola Prepara-
tória de Cadetes do Exército
[...]
The point of a rolezinho is “to hang out, chill, buy nice things, meet people”, explains Vinicius
Andrade, a 17-year-old from Capão Redondo, a favela in western São Paulo. He has taken part in
18 big rolezinhos and helped organise a few, drawing some of his 89,000 Facebook followers. His
15-year-old girlfriend, Yasmin Oliveira, a rolezeiro sweetheart with 94,000 fans of her own on the
social network, says that shopping centres make good meeting places because they are safe – an
important consideration in a crime-ridden city. There are few other public venues for kids, especially
in poorer neighbourhoods. […]
In the sentence “...shopping centres make good meeting places because they are safe...” (para-
graph 3), the word they refers to
a) fans.
b) shopping centres.
c) rolezeiros.
d) kids.
e) neighbourhoods.
Teaching English in the Brazilian countryside
“In Brazil, countryside youth want to learn about new places, new cultures and people. Howe-
ver, they think their everyday lives are an obstacle to that, because they imagine that country life
has nothing to do with other parts of the world”, says Rafael Fonseca. Rafael teaches English in a
language school in a cooperative coffee cultivation in Paraguaçu. His learners are the children of
rural workers. [...]
Choose the alternative with the correct reference for the underlined words from the text.
a) they (paragraph 1) = countryside youth
b) his (paragraph 1) = Paraguaçu
c) us (paragraph 2) = workers
d) their (paragraph 3) = rural workers’ children
e) them (paragraph 3) = other parts of the world
6
GABARITO
1. B
2. A
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
2
PERSONAL PRONOUNS��3
PERSONAL PRONOUNS�� 3
OBJECT PRONOUNS��3
EXEMPLOS��4
EXERCÍCIOS��4
GABARITO��5
personal pronouns 3
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
OBJECT PRONOUNS
Vamos ao que interessa. Não existem textos sem pronomes pessoais. Eles estão simplesmente
por toda a parte na língua inglesa e o mesmo não é diferente nos textos das provas de concursos
públicos.
Os pronomes têm função crucial junto aos verbos, já que os verbos por si só não definem o
sujeito, por exemplo.
Vamos entender quais são as funções dos pronomes e sua importância para o bom entendi-
mento dos textos de língua Inglesa.
Conceito de Pronomes Pessoais
Há dois tipos de pronomes pessoais: os Subjective Pronouns e os Objective Pronouns.
Já os Objective Pronouns funcionam como o objeto da frase, ou seja, aqueles que sofrem a
ação do verbo. Logo, são usados depois do verbo.
SUBJECTIVE PRONOUNS OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS

I ME
YOU YOU
HE HIM
SHE HER
IT IT
WE US
YOU YOU
THEY THEM
Usados Antes do Verbo Usados Depois do Verbo
Os pronomes objetos, como o próprio nome já diz, têm a função de substituir ou se referir ao objeto
de uma frase. Por esse motivo, são sempre usados DEPOIS do verbo ao qual se referem.
Exemplos
• They study English with Jane. = They study English with her.
(Eles estudam Inglês com a Jane / Eles estudam Inglês com ela.)
They = sujeito
Jane = objeto – pode ser substituído pelo pronome HER, que é usado DEPOIS do verbo.
• I study English with Peter and Mary. = I study English with them. (Jane e eu estudamos
Inglês / Nós estudamos Inglês)
I = sujeito
Peter and Mary = objeto – podem ser substituídos pelo pronome THEM, que deve ser usado
DEPOIS do verbo.
4
EXEMPLOS
Ex.: I want to talk to her about the problem.
Ex.: John and Meg study with Bob.
(him)
Ex.: Jane is worried about Susan.
(her)
EXERCÍCIOS
tória de Cadetes do Exército (Adaptada)
Would it be wrong to eradicate mosquitoes?
The mosquito is the most dangerous animal in the world, carrying diseases that kill one million
people a year. Now the Zika virus, which is carried by mosquitoes, has been linked with thousands
of babies born with brain defects in South America. There are 3,500 known species of mosquitoes,
but only the females from just 6% of species draw blood from humans - to help them develop their
eggs. Of these, just half carry parasites that cause human diseases. […]
In the sentence “to help them develop their eggs.” (paragraph 1), the word them refers to
a) the 3,500 known species
b) the mosquitoes
c) the females from just 6%
d) blood from humans
e) babies born in South America
Woman who rescued Nigerian ‘witch-child’ beats Obama and Pope Francis to top list
of world’s most inspiring people
[...]
“When she saw the starving child, she acted like a human being and became an inspiration for
millions,” said Georg Kindel, OOOM’s editor-in-chief, who led the jury that chose the list. Speaking
today about the experience, she said: “He was the size of a little baby, my whole body froze. I was
thinking of my own son when I saw the boy. For me it was clear at that moment that I would fight
with all my strength for him to survive.”
In the sentence “…I would fight with all my strength for him to survive.” (paragraph 3), the
word him refers to
a) Georg Kindel
b) a little baby
Exercícios 5
c) a human being
d) an inspiration
e) the boy
GABARITO
1. C
2. E
SIMPLE PRESENT –
TO BE
2
SIMPLE PRESENT – TO BE
SIMPLE PRESENT
VERB TO BE
O Simple Present é mais usado para falar de coisas que acontecem habitualmente e verdades
absolutas, entretanto, ele possui outros usos que veremos mais adiante.
VERB TO BE
I AM I’M
YOU ARE YOU’RE
HE HE’S
SHE IS SHE’S
IT IT’S
WE ARE WE’RE
YOU ARE YOU’RE
THEY ARE THEY’RE
VERB TO BE = SER / ESTAR

Ex.: I am a doctor. = Eu sou um médico.
Ex.: I am tired. = Eu estou cansado .
Ex.: They are students. = Eles são alunos.
Ex.: They are worried about the test. = Eles estão preocupados com a prova.
VERB TO BE - FORM
1)
Affirmative
Ex.: I am tired.
Negative
Ex.: I am not tired./I’m not tired.
Interrogative
Ex.: Am I tired?
Ex.: Why am I tired?
2)
Affirmative
Ex.: She is beautiful.
Negative
Exercícios 3
Ex.: She isn’t beautiful.

Interrogative
Ex.: Is she beautiful?
3)
Affirmative
Ex.: We are lost.
Negative
Ex.: We aren’t lost.
Interrogative
Ex.: Are we lost?
THERE TO BE
THERE IS / THERE ARE
There To Be = existir
O Verbo ‘There To Be’ não necessita estar necessariamente vinculado à um sujeito.
Ex.: There are many cars on the streets nowadays.
There is é usado no singular.
There are é usado no plural.
Por serem derivados do Verbo To Be, eles seguem o mesmo processo de formação de frases
Negativas e Interrogativas.
EXERCÍCIOS
Computer says no: Irish vet fails oral English test needed to stay in Australia
Louise Kennedy is an Irish veterinarian with degrees in history and politics – both obtained
in English. She is married to an Australian and has been working in Australia as an equine vet on a
skilled worker visa for the past two years. As a native English speaker, she has excellent grammar
and a broad vocabulary, but has been unable to convince a machine she can speak English well
enough to stay in Australia. But she is now scrambling for other visa options after a computer-based
English test – scored by a machine – essentially handed her a fail in terms of convincing immigration
officers she can fluently speak her own language. Earlier this year, Kennedy decided she would seek
permanent residency in Australia. She knew she would have to sit a mandatory English proficiency
test but was shocked when she got the results. […]
4
1. ANO: 2020 BANCA: DECEX ÓRGÃO: ESPCEX CARGO: CONCURSO DE ADMISSÃO À ESCOLA
PREPARATÓRIA DE CADETES DO EXÉRCITO
Which one from the underlined verbs in the text conveys a different verb tense?
a) has
b) handed
c) decided
d) knew
e) got
OXFAM AMERICA
[…] Oxfam America is dedicated to creating lasting solutions to hunger, poverty, and social
injustice through long-term partnerships with poor communities around the world. As a privately
funded organization, we can speak with conviction and integrity as we challenge the structural
barriers that foster conflict and human suffering and limit people from gaining the skills, resources,
and power to become self-sufficient. […]
In the sentences “...barriers that foster conflict and human suffering...” (paragraph 2) and
“...end hunger and foster the attainment of self-sufficiency.” (paragraph 3), the word foster
means:
a) promote.
b) expel.
c) minimize.
d) finish.
e) decrease.
Learn to code, it’s more important than English as a second language Apple CEO Tim Cook says
coding is the best foreign language that a student in any country can learn. The tech executive made
the remarks to French outlet Konbini while in the country for a meeting with French President Emma-
nuel Macron. The tech leader gave some brief thoughts on education: “If I were a French student
and I were 10 years old, I think it would be more important for me to learn coding than English. […]
Of course, it’s in Cook’s best interest to have the world learning how to code. He runs a tech
company that depends on access to a constantly growing pipeline of talent. […]
But, Cook says, the benefits go beyond that. “It’s the language that everyone needs, and not
just for the computer scientists. It’s for all of us”. [...]
Which one from the underlined verbs in the text conveys a verb tense that is different from
the others?
a) says (paragraph 1)
b) made (paragraph 1)
Exercícios 5
c) think (paragraph 2)
d) runs (paragraph 3)
e) needs (paragraph 4)
GABARITO
1. A
2. A
3. B
SIMPLE PRESENT
2
SIMPLE PRESENT
SIMPLE PRESENT
OTHER VERBS
Introdução
O tempo verbal do Simple Present, ao contrário do que se pensa e ao contrário do que possa
parecer, não indica aquilo que está acontecendo agora. É normal que as pessoas pensem assim: “O
presente é o agora. E o agora é aquilo que está acontecendo”. Entretanto, isso não é verdade. Veja
abaixo o conceito correto e como utilizar de maneira correta o Simple Present Tense.
CONCEITO
O Simple Present é mais usado para falar de coisas que acontecem habitualmente, mas pode
indicar outras situações.
OTHER VERBS
Para os outros verbos, excluindo-se o Verbo To Be, seguimos o seguinte padrão:
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I WORK I DON’T WORK DO I WORK
YOU WORK YOU DON’T WORK DO YOU WORK
HE HE HE
SHE WORKS SHE DOESN’T WORK DOES SHE WORK
IT IT IT
WE WORK WE DON’T WORK DO WE WORK
THEY WORK THEY DON’T WORK DO THEY WORK
SIMPLE PRESENT - ESTRUTURA

1)
Affirmative
Ex.: I like to read.
Negative
Ex.: I don’t like to read.
Interrogative
Ex.: Do you like to read? > Why do you like to read?
Note que as chamadas Wh-questions nascem de Yes/No questions, bastando acrescentar um
pronome interrogativo à frente dessas.
2)
Affirmative
Ex.: She likes to read.
Exercícios 3
Negative
Ex.: She doesn’t like to read.
Interrogative
Ex.: Does she like to read?
EXERCÍCIOS
Military operations in megacities
A linguistic perspective
[…] In order to fully understand the context of a megacity, we must understand the role of the
languages used in its communities. How _____(1) language communities interact in megacities?
What tensions ______(2) caused by multiple language communities in urban space? What role
______(3) language play in the power structures (government or otherwise) of megacities? […]
Choose the alternative containing the correct words to respectively complete gaps (1), (2)
and (3) in paragraph 3.
a) is, does, do
b) do, are, do
c) are, is, do
d) are, do, does
e) do, are, does
How diversity makes us smarter
Decades of research by organizational scientists, psychologists, sociologists, economists and
demographers show that socially diverse groups (that is, those with a diversity of race, ethnicity, gen-
der and sexual orientation) are more innovative than homogeneous groups. It means being around
people who are different from us makes us more creative, more diligent and more hardworking.
It seems obvious that a group of people with diverse individual expertise would be better
than a homogeneous group at solving complex, non-routine problems. It is less obvious that social
diversity should work in the same way – yet the science shows that it does. This is not only because
people with different backgrounds bring new information. Simply interacting with individuals who
are different forces group members to prepare better, to anticipate alternative viewpoints and to
expect that reaching consensus will take effort.
Diversity of expertise confers benefits that are obvious – you would not think of building a new
car without engineers, designers and quality-control experts – but what about social diversity? The
same logic applies to social diversity. People who are different from one another in race, gender and
other dimensions bring unique information and experiences to bear on the task at hand. A male
4
and a female engineer might have perspectives as different from one another as an engineer and
a physicist – and that is a good thing.
The fact is that if you want to build teams or organizations capable of innovating, you need
diversity. Diversity enhances creativity. It encourages the search for novel information and perspec-
tives, leading to better decision making and problem solving. Diversity can improve the bottom line
of companies and lead to discoveries and breakthrough innovations. Even simply being exposed to
diversity can change the way you think.
Adapted from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-diversity-makes-us-smarter/
According to the text, choose the correct statement.

a) It takes more than interaction with others to become a better person.
b) Homogeneous groups work as hard as heterogeneous ones.
c) According to science, social diversity works just like diversity of expertise.
d) When it comes to bear on the task at hand, a male is better than a female.
e) Solving complex problems is easier than searching for novel information.
GABARITO
1. E
2. C
SIMPLE PRESENT -
USES
2
SIMPLE PRESENT - USES

SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS
ESTRUTURA - REVIEW
ͫ Como saber se um verbo está no Simple Present no texto da prova? Veja como fica a
conjugação verbal dos verbos no quadro abaixo:
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I WORK I DON’T WORK DO I WORK
YOU WORK YOU DON’T WORK DO YOU WORK
HE HE HE
SHE WORKS SHE DOESN’T WORK DOES SHE WORK
IT IT IT
WE WORK WE DON’T WORK DO WE WORK
THEY WORK THEY DON’T WORK DO THEY WORK
SIMPLE PRESENT – FORM

Affirmative
Ex.: I like to read.
Negative
Ex.: I don’t like to read.
Interrogative
Ex.: Do you like to read? > Why do you like to read?
Affirmative
Ex.: She likes to read.
Negative
Ex.: She doesn’t like to read.
Interrogative
Ex.: Does she like to read?
USOS
a) AÇÕES FREQUENTES – são ações que se repetem, não importando quanto tempo levam
para se repetir.
Ex.: Josh usually travels to the beach at weekends.
Exercícios 3
b) FATOS – ocorrências da realidade que podem ser percebidas por constatação, convenção
ou experimentação.
Ex.: The moon is our natural satellite.
c) FUTURO PROGRAMADO – futuro que não depende da vontade da pessoa. Em Inglês, é
chamado de Scheduled Future.
Ex.: The bus leaves at 10 o’clock.
d) PASSADO – o Simple Present pode ser usado para indicar o passado em narrativas, da
mesma forma como o faz na língua Portuguesa.
Ex.: In 1945 the World War II ends.
EXERCÍCIOS
Military operations in megacities
A linguistic perspective
The challenge of conducting future military operations within megacities (cities with popu-
lations over ten million) lies in understanding the dynamic and multidimensional complexities of
these urban areas. Military operations in megacities, whether combat-oriented or otherwise, will
be similar to those in other urban environments, but will be complicated by factors unique to the
megacity environment. […]
Choose the statement in which the word lies is used with the same meaning as in paragraph 1.
a) He lies in the sun for too long.
b) His skill lies in his ability to communicate.
c) I can tell from her face that she lies.
d) A giant crocodile lies in wait for its prey.
e) This item always lies over for a next meeting.
a) Would it be wrong to eradicate mosquitoes?
The mosquito is the most dangerous animal in the world, carrying diseases that kill one million
people a year. Now the Zika virus, which is carried by mosquitoes, has been linked with thousands
of babies born with brain defects in South America. There are 3,500 known species of mosquitoes,
but only the females from just 6% of species draw blood from humans - to help them develop their
eggs. Of these, just half carry parasites that cause human diseases. More than a million people,
mostly from poorer nations, die each year from mosquito-borne diseases, including Malaria, Den-
gue Fever and Yellow Fever. Some mosquitoes also carry the Zika virus, which was first thought to
cause only mild fever and rashes. However, scientists are now worried that it can damage babies in
the womb. There’s a constant effort to educate people to use nets and other tactics to avoid being
bitten. But would it just be simpler to make an entire species of disease-carrying mosquito extinct?
In Britain, scientists at Oxford University and the biotech firm Oxitec have genetically modified (GM)
4
the males of Aedes aegypti - a mosquito species that carries both the Zika and Dengue viruses. These
GM males carry a gene that stops their offspring from developing properly. This second generation
of mosquitoes then die before they can reproduce and become carriers of disease themselves. So
are there any downsides to removing mosquitoes? Mosquitoes, which mostly feed on plant nec-
tar, are important pollinators. They are also a food source for birds and bats while their young - as
larvae - are consumed by fish and frogs. This could have an effect further ahead in the food chain.
Mosquitoes also have limited the destructive impact of humanity on nature. Mosquitoes make
tropical rainforests, for humans, virtually uninhabitable. Rainforests are home to a large share of
our total plant and animal species, and nothing has done more to delay man-made destruction
over the past 10,000 years than the mosquito.
b) Female mosquitoes from all the species cause the diseases mentioned.
c) People from wealthy countries are the most bitten by mosquitoes.
d) Mosquitoes are also important for food chain balance and pollination.
e) A few species of male mosquitoes were genetically modified.
f) Mosquitoes carry diseases, infect animals and destroy the rainforests.
GABARITO
1. B
2. C
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
2
PRESENT CONTINUOUS��3
PRESENT CONTINUOUS�� 3
INTRODUÇÃO��3
ESTRUTURA / FORM��3
ACRESCENTANDO ‘ING’ AO VERBO.��4
EXERCÍCIOS��4
GABARITO��5
present continuous 3
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
INTRODUÇÃO
O Present Continuous também é chamado de Present Progressive. Este é um tempo verbal
que muitos acham que indica apenas o que “está acontecendo agora”. Mas esse tempo verbal pode
indicar várias outras coisas que farão toda a diferença na hora de você interpretar um texto em
inglês! Vamos dar uma olhada nisso?
Conceito do Present Continuous
Também chamado de Present Progressive, normalmente O Present Continuous é usado para
indicar uma ação que está acontecendo agora (neste momento) e que ainda não acabou. Ele pode,
entretanto, indicar outros tipos de ação como veremos adiante.
ESTRUTURA / FORM
O Present Continuous é formado pelo Verbo To Be no presente, acrescido de outro verbo
na forma do Gerúndio.
Observe a tabela a seguir com a regra de formação do Present Continuous:
Subject To Be - Affirmative / Negative Main Verb + ING

I am / am not reading
You are / are not / aren’t reading
He Is / is not / isn’t reading
She is / is not / isn’t reading
It is / is not / isn’t reading
We are / are not / aren’t reading
They are / are not / aren’t reading
Affirmative
Ex.: My father is working now.
Negative
Ex.: My father isn’t working now.
Interrogative
Ex.: Is my father working now?
Ex.: Why is my father working now?
Affirmative
Ex.: John and Steve are working now.
Negative
Ex.: John and Steve aren’t working now.
Interrogative
4
Ex.: Are John and Steve working now?

Ex.: Why are John and Steve working now?
ACRESCENTANDO ‘ING’ AO VERBO.

ͫ 1) Verbos terminados em “e”, perdem o “e” e acrescenta-se ING:
make = making
drive = driving
write = writing
ͫ 2) Verbos terminados em “ie”, perdem o “ie” e acrescenta-se Y+ING:
tie = tying
die = dying
lie = lying
ͫ 3) Verbos monossílabos ou dissílabos oxítonos, terminados em consoante-vogal-consoante
(C-V-C) – dobra-se a última letra e acrescenta-se ING:
run = running
swim = swimming
begin = beginning
*Cuidado com verbos que terminam em C-V-C mas não possuem a última sílaba tônica. Nesses
casos não dobramos a última letra.
open = opening
visit = visiting
ͫ 4) Verbos terminados em “c” - para mantermos o som de /k/ da letra “C”, devemos
acrescentar a letra K + ING:
picnic = picnicking
panic = panicking
EXERCÍCIOS
I. This migrant crisis is different from all others
2015 was unquestionably the year of the migrant. The news was dominated for months by
pictures of vast crowds shuffling through the borders of yet another European country, being treated
with brutality in some places and given a reluctant welcome in others.
When researching a report for radio and television about the migrant phenomenon, it is
possible to realize that there was nothing new about it. For many years, waves of displaced and
frightened people have broken over Europe again and again and the images have been strikingly
similar each time.
Exercícios 5
In 1945, there were the ethnic Germans, forced out of their homes in Poland, Czechoslovakia
and Russia and obliged to seek shelter in a shattered and divided Germany. More recently, we can
see floods of Albanian refugees escaping from the ethnic cleansing of the Serbian forces in Kosovo
in 1998 and 1999.
Yet there is one major difference between these waves of migrants in the past and the one
we saw in 2015. Professor Alex Betts, director of the Refugee Studies Centre at Oxford University
says that it was the first time Europe faced people coming in from the outside in large numbers
as refugees. He explains: “The fact that many are Muslims is perceived as challenging Europe’s
identity.” European societies are changing very fast, indeed, as a result of immigration. In London,
for instance, more than 300 languages are now spoken, according to a recent academic study. The
influx of migrants reinforces people’s sense that their identity is under threat.
But how can the world deal conclusively with the problem? The former UN under-secretary-
-general for humanitarian affairs, Sir John Holmes, blames global governance. “Other powers are
rising,” he says - Syria is an example of this. “And the United States doesn’t have the influence it
once did, so the problem’s not being fixed, no-one’s waving the big stick and we’re having to pick
up the pieces.” We have endured an entire century of exile and homelessness and the cause is
always the same - conflict and bad government. Unless these are dealt with, the flow of migrants
will never be stopped.
According to the text, read the statements and choose the correct alternative.
II. – There isn’t anything new about the current migrant crisis.
III. – The former migrant phenomena happened in London.
IV. – This migrant phenomenon is interfering in Europe’s society.
V. – Europeans are concerned about learning new languages.
VI. – Syria is becoming powerful and apparently there is no control over it.
VII. – Conflicts and poor governance are the reasons for the migration.
a) I, IV and V are correct.
b) I, IV and VI are correct.
c) III, V and VI are correct.
d) II, III and V are correct.
e) I, II and IV are correct.
GABARITO
1. C
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
2
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
USOS
» Normalmente o Present Continuous é usado para indicar uma ação que está acon-
tecendo agora, neste momento, e que ainda não acabou:
Ex.: The children are swimming.
Há, entretanto, outros usos do Present Continuous que também são bastante comuns na
língua inglesa:
» Usado para uma ação momentânea curta, indicando uma repetição:
Ex.: Why are you looking up and down?
» Usado para indicar Futuro – quando nos referimos a algo que foi planejado (personal
arrangements) ou preparado antecipadamente:
Ex.: What are you doing on Friday evening?
I’m going out with a friend.
Be careful! O Present Continuous não é usado somente para indicar um futuro recente. Ele
pode ser usado para indicar um futuro distante:
Ex.: He’s coming back in ten years.
ATTENTION!
Tudo o que está acontecendo possui ING, mas nem tudo o que possui ING está acontecendo!
1- I don’t like to go to a country without knowing something of the language.
(Eu não gosto de ir a um país sem saber algo da língua).
Quando há um verbo após uma preposição, o verbo é acrescido de ING, mas não indica o
Present Continuous.
2 – Smoking is bad for you.
(Fumar faz mal a você.)
Aqui, smoking é um substantivo que dá o nome ao hábito de fumar. Portanto o ING passa a
ser um elemento substantivador.
3 – I like dancing.
(Eu gosto de dançar.)
Alguns verbos podem ser seguidos de gerúndio ou infinitivo. Nesse caso, I like dancing tem o
mesmo significado de I like to dance.
Outros verbos permitem isso, mas podem transmitir ideias diferentes. Por exemplo o verbo
Stop.
Ex.: Stop eating = pare de comer.
Stop to eat = pare para comer.
Exercícios 3
4 – It is a boring movie.
(É um filme chato.)
A partícula ING é muito usada para criar adjetivos.
Ex.: interest – interesting.
EXERCÍCIOS
PREPARATÓRIA DE CADETES DO EXÉRCITO (ADAPTADA)
A handwritten note from September 11
In moments of crisis, our first thoughts are usually to get in contact with the people we love.
September 11, 2001 was a day when many people wanted to know that their loved ones were safe.
At 9:37 a.m., the Pentagon was attacked by terrorists who crashed an airplane into the western
side of the building.
Many people tried using the mobile phones that existed then, but few were successful. Franklin
and Daria Gaillard (Frank and Chip) were both members of the Air Force and worked at the Penta-
gon. They worked in different parts of the building and had a previous agreement that they would
meet at their car in the parking lot if there were any emergency.
Daria was the first to arrive at the car and wrote a note to Franklin saying “Frank - Sweetie I am
okay. I’m w/ my office over by the Lyndon B. Johnson Memorial Sign. I’ll stay there till you come. Love
lots & lots, Chip.” Frank found the note and was able to locate his wife in the aftermath of the attack.
What makes this story so interesting is the handwritten note. Today, in our digital culture, we
have a variety of ways to let people know that we are safe. Text messages, voicemail, and different
forms of social media can be used to get the information out to loved ones. In 2001, when these
attacks hppened, the cellular network was still growing and was not as robust as it is today. This
letter is just one of the many objects that The National Museum of American History has collected
since 2001. To learn more, visit our online exhibition September 11th: Bearing Witness to History.
a) Frank and Chip found a note on the western side of the building.
b) Frank and Chip wrote a note together before the attack.
c) Frank and Chip had a meeting at the Air Force HQ.
d) Frank and Chip relied on pen and paper to communicate.
e) Frank and Chip located each other using social media.
GABARITO
1. D
SIMPLE PAST
2
SIMPLE PAST
SIMPLE PAST
CONCEITO
O Simple Past é um tempo verbal usado para indicar ações completas no passado.
* O Simple Past não possui relação com o presente.
Assim como no Simple Present, no Simple Past também estudamos o verbo To Be separada-
mente dos Outros Verbos.
Em inglês temos dois tipos básicos de verbos:
O verbo To Be
Os outros verbos.
VERB TO BE
Present Past
I AM WAS
YOU ARE WERE
HE IS WAS
SHE IS WAS
IT IS WAS
WE ARE WERE
VERB TO
YOU BE – SER /ESTAR
ARE WERE
THEY ARE WERE
Ex.: I was sick last night. (Eu estava doente noite passada.)
Ex.: I was short when I was a kid. (Eu era baixo quando era criança.)
Ex.: They were tired after the game. (Eles estavam cansados depois do jogo.)
Ex.: They were friends in the past. (Eles eram amigos no passado.)
FORM
Affirmative
Ex.: She was happy.
Negative
Ex.: She wasn’t happy.
Interrogative
Ex.: Was she happy?
Exercícios 3
Ex.: Why was she happy?

Affirmative
Ex.: They were happy.
Negative
Ex.: They weren’t happy.
Interrogative
Ex.: Were they happy?
Ex.: Why were they happy?
THERE TO BE = HAVER / EXISTIR

ͫ there is
ͫ there are
O Verbo ‘There To Be’ não necessita estar necessariamente vinculado a um sujeito.
Ex.: There were many problems to solve.
HAVE = TER
O verbo ‘Have’ necessita estar vinculado a um sujeito para que faça sentido.
Ex.: The students had a lot to study for the test.
EXERCÍCIOS
Japan WW2 Soldier Who Refused to Surrender Dies
A Japanese soldier who refused to surrender after World War Two ended and spent 29 years
in the jungle has died aged 91 in Tokyo. Hiroo Onoda remained in the jungle on Lubang Island near
Luzon, in the Philippines, until 1974 because he did not believe that the war had ended. He was
finally persuaded to emerge after his ageing former commanding officer was flown in to see him.
Onoda was greeted as a hero on his return to Japan. The young soldier had orders not to surrender
- a command he obeyed for nearly three decades. “I became an officer, and I received an order. If
I could not carry it out, I would feel shame. I am very competitive”, he said. Three other soldiers
were with him at the end of the war. One emerged from the jungle in 1950 and the other two died.
Mr. Onoda ignored several attempts to get him to surrender. He later said that he dismissed search
parties sent to him, and leaflets dropped by Japan, because there was always something suspicious,
so he never believed that the war had really ended. Though Onoda had been officially declared
dead in December 1959, search parties were sent out in 1972, when the last person from his group
was killed by local police, but they did not find him. Onoda was now alone. On February 20, 1974,
a Japanese man, Norio Suzuki, found Onoda after four days of searching. They became friends,
but Onoda still refused to surrender, saying that he was waiting for orders from a superior officer.
Suzuki returned to Japan with photographs of himself and Onoda as proof of their encounter, and
the Japanese government located Onoda’s commanding officer, Major Yoshimi Taniguchi. He flew
4
to Lubang where on March 9, 1974, he finally met with Onoda and rescinded his original orders in
person. The Philippine government granted him a pardon, although many in Lubang never forgave
him for killing 30 people during his campaign on the island. The news media reported on this and
other misgivings, but at the same time welcomed his return home.
According to the text, read the statements and choose the correct alternative.
I. Hiroo Onoda was in the jungle for 29 years.
II. Hiroo Onoda was abandoned in the jungle by his country after the war ended.
III. Hiroo Onoda tried to go back home many times.
IV. Hiroo Onoda had another soldier with him until 1972.
V. Hiroo Onoda was admired by people in Lubang.
a) III and V are correct.
b) I and II are correct.
c) I and IV are correct.
d) I and III are correct.
e) All of them are correct.
GABARITO
1. C
SIMPLE PAST
2
SIMPLE PAST
SIMPLE PAST
CONCEITO
Assim como no Simple Present, no Simple Past também estudamos o verbo To Be.
Além do verbo To Be, há dois tipos de verbos no Simple Past. Os Verbos Regulares e os Verbos
Irregulares.
ͫ REGULAR VERBS – São acrescidos de “ED” ao final do verbo para formar o passado.
Ex.:
Work – worked
Watch – watched
ͫ IRREGULAR VERBS - Não são acrescidos de “ED” para formar o passado.
Ex.:
Go – went
Cut – cut
SIMPLE PAST- FORM

Para fazermos frases negativas e interrogativas no Simple Past tense, usamos o verbo auxiliar
no passado “DID”.
1)
Affirmative
Ex.: I worked a lot yesterday.
Negative
Ex.: I didn’t work a lot yesterday.
Interrogative
Ex.: Did you work a lot yesterday?
2)
Affirmative
Ex.: She went out last night.
Negative
Ex.: She didn’t go out last night.
Interrogative
Ex.: Did she go out last night?
Exercícios 3
EXERCÍCIOS
Japan WW2 Soldier Who Refused to Surrender Dies
A Japanese soldier who refused to surrender after World War Two ended and spent 29 years
in the jungle has died aged 91 in Tokyo. Hiroo Onoda remained in the jungle on Lubang Island near
Luzon, in the Philippines, until 1974 because he did not believe that the war had ended. He was
finally persuaded to emerge after his ageing former commanding officer was flown in to see him.
Onoda was greeted as a hero on his return to Japan.
The young soldier had orders not to surrender - a command he obeyed for nearly three deca-
des. “I became an officer and I received an order. If I could not carry it out, I would feel shame. I am
very competitive”, he said. Three other soldiers were with him at the end of the war. One emerged
from the jungle in 1950 and the other two died.
Mr. Onoda ignored several attempts to get him to surrender. He later said that he dismissed
search parties sent to him, and leaflets dropped by Japan, because there was always something
suspicious, so he never believed that the war had really ended. Though Onoda had been officially
declared dead in December 1959, search parties were sent out in 1972, when the last person from
his group was killed by local police, but they did not find him. Onoda was now alone.
On February 20, 1974, a Japanese man, Norio Suzuki, found Onoda after four days of sear-
ching. They became friends, but Onoda still refused to surrender, saying that he was waiting for
orders from a superior officer. Suzuki returned to Japan with photographs of himself and Onoda
as proof of their encounter, and the Japanese government located Onoda’s commanding officer,
Major Yoshimi Taniguchi. He flew to Lubang where on March 9, 1974, he finally met with Onoda
and rescinded his original orders in person.
The Philippine government granted him a pardon, although many in Lubang never forgave
him for killing 30 people during his campaign on the island. The news media reported on this and
other misgivings, but at the same time welcomed his return home.
1. According to the text, read the statements and choose the correct alternative.
I. Hiroo Onoda was in the jungle for 29 years.
II. Hiroo Onoda was abandoned in the jungle by his country after the war ended.
III. Hiroo Onoda tried to go back home many times.
IV. Hiroo Onoda had another soldier with him until 1972.
V. Hiroo Onoda was admired by people in Lubang.
a) III and V are correct.
b) I and II are correct.
c) I and IV are correct.
d) I and III are correct
e) All of them are correct.
GABARITO
1. C
SIMPLE PAST
2
SIMPLE PAST
CONCEITO
Assim como no Simple Present, no Simple Past também estudamos o verbo To Be
Além do verbo To Be, há dois tipos de verbos no Simple Past. Os Verbos Regulares e os Verbos
Irregulares.
ͫ REGULAR VERBS – São acrescidos de “ED” ao final do verbo para formar o passado.
Ex.:
Work – worked
Watch – watched
ͫ IRREGULAR VERBS - Não são acrescidos de “ED” para formar o passado.
Ex.:
Go – went
Cut – cut
SIMPLE PAST- FORM

Para fazermos frases negativas e interrogativas no Simple Past tense, usamos o verbo auxiliar
no passado “DID”.
1)
Affirmative
Ex.: I worked a lot yesterday.
Negative
Ex.: I didn’t work a lot yesterday.
Interrogative
Ex.: Did you work a lot yesterday?
2)
Affirmative
Ex.: She went out last night.
Negative
Ex.: She didn’t go out last night.
Interrogative
Ex.: Did she go out last night?
USOS
3
O uso do Simple Past se confunde com seu conceito, ou seja, é usado para indicar ações
completas no passado.
Isso quer dizer que o Simple Past se refere a ações que começaram e terminaram no passado.
É importante ressaltar que o Simple Past sempre se refere a momentos completos no passado.
Em outras palavras, isso significa que só podemos usar o Simple Past quando nos referimos a um
momento do passado que acabou e que não possui relação com o Presente. Devemos usar somente
advérbios de tempo que indiquem um momento terminado no passado.
Ex.:
» Yesterday (ontem)
» Last week (semana passada)
» Last month (mês passado)
» Last year (ano passado)
» A week ago (uma semana atrás)
» A month ago (um mês atrás)
Etc.
A palavra ‘ago’ (atrás) sempre se refere a um período de tempo acabado.
USED TO
Usamos used to + verbo no infinitive para falarmos sobre uma situação passada que não
é mais verdade hoje (que não é mais válida). O used to é usado para descrever algo repetido no
passado e que agora mudou. Equivale a dizer “constumava”, em Português.
Ex.:
Did you use to play soccer as a child?
He used to be an athlete when he was a teenager.
I didn’t use to read much, but as I grew older, I started doing it on a daily basis.
ATTENTION!
BE USED TO AND GET USED TO
Be used to significa “estar familiarizado com’ ou ‘estar acostumado a’.
They are used to getting up early. It’s doesn’t bother them.
(Eles estão acostumados a acordar cedo. Isso não os incomoda.)
I wasn’t used to working out so my arms are pretty sore now.
(Eu não estava acostumada a malhar, então meus braços estão bem doloridos agora.)
I’m a doctor so I’m used to seeing blood.
(Sou médico, estou acostumado a ver sangue.)
Usamos get used to para falar sobre um processo de se tornar familiarizado com algo.
I’m sure I’ll get used to waking up early as soon as classes begin.
4
(Tenho certeza que vou me acostumar a acordar cedo assim que as aulas começarem.)
It took her a long time to get used to her new diet.
(Demorou muito para se acostumar com a nova dieta.)
The neighborhood is very noisy but I’m getting used to the noise after all this time living here.
(O bairro é muito barulhento, mas estou me acostumando com o barulho depois de tanto
tempo morando aqui.)
Tanto o ‘be used to’ como o ‘get used to’ podem ser seguidos de um substantivo, um pronome
ou um verbo com ING, e podem ser usados para indicar o presente, passado ou future.
EXERCÍCIOS
(Título omitido propositadamente)
German explosives experts defused a massive Second World War bomb in the financial capital
of Frankfurt on Sunday after tens of thousands of people evacuated their homes. About 60,000
people were ordered to leave in what was Germany’s biggest evacuation since the war, with more
than 1,000 emergency service workers helping to clear the area around the bomb, which was
discovered on a building site last week. Police set up cordons around the evacuation area, which
covered a radius of just under a mile (1.5km), as residents dragged suitcases with them and many
families left by bicycle. The fire service said the evacuation of two hospitals, including premature
babies and patients in intensive care, had been completed and they were helping about 500 elderly
people to leave residences and care homes. More than 2,000 tonnes of live bombs and munitions
are found each year in Germany, even under buildings. In July, a kindergarten was evacuated after
teachers discovered an unexploded Second World War bomb on a shelf among some toys. British
and American warplanes pummelled Germany with 1.5 million tonnes of bombs that killed 600,000
people. Officials estimate that 15% of the bombs failed to explode. Frankfurt police said they rang
every doorbell and used helicopters with heat-sensing cameras to make sure nobody was left behind
before they began defusing the bomb on Sunday.
According to the text, choose the alternative that correctly substitutes “was left behind” in the
sentence “ ...to make sure nobody was left behind before they began...” (paragraph 5).
a) remained in the evacuation area.
b) exploded in the evacuation area.
c) destroyed buildings in the evacuation area.
d) discovered bombs in the evacuation area.
e) entered kindergarten in the evacuation area.
Exercícios 5
Gabarito
1. A
PAST CONTINUOUS
2
PAST CONTINUOUS
CONCEITO
O Past Continuous é usado para nos referirmos a algo que estava acontecendo em torno de um
momento específico no passado ou que estava acontecendo o tempo todo num período no passado.
PAST CONTINUOUS – FORM

O Past Continuous é formado pelo Verbo To Be no passado acrescido de outro verbo na forma
do Gerúndio.
Ex.: I was studying when you called me last night.
Affirmative
Ex.: John was studying.
Negative
Ex.: John wasn’t studying.
Interrogative
Ex.: Was John studying?
Ex.: What was John studying?
ͫ USOS
a) O Past Continuous é usado juntamente com o Simple Past quando dizemos que algo acon-
teceu enquanto outra ação estava em andamento.
Ex.: I was taking a shower when Jane called me.
Jane called me while I was taking a shower.
While I was taking a shower, Jane called me.
b) O Past Continuous pode ainda ser usado para indicar duas ações que estavam acontecendo
simultaneamente.
Ex.: Bob was studying while Jane was cooking.
CUIDADO! CAREFUL!
Tudo o que estava acontecendo possui ING, mas nem tudo o que possui ING estava acontecendo!
ͫ COMPARE:
1 Smoking is bad for you.
(Fumar faz mal a você.)
2 – I like dancing but I don’t like to dance.
(Eu gosto de dança mas eu não gosto de dançar.)
3 – I am interested in learning French.
(Eu estou interessado em aprender francês.)
4 – It is an interesting movie.
Exercícios 3
(É um filme interessante.)
EXERCÍCIOS
1. Ano: 2021 Banca: DECEX Órgão: EsPCEX Cargo: Concurso de Admissão à Escola Preparatória
de Cadetes do Exército (Adaptada)
[…] In July last year, a woman who was flying for the first time mistook the emergency door
for a lavatory door before her plane took off in Nanjing. The emergency slide was released and the
flight was delayed for two hours. The woman was detained for 10 days. Some passengers have paid
a heavy price for releasing the emergency slide, which may take days and considerable expense to
repair and reinstall.
In January, 2015, a man who opened an emergency door after a plane landed in Chongqing
had to pay 35,000 yuan (150,000 baht) in compensation to the airline.
In June, a man from Hubei who was returning to China from Bangkok on a Thai Lion Air Flight
opened an emergency exit before take-off. After apologising repeatedly, according to witnesses,
he was held by Thai authorities for one day and given a fine of 500 baht before being deported.
The verbs in the sentence “…a man from Hubei who was returning to China from Bangkok on
a Thai Lion Air Flight opened an emergency exit before take-off.” are in
a) the Simple past and the Present Perfect Tense respectively.
b) the Past Continuous and the Simple Past tense respectively.
c) the Present Continuous and the Simple Past respectively.
d) the Passive Voice and the Active Voice respectively.
e) the The Present Continuous and the Past Continuous respectively.
GABARITO
1. B
DEFINITE ARTICLE
2
DEFINITE ARTICLE
DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES/ARTIGO DEFINIDO E AR-
TIGOS INDEFINIDOS
THE DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES
Embora muitos acreditem que é fácil usar corretamente os artigos na língua inglesa, isso não
é verdade. Felizmente, a maioria dos erros envolvendo os artigos não interfere muito no aspecto
comunicativo da língua inglesa. Entretanto, é bom que saibamos usá-los corretamente sempre que
possível.
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

O artigo definido THE é usado para particularizar o substantivo, ou seja, significa que sabemos
de qual substantivo se trata. “THE” significa: o/ a/os/as. Portanto, podemos usá-lo no singular e
no plural.
Para o uso correto do pronome definido THE, é necessário que se observe o contexto daquilo
que se diz, ou daquilo que se lê.
Observe alguns casos específicos para o uso do artigo definido THE:
1) Quando falamos de algo que é único na espécie:
Ex.: I haven’t seen the sun for days. (Não tenho visto o sol há dias.)
I love to stare at the moon. (Eu adoro ficar olhando para a lua.)
Have you ever heard of the 100 Year’s War? (Você já ouviu falar da Guerra dos 100 anos?)
Outros exemplos: the world / the Earth / the planets / the Chinese / the Simpsons.
O mundo / a Terra / os planetas / os chineses / os Simpsons.
2) Ambiente Físico – usamos o artigo definido THE quando falamos de nosso meio ambiente,
clima, enfim, do mundo a nossa volta. Isso porque o uso do THE sugere que todos estão familia-
rizados com o que estamos falando.
Ex.: There’s so much about the sea that we still don’t know.
(Há tanto sobre o mar que ainda não sabemos.)
If you could, what would you like to know about the future?
(Se você pudesse, o que você gostaria de saber sobre o futuro?)
ͫ Cuidado! Não usamos artigo definido com as palavras nature, space ou society quando
estas possuem uma ideia generalizada. Compare:
Ex.: 1- “It’s best to let nature take its course.” (É melhor deixar a natureza seguir seu
curso.)
2- Chemists study the nature of gases. (Os químicos estudam a natureza dos gases)
No primeiro, exemplo temos uma ideia generalizada da natureza, enquanto, no segundo,
falamos dos gases especificamente.
3) Normalmente, não usamos com nomes próprios (com exceção de casos muito específicos)
Exercícios 3
Ex.: John lives in London. (Not: The John lives in the London.)
ͫ Cuidado com nomes de países! Normalmente também não se usa o artigo definido
THE com nomes de países, porém há algumas exceções.
Ex.: China is the most populous country in the world.
Exceções:
The United States / The Philippines / The Netherlands
4) Não usamos THE antes de pronomes possessivos.
Ex.: This is my brother. (Not: This is the my brother)
5) Musical Instruments vs. Sports + “play”.
Compare:
Ex.: He plays the violin very well.
They play soccer every Friday.
Só se usa THE após o verbo “play” quando se trata de um instrumento musical.
EXERCÍCIOS
Prison without guards or weapons in Brazil
Tatiane Correia de Lima is a 26-year-old mother of two who is serving a 12-year sentence in
Brazil. The South American country has the world’s fourth largest prison population and its jails
regularly come under the spotlight for their poor conditions, with chronic overcrowding and gang
violence provoking deadly riots.
Lima had just been moved from a prison in the mainstream penitential system to a facility run
by the Association for the Protection and Assistance to Convicts (APAC) in the town of Itaúna, in
Minas Gerais state. Unlike in the mainstream system, “which steals your femininity”, as Lima puts
it, at the APAC jail she is allowed to wear her own clothes and have a mirror, make-up and hair dye.
But the difference between the regimes is far more than skin-deep.
The APAC system has been gaining growing recognition as a safer, cheaper and more humane
answer to the country’s prison crisis. All APAC prisoners must have passed through the mainstream
system and must show remorse and be willing to follow the strict regime of work and study which
is part of the system’s philosophy. There are no guards or weapons and visitors are greeted by an
inmate who unlocks the main door to the small women’s jail. […]
In the sentence, “All APAC prisoners must have passed through the mainstream system…”,
the article ‘the’ is used to:
4
a) indicate any penitential system.

b) indicate more than one penitential system.
c) indicate a specific kind of penitential system.
d) indicate something that hasn’t been mentioned in the text before.
e) indicate repetition in the text.
GABARITO
1. C
INDEFINITE
ARTICLES
2
INDEFINITE ARTICLES
DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES/ARTIGO DEFINIDO E AR-
TIGOS INDEFINIDOS
THE DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES
Embora muitos acreditem que é fácil usar corretamente os artigos na língua inglesa, isso não
é verdade. Felizmente, a maioria dos erros envolvendo os artigos não interfere muito no aspecto
comunicativo da língua inglesa. Entretanto, é bom que saibamos usá-los corretamente sempre que
possível.
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE

Os artigos indefinidos são “a” e “an”. Ambos significam “um” ou “uma”. Logo, só poderão ser
usados no singular, com substantivos contáveis. No caso de termos substantivos chamados incon-
táveis, usaremos some quando quisermos dar a idéia de plural. Para usarmos os artigos indefinidos
de maneira correta, basta prestarmos atenção à pronúncia das palavras para diferenciarmos o uso
do “a” do uso do “an”. Para que possamos saber se uma palavra começa com um som vocálico ou
consonantal, é necessário que recorramos à fonética da língua inglesa.
1) a = usado sempre antes de palavras que começam por um som consonantal, ou seja, a
palavra deve começar com um som de consoante, mesmo que seja uma vogal.
Ex.: Everybody dreams about having a house.
/ə hаυs/
I’m saving up money to buy a motorbike.
/ə ‘məυtəbаɪk/
Outros exemplos:
» a book;
» a ewe;
» a European man;
» a uniform;
» a one-pound coin;
» a year.
Portanto, cuide com palavras como yacht, woman, university e yard que seguem o mesmo
raciocínio acima. Elas começam respectivamente pelos sons /j/;/w/;/jυ/;/j/.
*Perceba que o fato de a palavra começar por uma vogal não significa que não possamos usar
o artigo indefinido “a”. O que realmente determina o uso de “a” é o som que começa a palavra em
questão.
Exercícios 3
EXERCÍCIOS
Many graduates earn ‘paltry returns’ for their degree.
[…] “We are creating _______ (1) higher education system that overwhelmingly favours acade-
mic degrees, while intermediate and higher technical offerings are comparatively tiny. The labour
market does not need _______ (2) ever-growing supply of academic degrees. Between a fifth and
a third of our graduates take non-graduate jobs. The extra return for having _______ (3) degree
varies wildly according to subject and institution. For many, the returns are paltry.” [...]
Choose the alternative containing the correct words to respectively complete gaps (1), (2)
and (3).
a) a – an – an
b) a – an – a
c) an – an – a
d) an – a – a
e) a–a–a
GABARITO
1. B
ADJECTIVES
2
ADJECTIVES
Os adjetivos são palavras que têm a função de transformar os substantivos. Eles não possuem
plural e não possuem formas para masculino e feminino, ou seja, não variam quanto ao número
e gênero.
Os adjetivos descrevem cor, qualidade, tamanho (ex: good; bad; big; small; blue; yellow...)
ou podem ser aqueles que estabelecem restrições à quantidade, posse, distância etc. (ex: my car,
few students, distant place etc....)
ͫ Alguns adjetivos terminam em ED, portanto devemos cuidar com o contexto para que
não confundamos com os verbos regulares, que são aqueles que levam ED para formar
o passado.
ͫ Já outros terminam em ING, exigindo o mesmo cuidado para que não sejam confundidos
com formas do gerúndio.
Alguns adjetivos que levam ED:
aged idoso(a) ragged maltrapilho/áspero

beloved amado sacred sagrado
blessed abençoado wicked perverso/maligno
crooked torto wretched desprezível
cursed amaldiçoado(a) one/three/four-legged de uma/três/quarto
naked pelado/nu pernas
ADJETIVOS QUE LEVAM ING:

Compare:
This movie is boring. (Esse filme é chato.)
I’m bored with this movie. (Eu fico entediado com esse filme.)
No primeiro caso, o adjetivo se refere a uma mera característica do substantivo. No segundo
caso, o adjetivo expressa um sentimento de uma pessoa em relação a algo. Sempre que isso acon-
tecer, devemos usar o adjetivo terminado em ING.
ORDEM DOS ADJETIVOS

Existem muitas regras para determinar a ordem dos adjetivos e muitos gramáticos discordam
quanto ao seu uso. Veja algumas das regras mais importantes para sabermos a ordem dos adjetivos
numa frase:
ͫ 1) Regra Geral
Normalmente os adjetivos seguem a seguinte ordem:
Colour Origin Material Purpose Noun

cor origem material propósito substantivo
a blue Italian glass flower vase
a brown German pottery beer mug
Adjectives 3
ͫ 2) Adjetivos de tamanho, comprimento, altura ou idade geralmente são usados antes

dos adjetivos de cor, origem, material e propósito:
a square wooden table. (not: wooden square table)
(Uma mesa de madeira quadrada,)
a tall modern glass building.
(Um prédio de vidro alto e moderno.)
ͫ 3) Adjetivos de julgamento e atitude geralmente são usados antes de todos os outros.
A silly tall guy. (Um cara alto e tolo.)
A lovely young man. (Um jovem adorável.)
ͫ 4) Números
Também são usados antes dos demais adjetivos:
Six comfortable chairs. (Seis cadeiras confortáveis.)
The four first days. (Os quatro primeiros dias.)
ͫ 5) Vírgulas
Usamos vírgulas quando temos uma sequência longa de adjetivos, especialmente em descri-
ções físicas, para adjetivos que dão o mesmo tipo de informação.
Ex.: A lovely, long, cool, refreshing cocktail.
* Vírgulas podem ser eliminadas antes de adjetivos comuns curtos:
Ex.: a short(,) dark(,) handsome cowboy.
ͫ 6) Verb To Be and Copular Verbs
Os adjetivos vêm depois do verbo To Be e dos chamados Copular Verbs (look, feel, smell, taste,
become, remain, stay, appear, seem and sound).
Exemplos: The weather is nice today. (O tempo está bom hoje.)
I’m thirsty. (Eu estou com sede.)
The film was interesting. (O filme foi interessante.)
He’s been tired. (Ele tem estado cansado.)
This meat smells good. (Essa carne cheira bem.)
That food tastes awful. (Aquela comida está com gosto horrível.)
She looks beautiful. (Ela está bonita.)
4
EXERCÍCIOS
Computer says no: Irish vet fails oral English test needed to stay in Australia
Louise Kennedy is an Irish veterinarian with degrees in history and politics – both obtained
in English. She is married to an Australian and has been working in Australia as an equine vet on a
skilled worker visa for the past two years. As a native English speaker, she has excellent grammar
and a broad vocabulary, but has been unable to convince a machine she can speak English well
enough to stay in Australia.
But she is now scrambling for other visa options after a computer-based English test – scored
by a machine – essentially handed her a fail in terms of convincing immigration officers she can
fluently speak her own language.
Earlier this year, Kennedy decided she would seek permanent residency in Australia. She knew
she would have to sit a mandatory English proficiency test but was shocked when she got the
results. […]
Choose the alternative that has the same meaning as the word mandatory in the sentence
“She knew she would have to sit a mandatory English proficiency test...” (paragraph 3).
a) difficult
b) reasonable
c) compulsory
d) useful
e) comprehensive
GABARITO
1. C
DEGREES OF
ADJECTIVES
2
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES/GRAU DOS ADJETIVOS
Normalmente, aprendemos algumas coisas básicas sobre os adjetivos em inglês: Eles são
usados antes do substantivo ao qual se referem e depois do verbo To Be. Sabe-se também que eles
não sofrem variações quanto ao número e gênero.
Entretanto, é possível trabalharmos os graus dos adjetivos. Em inglês os adjetivos podem variar
em 2 graus: comparativo e superlativo.
COMPARATIVE DEGREE:
a) equality;
b) superiority;
c) inferiority.
ͫ a) Comparative of Equality
as + adjective + as
Affirmative
Ex.: Jennifer Lopez is as beautiful as Angelina Jolie.
Negative
Ex.: Jennifer Lopez isn’t as beautiful as Angelina Jolie.
Jennifer Lopez isn’t so beautiful as Angelina Jolie.
ͫ b) Comparative of Inferiority
less + adjective + (than)
Ex.: The interviewee was less articulate than the reporter.
ͫ c) Comparative of Superiority
ADJEVTIVOS CURTOS - adjective + ER (than)
ADJETIVOS LONGOS - more + adjective (than)
Ex.: Tim is taller than his brother.
Women are more emotional than men
Adjective Comparative (ER)

TALL taller (than)
BIG bigger (than)
EASY easier (than)
COY coyer (than)
DIFFICULT more difficult (than)
good better
bad worse
far farther/further
Exercícios 3
EXERCÍCIOS
Decades of research by organizational scientists, psychologists, sociologists, economists and
demographers show that socially diverse groups (that is, those with a diversity of race, ethnicity,
gender and sexual orientation) are more innovative than homogeneous groups. It means being
around people who are different from us makes us more creative, more diligent and more hard-
working. It seems obvious that a group of people with diverse individual expertise would be better
are different forces group members to prepare better, to anticipate alternative viewpoints and
to expect that reaching consensus will take effort. Diversity of expertise confers benefits that are
obvious – you would not think of building a new car without engineers, designers and quality-control
experts – but what about social diversity? The same logic applies to social diversity. People who
are different from one another in race, gender and other dimensions bring unique information
and experiences to bear on the task at hand. A male and a female engineer might have perspec-
tives as different from one another as an engineer and a physicist – and that is a good thing. The
fact is that if you want to build teams or organizations capable of innovating, you need diversity.
Diversity enhances creativity. It encourages the search for novel information and perspectives,
leading to better decision making and problem solving. Diversity can improve the bottom line of
companies and lead to discoveries and breakthrough innovations. Even simply being exposed to
diversity can change the way you think. Adapted from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/
how-diversity-makes-us-smarter
a) It takes more than interaction with others to become a better person.
b) Homogeneous groups work as hard as heterogeneous ones.
c) According to science, social diversity works just like diversity of expertise.
d) When it comes to bear on the task at hand, a male is better than a female.
e) Solving complex problems is easier than searching for novel information
GABARITO
1. C
DEGREES OF
ADJECTIVES
2
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES / GRAU DOS ADJETIVOS
Normalmente aprendemos algumas coisas básicas sobre os adjetivos em inglês: eles são usados
antes do substantivo ao qual se referem e depois do verbo To Be. Sabe-se também que eles não
sofrem variações quanto ao número e gênero.
Entretanto, é possível trabalharmos os graus dos adjetivos. Em inglês os adjetivos podem variar
em 2 graus: Comparativo e Superlativo.
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE:
Inferiority
Superiority
ͫ a) Superlative of Inferiority
the least + adjective
Ex.: Susan was the least worried student in class.
ͫ b) Superlative of Superiority
ADJEVTIVOS CURTOS - adjective + EST
ADJETIVOS LONGOS - the most + adjective
Ex.: Steve is the tallest boy in his class.
Studying is one of the most important things to do in life.
Adjective Comparative (ER) Superlative (EST)

TALL taller (than) the tallest
BIG bigger (than) the biggest
EASY easier (than) the easiest
COY coyer (than) the coyest
DIFFICULT more difficult (than) the most difficult
Irregular Comparative and Superlative forms
good better the best
bad worse the worst
far farther / further the farthest / furthest
EXERCÍCIOS
Native English speakers are the world’s worst communicators
Exercícios 3
It was just one word in one email, but it caused huge financial losses for a multinational com-
pany. The message, written in English, was sent by a native speaker to a colleague for whom English
was a second language. Unsure of the word, the recipient found two contradictory meanings in his
dictionary. He acted on the wrong one.
Months later, senior management investigated why the project had failed, costing hundreds
of thousands of dollars. “It all traced back to this one word,” says Chia Suan Chong, a UK-based
communications skills and intercultural trainer, who didn’t reveal the tricky word because it is highly
industry-specific and possibly identifiable. “Things spiralled out of control because both parties
were thinking the opposite.” […]
The word ‘worst’, in the title of the text:
a) is in the comparative form.
b) is in the comparative of inferiority.
c) is the superlative of superiority form of bad.
d) is not an adjective.
e) is an adverb.
GABARITO
1. C
CONJUNCTIONS
2
CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCTIONS/LINKING WORDS
Conjunções são palavras que unem orações em frases. Além de formar frases, as conjunções
também nos mostram como os significados de tais orações estão relacionados, dão sentido e coe-
rência ao texto deixando-o mais bem articulado.
ͫ As conjunções podem ser Coordenativas ou Subordinativas.
CONJUNÇÕES COORDENATIVAS
São aquelas que unem duas orações que são gramaticalmente independentes uma da outra.
(and; or; but etc.)
Ex.: I like music. I don’t play any musical instrument.
I like music but I don’t play any musical instrument.
CONJUNÇÕES SUBORDINATIVAS
São aquelas que servem para unir uma oração que é parte de outra, ou seja, uma oração que
depende da outra. (because; although; when etc.)
Ex.: I don’t smoke. It is bad for my health.
I don’t smoke because it is bad for my health.
TIPOS DE CONJUNÇÕES
ͫ ADITIVAS
and e
not only … but also … não só ... mas também ...
not only … but … as well não só ... mas ... também
both … and … ambos ... e ...
no sooner … than não antes de
ͫ ALTERNATIVAS OU DISJUNTIVAS
or ou
either … or … ou ... ou ...
neither … nor … nem ... nem ...
whether … or … seja ... ou ...
otherwise de outra forma
ͫ CONDICIONAIS
if se
whether se
unless a menos que
CONJUNCTIONS 3
provided contanto que

as long as contanto que
in case no caso de
in case of no caso de
ͫ CONCESSIVAS
albeit embora
although embora
though embora
even though mesmo que
even if mesmo se
despite apesar
in spite of apesar de
not even if nem mesmo se
regardless of independentemente de
ͫ CONCLUSIVAS
therefore portanto
hence portanto
thus assim
so então
consequently consequentemente
ͫ CONTINUATIVAS
then então
moreover além disso
furthermore além do mais
besides além disso
in addition to além de
ͫ ADVERSATIVAS
but mas
however no entanto
nonetheless não obstante
yet ainda assim
still ainda
on the other hand por outro lado
instead em vez de
instead of em vez de
on the contrary pelo contrário
4
ͫ CAUSAIS
because porque
for porque
because of por causa de
as a result of como resultado de
due to devido a
owing to devido a
since desde
as como
ͫ COMPARATIVAS
as tão
as … as … tão ... tão ...
not as … as … não tão ... tão ...
not so … as … não tão ... quanto ...
just as … so … tão ... quanto ...
as if como se
as though como se
ͫ FUNCIONAIS
so assim
so that de modo que
so as to de modo a
so as not to de modo a não
in order to a fim de
EXERCÍCIOS
[…] It seems obvious that a group of people with diverse individual expertise would be better
are different forces group members to prepare better, to anticipate alternative viewpoints and to
expect that reaching consensus will take effort. […]
Choose the alternative that correctly substitutes the word yet in the sentence “It is less obvious
that social diversity should work in the same way – yet the science shows that it does.” (paragraph 2).
a) “however”.
b) “for”.
Exercícios 5
c) “such as”.
d) “thus”.
e) “because”.
Would it be wrong to eradicate mosquitoes?
[…] In Britain, scientists at Oxford University and the biotech firm Oxitec have genetically
modified (GM) the males of Aedes aegypti - a mosquito species that carries both the Zika and
Dengue viruses. These GM males carry a gene that stops their offspring from developing properly.
This second generation of mosquitoes then die before they can reproduce and become carriers of
disease themselves.
So are there any downsides to removing mosquitoes? Mosquitoes, which mostly feed on plant
nectar, are important pollinators. They are also a food source for birds and bats while their young
- as larvae - are consumed by fish and frogs. This could have an effect further ahead in the food
chain. Mosquitoes also have limited the destructive impact of humanity on nature. Mosquitoes
make tropical rainforests, for humans, virtually uninhabitable. Rainforests are home to a large share
of our total plant and animal species, and nothing has done more to delay man-made destruction
over the past 10,000 years than the mosquito.
In the sentence “This could have an effect further ahead in the food chain.” (paragraph 4),
the word further expresses:
a) addition.
b) distance.
c) contrast.
d) time.
e) conclusion.
GABARITO
1. A
2. D
PRESENT PERFECT
2
PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT
É uma outra forma de indicar o passado, embora ele seja um tempo presente. O Present
Perfect sempre fala do agora.
Compare:
ͫ He has lost his key. (Present Perfect)
(Ele não tem a chave agora,)
ͫ He lost his key. (Simple Past)
(Não se sabe se ele tem a chave ou não... Só se sabe que ele a perdeu em algum momento
no passado,)
PRESENT PERFECT - FORM

Como reconhecer a estrutura do Present Perfect no texto?
O Present Perfect é formado a partir do auxiliar HAVE e do verbo principal no Passado Particípio.
HAVE/HAS + VERB (3rd)
Ex.: I have seen an accident.
I HAVE I’VE
YOU HAVE YOU’VE
HE HE’S
SHE HAS SEEN = SHE’S SEEN
IT IT’S
WE HAVE WE’VE
THEY HAVE THEY’VE
Affirmative
Ex.: I have seen this movie before.
Negative
Ex.: I haven’t seen this movie before.
Interrogative
Ex.: Have you seen this movie before?
Where have you seen this movie before?
Affirmative
Ex.: She’s seen this movie before.
Negative
Ex.: She hasn’t seen this movie before.
Interrogative
Ex.: Has she seen this movie before?
Exercícios 3
Where has she seen this movie before?
EXERCÍCIOS
[…] Daria was the first to arrive at the car and wrote a note to Franklin saying “Frank - Sweetie
I am okay. I’m w/ my office over by the Lyndon B. Johnson Memorial Sign. I’ll stay there till you
come. Love lots & lots, Chip.” Frank found the note and was able to locate his wife in the aftermath
of the attack.
What makes this story so interesting is the handwritten note. Today, in our digital culture, we
have a variety of ways to let people know that we are safe. Text messages, voicemail, and different
forms of social media can be used to get the information out to loved ones. In 2001, when these
attacks __________(1), the cellular network was still growing and was not as robust as it is today.
This letter is just one of the many objects that The National Museum of American History
__________(2) since 2001. To learn more, visit our online exhibition September 11th: Bearing
Witness to History.
Choose the alternative containing the correct verb tenses to complete gaps (1) and (2) in
paragraphs 4 and 5 respectively.
a) have happened, collected
b) have happened, have collected
c) has happened, has collected
d) happened, has collected
e) happened, have collected
GABARITO
1. D
PRESENT PERFECT
2
PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT - CONCEPT
É uma outra forma de indicar o passado, embora ele seja um tempo presente. O Present
Perfect sempre fala do agora.
Compare:
ͫ He has lost his key. (Present Perfect)
(Ele não tem a chave agora)
ͫ He lost his key. (Simple Past)
(Não se sabe se ele tem a chave ou não... Só se sabe que ele a perdeu em algum momento
no passado)
PRESENT PERFECT - FORM

Como reconhecer a estrutura do Present Perfect no texto?
O Present Perfect é formado a partir do auxiliar HAVE e do verbo principal no Passado Particípio.
ͫ HAVE/HAS + VERB (3rd)
USOS
QUAL A DIFERENÇA ENTRE O SIMPLE PAST E O PRESENT PERFECT?
SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT
Ações completas no passado. Ações “continuam” no presente.
Ex.: I studied Cantonese for 2 years. Ex.: I have studied Cantonese for 2 years.
Não possui relação com o presente. Possui resultado ou consequência no
Ex.: I broke my leg. presente.
Ex.: I have broken my leg.
EXERCÍCIOS
We’re so well educated – but we’re useless
Record numbers of students have entered higher education in the past 10 years, but despite
being the most educated generation in history, it seems that we’ve grown increasingly ignorant
when it comes to basic life skills. Looking back on my first weeks living in student halls, I consider
Exercícios 3
myself lucky to still be alive. I have survived a couple of serious boiling egg incidents and numerous
cases of food-poisoning, probably from dirty kitchen counters. Although some of my clothes have
fallen victim to ironing experimentation, I think I have now finally acquired all the domestic skills I
missed out in my modern education. […]
In the text, the verb forms in old are all in:
a) the Simple Present tense.
b) the Simple Past tense.
c) the Conditional form.
d) the Present Perfect tense.
e) the Past Perfect tense.
GABARITO
1. D
PRESENT PERFECT
2
PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT
SPECIAL CASES
ͫ Ações repetidas no passado: Sempre que nos referirmos a ações repetidas no passado,
usamos o Present Perfect.
Ex.: I’ve seen that film many times. (Eu vi aquele filme muitas vezes).
Outras expressões:
» Several times
» Over and over
» Again and again
» 3, 4, 5 ... times
» Etc.
ͫ Ações completas num período de tempo inacabado: Mesmo que a ação seja uma ação
completa no passado, se nos referirmos a um período de tempo inacabado, devemos
usar o Present Perfect.
Ex.: I’ve met Jane today. (Eu encontrei a Jane hoje).
Outras expressões:
» This week
» This month
» This year
Etc.
ͫ Already = já: Geralmente usado entre o verbo auxiliar e o principal.
Ex.: I have already finished my project. (Eu já terminei o meu projeto).
ͫ Yet = ainda (usado em negativas) / já (usado em interrogativas): YET geralmente é usado
no final da frase quando se trata de Present Perfect.
Ex.: Have you talked to Steve yet? (Você já falou com o Steve?)
I haven’t read the forms yet. (Eu ainda não li os formulários).
ͫ Lately = ultimamente
ͫ Recently = recentemente
Quando usados com Present Perfect, os advérbios lately e recently fazem com que a tradução
da frase seja semelhante ao Português.
Ex.: I have worked a lot lately. (Eu tenho trabalhado muito ultimamente).
ͫ Ever (“alguma vez” / já): Usado entre o verbo auxiliar e o principal.
Exercícios 3
ͫ Never = nunca : “never” é uma palavra negativa, portanto só pode ser usado em frases
afirmativas. Dessa forma, ele “leva” a negatividade para dentro da frase.
Ex.: Have you ever eaten snails? (Alguma vez você comeu escargot?).
This is the best film I’ve ever seen. (Este é o melhor filme que eu já vi).
I’ve never been to Japan. (Eu nunca estive no Japão).
ͫ Just = “acabou de” : Usado entre o verbo auxiliar e o principal.
Ex.: I have just seen an accident. (Eu acabei de ver um acidente).
ͫ Since (desde) / For (há)
Ex.: I have studied French for 3 years. (Eu estudo Francês há 3 anos).
I have studied French since 2019. (Eu estudo Francês desde 2019 anos).
John has been to London. (John esteve em Londres).
VS.
John has gone to London. (John foi para Londres).
ͫ Before = antes
Ex.: Steve has been to Paris before.
EXERCÍCIOS
Lego wants to replace plastic blocks with sustainable materials
The Lego Group wants to replace the plastic in their products with a “sustainable material”
by 2030, the company announced.
The world’s largest toy company will invest $1 billion in their new LEGO Sustainable Mate-
rials Centre in Denmark, which _______(1) devoted to finding and implementing new sustainable
alternatives for their current building materials. Lego plans on hiring 100 specialists for the center.
There is no official definition of a sustainable material.
Legos _______(2) made with a strong plastic known as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene since
1963. The company uses more than 6,000 tons of plastic annually to manufacture its products,
according to NBC News.
Changing the raw material could have a large effect on Lego’s carbon footprint, especially
considering that only 10% of the carbon emissions from Lego products come from its factories. The
other 90% is produced from the extraction and refinement of raw materials, as well as distribution
from factories to toy stores.
The company _______(3) already taken steps to lower its carbon footprint, including a reduc-
tion of packaging size and an investment in an offshore wind farm.
Choose the alternative containing the correct verb forms to complete gaps (1), (2) and (3) in
paragraphs 2, 3 and 5 respectively.
a) have, will be, have
4
b) are, have been, have

c) will be, has been, hasn’t
d) will be, have been, has
e) will be, haven’t been, has
GABARITO
1. D
ADVERBS
2
ADVERBS
ADVERBS/ADVÉRBIOS
Advérbios são bastante simples! Você vai perceber que há certa semelhança na sua formação
e utilização com o Português.
CONCEITO DE ADVÉRBIOS
Advérbios são palavras que dão ou acrescentam significado a um verbo, a um adjetivo ou a
um outro advérbio. Observe:
ͫ Acrescentando significado a um verbo:
» Ex.: He spoke very slowly. (Ele falou vagarosamente)
» Note que o advérbio slowly indica a maneira como ele falou, acrescentando um
significado a mais ao verbo. Dessa forma, temos uma ideia mais clara e específica
de como a ação aconteceu.
ͫ Acrescentando significado a um adjetivo:
» Ex.: This restaurant is reasonably cheap. (Este restaurante é razoavelmente barato)
» Neste caso, o advérbio reasonably acrescenta significado ao adjetivo cheap.
ͫ Acrescentando significado a outro advérbio:
» Ex.: Jane types incredibly quickly. (Jane digita incrivelmente rápido)
» Neste caso temos o advérbio incredibly acrescentando significado a um outro advér-
bio; quickly.
» Estudaremos quatro tipos de advérbios: de modo, de lugar, de frequência e de
tempo.
TIPOS DE ADVÉRBIOS
ͫ Adverbs of Place
» Todas as expressões de lugar são advérbios de lugar.
» Ex.: He hurt himself at home. (Ele se machucou em casa.)
» Ex.: I work in a bank. (Eu trabalho num banco.)
ͫ Adverbs of Time
» Todas as expressões de tempo são advérbios de tempo.
» Ex.: I had dinner at nine o’clock in the evening yesterday. (Eu jantei as nove horas
da noite ontem.)
ͫ Adverbs of Frequency
» Estes advérbios indicam a frequência com que uma ação está sendo executada.
» Eles sempre trazem uma ideia de REPETIÇÃO. Isso é o que mais ajuda a entender
sua diferença em comparação com os advérbios de tempo. Os advérbios de tempo
não possuem ideia de repetição.
adverbs 3
» Ex.: I go to the movies sometimes. (Eu vou ao cinema às vezes.)

» Ex.: I go to school every day. (eu vou à escola todos os dias.)
ͫ Adverbs of Manner
» Advérbios de modo são aqueles que indicam a maneira, ou seja, “como” uma ação
acontece.
» Ex.: He spoke fast. (Ele falou rápido.)
» Para descobrirmos se um advérbio é de modo, basta olharmos para o verbo e per-
guntarmos: como? No exemplo acima, basta perguntarmos: “Como ele falou?”
Se obtivermos resposta para a pergunta, significa que se trata de um advérbio de
modo: “Ele falou rápido”.
» Os advérbios de modo se originam a partir dos adjetivos. Existem algumas regras
para formação de tais advérbios:
» Regra Geral: acrescenta-se “LY” ao adjetivo.
» Ex.: bad – badly
» slow – slowly
» Adjetivos terminados em “Y”: troca-se o “Y” por “I” e acrescenta-se “LY”.
» Ex.: happy - happily
» easy - easily
» Adjetivos terminados em “LE”: troca-se o ”LE” por “LY”.
» Ex.: simple – simply
» incredible – incredibly
» Adjetivos terminados em “IC”: acrescenta-se “AL” + “LY” ao adjetivo.
» Ex.: automatic - automatically
» systematic – systematically
» frenetic - frenetically
» heroic – heroically
» Exceções: Alguns advérbios de modo não seguem tais regras:
» Ex.: good – well
» fast – fast
» hard – hard
» Her job is hard (adjetivo) She works hard. (advérbio)
» Ben is a fast runner. (adjetivo) Ben runs fast. (advérbio)
» The bus was early. (adjetivo) I went to bed early. (advérbio)
ͫ Attention!
Existem palavras que terminam em “LY” e não são advérbios. São adjetivos!
Ex.: friendly (amigável / amistoso)
lively (animado/alegre)
elderly (idoso/idosa)
4
lonely (solitário/solitária)
silly (tolo/bobo)
lovely (adorável)
SPECIAL CASES
ͫ Adverbs of Frequency
Estes advérbios indicam a frequência com que uma ação está sendo executada. Há dois tipos
de advérbios de frequência:
» Advérbios de frequência definida são aqueles em que o intervalo de tempo entre
uma ação e outra é definida, ou seja, intervalos de tempo iguais:
» Ex.: I go to the beach every Friday. (Eu vou à praia toda sexta-feira.)
» Advérbios de frequência indefinida são aqueles em que se desconhece o intervalo
de tempo para uma ação se repetir, ou seja, o intervalo entre a ação ocorrer e ela
se repetir não é definido.
» Ex.: I always go to the movies. (Eu sempre vou ao cinema.)
Outros exemplos de advérbios de frequência:
Adverbs Translation Adverbs Translation

always sempre once a week uma vez por semana
duas vezes por
seldom raramente twice a week
semana
sometimes as vezes at weekends nos fins de semana
never nunca every other day dias alternados
often frequentemente every day todos os dias
three / four times a três/quarto vezes por
usually geralmente
week semana
frequently frequentemente etc..
POSITION OF ADVERBS
ͫ Adverbs of Time (Advérbios de Tempo)
Conforme visto anteriormente, os advérbios de tempo de tempo são aqueles que indicam
quando uma ação acontece. É possível, entretanto, que tenhamos mais de um advérbio de tempo
na mesma frase, conforme o exemplo:
» I had dinner at nine o’clock in the evening yesterday.
» Note que nessa frase temos 3 advérbios de tempo:
ͫ 1 - at nine o’clock;
ͫ 2 - in the evening;
ͫ 3 - yesterday.
Quando isso ocorre, qual é a ordem em que devemos colocar os advérbios?
No caso dos advérbios de tempo, é bastante simples: basta que coloquemos sempre na ordem
do advérbio de tempo mais específico para o mais amplo. Se compararmos os 3 advérbios acima,
Exercício 5
facilmente percebemos que yesterday traz uma ideia mais ampla, pois yesterday (ontem) é um
período de tempo composto por 3 partes - manhã, tarde e noite; cada uma com suas várias horas.
Já o advérbio in the evening traz uma ideia mais restrita de tempo. Por fim, nada é mais específico
em termos de indicação de tempo do que mencionar a hora exata, o momento exato. Por esse
motivo, as horas são sempre citadas primeiramente.
ͫ Adverbs of Frequency (Advérbios de Frequência)
Os advérbios de frequência podem ser colocados em diferentes posições numa frase:
» Advérbios de Frequência Indefinida:
ͫ São usados após o verbo “To Be”:
ͫ Ex.: Some people are always complaining about everything.
ͫ Na frente dos demais verbos:
ͫ Ex.: We usually play soccer at weekends.
» Advérbios de Frequência Definida:
ͫ São geralmente usados no final da frase:
ͫ Ex.: They travel abroad every year.
» Há casos em que os advérbios podem ser usados em outras posições numa frase,
como o advérbio de frequência indefinida sometimes. Ele pode ser usado no início,
meio ou fim de uma mesma frase:
ͫ Ex.: Sometimes I go to the cinema.
» I sometimes go to the cinema.
» I go to the cinema sometimes.
EXERCÍCIO
Native English speakers are the world’s worst communicators
[…] “A lot of native speakers are happy that English has become the world’s global language.
They feel they don’t have to spend time learning another language.”
The non-native speakers, it turns out, speak more purposefully and carefully, trying to commu-
nicate efficiently with limited, simple language, typical of someone speaking a second or third
language. Anglophones, on the other hand, often talk too fast for others to follow, and use jokes,
slang, abbreviations and references specific to their own culture, says Chong. “The native English
speaker is the only one who might not feel the need to adapt to the others,” she adds.
About the words purposefully, carefully and efficiently (paragraph 4) , it is correct to say that:
a) they are adjectives.
b) they are nouns.
c) they are verbs.
6
d) they are prepositions.

e) they are adverbs.
GABARITO
1. E
DEGREES OF
ADVERBS
2
DEGREES OF ADVERBS
DEGREES OF ADVERBS/GRAUS DOS ADVÉRBIOS
Assim como os adjetivos podem variar quanto ao grau comparativo e superlativo, o mesmo
ocorre com os advérbios. Os advérbios, porém, possuem regras mais simples. No grau Comparativo,
os advérbios podem variar de três formas:
COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF ADVERBS

ͫ Comparative of Equality – Nesse caso, é possível usar qualquer tipo de advérbio.
as + adverb+ as
» Affirmative and Interrogative
Ex.: Bob speaks Italian as well as Josh. (Bob fala italiano tão bem quanto Josh.)
(adverb of manner)
Ex.: Do you go to the club as frequently as Jim? (Você vai ao clube tão frequentemente quanto
Jim?)
(adverb of frequency)
Ex.: Try to arrive at the meeting as early as possible, ok? (Tente chegar o mais cedo possível
no encontro, ok?)
(adverb of time)
Ex.: She drove as slowly as possible to avoid accidents. ( Ela dirigiu o mais devagar possível
para evitar acidentes.)
(adverb of manner)
» Negative
Ex.: Bob doesn’t speak Italian as well as Josh. (Bob não fala italiano tão bem quanto Josh.)
(adverb of manner)
Ex.: We don’t go out as frequently as Jane. (Não saímos com tanta frequência quanto Jane.)
(adverb of frequency)
Ex.: Try not to get here as late as last time, ok? (Tente não chegar tão tarde quanto da última
vez, ok?)
(adverb of time)
Ex.: She didn’t drive as carefully as she should. (Ela não dirigiu tão cuidadosamente quanto
deveria.)
(adverb of manner)
ͫ Comparative of Inferiority – Usado com qualquer advérbio.
less + adverb+ (than)
Ex.: He went to school less frequently than required. That’s why he failed it.
(Ele ia à escola com menos frequência do que o necessário. É por isso que ele falhou.)
Exercícios 3
ͫ Comparative of Superiority – Seguem somente o seguinte padrão:

more + adverb + (than)
Ex.: Mary writes more slowly than John. (Mary escreve mais vagarosamente do que John.)
Ex.: My older brother learns more easily than I do. (Meu irmão mais velho aprende com mais
facilidade do que eu.)
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF ADVERBS

ͫ Superlative of Inferiority
the least + adverb
Ex.: Michael behaves the least politely among the class. (Michael se comporta de forma menos
educada entre os da classe.)
ͫ Superlative of Superiority
the most + adverb
Ex.: Jennifer dances the most frenetically of all. (Jennifer dança da maneira mais frenética de
todas.)
Ex.: Mr. Smith explains the most clearly of all teachers. (O Sr. Smith explica o mais claramente
de todos os professores.)
EXERCÍCIOS
Are any foods safe to eat anymore? The fears and the facts
Food was once seen as a source of sustenance and pleasure. Today, the dinner table can ins-
tead begin to feel like a minefield. Is bacon really a risk factor of cancer? Will coffee or eggs give
you a heart attack? Does wheat contribute to Alzheimer’s disease? Will dairy products clog up
your arteries? Worse still, the advice changes continually. As TV-cook Nigella Lawson recently put
it: “You can guarantee that what people think will be good for you this year, they won’t next year.”
This may be somewhat inevitable: evidence-based health advice should be constantly updated
as new studies explore the nuances of what we eat and the effects the meals have on our bodies.
But when the media (and ill-informed health gurus) exaggerate the results of a study without
providing the context, it can lead to unnecessary fears that may, ironically, push you towards less
healthy choices.
The good news is that “next year” you may be pleased to learn that many of your favourite
foods are not the ticking time bomb you have been led to believe...
In the sentence “... ill-informed health gurus...” (paragraph 2), the prefix “ill” means:
a) “finely”.
b) “badly”.
c) “sadly”.
d) “highly”.
4
e) “gladly”.
In the text, the word ironically (paragraph 2) introduces:
a) a situation that is irreversible.
b) a situation that ends the problem.
c) a situation that is not true.
d) a situation that carries a contradiction.
e) a situation that carries the solution.
GABARITO
1. B
2. D
GENITIVE CASE
2
GENITIVE CASE
THE GENITIVE CASE/O CASO GENITIVO
GENITIVE CASE OR POSSESSIVE CASE
Utilizamos o genitive case (or possessive case) para expressar a relação de posse entre os dois
elementos.
Veja como se processa o genitive case:
ͫ The house of Jane. (A casa de Jane.)
A expressão que indica o(a) possuidor(a), no exemplo of Jane, passa para Jane’s, ou seja, elimi-
na-se a preposição of, coloca-se em seu lugar um apóstrofo seguido de s. Por outro lado, suprime-se
o artigo The do The house e invertem-se os elementos da frase. Assim:
ͫ Jane’s house. (A casa de Jane.)
Note que a tradução é a mesma.
Esquematizando:
O Genitive Case é usado quando o elemento possuidor é pessoa ou animal.
ͫ Ex.: The paintings of Renoir.
ͫ Renoir’s paintings. (Os quadros de Renoir.)
CASOS ESPECIAIS
ͫ Quando o possuidor estiver no plural terminado por s, recebe apenas apóstrofo.
» Ex.: The eyes of those girls.
Those girls’ eyes. (Os olhos daquelas garotas)
ͫ Quando o possuidor estiver no plural e não terminar por s, recebe o apóstrofo e s.
» Ex.: The rush of the children.
The children’s rush. (A pressa das crianças)
ͫ Nomes próprios, clássicos ou históricos, terminados por s, recebem só o apóstrofo.
» Ex.: The theorems of Pythagoras.
Pythagoras’s theorems. (Os teoremas de Pitágoras.)
ͫ Exemplos de nomes clássicos ou históricos terminados por s: Moses, Jesus, Péricles,
Sócrates, Strauss, Brahms, Archimedes, Achiles, Hercules, Descartes e outros.
» Nomes próprios que não sejam clássicos ou históricos recebem apóstrofo e s.
» Ex.: The last contract of Julia Roberts.
Julia Robert’s last contract. (O último contrato de Julia Roberts)
ͫ Quando houver vários possuidores e a coisa possuída for comum a todos, só o último
possuidor recebe apóstrofo e s ou apóstrofo.
Genitive case 3
» Ex.: The house of Jack and Carol.

Jack and Carol’s house. (A casa de Jack e Carol.)
The toys of Bill and Chuck.
Bill and Chuck’s toys. (Os brinquedos de Bill e Chuck – note que a posse é coletiva).
ͫ Quando houver dois ou mais possuidores e o objeto possuído pertencer a cada um deles
(posse individual), todos os possuidores recebem apóstrofo e s ou apóstrofo.
» Ex.: The parties of Suzy and Kate.
Suzy’s and Kate’s parties. (As festas de Suzy e Kate)
» Substantivos compostos recebem s no elemento final.
» Ex.: The house of my mother-in-law.
My mother-in-law’s house. (A casa da minha sogra)
» Um nome seguido de um título recebe o s no título e não no nome.
» Ex.: The story of Alexander the Great.
Alexander the Great’s story. (A história de Alexandre o Grande.)
» Os substantivos relacionados abaixo (e outros quando são evidentes) podem ser
omitidos na relação de posse:
Cathedral - Catedral
House - casa / lar
Church - igreja
Shop - loja
Restaurant - restaurante
College - faculdade
Hospital - hospital
Office – escritório / gabinete / consultório
» Ex.: I am going to my friend’s. (house)
Eu vou ao meu amigo, isto é, à casa do meu amigo.
- A palavra omitida foi house.
» Ex.: He is going to the doctor’s. (office)
Ele está indo para o doutor, isto é, para o consultório dele.
- A palavra omitida foi office.
» Ex.: Will and Paula will get married at St. Peter’s. (church)
O Will e a Paula vão se casar na São Pedro, isto é, à igreja.
- A palavra omitida foi church.
» Ex.: My mother always buys me Adidas’ (tennis shoes)
Minha mãe sempre compra adidas para mim.
- A palavra omitida foi tennis shoes.
ͫ Recorre-se ao genitive case para evitar repetições:
4
» Ex.: My dog is much more obedient than Paul’s.

Meu cachorro é muito mais obediente do que o de Paul.
ATENÇÃO!
Não se usa o Genitive Case quando o elemento possuidor for inanimado.
Ex.: The leaves of the tree. (As folhas da árvore.)
The color of the car. (A cor do carro.)
Porém há exceções! Veja os casos especiais a seguir:
SPECIAL CASES
Usa-se o genitive case quando o possuidor for: elementos da natureza, com sea (mar), moon
(Lua), sun (Sol), earth (Terra); e mais: court (tribunal) e country (país).
ͫ Ex.: The rays of the sun. – The sun’s rays.
The gravity of the earth. – The earth’s gravity.
The history of Brazil. – Brazil’s history.
The waves of the sea. – The sea’s waves.
The beauties of nature. – Nature’s beauties.
The population of the world. – The world’s population.
O genitive case também é usado em expressões de tempo, medida, valor, espaço, tamanho
e distância.
» Ex.: One week’s holiday. (Férias de uma semana)
Today’s newspaper. (O jornal de hoje)
Tem kilometer’s avenue. (Avenida de dez quilômetros)
One dollar’s worth. (O valor de um dólar)
Five shilling’s worth of grapes. (Cinco xelins de uvas)
ͫ E também nas expressões:
» Ex.: For goodness’ sake. (Pelo amor de Deus)
For heaven’s sake. (Valha-me Deus)
The majority’s opinion. (A opinião da maioria.
The crowd’s shout. (O grito da multidão)
ATENÇÃO!
Em alguns casos, é possível dar a ideia de posse invertendo a ordem entre possuidor possuído, mas sem usar
– s:
Ex.: The cover of the book.
The book cover. (A capa do livro.)
The door of the car.
The car door. (A porta do carro.)
Exercício 5
EXERCÍCIO
The ‘Queen’s Gambit’ Effect: Everyone Wants a Chess Set Now
Although for the past few years the most popular queen on Netflix was undoubtedly Her
Majesty Queen Elizabeth, as portrayed by Claire Foy and Olivia Colman in The Crown, this fall
another type of queen made her mark: Beth Harmon, the captivating protagonist of The Queen’s
Gambit, a Netflix original that became an overnight sensation and inspired a slew of discerning
viewers to pick up chess.
Call it the Queen’s Gambit effect: Chessboards are flying off the (literal and virtual) rack in
the wake of the show’s hit season. Just ask Anthony Barzilay Freund, editorial director and director
of fine art at vintage site 1stDibs: “The Queen’s Gambit is driving an interest in the game of chess
among new audiences and demographics,” Freund confirms: “At 1stDibs, in just the month follo-
wing the show’s release, we’ve seen a 100% increase in sales of chessboards, pieces, and tables as
compared to this time period last year.” […]
a) “The Queen’s Gambit” is a game of chess created by Netflix.
b) After “The Queen’s Gambit”, new audiences became interested in chess.
c) If you do not have a lot of money, you cannot afford to buy a chess set.
d) Vintage and contemporary chessboards are considered unusual.
e) The game of chess emerged in India in the last century.
GABARITO
1. B
INDEFINITE
PRONOUNS
2
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS / PRONOMES INDEFINIDOS
CONCEITO
Os Pronomes Indefinidos podem substituir um substantivo ou qualificar um substantivo
fazendo, portanto, papel de adjetivo.
ͫ Substituindo um substantivo
Ex.: We needed more bottles of water so they went to the market to get some.
» Neste caso, percebe-se que o pronome indefinido some está substituindo a ideia
de bottles of water para que evitemos a repetição de algo que já foi mencionado
anteriormente na frase.
ͫ Qualificando um substantivo (adjetivo)
Ex.: Some people decided to leave the city.
» Neste caso a palavra some antecede um substantivo dando uma ideia restritiva ao
seu significado bem como qualificando-o. Assim sendo, o pronome indefinido faz
papel de adjetivo.
Os principais pronomes indefinidos são: SOME, ANY, NO, NONE, EVERY.
Os pronomes indefinidos podem ser usados com substantivos contáveis e incontáveis.
SOME
SOME = algum(a/as), alguns, um pouco de, aproximadamente.
“Some” é comumente usado em frases afirmativas.
Ex.: Kurt bought some batteries for his flashlight.
Kate needs to buy some equipment.
Nota: quando o pronome indefinido some for usado com substantivos contáveis, estes devem estar na forma
do plural.
“Some” pode ser usado em interrogativas quando expressamos um oferecimento, um pedido
ou uma pergunta em que se espera obter uma resposta positiva (sim).
Ex.:
Oferecimento: Would you like some wine?
Pedido: Can you lend me some money?
Expectativa de resposta positiva: Do you mind if I put some music on?
“Some” ainda pode ser usado para expressar numerais significando “aproximadamente”:
Ex.: There are some fifty students in my classroom.
I have met some thirty people interested in extreme sports.
indefinite pronouns 3
ANY
ANY = algum(a/as), alguns, nenhum(a), qualquer.
“Any” é usado mais comumente em frases interrogativas significando algum(a/as):
Ex.: Do they have any children?
Do you have any money?
Em frases negativas, significando nenhum(a):
Ex.: They don’t need any help to climb that mountain.
We don’t have any special equipment.
Nota: observe que any não é uma palavra negativa. Any é usado em frases negativas mas isso não significa
dizer que ele seja uma palavra negativa.
Em frases afirmativas, significando “qualquer”:
Ex.: You can choose any place to camp.
I’d like to practice any extreme sport.
ATENÇÃO
Any também é usado com palavras no sentido negativo: never (nunca), without (sem), hardly, scarcely
(quase nunca) etc.
NO
NO = nenhum / nenhuma.
“No” é uma palavra negativa. Por isso deve ser usado em frases afirmativas imediatamente
antes de um substantivo, tanto no singular como no plural.
No deve sempre ser seguido do substantivo ao qual se refere.
Ex.:
Some extreme sports require no special equipment.
We must get to the top of the mountain before sunset. We have no time to rest.
No = not any
There aren’t any stores open.
There are no stores open.
(Não há nenhuma loja aberta)
NONE
NONE = nenhum(a).
“None” é usado com o verbo na forma afirmativa e não deve ser seguido de substantivo.
None é usado sozinho quando o substantivo a que ele se refere já foi mencionado anteriormente:
Ex.: Have you ever practiced any extreme sports? – No, I have practiced none.
None = no + substantivo
4
I have no money = I have none.

“None” pode ser usado antes de pronomes (ex.: my, this, it, us) ou do artigo “the”:
None of the boys finished the Project. (Nenhum dos garotos terminou o projeto)
None of us speaks Russian. (Nenhum de nós fala Russo)
WHERE “PERSON” THING

SOME somewhere somebody something
ANY anywhere anybody anything
NO nowhere nobody nothing
EVERY everywhere everybody everything
Some, any e no podem dar origem a compostos que seguirão as mesmas regras mencionadas
anteriormente.
SOMEHOW = de algum modo.
SOMETIME = algum dia, um dia.
ANYHOW = de algum modo, de nenhum modo, de qualquer modo.
As regras estudadas para some, any e no valem também para as formas compostas:
There is somebody in the kitchen.
Is there anybody in the bedroom?
No, there isn’t anybody there.
(No, there is nobody there.)
They didn’t feel anything.
Did you buy anything yesterday?
Did you go anywhere last night?
No, I didn’t go anywhere.
No, I went nowhere.
ATENÇÃO
No, nobody, nothing, nowhere, no e none são usados em sentenças negativas, porém nunca usados com
outra palavra negativa.
There isn’t nothing in my pocket. (errado)
There is not anything in pocket. (certo)
ou
There is nothing in my pocket. (certo)
(Não há nada no meu bolso)
Exercício 5
EXERCÍCIO
Learn to code, it’s more important than English as a second language
Apple CEO Tim Cook says coding is the best foreign language that a student in any country
can learn. The tech executive made the remarks to French outlet Konbini while in the country for
a meeting with French President Emmanuel Macron. The tech leader gave some brief thoughts on
education: “If I were a French student and I were 10 years old, I think it would be more important
for me to learn coding than English. I’m not telling people not to learn English in some form – but
I think you understand what I am saying is that this is a language that you can use to express you-
rself to 7 billion people in the world. I think that coding should be required in every public school
in the world.” […]
The sentence “The tech leader gave some brief thoughts on education” (paragraph 1) can be
correctly paraphrased in the following terms:
a) “The tech leader created regulations on education.”
b) “The tech leader underestimated education.”
c) “The tech leader was concerned about private education.”
d) “The tech leader has been studying coding.”
e) “The tech leader stated his opinion about education.”
GABARITO
1. E
RELATIVE
PRONOUNS
2
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
RELATIVE PRONOUNS/PRONOMES RELATIVOS
CONCEITO
Os pronomes relativos se referem a um termo anterior chamado antecedente, como subs-
tantivo (pessoa, animal ou coisa) ou pronome anteriormente citado. São fundamentais para a boa
articulação de frases e textos.
Eles podem ser usados para definir o substantivo ao qual se referem ou para simplesmente
acrescentar informação sobre o mesmo.
São eles:
WHO WHOSE
WHOM WHY
WHICH WHERE
THAT WHEN
ͫ Ex.: The man who was involved in the accident is my cousin. (Defining Relative Clause)
ͫ Ex.: Rage, which is a bad feeling, gets people to do stupid things. (Non-defining Relative
Clause)
RELATIVE PRONOUNS - ESTRUTURA

ͫ WHO – sujeito (=que) – tem como antecedente pessoa:
» Ex.: That lady who made the cake is my aunt.
The boy who is crying is my son.
» Observação: Note que that pode ser usado no lugar de who:
The boy that is crying is my son.
Porém: “Mr. Kent, who cried for help, is my boss.”
Não se usa that entre vírgulas.
ͫ WHOM – objeto (=que, quem):

» The girl with whom I go to school is my cousin.
» Observação: Geralmente, whom vem acompanhado de preposição: at, for, with, ou
about. Neste caso, não pode ser substituído por that. Quando não vem precedido
de preposição, whom, pode ser substituído por who, that ou ser omitido.
Ex.: The driver who/whom / _____ / that they followed is my neighbor.
ͫ WHICH - É usado quando o já mencionado (o antecedente) for animal ou coisa:
Ex.: That horse which came from Italy is mine.
» The magazine which I bought is for my wife.
relative pronouns 3
ͫ WHOSE – possessive (=cujo)

Ex.: The man whose wife got sick last week is my uncle.
» The car whose tires are flat is Helen’s.
OBSERVAÇÕES
ͫ Quando o pronome relativo whom tiver a função de objeto, ou seja, antes do nome ou
pronome, pode ser substituído por who, that ou ser omitido:
who
Ex. The driver whom they followed is my neighbor.
that
objeto sujeito
Ex.: The magazine which I bought is for my wife.
that
objeto sujeito
ͫ Após superlativos: usa-se that ou omissão:
Ex.: Kurt is the most handsome man that / I have ever seen.
ͫ Nas sentenças entre vírgulas, não podemos usar that nem omitir o pronome relativo.
Ex.: Mr. Jones, that plays chess very well, is my grandfather. (Neste caso devemos usar who)
ͫ Depois de preposição, devemos usar:
» whom – para pessoas;
» which – para animais e coisas.
Neste caso, não podem ser omitidos nem substituídos.
Ex.: The singer at whom we are looking, is Djavan.
The drawer in which my jewels are, is locked.
ͫ WHERE = indica lugar.
Ex.: A department store is a place where you can buy goods.
ͫ WHEN = indica tempo - quando.
Ex.: Easter is a time when people celebrate Jesus’ resurrection.
OMITINDO O PRONOME RELATIVO

Lembre-se: a regra diz: Quando o pronome relativo possuir função de objeto na frase, este
pode ser omitido. No vídeo da aula você vai entender melhor essa questão.
ͫ Observe:
» The magazine which I bought is for my sister. (podemos omitir o which)
» The magazine which is on the floor is mine. (não podemos omitir o which)
» That is the girl who talked to me. (não podemos omitir o who)
4
» That is the girl who I saw last night. (podemos omitir o who)
EXERCÍCIO
Prison without guards or weapons in Brazil
[…] The APAC system has been gaining growing recognition as a safer, cheaper and more
humane answer to the country’s prison crisis. All APAC prisoners must have passed through the
mainstream system and must show remorse and be willing to follow the strict regime of work and
study which is part of the system’s philosophy. There are no guards or weapons and visitors are
greeted by an inmate who unlocks the main door to the small women’s jail. […]
In the sentence “There are no guards or weapons and visitors are greeted by an inmate who
unlocks the main door to the small women’s jail.” (paragraph 2), the pronoun who refers to:
a) the guards.
b) weapons.
c) visitors.
d) an inmate.
e) women.
GABARITO
1. D
PAST PERFECT AND
FUTURE PERFECT
2
PAST PERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT

PAST PERFECT
O Past Perfect é um dos tempos verbais mais fáceis para aprender, justamente porque ele
possui conceito e tradução iguais ao Português. Entretanto, lembre-se de que o ideal é que não se
tente traduzir tudo literalmente de uma língua para outra, mas que no caso do Past Perfect isso é
uma exceção.
O Past Perfect precisa do Simple Past para ser usado, uma vez que ele se refere a uma ação
passada que ocorreu antes de outra ação passada.
CONCEITO
O Past Perfect é formado colocando-se, após o sujeito, o auxiliar had mais o particípio passado
do verbo principal, que é formado acrescentando-se -ed ao final dos verbos regulares (como no
passado simples), ou, então, usando a terceira forma da lista dos verbos irregulares.
ͫ had + particípio passado (3ª forma do verbo no passado)
Ex.: The fishermen had lived on the island for two months when a passing ship rescued them.
QUANDO USAMOS O PAST PERFECT?

O passado perfeito é usado para indicar uma ação que aconteceu antes de uma outra ação
no passado, ou seja, o passado perfeito é o passado do passado.
Temos duas ações no passado; aquela que aconteceu antes fica no Past Perfect; a que acon-
teceu depois fica no Simple Past.
ͫ Ex.: Jane’s friends had already left the party when she arrived there. (Os amigos de Jane
já tinham saído da festa quando ela chegou lá.)
Se colocarmos a frase numa linha do tempo, percebemos que cada uma aconteceu num
momento diferente, ambas no passado:
1ª ação: Os amigos de Jane deixaram a festa.
2ª ação: Ela chegou na festa.
NOTA: utilizar uma linha do tempo para explicar quando cada ação aconteceu, faz com que os alunos visualizem
melhor a sequência de ações no passado.
My friends left I arrived
Entendendo a frase: primeiro os amigos de Jane deixaram a festa, depois ela chegou. Logo,
não viu seus amigos.
O Past Perfect sempre indica a ação que aconteceu primeiro.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
O Past Perfect é, geralmente, usado com os advérbios just, already, ever, never, when, before
e after, posicionados entre o had e o particípio passado:
Ex.: When the police arrived, the robbers had already escaped.
Exercícios 3
She had just arrived when the telephone rang.

They were nervous because they had never flown before.
FUTURE PERFECT
CONCEITO
O Future Perfect é usado para indicar uma ação que terá se realizado (ou não) em um dado
momento no futuro.
Para formarmos uma frase no Future Perfect basta usarmos o verbo auxiliar will acrescido de
have, e um terceiro verbo qualquer no passado particípio.
will have + Verb (3rd)
ͫ Ex.: I always finish dinner at 8:30 p.m. If you call me at 9:00 p.m., I will have finished it.
Affirmative
Ex.: I will have finished dinner when you call me.
Negative
Ex.: I won’t have finished dinner when you call me.
Interrogative
Ex.: Will I have finished dinner when you call me?
What time will you have finished dinner?
Forma Contraída
Ex.: I will have written my report = I’ll have written my report.
USOS
O Future Perfect é usado para indicar que algo irá ocorrer antes de outra ação no futuro.
ͫ Ex.: Will you have finished your homework by the time your mother arrives?
ͫ Ex.: By the time my father calls me I will have cleaned my bedroom.
ͫ Ex.: By the time I get home my wife will have cooked dinner for us.
Também é usado para indicar uma ação que terá ocorrido antes de outro momento no futuro.
ͫ Ex.: I won’t have finished my report by the end of the day.
ͫ Ex.: By the end of the week I will have read my new book.
EXERCÍCIOS
Chinese Woman Opens Plane’s Emergency Exit for Some Fresh Air
4
[…] Cabin crew had briefed the woman, who was in her 50s, about the rules when sitting next
to the emergency exit and reminded her not to touch the button that opened the emergency exit.
However, the woman said she needed some fresh air and touched the button to open the exit when
the stewardess turned around to help others, the report said. The woman was taken away and the
flight was delayed for an hour. Opening the emergency exit can be considered to be disturbing public
order in an aircraft, which is punishable by police detention and a fine. [...]
[...] In June, a man from Hubei who was returning to China from Bangkok on a Thai Lion Air
Flight opened an emergency exit before take-off. After apologising repeatedly, according to witnes-
ses, he was held by Thai authorities for one day and given a fine of 500 baht before being deported.
The sentence “Cabin crew had briefed the woman, …” indicates that
a) the stewardess explained the procedures when the plane landed at its destination.
b) the stewardess explained the procedures during the flight.
c) the stewardess explained the procedures before the woman entered the plane
d) the stewardess explained the procedures before she opened the emergency exit.
e) the stewardess explained the procedures after she opened the emergency exit.
Choose the alternative that has the sentence “...he was held by Thai authorities for one day
and given a fine of 500 baht…” (paragraph 4) correctly changed into active voice.
a) Thai authorities had held him for one day and given him a fine of 500 baht.
b) Thai authorities will hold him for one day and give him a fine of 500 baht.
c) Thai authorities have held him for one day and gave him a fine of 500 baht.
d) Thai authorities were holding him for one day and giving him a fine of 500 baht.
e) Thai authorities held him for one day and gave him a fine of 500 baht.
GABARITO
1. D
2. E
FUTURE TENSES
2
FUTURE TENSES
FUTURE TENSES/TEMPOS VERBAIS DO FUTURO
INTRODUÇÃO
Há várias maneiras de expressarmos o futuro em inglês, como o Simple Present e o Present
Continuous.
ͫ SIMPLE PRESENT – indica o futuro programado
Ex.: The president arrives at 7:00 pm; then he delivers his speech.
At 8:00 he starts the press conference.
ͫ PRESENT CONTINUOUS - também usamos o Present Continuous para expressar ações
planejadas (personal arrangements).
Ex.: Are you taking a long vacation this year?
No, I’m working this year!
As duas formas mais comuns de expressar ações futuras, entretanto, são o Simple Future e o
Going to future:
CONCEITO DE SIMPLE FUTURE - WILL

Para escrevermos uma frase usando o Simple Future basta usarmos o auxiliar WILL juntamente
com qualquer verbo na sua forma do infinitivo sem a partícula “to”.
ͫ AFFIRMATIVE
Ex.: Jane will study architecture next year.
ͫ NEGATIVE
Ex.: I won’t work with my father.
ͫ INTERROGATIVE
Ex.: Will she study medicine?
Yes, she will. / No, she won’t.
USOS
Há várias sugestões para o uso do will como auxiliar do futuro. Abaixo temos os 4 casos
principais.
ͫ Para fazermos previsões:
Ex.: The party will be very nice.
ͫ Para expressarmos promessas:
Ex.: I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
ͫ Para indicar, em estilo formal, eventos programados no futuro:
Exercício 3
Ex.: The wedding will take place at the Saint Theresa Church on June 27, and the reception
will be at the Bourbon Hotel.
ͫ Para indicar uma ação futura que foi decidida no momento em que se fala:
Ex.: The air conditioning is too cold. I will have someone turn it off right now.
CUIDADO!
Nem sempre a palavra WILL indica um auxiliar do futuro.
Will também pode ser a palavra “vontade” ou ainda a palavra “testamento”.
CONCEITO DE ‘GOING TO’ FUTURE

Outra maneira de indicarmos o futuro é usando o “Going To” igualmente seguido de qualquer
verbo na sua forma do infinitivo.
ͫ Affirmative
Ex.: He is going to study for the test.
ͫ Negative
Ex.: He isn’t going to study for the test.
ͫ Interrogative
Ex.: Is he going to study for the test?
Why is he going to study for the test?
USOS
ͫ O “going to” future é normalmente usado para descrever planos, em estilo informal:
Ex.: He’s going to travel on the weekend.
ͫ Prever o futuro com base em evidências do presente:
Ex.: Look at the sky. It’s going to rain.
Ex.: They are going to have another baby.
ͫ Dizer que uma ação futura ou evento está para acontecer ou começou a acontecer:
Ex.: Look out! The dog is going to escape!
EXERCÍCIO
Lego wants to replace plastic blocks with sustainable materials
The Lego Group wants to replace the plastic in their products with a “sustainable material”
by 2030, the company announced.
4
The world’s largest toy company will invest $1 billion in their new LEGO Sustainable Mate-
rials Centre in Denmark, which _______ (1) devoted to finding and implementing new sustainable
alternatives for their current building materials. Lego plans on hiring 100 specialists for the center.
There is no official definition of a sustainable material.
Legos _______ (2) made with a strong plastic known as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene since
1963. The company uses more than 6,000 tons of plastic annually to manufacture its products,
according to NBC News. […]
Choose the alternative containing the correct verb forms to complete gaps (1) and (2) in para-
graphs 2 and 3 respectively.
a) have, will be
b) are, have been
c) will be, has been
d) will be, have been
e) will be, haven’t been
GABARITO
1. D
FUTURE PERFECT
2
FUTURE PERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT
CONCEITO
O Future Perfect é usado para indicar uma ação que terá se realizado (ou não) em um dado
momento no futuro.
Para formarmos uma frase no Future Perfect, basta usarmos o verbo auxiliar will acrescido de
have, e um terceiro verbo qualquer no passado particípio.
Ex.: I always finish dinner at 8:30 p.m. If you call me at 9:00 p.m., I will have finished it.
Will have + Verb (3rd)
Affirmative
Ex.: I will have finished dinner when you call me.
Negative
Ex.: I won’t have finished dinner when you call me.
Interrogative
Ex.: Will I have finished dinner when you call me?
What time will you have finished dinner?
Forma Contraída
Ex.: I will have written my report = I’ll have written my report.
USOS
O Future Perfect é usado para indicar que algo irá ocorrer antes de outra ação no futuro.
Ex1.: Will you have finished your homework by the time your mother arrives?
Ex2.: By the time my father calls me I will have cleaned my bedroom.
Ex3.: By the time I get home my wife will have cooked dinner for us.
2. Indica uma ação que terá ocorrido antes de outro momento no futuro.
Ex1.: I won’t have finished my report by the end of the day.
Ex2.: By the end of the week I will have read my new book.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
CONCEITO
Usamos o Future Continuous para indicar uma ação que estará em andamento no futuro.
O Future Continuous possui duas formas em inglês, que derivam do Simple Future e do Going
to Future. São elas:
- Future Continuous with WILL;
- Future Continuous with GOING TO.
future perfect 3
FUTURE CONTINUOUS WITH WILL

O Future Continuous com WILL é formado a partir do auxiliar will seguido do verbo to be com
o verbo principal no gerúndio.
WILL BE + VERB (ING)
Ex.: I will be having dinner when you call me.

Affirmative
Ex.: I will be having dinner.
Negative
Ex.: I won’t be having dinner.
Interrogative
Ex.: Will you be having dinner?
Where will you be having dinner?
USOS
1 – Uma ação em andamento que é interrompida por uma ação futura.
Ex.: I will be sleeping when he arrives home.
2 – Uma ação em andamento que é interrompida por um momento específico no futuro.
Ex.: Tonight at 9 p.m., we will be watching the game on TV.
-FUTURE CONTINUOUS WITH GOING TO

O Future Continuous com GOING TO é formado a partir do verbo TO BE acrescido do GOING
TO BE mais o verbo principal no gerúndio.
TO BE + GOING TO BE + VERB (ING)
Ex.: I am going to be having dinner when you call me.

Affirmative
Ex.: I am going to be having dinner.
Negative
Ex.: I’m not going to be having dinner.
Interrogative
Ex.: Are you going to be having dinner?
Where Are you going to be having dinner?
USOS
Basicamente, sãos os mesmos para os casos com WILL.
1 – Uma ação em andamento que é interrompida por uma ação futura.
Ex.: I am going to be sleeping when he arrives home.
2 – Uma ação em andamento que é interrompida por um momento específico no futuro.
4
Ex.: Tonight at 9 p.m., we are going to be watching the game on TV.
EXERCÍCIOS
The Phenomenon of Candy Crush: Why Is the Game So Popular?
In 2012, Candy Crush was released on Facebook and was later converted to smartphone
format for people to play on the go. In 2013, the game reached real prominence and became the
most popular game on Facebook. It’s no surprise then that so many people play this game on their
phones. Candy Crush Saga has changed the way many of us kill time on commutes, or even in the
toilet. I don’t remember the last train journey I took where at least one person wasn’t playing Candy
Crush on their phone. I’m sure almost every reader of this article will have either been invited or
invited others to play Candy Crush via Facebook in an effort to get more lives or even levels. […]
According to the sentence, “I’m sure almost every reader of this article will have either been
invited or invited others to play Candy Crush…”, the excerpt will have invited indicates:
a) a completed action in the past.
b) an upcoming event.
c) a continuous action in the future.
d) a simple future action.
e) a finished action in the future.
GABARITO
1. E
PLURAL OF NOUNS
2
PLURAL OF NOUNS
PLURAL OF NOUNS/PLURAL DOS SUBSTANTIVOS
INTRODUÇÃO
Primeiramente, precisamos entender que, ao falarmos de plural, devemos ter nosso olhar
voltado para o léxico, ou seja, para a palavra em si e não para a ideia que ela transmite. Portanto
quando falarmos em um substantivo qualquer, por exemplo, “mesa”, você não deve imaginar uma
mesa. Você deve visualizar a palavra “mesa” em sua mente. Sempre falamos de plural, devemos
visualizar a palavra em nossa mente e não a imagem a qual ela remete. Dessa forma fica muito
mais fácil de entender a diferença entre substantivos contáveis e incontáveis. Sempre devemos
pensar na palavra em si.
CONCEITO DE PLURAL DOS SUBSTANTIVOS

Em inglês há palavras que são chamadas de substantivos contáveis e incontáveis. São os coun-
table nouns e os uncountable nouns. Algumas pessoas dizem que os countable nouns são aqueles
que possuem plural e que os uncountable nouns não possuem plural, mas não é correto pensar
assim. Vamos entender cada um deles.
ͫ SUBSTANTIVOS CONTÁVEIS
São aquelas palavras que, quando colocadas na sua forma do plural e acrescidas de um número,
determinam uma ideia exata de quantidade.
Ex.: car - 3 cars (a palavra carro, colocada no plural e acrescida de um número, transmite uma
ideia de quantidade exata. Por isso é um substantivo contável).
Cuidado! Quando vamos ao restaurante e pedimos 2 águas; embora estejamos colocando a
palavra água no plural com um número, esta não transmite uma ideia exata de quantidade. Logo
água (water) é um substantivo incontável. Veja abaixo.
ͫ SUBSTANTIVOS INCONTÁVEIS
São aquelas palavras que, quando colocadas na sua forma do plural e acrescidas de um número,
NÃO determinam uma ideia exata de quantidade. Portanto são exatamente o contrário dos subs-
tantivos contáveis.
Ex.: money - 3 moneys.
Observe:
Ex.: I paid 3 moneys for my dinner. (ERRADO)
Essa frase não transmite uma ideia de quantidade exata de dinheiro. Esse exemplo é muito
bom, pois os alunos tendem a achar que money é uma palavra contável por causa do senso comum.
Mas destaque que o que contamos são reais, dólares, euros etc. A “palavra “dinheiro” não pode
ser colocada no plural com um número para determinar uma quantidade exata. Por isso, desta-
camos no início da aula que o foco para se entender o conceito é no léxico, e não na ideia que o
substantivo transmite.
Uma vez explicado isso, você pode dar outros exemplos de palavras consideradas incontáveis.
Ex.:
information
plural of nouns 3
water
oil
money
advice
equipment
food
music
news
etc.
PLURALS
Somente substantivos contáveis possuem plural em inglês. Adjetivos não possuem forma no
plural.
Vale lembrar que nem sempre o “S” indica plural no inglês. Como veremos a seguir, há pala-
vras que não possuem “S” e encontram-se no plural. Há também palavras que possuem “S” e não
estão no plural.
Ex.: Singular – He bought a good car yesterday.
Plural – He bought good cars yesterday.
good - adjetivo
car - substantivo
Observe que o adjetivo não possui plural.
ATTENTION!
Good não possui plural quando se tratar de um adjetivo. A palavra Goods terá plural quando
passar a ser um substantivo significando bens, produtos, mercadorias etc.
ͫ Regular Plural
Acrescenta-se ‘S’.
girl – girls book – books
boy – boys tie – ties
spoon – spoons car – cars
ͫ Irregular Plural
Substantivos terminados em S, SS, SH, CH, X e O: Acrescenta-se ES:
bus – buses
tomato – tomatoes
kiss – kisses
box – boxes
beach – beaches
dish – dishes
4
* Quando o CH tiver som de ‘k’, acrescentamos apenas “S”:

epoch – epochs
monarch – monarchs
patriarch – patriarchs
stomach – stomachs
Substantivos terminados em Consoante + Y: troca-se o Y por IES
Cons + Y -> ies
Strawberry – strawberries
Comedy – comedies
Grocery – groceries
Baby – babies
Candy – candies
Substantivos terminados em F ou FE: troca-se por VES
F, FE -> ves
Wolf – wolves
Knife – knives
Leaf – leaves
Wife – wives
SPECIAL CASES
1) Palavras com plural próprio.
» man men
» woman women
» gentleman gentlemen child children
» ox oxen
» foot feet
» tooth teeth
» goose geese
» mouse mice
» louse lice
» die dice
2) Alguns substantivos, entretanto, mesmo terminados em “F” ou “FE”, deverão ser acres-
cidos de “S”.
» belief beliefs
» chief chiefs
» cliff cliffs
» roof roofs
plural of nouns 5
» cuff cuffs
» safe safes
» proof proofs
ATTENTION!
3) Algumas palavras terminadas em F poderão receber as duas regras.
» dwarf dwarfs - dwarves
» scarf scarfs - scarves
» hoof hoofs - hooves
» wharf wharfs - wharves
4) Algumas palavras terminadas em “O” não levam “ES”, somente “S”:
autos videos dynamos
memos pianos solos
radios casinos tatoos
kilos zoos stereos
studios sopranos photos
5) Palavras que derivam do latim, possuem formação de plural especial:
Ex.:
datum data
» erratum errata
» phenomenon phenomena
» genius genii
» radius radii
» basis bases parenthesis parentheses
» bacterium bacteria
» criterium criteria
6) Há substantivos que levam “S”, mas que podem ser usados tanto no plural como no
singular:
» means (Ex.: A means of transport. or: Many means of transport.)
» series (Ex.: ‘Friends’ is a television series. or: There are many good television series.)
» species (Ex.: A species of fish. or: A lot of species of fish.)
7) Alguns substantivos são formados de duas partes, logo estão sempre no plural:
» trousers
» jeans; shorts and pants
» pyjamas
» glasses
» scissors
6
Para usá-los, usamos verbos no plural ou podemos usar a expressão “a pair of”:
Ex.: ‘Those are nice trousers’ or ‘That’s a nice pair of trousers’.
8) Há alguns substantivos que terminam em “-ics” que geralmente não são plural:
» athletics
» gymnastics
» mathematics
» economics
» politics
» physics
» etc.
9) Há substantivos que não levam “S”, mas que são geralmente usados com o verbo no plural,
pois indicam grupos de pessoas (às vezes são usados com o verbo no singular):
» government (governo)
» police (polícia)
» commitee (comitê, comissão)
Ex.: The government want to increase some taxes next year. (Or The government wants
to…)
EXERCÍCIOS
[…] After basic training, each child attended “technical school” and was taught a specific Air
Force Specialty Code to help them in their mock deployment. Some children were taught lifesaving
self-aid and buddy care skills while others learned about the importance of radio communications
while on a deployment. […]
In the sentence, “while others learned about the importance of radio communications while
on a deployment”, the word communications means:
a) exchanging messages and interpreting them.
b) an specific kind of communication.
c) the means by which messages are shared.
d) the same as communication.
e) different kinds of radios through which messages are shared.
GABARITO
1. C
QUANTIFIERS
2
QUANTIFIERS
QUANTIFIERS/QUANTIFICADORES
INTRODUÇÃO
Como o nome indica, os quantificadores determinam uma relação de quantidade dos subs-
tantivos. Ainda que o nome “quantificadores” sugira que eles indicam a quantidade exata de algo,
isso não procede. Vamos entender do que se trata o assunto de Quantifiers.
CONCEITO
Os quantificadores são pronomes que precedem e modificam os substantivos e têm a função
de determinar sua quantidade. Para sabermos usá-los, é preciso que conheçamos as diferenças
entre substantivos contáveis e incontáveis. Lembramos que são chamados substantivos incontáveis
aqueles que não dão uma ideia de quantidade exata quando acrescidos de um número e flexiona-
dos para o plural. Assim sendo, devem ser usados somente na forma do singular quando se tratar
de quantidade.
ͫ Ex.: money, weather, advice, information etc.
São chamados substantivos contáveis aqueles dão uma ideia de quantidade exata quando
acrescidos de um número e flexionados no plural. Assim sendo podem ser usados tanto no singular
quanto no plural, dependendo do que se quer dizer:
ͫ Ex.: girl, chair, friend, person etc.
MUCH (INDICA GRANDE QUANTIDADE)

É usado com substantivos incontáveis, ou seja, serve para indicar grande quantidade de um
substantivo que não pode ser usado no plural.
ͫ Ex.: There’s much information for you to analyze.
LITTLE (INDICA POUCA QUANTIDADE)

É o antônimo de much sendo igualmente usado com substantivos incontáveis, entretanto
indica pequena quantidade de algo.
ͫ Ex.: There is little time to finish the task.
ATTENTION!
O little deverá ser seguido de palavra no singular quanto estiver fazendo papel de pronome quantificador. Mas
o little também pode apresentar outra função gramatical fazendo papel de adjetivo. Quando isso acontece, ele
pode ser seguido de palavra no plural. Veja:
Ex.: There are little kids playing in the garden.
Nessa frase, a palavra little é seguida de substantivo no plural, pois passou a ser o adjetivo pequenas, qualifi-
cando o substantivo kids.
Nota: esse tipo de coisa deve ser apontado sempre que oportuno para que os alunos entendam que o contexto
muda muita coisa em inglês e para que evite confusão futura.
quantifiers 3
MANY (INDICA GRANDE QUANTIDADE)

É usado com substantivos contáveis, servindo para indicar grande quantidade de algo. Quando
usamos many, devemos usar o substantivo na forma do plural.
ͫ Ex.: I have many things to do today.
FEW (INDICA POUCA QUANTIDADE)

É o antônimo de many sendo igualmente usado com substantivos contáveis no plural.
ͫ Ex.: There were few people at the party.
PLENTY (MAIS DO QUE SUFICIENTE):

ͫ Ex.: There’s no need to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time.
A LOT OF (MUITO; MUITOS; MUITA; MUITAS)

É usado tanto com substantivos contáveis como incontáveis, para indicar grande quantidade
de algo:
ͫ Ex.: There is a lot of food here so I think we needn’t buy more.
A GREAT DEAL OF VS. A LARGE NUMBER OF

Ambos indicam grande quantidade de algo. Entretanto, “a great deal of” é usado com subs-
tantivos incontáveis enquanto que “a large number of” deve ser usado com substantivos contáveis.
ͫ Ex.: There is a great deal of information to study.
ͫ Ex.: Portuguese is a hard language to learn for a large number of people.
ATTENTION!
1 - Much e Many são usados especialmente em frases negativas e interrogativas. Pode-se usar também “a lot
of”:
Ex.: I didn’t spend much money. (ou I didn’t spend a lot of money.)
Do you know many people here? (ou Do you know a lot of people here?)
I don’t go out much. (ou I don’t go out a lot.)
2 – Many também é usado em afirmativas, porém, na língua falada, a lot (of) é mais comum.
Ex.: A lot of people would like to speak English in Brazil. (ou Many people would like to speak English in Brazil.)
3 - Too much e so much são usados normalmente em afirmativas:
Ex.: We spent too much money the last time we traveled.
SPECIAL CASES:
Compare as seguintes frases:
ͫ I have a few friends.
4
ͫ I have few friends.

Ao compararmos as duas frases, percebemos que elas são quase iguais e, assim, podemos achar
que seu significados também sejam semelhantes. Entretanto, isso não é verdade. A presença do
artigo na frente do pronome few, faz com que haja uma mudança na mensagem da frase. Observe
as diferenças a seguir:
ͫ Little e Few possuem ideia negativa:
» Ex.: Let’s hurry. There’s little time. (a idéia e de que não há tempo suficiente.)
» Ex.: He’s always alone. He has few friends. (a idéia é de que ele não tem amigos o
suficiente.)
ͫ A little e A few possuem ideia positiva:
» Ex.: Let’s have a drink. We’ve got a little time before the bus leaves.
» Ex.: I like it here. I’ve got a few friends and I like them all.
Porém, quando usados com only, a little e a few passam a ter significados negativos:
Ex.: This house is not big enough. There are only a few rooms.
EXERCÍCIO
A handwritten note from September 11
In moments of crisis, our first thoughts are usually to get in contact with the people we love.
September 11, 2001, was a day when many people wanted to know that their loved ones were safe.
At 9:37 a.m., the Pentagon was attacked by terrorists who crashed an airplane into the western
side of the building. […]
In the sentence, ‘a day when many people wanted to know that their loved ones were safe’,
the word many:
a) can be replaced by ‘much’.
b) can be replaced by ‘a lot of’.
c) is the opposite of ‘little’.
d) is used with an uncountable noun.
e) is an adjective’.
GABARITO
1. B
MODAL VERBS
2
MODAL VERBS
MODAL VERBS/VERBOS MODAIS
INTRODUÇÃO
Os verbos modais estão entre os assuntos mais subjetivos da língua inglesa. Isso porque eles
possuem uso e traduções diferenciados que dependem totalmente do contexto da frase em que
estão sendo utilizados. Por esse motivo, é importante não cai em tentação de traduzi-los ao pé-da-
-letra. Seu uso e tradução dependem inteiramente do contexto da frase em que são utilizados.
CONCEITO
Os verbos modais são verbos auxiliares irregulares, que acrescentam significado à um outro
verbo. Eles são chamados de irregulares pois não seguem as regras de conjugação verbal que os
outros verbos seguem na língua inglesa. Por exemplo, observe o verbo trabalhar (work) e do verbo
poder (can) nas frases que seguem:
Ex.: I work a lot every day – He works a lot every day.
Agora observe o verbo poder (can) nas duas frases que seguem:
Ex.: I can fix my car- He can fix his car.
Como podemos perceber, o verbo modal não sofre mudança na terceira pessoa do singular
(o verbo can não leva “s”).
Dentre os principais verbos modais estão os seguintes: can, could, may, might, must e should.
CAN/COULD
Can significa “pode”, mas apresenta outras traduções dependendo do contexto da frase (ex.:
can = “saber”). Could é a sua forma do passado. Os verbos can e could são verbos modais auxiliares.
Por esta razão, eles são sempre seguidos do verbo principal no infinitivo sem “to”, e não precisam
de um auxiliar para formarmos interrogativas. Eles são os próprios auxiliares.
Eles também não possuem infinitivos e particípios. (Ex.: to can/canning não existem!)
Os verbos can e could podem assumir significados diversos dependendo do contexto:
ͫ Ex.: Can you speak Italian? (ability)
ͫ You can go if you want to. (permission)
ͫ Can I help you? (offer)
ͫ I can hear the train. (“present progressive” meaning)
ͫ He could swim fast when he was young. (past ability)
As formas negativas são can’t, cannot e couldn’t.
ATENÇÃO!
Embora COULD seja passado de CAN, nem sempre ele indica o passado:
Ex.: It could rain this afternoon. (possibility)
Exercício 3
Could I have some more coffee? (request)

Não existe uma forma no futuro para o can. Quando queremos dar a ideia de futuro, ou seja, de que poderemos
fazer alguma coisa, utilizamos o will be able to.
Ex.: One day people will be able to go to the moon on holiday.
EXERCÍCIO
Are any foods safe to eat anymore? The fears and the facts
Food was once seen as a source of sustenance and pleasure. Today, the dinner table can ins-
tead begin to feel like a minefield. Is bacon really a risk factor of cancer? Will coffee or eggs give
you a heart attack? Does wheat contribute to Alzheimer’s disease? Will dairy products clog up your
arteries? Worse still, the advice changes continually. As TV-cook Nigella Lawson recently put it: “You
can guarantee that what people think will be good for you this year, they won’t next year.” This
may be somewhat inevitable: evidence-based health advice should be constantly updated as new
studies explore the nuances of what we eat and the effects the meals have on our bodies. But when
the media (and ill-informed health gurus) exaggerate the results of a study without providing the
context, it can lead to unnecessary fears that may, ironically, push you towards less healthy choices.
The good news is that “next year” you may be pleased to learn that many of your favourite foods
are not the ticking time bomb you have been led to believe...
In the text above, the words can, may and should are:
a) modal verbs.
b) adverbs.
c) adjectives.
d) pronouns.
e) nouns.
GABARITO
1. A
MODAL VERBS
2
MODAL VERBS
MODAL VERBS/VERBOS MODAIS
MAY/MIGHT
May e might têm a mesma tradução de can. Ambos são modal verbs e possuem as mesmas
características de can e could, ou seja, não levam “s” na terceira pessoa; são sempre seguidos de ver-
bos no infinitivo sem “to”, e não precisam de um auxiliar para formarmos negativas e interrogativas.
Ex.: She may come to the meeting.
ͫ May I help you?
Os verbos may e might também podem assumir significados diversos dependendo do contexto
em que são usados. Eles podem indicar uma possibilidade de algo acontecer; pedir e dar permissão
etc.:
Ex.: ‘Where’s Peter?’ ‘I don’t know. He may be at the mall.’
ͫ Please call me. I might need you.
May e might possuem forma na negativa - mayn’t e mightn’t. Embora seu uso seja raro, é
importante que saibamos que tais formas existem.
ATENÇÃO!
Assim como o CAN não possui forma no futuro, o verbo modal MAY só possui forma no presente. Sendo assim,
quando quisermos usar sua ideia num outro tempo verbal, devemos substituí-lo por “BE ALLOWED TO”
Ex.: I may leave earlier. (Presente)
I was allowed to leave earlier. (Passado)
I will be allowed to leave earlier. (Futuro)
DIFERENÇAS ENTRE MAY E MIGHT

Might não é usado para indicar o passado de may. Ambos indicam o presente ou o futuro.
A diferença é que might indica uma forma mais hesitante ou menos definida que may. Compare:
Ex.: I may buy a new car. (talvez 50% de chance)
John might change his car as well. (talvez 30% de chance)
MAY / MIGHT VS. CAN’T / CANNOT EM NEGATIVAS

Em frases negativas, os verbos modais may/might e can’t/cannot possuem significados sutil-
mente diferentes.
MUST
Must é um verbo auxiliar modal que segue as mesmas regras dos anteriores: não leva “s” na
terceira pessoa; é invariável (to must, musted e musting não existem) e também não há necessidade
de usarmos o auxiliar “do” para fazermos perguntas e negativas.
modal verbs 3
Ex.: He must finish his report.

ͫ Must he finish his report?
O verbo que acompanha must deve ser usado no infinitivo sem to. Sua forma negativa con-
traída é mustn’t.
Must é comumente usado para indicar uma obrigação, necessidade ou uma conclusão sobre
algo que seja certo:
Ex.:I heard the intercom. It must be Ted. (estamos certos de algo)
ͫ Industries must develop better non-pollution programs. (necessidade)
ͫ I must talk to you today. (necessidade)
ͫ Citizens must respect the law. (obrigação)
ATENÇÃO!
Embora mustn’t seja negativo de must, mustn’t não indica algo desnecessário. Indica proibição. Compare.
Ex.: She must study more to pass. (necessidade)
You mustn’t open this Box before your birthday. (proibição)
*Para expressarmos a ideia de que algo é desnecessário, utilizamos do not need to ou do not
have to:
ͫ Ex.: You don’t need to have a visa to go to England.
ͫ You don’t have to get a visa to go to England.
*Must e Have to têm o mesmo significado. Must só pode ser usado na forma do Presente. Por
este motivo, quando queremos expressar a ideia de obrigação, necessidade,etc; num outro tempo
verbal, utilizamos o have to para substituir must:
ͫ Ex.: She must go. (presente)
ͫ She will have to go. (futuro) – (e não She will must go)
ͫ She had to go. (passado) – (e não She musted go)
SHOULD
Should é um verbo auxiliar modal que possui as mesmas características dos demais. Sua forma
negativa é shouldn’t e não há necessidade de auxiliar para formarmos perguntas. Basta utilizarmos
o should antes do sujeito, como acontece com os outros modais.
Should pode indicar uma dedução (no caso de algo ser muito provável ou lógico) ou uma
obrigação; entretanto seu uso mais comum é para indicar um conselho.
Ex.: Your application form should be sent to France in order for you to be enrolled. (obrigação)
We should get to the resort in thirty minutes – we left home at six o’clock! (dedução)
They should tell Granny about her illness. (conselho)
4
EXERCÍCIO
greeted by an inmate who unlocks the main door to the small women’s jail. Inmates are known
as recuperandos (recovering people), reflecting the APAC focus on restorative justice and rehabi-
litation. They must study and work, sometimes in collaboration with the local community. If they
do not - or if they try to abscond - they risk being returned to the mainstream system. There have
been physical fights but never a murder at an APAC jail.
According to the text, choose the correct statement:
a) Brazil’s prison system is the most populous in the world.
b) the prisoners must regret their previous crimes to be relocated to an APAC jail.
c) there have been no cases of aggression inside APAC facilities.
d) Lima has a child who is 12 years old.
e) Brazil is known for its poverty and street protests.
GABARITO
1. B
PAST MODALS
2
PAST MODALS
PAST MODALS
CONCEITO
Os verbos modais podem ser acrescidos do verbo “have” para formar o que chamamos de past
modals. Quando isso acontece, eles passam a dar significados diferentes aos verbos, se comparados
quando acompanham diretamente o verbo. No caso dos past modals, o verbo modal é seguido de
have, sendo esse seguido do verbo principal no passado particípio.
Verbo Modal + HAVE + Verb (past participle)
COULD HAVE+ VERB (3RD)

Could have possui uma forma contraída: could’ve.
O uso mais comum para could have é quando queremos dizer que algo foi possível, mas não
aconteceu.
Sua estrutura é formada por could + have + verbo (particípio passado). Para formarmos
negativas, basta mudarmos o could para a negativa couldn’t.
Compare:
ͫ The cake was so good. I could eat it all. (agora)
ͫ The cake was so good. I could have eaten it all. (passado)
Ex.: Why didn’t Lis take a ride to go to the party? She could have come with me or with Paul.
(she could have come indica que Liz teve a chance de pegar uma carona, mas não o fez)
He could have passed the exam if he had taken it. (ele teve a chance de passar no exame,
mas não o fez)
Com um sentido semelhante ao mencionado, could have pode ainda expressar uma crítica.
Ex.: She could have told me that she didn’t want the job.
SHOULD HAVE+ VERB (3RD)
Suas formas contraídas são Should’ve e Would’ve.
São usados para falarmos de situações que são diferentes do que realmente aconteceu.
Sua estrutura é formada por should/would + have + verbo (particípio passado). Para formar-
mos a negativa, basta colocarmos should e would para a negativa shouldn’t e wouldn’t.
Normalmente, o should have dá a ideia de que não fazemos parte das situações a que nos
referimos.
Ex.: John didn’t study for the test and he failed it. He should have studied for it. (Não partici-
pamos da situação, apenas a analisamos.)
No exemplo acima, John não fez o que seria o correto. A estrutura should have é usada para
fazermos esta crítica.
WOULD HAVE + VERB (3RD)
Exercício 3
Normalmente, o would have é usado quando nos colocamos no lugar do sujeito que fez parte
da situação da qual se fala.
Ex.: John didn’t study for the test. If I were him, I would have studied for it. (Analisamos a
situação nos imaginando no lugar da pessoa da qual se fala – neste caso, me coloco no lugar
de John e digo o que faria se fosse ele).
MUST HAVE+ VERB (3RD)
Must have é usado para dizermos que estamos quase certos de que algo aconteceu. Sua tra-
dução é “deve ter”, sendo usado em inglês, no mesmo sentido que é usado em português.
Must have deve ser seguido de verbo no passado particípio, assim como os outros verbos
modais do passado.
Ex.: I called Steve but he didn’t answer the phone. He must have gone out. (A frase “Ele deve
ter saído” indica que estou quase certo do que aconteceu, ou seja, faço uma dedução de uma
situação do passado)
EXERCÍCIO
greeted by an inmate who unlocks the main door to the small women’s jail. […]
The sentence, ‘All APAC prisoners must have passed through the mainstream system ….’
Indicates:
a) a past assumption.
b) a past obligation.
c) a future obligation.
d) an advice.
e) a past probability.
GABARITO
1. B
TAG QUESTIONS
2
TAG QUESTIONS
TAG QUESTIONS/QUESTION TAGS
CONCEITO
Tag questions são usadas frequentemente na fala do dia a dia e na escrita informal – It’s a
nice day, isn’t it?
Usamos “tag questions” quando dizemos algo, mas não estamos completamente certos se há
ou não verdade, então pedimos uma confirmação. – You eat sweets, don’t you?
Frequentemente, usamos tag questions no negativo quando as sentenças são afirmativas e
usamos tag questions no afirmativo quando as sentenças são negativas.
Ex.: It’s hot today, isn’t it?
She doesn’t like coffee, does she?
Na tag question, se utiliza o mesmo verbo auxiliar da frase principal. Se não houver auxiliar,
é usado o do, does ou did.
Ex.: They won’t go, will they?
She arrived this morning, didn’t she?
A tag question deve ficar no mesmo tempo verbal da frase.
Use o mesmo sujeito da frase, na tag question, substituindo o nome pelo pronome.
Ex.: Bob can swim, can’t he?
Our teachers work a lot, don’t they?
As formas negativas são frequentemente contraídas (n’t); se não forem, seguirão a ordem:
auxiliar + sujeito + not.
Ex.: She danced a lot yesterday, did she not?
There is e there are e it is contêm um pseudo-sujeito; portanto, there e it entrarão nas tag
questions como se fossem o sujeito.
Ex.: There is a party this afternoon, isn’t there?
ͫ It is hot, isn’t it?
O verbo have pode ser usado como verbo principal (We have a good house) ou como verbo
auxiliar, quando seguido de um verbo no particípio passado (They have been sick for a week).
Ex.: We have a good house, don’t we?
ͫ She has a cute boyfriend, doesn’t she?
ͫ They have been sick for a week, haven’t they?
ͫ She has seen that movie, hasn’t she?
TAG QUESTIONS – SPECIAL CASES

Quando a sentença iniciar por I am, a tag question será aren’t I?
tag questions 3
Ex.: I am late, aren’t I?

Quando a sentença estiver no imperativo afirmativo ou negativo, o tag question será sempre
will you?
Ex.: Open the door, will you?
ͫ Don’t be late, will you?
Quando a sentença iniciar com Let’s … , a tag question será shall we?
Ex.: Let’s dance, shall we?
Quando o sujeito for nobody, no one, somebody, someone, everybody ou everyone, o pronome
da tag question será they.
Ex.: Nobody called me, did they?
Quando tivermos never, no, nobody, nothing, hardly, scarcely, ou little na frase, a tag question
ficará no afirmativo, uma vez que estas palavras têm sentido negativo:
Ex.: They never smile, do they?
ͫ We could hardly hear, could we?
ͫ It’s no good, is it?
Quando a sentença iniciar por nothing, o pronome da tag question será it.
Ex.: Nothing will happen, will it?
EITHER/NEITHER
– EITHER…OR/
NEITHER…NOR
2
EITHER/NEITHER – EITHER…OR/NEITHER…NOR
EITHER/NEITHER
EITHER/EITHER ... OR
Either e either ... or são usados para falar sobre duas coisas ou pessoas, porém somente uma
delas será válida.
ͫ EITHER
» Ex.: They have two types of dessert; you can have either.
» (Eles têm dois tipos de sobremesa; você pode comer uma ou outra.)
» A: Would you like tea or juice? (Você gostaria de chá ou suco?)
» B: Either. I don’t mind. (Qualquer um dos dois. Tanto faz.)
» Ex.: Call me in the morning or at night. Either is OK.
» (Me ligue de manhã ou à noite. Qualquer um está bom.)
ͫ EITHER ... OR
» Ex.: Either John or Michael is going to be hired.
» (Apenas um dos dois será contratado)
» A concordância do verbo irá depender da última opção mencionada.
» Ex.: Either the Johnsons or Janet is going to be hired.
» (Note que o verbo “is”está concordando com Janet.)
» Ex.: Either Janet or the Johnsons are going to be hired.
» (Note que o verbo “are” está concordando com the Johnsons.)
» Ex.: Either you behave or you go to your room.
» (Ou você se comporta ou vai para o seu quarto.)
» Ex.: You can go either by bus or by car.
» (Você pode ir ou de ônibus ou de carro.)
SPECIAL CASES
ͫ Quando either for seguido de possessivo, pronome pessoal ou determinante (the, my,
these, her, them etc), usa-se a preposição of:
» Ex.: You can use either of the cars.
» (Você pode usar qualquer um dos carros.)
» Ex.: I don’t like either of my neighbours.
» (Não gosto de nenhum dos meus vizinhos.)
» Ex.: I don’t like either of those movies.
» (Não gosto de nenhum destes filmes.)
either/neither – either…or/neither…nor 3
» A. Which car do you prefer, this one or that one? (Qual carro você prefere, este ou
aquele?)
» B. I don’t like either of them. (Não gostei de nenhum deles.)
ͫ Either significa “também” quando usado depois de um verbo na forma negativa.
» Ex.: If you don’t go, I won’t go either. (Se você não for, eu também não vou.)
» Ex.: I don’t like travelling by bus and my sister doesn’t like it either.
» (Eu não gosto de viajar de ônibus e minha irmã também não.)
» Neither/neither ... nor
ͫ Neither e Neither ... nor são usados para falar sobre duas coisas ou pessoas.
ͫ Por serem negativos, são sempre acompanhados de estruturas verbais afirmativas. Veja:
» Ex.:
» A: Would you rather to go to the cinema or to a restaurant?
» (Você que ir ao cinema ou a um restaurante?)
» B: Neither. I want to stay at home.
» (Nenhum dos dois. Quero ficar em casa.)
» Ex.: Neither Steve nor Charles passed the test.
» (Nem Steve nem Charles passaram no teste.)
» Ex.: She doesn’t like tea and neither do I.
» (Ela não gosta de chá e eu também não.)
» Ex.:
» A. Would you like tea or juice? (Você gostaria de chá ou suco?)
» B. Neither. (Nenhum dos dois.)
» Ex.:
» A. Is your friend English or French? (Sua amiga é Inglesa ou francesa?)
» B. Neither. She’s Brazilian. (Nenhum dos dois. Ela é Brasileira.)
» Ex.: First I worked in an office, and later at the mall. Neither job was very interesting.
» (Primeiro eu trabalhei em um escritório e depois no shopping center. Nenhum dos
trabalhos era muito interessante.)
ͫ Quando neither for seguido de um possessivo ou de um pronome pessoal, usa-se a
expressão neither of:
» Neither of Paul’s sisters is single.
» (Nenhuma das irmãs do Paulo é solteira.)
» Neither of them wants to stay here.
» (Nenhum deles quer ir ficar aqui.)
» My brother and I didn’t eat anything. Neither of us was hungry.
» (Meu irmão e eu não comemos nada. Nenhum de nós estava com fome.)
4
EXERCÍCIO
The Phenomenon of Candy Crush: Why Is the Game So Popular?
In 2012, Candy Crush was released on Facebook and was later converted to smartphone
format for people to play on the go. In 2013, the game reached real prominence and became the
most popular game on Facebook. It’s no surprise then that so many people play this game on their
phones. Candy Crush Saga has changed the way many of us kill time on commutes, or even in the
toilet. I don’t remember the last train journey I took where at least one person wasn’t playing Candy
Crush on their phone. I’m sure almost every reader of this article will have either been invited or
invited others to play Candy Crush via Facebook in an effort to get more lives or even levels. […]
In the sentence, “I’m sure almost every reader of this article will have either been invited or
invited others to play Candy Crush via Facebook”, either …or…:
a) is a conjunction used to express alternatives and or a choice between two or more
things.
b) is an adverb used to elicit examples.
c) is a preposition.
d) is a synonym for “also”.
e) is sometimes used as a verb.
GABARITO
1. A
DIRECT AND
INDIRECT SPEECH
2
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
O Discurso Indireto (Indirect Speech), também chamado de Reported Speech, é usado para
repetirmos algo que alguém disse sem precisarmos usar aspas ou fazer citações.
O Reported Speech (Discurso Indireto) é o contrário do Direct Speech (Discurso Direto)
ͫ Direct Speech – aqui temos a repetição exata das palavras do locutor indicadas pelo uso
de aspas.
Ex.: He said: “I don’t want to go to school”.
ͫ Reported Speech – aqui temos a mesma mensagem, porém, sem repetir as palavras
exatas do locutor.
Ex.: He said (that) he didn’t want to go to school.
Há alguns verbos que podem ser usados no discurso indireto:
» ASK (pedir / perguntar)
» TELL (dizer – imperativo) – vem seguido da pessoa p/ quem se fala.
» SAY (dizer) – não vem seguido da pessoa p/ quem eu falo.
REGRAS
Dependendo da frase no discurso direto (aquela que repete exatamente as palavras de quem
fala), usamos ask, tell, say, explain etc, de maneira diferenciada.
ͫ Ex.: He said:” The film is very good”
He said (that) the film was very good.
He said to us:” Study for the test!”
He told us to study for the test”
He said:” Do you want to come with us?
He asked us if we wanted to come with them.= He asked us whether we wanted to come with
them.
Geralmente, quando passamos uma frase do discurso direto para o discurso indireto, colocamos
o verbo no passado. Se ele já estiver no passado, colocamos ainda mais para o passado (Past Perfect)
Ex.: She said: “I want to go home”
She said (that) she wanted to go home.
Cuidado com os pronomes! Eles podem mudar para que a frase faça sentido!
Ex.: She said: “I want to go home” (Ela disse: “Eu quero ir para casa)
ͫ She said (that) she wanted to go home. (Ela disse que ela queria ir para casa)
Exercício 3
Cuidado com o Imperativo! (Ou seja, quando há uma ordem)
Ex.: She said to me: “Close the door now!” (Ela me disse: “Fecha a porta”)
ͫ She told me to close the door. (Ela me disse para fechar a porta)
Neste caso, usamos o verbo tell (told), pois devemos mencionar para quem foi dada a ordem.
O verbo tell obriga a dizermos a quem se dirigiu a ordem.
Além disso, o verbo NÃO passa para o passado como nos casos anteriores. É o único caso em
que o verbo permanece na forma básica.
EXERCÍCIO
Lockdown Named 2020’s Word of the Year by Collins Dictionary
[…] “Language is a reflection of the world around us and 2020 has been dominated by the global
pandemic,” says Collins language content consultant Helen Newstead. “We have chosen lockdown
as our word of the year because it encapsulates the shared experience of billions of people who
have had to restrict their daily lives in order to contain the virus. Lockdown has affected the way
we work, study, shop, and socialise. It is not a word of the year to celebrate, but it is, perhaps, one
that sums up the year for most of the world.” […]
The indirect speech form of the sentence “We have chosen lockdown as our word of the year
because it encapsulates the shared experience of billions of people,” is:
a) “Helen Newstead said they will choose lockdown as our word of the year because it
encapsulates the shared experience of billions of people.”
b) “Helen Newstead asked if they chose lockdown as their word of the year because it
will encapsulate the shared experience of billions of people.”
c) “Helen Newstead told me they had chosen lockdown as our word of the year because
it encapsulated the shared experience of billions of people.”
d) ‘Helen Newstead said that they had chosen lockdown as their word of the year be-
cause it encapsulated the shared experience of billions of people.”
e) “Helen Newstead said me they had chosen lockdown as their word of the year because
it encapsulated the shared experience of billions of people.”
GABARITO
2. D
IF-CLAUSES
2
IF-CLAUSES
IF-CLAUSES/CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
CONCEITO
Quando falamos sobre frases condicionais, duas coisas devem ficar claras:
ͫ As frases condicionais impõem condições, por isso sempre envolvem um “se”. Dê o
seguinte exemplo:
» Se chover não irei à praia.
» Pergunte: Qual é a condição para que eu vá à praia?
» Resposta: A condição é que não chova.
ͫ Dependendo da situação, as frases condicionais também são muito usadas para indicar
as chances de algo acontecer. Elas fazem isso ao mesmo tempo em que determinam
uma condição.
TIPOS DE IF-CLAUSES
If-Clauses são também chamadas de frases condicionais (Conditional Sentences).
São frases que apresentam uma condição:
ͫ If = “se”.
São divididas em 3 tipos básicos:
ͫ Type I;
ͫ Type II;
ͫ Type III.
IF-CLAUSES – MEANING AND FORM

TYPE I – as frases condicionais do Tipo I são aquelas que indicam grande chance de algo acon-
tecer ou grande chance de que algo se realize.
ͫ AFFIRMATIVE
Ex.: If you study hard, you will pass.
ͫ NEGATIVE
Ex.: If you don’t study hard, you won’t pass.
ͫ AFFIRMATIVE + NEGATIVE
Ex.: If you don’t study, you will fail.
Ex.: If you study, you won’t fail.
TYPE II – as frases condicionais do Tipo II indicam pouca chance de algo acontecer ou que algo
é possível que se realize.
Exercício 3
ͫ AFFIRMATIVE
Ex.: If you studied, you would pass.
ͫ NEGATIVE
Ex.: If you didn’t study, you wouldn’t pass.
Ex.: If you didn’t study, you would fail.
Ex.: If you studied, you wouldn’t fail.
TYPE III – as frases condicionais do Tipo III indicam algo impossível de se realizar. Também
podemos dizer que o Tipo III indica uma possibilidade irreal.
ͫ AFFIRMATIVE
Ex.: If you had studied, you would have passed.
ͫ NEGATIVE
Ex.: If you hadn’t studied, you wouldn’t have passed.
Ex.: If you hadn’t studied, you would have failed.
Ex.: If you had studied, you wouldn’t have failed.
FRASE IDEIA
Afirmativa Negativa
Negativa Afirmativa
Ex.: If I had seen Jane, I would have talked to her.
Note que ambas as partes da frase estão na afirmativa. Assim sendo, a frase como um todo
possui ideia negativa. Ao traduzirmos a frase isso fica bastante claro.
Ex.: Se eu tivesse visto a Jane, eu teria falado com ela.
(Isso significa que não vi a Jane, logo, não falei com ela.)
EXERCÍCIO
The photography exercise book by Bert Krages
Training your eye to shoot like a pro
A while ago I was asked if I’d like to have a look at Bert Krages’ book. My initial thought was
that it would pretty much be a list of ‘try this’ exercises. Well in a way it is, in that you really need
to go out and try the exercises, not just read about them. In much the same way that my piano
playing won’t improve by just buying more books about playing the piano…
4
Try the technical exercises – a desk lamp and an egg really can teach you an enormous amount
about the realities of lighting, shadows and reflected light. I’ve been a pro photographer since 2004
and taking the time to do some of the exercises has been of real benefit.
A well-written book that is packed with useful images to illustrate the matters at hand. It’s
nice to see the author didn’t fall into the trap of only including ‘perfect’ photos – you will look at
some and think ‘I could do better than that’ – good!
It’s a book for people who want to take more photos and increase their satisfaction from
doing so. Definitely one to try if you feel you’re perhaps clinging to some of the technical aspects
of photography as a bit of a safety blanket, to avoid the fluffy artsy stuff. […]
What is the question the author refers to when he says: “...I was asked if I’d like to have a look
at Bert Krages’ book.”? (paragraph 1).
a) Did you like to have a look at Bert Krages’ book?
b) Should you like to have a look at Bert Krages’ book?
c) Need you like to have a look at Bert Krages’ book?
d) Would you like to have a look at Bert Krages’ book?
e) Do you like to have a look at Bert Krages’ book?
GABARITO
1. D
IF-CLAUSES
2
IF-CLAUSES
IF-CLAUSES/CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
CONCEITO
Quando falamos sobre frases condicionais, duas coisas devem ficar claras:
ͫ as frases condicionais impõem condições, por isso sempre envolvem um “se”. Dê o
seguinte exemplo:
» Se chover não irei à praia.
» Pergunte: Qual é a condição para que eu vá à praia?
» Resposta: A condição é que não chova.
ͫ Dependendo da situação, as frases condicionais também são muito usadas para indicar
as chances de algo acontecer. Elas fazem isso ao mesmo tempo em que determinam
uma condição.
SPECIAL CASES
TYPE 0 – As frases condicionais do Tipo 0 indicam que o resultado é sempre certo. Nesse tipo
de frase condicional usamos o Simple Present em ambos os lados da frase. Veja os exemplos:
Ex.: If water reaches 100ºC, it boils.
Ex.: If you touch fire, you get burned.
Frases condicionais do Tipo II usadas com o Verbo To Be no passado:
ͫ O verbo To Be no passado usado numa frase condicional, aquele sempre será WERE.
Ex.: If I were you, I would talk to her.
ͫ (Se eu fosse você, eu falaria com ela.)
Nota: essa regra vale para todos os sujeitos, não somente para o “Se eu fosse você”.
Se você disser “Se ela fosse mais alta, ...” irá utilizar o sujeito she. Embora o passado de She is
seja She was, neste caso você deverá dizer “If she were taller, ...”.
É possível que você veja/ouça alguém dizer “If she was...” Trata-se de um uso coloquial e que
cada vez mais vem ganhando aceitação por parte de vários gramáticos. Alguns já consideram como
forma fossilizada e, portanto, dentro da norma da língua.
MIXED CONDITIONALS
Podemos misturar os casos anteriormente citados dependendo do que queremos dizer.
Ex.: If I had taken an aspirin, I wouldn’t have a headache now.
SUBSTITUINDO IF
If pode ser substituído por palavras ou expressões com um significado similar. As mais comuns
são:
Exercício 3
ͫ as long as;
ͫ assuming (that);
ͫ on condition (that);
ͫ on the assumption (that);
ͫ provided (that);
ͫ supposing (that);
ͫ unless;
ͫ with the condition (that).
EXERCÍCIO
Learn to code, it’s more important than English as a second language
[…] “If I were a French student and I were 10 years old, I think it would be more important
for me to learn coding than English. I’m not telling people not to learn English in some form – but
I think you understand what I am saying is that this is a language that you can use to express you-
rself to 7 billion people in the world. I think that coding should be required in every public school
in the world.” […]
The sentence, “If I were a French student and I were 10 years old, I think it would be more
important for me to learn coding than English”:
is in the first conditional form.
is wrong because the past of ‘I am’ is ‘I was’, therefore the sentence should be ‘If I was’.
is in the second conditional form and it’s correct.
is in the third conditional form.
is wrong and the correct form should be “If I was a French student and I was 10 years old, I
think it will be more important for me to learn coding than English.
GABARITO
1. C
PASSIVE VOICE
2
PASSIVE VOICE
THE PASSIVE VOICE
CONCEITO
Quando falamos a respeito de Passive Voice (Voz Passiva), estamos nos referindo a um tipo de
construção de frases, no qual o sujeito sofre a ação do verbo. Se dissermos:
ͫ John loves Mary. – voz ativa, pois o sujeito John é quem pratica a ação.
Se, porém, dissermos:
ͫ Mary is loved by John. – voz passiva, pois agora Mary sofre a ação do verbo e não a pratica.
Para transformarmos uma frase em voz passiva, devemos obedecer aos seguintes princípios:
ͫ o objeto da voz ativa passa a ser o sujeito da voz passiva;
ͫ o sujeito da voz ativa passa a ser agente da passiva na voz passiva;
ͫ o verbo to be é usado no mesmo tempo verbal em que o verbo principal se encontra na
voz ativa;
ͫ o verbo principal assume a sua forma do particípio passado (a 3ª forma do passado dos
verbos, chamada comumente de 3ª coluna);
ͫ se o sujeito da ativa for particularizado, determinado, ele será mantido como agente da
passiva.
Exemplo 1:
ͫ Sheila makes good cakes.
» o objeto (good cakes) será sujeito da voz passiva;
» makes: verbo no presente; portanto, usaremos o to be no presente = are;
» make, made, usamos a sua forma do particípio passado, made;
» o sujeito Sheila é particularizado e aprece como agente da passiva ou substituído
por um pronome oblíquo = her. Como agente da passiva, será sempre precedido
pela preposição by.
Teremos então:
» Good cakes are made by her.
Exemplo 2:
ͫ They play poke here.
ͫ (Eles jogam pôquer aqui.)
ͫ Poker is played here (by them).
ͫ (Pôquer é jogado aqui por eles.)
passive voice 3
SIMPLE PRESENT
Se o tempo verbal for o Simple Present Tense, teremos então:
ͫ Active Voice: Maggie takes the kids to school.
ͫ Passive Voice: The kids are taken to school by her.
SIMPLE PAST
ͫ Active Voice: Pedro A. Cabral discovered Brazil in 1500.
ͫ Passive Voice: Brazil was discovered in 1500 by Pedro A. Cabral.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
ͫ Active Voice: They are cleaning the room now.
ͫ Passive Voice: The room is being cleaned now.
PAST CONTINUOUS
ͫ Active Voice: My cousin was fixing the computer.
ͫ Passive Voice: The computer was being fixed by my cousin.
PRESENT PERFECT
ͫ Active Voice: They have never seen her before.
ͫ Passive Voice: She has never been seen before.
PAST PERFECT
ͫ Active Voice: The robber had broken the safe.
ͫ Passive Voice: The safe had been broken by the robber.
SIMPLE FUTURE
ͫ Active Voice: Many people will watch that game.
ͫ Passive Voice: That game will be watched by many people.
MODAL VERBS: CAN; MAY; COULD; SHOULD; MUST ETC.

ͫ Active Voice: A grenade can cause a lot of destruction.
ͫ Passive Voice: A lot of destruction can be caused by a grenade.
ͫ Active Voice: We must respect the law.
ͫ Passive Voice: The law must be respected.
PASSIVE VOICE –
SPECIAL CASES
2
PASSIVE VOICE – SPECIAL CASES

PASSIVE VOICE – SPECIAL CASES
INTRODUÇÃO
Quando falamos em Voz Passiva, geralmente estamos falando de um tipo de discurso no qual
a ação é mais importante do que o sujeito dela.
O foco está no objeto.
Esse conteúdo é mais fácil do que parece. Você precisará de boa bagagem de conhecimento
da língua inglesa, especialmente no que se refere ao conhecimento dos tempos verbais.
A Passive Voice é uma mera inversão da frase que estava na Voz Ativa (Active Voice): quem
estava na frente passa para trás da frase e vice-versa.
SPECIAL CASES:
ͫ Voz Ativa com dois Objetos
Quando a frase possui dois objetos, normalmente o objeto direto é uma coisa e o objeto
indireto é uma pessoa. Neste caso, geralmente usamos a pessoa (objeto indireto) como o sujeito
da frase na voz passiva:
Veja a seguinte frase:
John gave Jane a ring for her birthday. (John deu à Jane um anel pelo seu aniversário).
Jane = objeto indireto
A ring = objeto direto.
Logo:
Active Voice: John gave Jane a ring for her birthday.
Passive Voice: Jane was given a ring for her birthday.
Podemos usar o objeto direto (a ring) como sujeito da voz passiva quando queremos enfatizá-lo.
Ex.:
Active Voice: John gave Jane a ring for her birthday.
Passive Voice: A ring was given to Jane for her birthday.
ͫ Verbos Seguidos de Preposição
Quando um verbo é seguido de preposição na voz ativa, ele deve manter sua preposição na
voz passiva:
Ex.:
Active Voice: They are looking at us.
Passive Voice: We are being looked at.
ͫ Verbos que não são usados na voz passiva
Exercícios 3
Nem todos os verbos podem ser usados na voz passiva. São os chamados verbos intransitivos,
ou seja, aqueles que não precisam de complementação. Sendo assim, não possuem objetos que
poderiam ser o sujeito de uma frase na voz passiva.
Dois exemplos são os verbos chegar (arrive) e morrer (die), que por este motivo não podem
ser usados na voz passiva. O mesmo acontece com alguns stative verbs, tais como have fit (servir;
ajustar) ou lack (falta; carência). Veja os exemplos abaixo:
Ex.: I have a nice car. (Não é possível: A nice car is had by me)
This jacket doesn’t fit me. (Não é possível: I’m not fitted by this jacket)
Tempo verbal da
Forma Passiva Exemplo
sentença original
Gorillas inhabit this jungle – This
Simple Present am/is/are + past participle
jungle is inhabited by gorillas.
Sorry, but we are remodeling the
am being/is being/are being +
Present Continuous airport – Sorry, but the airport is
past participle
being remodeled.
They didn’t hear me, so I es-
Simple Past Was/were + past participle caped. –
I wasn’t heard so I escaped.
Was being/were being + past Someone was playing the violin. –
Past Continuous
participle The violin was being played.
The virus has already attacked
Have been/has been + past this country. - This country has
Present Perfect
participle already been attacked by the
virus.
I realized that they had hit me on
Past Perfect Had been + past participle purpose. – I realized that I had
been hit on purpose.
Someone will rob you if you go
Will – Future Will be + past participle there. – You will be robbed if you
go there.
They are gong to build a bridge
Am/is/are going to + past
Going to - Future here. –
participle
A bridge is going to be built here.
EXERCÍCIOS
Chinese Woman Opens Plane’s Emergency Exit for Some Fresh Air
[…] In July last year, a woman who was flying for the first time mistook the emergency door
for a lavatory door before her plane took off in Nanjing. The emergency slide was released and the
flight was delayed for two hours. The woman was detained for 10 days. Some passengers have paid
a heavy price for releasing the emergency slide, which may take days and considerable expense to
repair and reinstall. In January 2015, a man who opened an emergency door after a plane landed
in Chongqing had to pay 35,000 yuan (150,000 baht) in compensation to the airline.
4
In June, a man from Hubei who was returning to China from Bangkok on a Thai Lion Air Flight
opened an emergency exit before take-off. After apologising repeatedly, according to witnesses,
he was held by Thai authorities for one day and given a fine of 500 baht before being deported.
Choose the alternative that has the sentence “...he was held by Thai authorities for one day
and given a fine of 500 baht…” (paragraph 4) correctly changed into active voice.
a) Thai authorities had held him for one day and given him a fine of 500 baht.
b) Thai authorities will hold him for one day and give him a fine of 500 baht.
c) Thai authorities have held him for one day and gave him a fine of 500 baht.
d) Thai authorities were holding him for one day and giving him a fine of 500 baht.
e) Thai authorities held him for one day and gave him a fine of 500 baht.
GABARITO
1. E
POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
2
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Os pronomes possessivos, como o próprio nome indica, determinam uma relação de posse
entre sujeito e substantivo. De maneira BASTANTE resumida e simplificada, podemos dizer que são
os pronomes usados para dizer quem é o dono de alguma coisa.
Eles equivalem aos pronomes MEU/SEU/ DELE/DELA/NOSSO/NOSSA etc.
Você lembra que os pronomes pessoais se relacionam ao um verbo? Pois bem, os pronomes
possessivos se relacionam a um substantivo.
Vamos entender quais são as funções dos pronomes possesivos e sua importância para o bom
entendimento dos textos de língua Inglesa.
CONCEITO DE PRONOMES POSSESSIVOS

Possessive Pronouns
Há dois tipos de pronomes possessivos: Os Possessive Adjectives e os Possessive Pronouns.
Os Possessive Adjectives são seguidos de um substantivo, ou seja, eles são usados na frente
do substantivo.
Já os Possessive Pronouns não podem ser seguidos de um substantivo. Eles são usados depois
do substantivo ao qual se referem, para evitar redundância.
ATENÇÃO!
Os possessive adjectives têm a mesma tradução dos possessive pronouns. O que os diferem é sua posição em
relação ao substantivo.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

MY (meu, minha, meus, minhas) MINE
YOUR (seu, sua, seus, suas) YOURS
HIS (dele) HIS
HER (dela) HERS
ITS ITS
OUR (nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas) OURS
THEIR (deles, delas) THEIRS
Antes do Substantivo Depois do Substantivo
Ex.: I have my friends and you have your friends.

I have my friends and you have yours.
Ex.: These are my books. Where are your books?
These are my books. Where are yours?
Nota: Em português, podemos usar os pronomes seu, sua, seus, suas para nos referirmos
a uma terceira pessoa que sequer esteja presente conosco.
Ex.: Mary não veio hoje. Ela teve problemas com seu carro.
Exercícios 3
Nesta frase, o pronome possessivo “seu” está sendo usado para nos referirmos à Mary e não
há confusão quanto a esse entendimento.
Ex.: Mary didn’t come today. She had problems with your car.
Nesse exemplo percebemos que o pronome “your” transmite a ideia de que o carro pertence
à pessoa com quem se fala, e não à Mary.
A língua inglesa não aceita os pronomes “seu, sua, seus, suas” para nos referirmos à uma
terceira pessoa. Este é mais um exemplo de que a tradução literal do português para o inglês pode
comprometer a estrutura de uma frase e a mensagem dela.
Os Possessivos Adjetivos possuem relação direta com os Pronomes Sujeito (Subjective Pro-
nouns), devendo ser usados assim:
SUBJECTIVE PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

I MY
YOU YOUR
HE HIS
SHE HER
IT ITS
WE OUR
THEY THEIR
Portanto, se o sujeito for “he”, o pronome possessivo que deve ser usado em relação a esse sujeito
é “his” (não “your”) .
Assim sendo, o exemplo anteriormente citado fica:
Ex.: Mary didn’t come today. She had problems with her car.
ͫ Note que alguns pronomes possessivos não variam quanto ao número ou gênero, ou seja,
não são flexionados para o masculino ou feminino nem para o plural.
Ex.: This is my book. (este é o meu livro) – my = meu
These are my books. (estes são meus livros) – my = meus
This is my house. (esta é a minha casa) – my = minha
These are my houses. (estas são minhas casas) – my = minhas
EXERCÍCIOS
Lockdown Named 2020’s Word of the Year by Collins Dictionary
Lockdown, the noun that has come to define so many lives across the world in 2020, has been
named word of the year by Collins Dictionary. Lockdown is defined by Collins as “the imposition of
stringent restrictions on travel, social interaction, and access to public spaces”. The 4.5-billion-word
Collins Corpus, which contains written material from websites, books and newspapers, as well as
spoken material from radio, television and conversations, registered a 6,000% increase in ______(1)
4
usage. In 2019, there were 4,000 recorded instances of lockdown being used. In 2020, this had risen
to more than a quarter of a million.
“Language is a reflection of the world around us and 2020 has been dominated by the global
pandemic,” says Collins language content consultant Helen Newstead. “We have chosen lockdown
as _______(2) word of the year because it encapsulates the shared experience of billions of people
who have had to restrict _______(3) daily lives in order to contain the virus. Lockdown has affec-
ted the way we work, study, shop, and socialise. It is not a word of the year to celebrate, but it is,
perhaps, one that sums up the year for most of the world.” […]
Choose the alternative with words that respectively complete gaps (1), (2) and (3) in the
correct way.
a) its, our, their
b) my, our, her
c) your, his, our
d) its, his, their
e) my, their, your
GABARITO
1. A
COUNTABLE AND
UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS - ESA
2
SUBSTANTIVOS CONTÁVEIS E INCONTÁVEIS

Em inglês há palavras que são chamadas de substantivos contáveis e incontáveis. São os cou-
ntable nouns e os uncountable nouns. Algumas pessoas dizem que os countable nouns são aqueles
que possuem plural e que os uncountable nouns não possuem plural, mas não é correto pensar
assim. Vamos entender cada um deles.
COUNTABLE NOUNS
São os substantivos que, quando combinados com um número, sua forma plural expressam
uma quantidade exata.
Ex.: 1 book – 2 books.
1 car – 2 cars
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
São os substantivos que, quando combinados com um número, NÃO conseguem expressar a
ideia de quantidade exata. Eles são motivo de muita confusão.
Ex.: money water
information cheese
bread oil
Note que se utilizarmos um número para indicarmos a ideia de quantidade dos substantivos
incontáveis, estes não fazem sentido:
Ex.: I paid 30 moneys for my television. (Errado)
I paid much money for my television. (Certo)
PLURAL DOS SUBSTANTIVOS INCONTÁVEIS

Até mesmo os uncountable nouns podem possuir sua forma no plural. Pode parecer estranho
num primeiro momento, mas a diferença está na ideia que ele transmite ao fazer isso.
Ex.: I need 5 moneys to buy that jacket.
(Errado – essa frase não faz sentido)
Ex.: There are different moneys in Europe.
(Correto – aqui a frase expressa a ideia de “tipos de dinheiro”, ou seja, moedas correntes.
PLURAL OF
COUNTABLE AND
UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS
2
ESA
PLURAL DOS SUBSTANTIVOS CONTÁVEIS E INCONTÁVEIS
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR PLURALS
Substantivos possuem plural.
Verbos e adjetivos não possuem uma forma no plural.
Ex.:
I work – They work
I worked – They worked
One beautiful girl – Two beautiful girls
One grocery store – Two grocery stores
(Two groceries stores - ERRADO)
1. Regra geral - Acrescenta-se o “S”

Ex.: car – cars
book – books
egg – eggs boy – boys
2. Substantivos terminados por “Y” precedido de consoante: troca-se “Y” por “IES”.
Ex.: baby – babies strawberry – strawberries
grocery – groceries
3. Substantivos terminados por “F”; “FE”: troca-se por “VES”.

Ex.: thief – thieves wolf – wolves
knife – knives half – halves
4. Substantivos terminados em S / SS / SH / CH / X / O, deverão ser acrescidos de “ES”:

Ex.: bus – buses beach – beaches
box – boxes
tomato – tomatoes
hero – heroes
potato – potatoes
5. Exceções – Alguns substantivos, entretanto, mesmo terminados em “F” ou “FE”, deverão

ser acrescidos de “S” ou poderão receber as duas regras.
Ex.: belief – beliefs
chief – chiefs
cliff – cliffs
roof – roofs
ESA 3
cuff – cuffs
safe – safes
proof – proofs
ATTENTION
*dwarf – dwarfs / dwarves
*scarf – scarfs / scarves
*hoof – hoofs / hooves
*wharf – wharfs / wharves
EXCEÇÕES
1. Quando o “CH” tem som de /k/, acrescentamos apenas “S”:
epoch – epochs
monarch – monarchs
patriarch – patriarchs stomach – stomachs
2. Algumas palavras terminadas em “O” não levam “ES”, somente “S”:

autos videos dynamos
memos pianos solos
radios casinos tatoos
kilos zoos stereos
studios sopranos photos
3. Palavras que derivam do latim, possuem formação de plural especial:

datum – data
erratum – errata
phenomenon – phenomena
genius – genii
radius – radii
basis – bases parenthesis – parentheses
bacterium – bacteria
criterium – criteria
4. Substantivos formados por “duas partes” possuem forma no plural

Shorts Pants Scissors
Trousers Glasses
5. Outras exceções
Man – men
4
Woman – women
Gentleman – gentlemen
Child – children
Ox – oxen
Foot – feet
Tooth – teeth
Mouse – mice
Louse – lice
Die – dice
PLURAL OF UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

A maior parte dos substantivos incontáveis é singular em número. Assim sendo, Portanto,
usamos a forma singular do verbo com eles.
Ex.:
Take your time – there is plenty of time. (NOT There are plenty of time.)
Pollution makes us sick. (NOT Pollution make us sick.)
Substantivos abstratos são geralmente incontáveis. Alguns substantivos abstratos podem
ter usos contáveis e incontáveis. Quando usados com um significado geral, esses substantivos
geralmente são incontáveis. Quando usados com um significado particular, esses substantivos
geralmente são contáveis.
Ex.:
They had a hard time dealing with that problem. (countable)
Let’s have a drink and talk. There is enough time. (uncountable)
Plural uncountables (Plurais Incontáveis)
Alguns substantivos incontáveis são plurais. Eles não têm formas singulares com o mesmo
significado e não podem ser usados com números.
Ex.:
The police are searching for the thief.
Have you bought the groceries? (NOT Have you bought the grocery?)
They sent many thanks for our help.
Outros substantivos incontáveis no plural são: trousers, jeans, pijamas, pants, scissors, spec-
tacles (glasses), shorts, etc.
IMPERATIVES - ESA
2
IMPERATIVO
As formas do Imperativo dos verbos possuem vários usos específicos e com propósitos
semelhantes:
» Para dar ordens;
» Para dar instruções;
» Para alertar / avisar;
» Para encorajar;
» Para convidar.
Vejamos alguns exemplos de Imperativo usados com o verbo GO:
Verbo - Go Afirmativo Negativo
Imperativo comum – Segunda

Ex.: Go Ex.: Don’t go
pessoa YOU
Imperativo com primeira pes- Ex.: Let me go Ex.: Don’t let me go
soa – I / We Ex.: Let’s go Ex.: Let’s not go
Imperativo com terceira pes-
Ex.: Let him go Ex.: Don’t let him go
soa – he / she / it / they / etc.
Imperativo na Voz Passiva
Eles não são muito comuns. Vejamos alguns exemplos.
Ex.: Don’t be taken by surprise!
Let them not be forgotten
Os Imperativos Simples, usados com a segunda pessoa do singular “you” são os mais comuns:
Ex.:
» Tell them to go home.
» Shut up !
» Give me your answer by tomorrow!
» Don’t let any of the kids leave the party.
» Don’t pretend you never saw him!
» Make sure everybody sees you!
» Come for dinner tonight!
A forma imperativa por si só pode ser considerada bastante contundente, abrupta e até rude.
Para deixarmos o discurso mais educado, podemos adicionar expressões como “por favor,” “será
que você poderia”, etc.
Veja alguns exemplos:
1. Please tell her to wait for us.
2. Would you close the window!
3. Would you hand in your report by Thursday, please !

3
4. Please don’t let any of the kids leave the party.
5. Please make sure everybody sees you!

Imperativos com a primeira e terceira pessoa não são comuns. No entanto, há algumas expres-
sões comuns que os usam:
6. Let me see.
7. Let’s go.
8. Let’s not wait any longer.
9. Let her think about it.
IMPERATIVOS ENFÁTICOS
1. Há duas maneiras de se acrescentar ênfase a um Imperativo:
2. Às vezes o pronome ‘YOU’ pode ser adicionado a imperativos simples, para dar ênfase ou
especificar a quem o imperativo é dirigido.
Ex.:
You wait until your turn !
Shut up, you !
You wait here till I come back!
You watch the back door while I go outside and check what’s going on!
ͫ Os exemplos com YOU podem não parecer imperativos enfáticos, mas são. O pronome
YOU pode ser omitido, e o sentido permanece o mesmo. Eles são, portanto, opcionais.
Outras vezes o verbo ‘DO’; pode ser adicionado ao início da frase, como auxiliar redundante.
Ex.:
Do have another cup of coffee, please.
Oh do shut up !
Do put that dog on a leash please, you’re scaring people!
TAG QUESTIONS - ESA
2
TAG QUESTION
Usamos Tag Questions quando dizemos algo, mas não estamos completamente certos se há
ou não verdade, então pedimos uma confirmação.
Ex.: You eat sweets, don’t you?
Tag Questions são muito usados na fala do dia-a-dia e na escrita informal, podendo também
serem usados para tornar uma conversa mais descontraída e interativa.
Ex.: “It’s hot today, isn’t it?
Usamos Tag Questions no negativo quando as sentenças são afirmativas e usamos tag questions
no afirmativo quando as sentenças são negativas.
Ex.:
It’s hot today, isn’t it?
She doesn’t like coffee, does she?
DICA
Use o mesmo verbo auxiliar da frase principal. Se não houver auxiliar, use do, does ou did.
Ex.:
They won’t go, will they?
She arrived this morning, didn’t she?
O Tag Question deve ficar no mesmo tempo verbal da frase.
* Use o mesmo sujeito da frase na Tag Question, substituindo o nome pelo pronome.
Ex.:
Bob can swim, can’t he?
Our teachers work a lot, don’t they?
As formas negativas são frequentemente contraídas (n’t).
Ex.:
He played well yesterday, didn’t he?
Quando não forem contraídas, seguirão a ordem: auxiliar+sujeito+not
Ex.:
He played well yesterday, did she not?
O verbo have pode ser usado como verbo principal (We have a dog) ou como verbo auxiliar,
quando seguido de um verbo no particípio passado (We have studied hard).
Ex.:
We have a good house, don’t we?
He has a nice girlfriend, doesn’t he?
They have studied a lot, haven’t they?
She has been sick, hasn’t she?
Tag Questions – Special Cases
3
1. Quando a sentença iniciar por I am, o tag question será aren’t I.

Ex.:
I am late, aren’t I?
2. Quando a sentença estiver no imperativo afirmativo ou negativo, o tag question será

sempre will you.
Ex.:
Open the door, will you?
Don’t be late, will you?
3. Quando a sentença iniciar com Let’s … , o tag question será shall we.
Ex.:
Let’s dance, shall we?
4. Quando o sujeito for nobody, no one, somebody, someone, everybody e everyone, o

pronome do tag question será they.
Ex.:
Nobody called me, did they?
5. Quando a sentença iniciar por nothing, o pronome do tag question será it.
Ex.:
Nothing will happen, will it?
6. Quando tivermos never, no, nobody, nothing, hardly, scarcely, e little na frase, o tag
question será afirmativo, uma vez que estas palavras têm sentido negativo:
Ex.:
They never smile, do they?
We could hardly hear, could we?
It’s no good, is it?

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PREPOSITIONS

c) There will be a lot of medical progress in the next century.

PERCEBA O USO DA PREPOSIÇÃO “AT” NAS SEGUINTES EXPRESSÕES

Há variações para at the weekend e at Christmas.

PERCEBA O USO DAS PREPOSIÇÕES “IN” E “ON” NAS SEGUINTES

UANDO USAMOS LAST, NEXT, EVERY, THIS NÓS NÃO USAMOS AS

EXPRESSÕES COMUNS COM PREPOSIÇÕES:

at the bottom in the sky on the radio, on television

at the side in a row on the left, on the right

THAT AND THOSE

PARA QUE SERVE CADA PRONOME?

SUBJECTIVE PRONOUNS OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS

VERB TO BE = SER / ESTAR

Ex.: She isn’t beautiful.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

SIMPLE PRESENT - ESTRUTURA

According to the text, choose the correct statement.

SIMPLE PRESENT - USES

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

THEY WORK THEY DON’T WORK DO THEY WORK

SIMPLE PRESENT – FORM

Subject To Be - Affirmative / Negative Main Verb + ING

Ex.: Are John and Steve working now?

ACRESCENTANDO ‘ING’ AO VERBO.

Ex.: Why was she happy?

THERE TO BE = HAVER / EXISTIR

SIMPLE PAST- FORM

SIMPLE PAST- FORM

PAST CONTINUOUS – FORM

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

a) indicate any penitential system.

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE

aged idoso(a) ragged maltrapilho/áspero

ADJETIVOS QUE LEVAM ING:

ORDEM DOS ADJETIVOS

Colour Origin Material Purpose Noun

ͫ 2) Adjetivos de tamanho, comprimento, altura ou idade geralmente são usados antes

Adjective Comparative (ER)

Adjective Comparative (ER) Superlative (EST)

provided contanto que

PRESENT PERFECT - FORM

Where has she seen this movie before?

PRESENT PERFECT - FORM

b) are, have been, have

» Ex.: I go to the movies sometimes. (Eu vou ao cinema às vezes.)

Adverbs Translation Adverbs Translation

d) they are prepositions.

COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF ADVERBS

ͫ Comparative of Superiority – Seguem somente o seguinte padrão:

SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF ADVERBS

» Ex.: The house of Jack and Carol.

» Ex.: My dog is much more obedient than Paul’s.

I have no money = I have none.

WHERE “PERSON” THING

EVERY everywhere everybody everything

RELATIVE PRONOUNS - ESTRUTURA

ͫ WHOM – objeto (=que, quem):

ͫ WHOSE – possessive (=cujo)

OMITINDO O PRONOME RELATIVO