Name: Jois Basta

Cell Respiration Notes

After cells go through photosynthesis, chemical energy is stored in organic molecules like
carbohydrates.

Cellular respiration is: Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes
that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules
or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate, and then release waste products.

The summary reaction for cellular respiration is:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → ATP + 6H2O + 6CO2 + heat

Cellular respiration has two stages

Stage 1:
Glycolysis: During glycolysis, electrons and hydrogen atoms are donated to an electron
acceptor (NAD+) to form NADH, an energy carrier molecule. Since these electrons must
be donated to other molecules so that NAD+ is available to act as an acceptor again,
another set of reactions must follow glycolysis.

Stage 2 (if no oxygen is present):

Fermentation: Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical
changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes.

Two types of fermentation:

Alcoholic Fermentation: Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is

a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose
into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products

Occurs in: cytoplasm

Lactic Acid Fermentation: Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by

which glucose or other six-carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy and the
metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in solution. It is an anaerobic fermentation
reaction that occurs in some bacteria and animal cells, such as muscle cells

1
Occurs in: cytoplasm

Both of these processes regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue,

which allows a steady supply of ATP to be produced.

Stage 2 (when oxygen is present):

Aerobic respiration: Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes
that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules
or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate, and then release waste products

Summary equation for aerobic respiration:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

After glycolysis, and before oxidative respiration, each pyruvic acid molecule
is broken down, making carbon dioxide and a 2-carbon fragment called acetyl
CoA. It also releases electrons which help form NADH (another carrier
molecule). If the cell needs ATP, the 2-carbon fragment continues on
through aerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration has two major steps.

Step one:
Kreb's Cycle: The citric acid cycle – also known as the TCA cycle or the Krebs
cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release
stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats,
and proteins.

Takes place in the:

Produces 2 ATP

Step two:
Electron Transport Chain:
-uses electrons to turn Hydrogen into water

-takes place in the: Mitochondria

2
 - Water is formed as a product

Energy Totals

How much energy is produced from one glucose molecule?

Glycolysis: 2 ATP

Fermentation: 2 ATP

Aerobic respiration: 36 ATP

These ATP molecules represent about 38% of the energy from glucose. The
rest of the energy from the glucose molecule is released as heat.