1.

0 OBJECTIVE:
Experiment 1:
To determine the discharge coefficients of
1: Venturi Flume
Spillway Weir
III. Broad Crested Weir
IV. Sharp Crested Weir
V. 90° VNotch
(VI. Rectangular Notch)
Experiment 2:
To study the formation of hydraulic jump
2.0 APPARATUS:

Models of weirs viz. venturi flume, spillway weir, broad crested weir, sharp crested
weir, 90°V and rectangular notch, and pointer gauge.

3.0 INTRODUCTION AND THEORY:

A channel is a structure in which water flows under atmospheric pressure while in a

pipe water flows at pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. Therefore techniques
of measurements of discharge in pipes cannot be applied here.
Different types of models are available to find discharge in an open channel as
venturiflume, spillway weir, broad crested weir, Sharp Crested weir, V notch and
rectangular notch etc. For calibration of either venturiflume or weir some flow is
allowed in the flume. Once the flow becomes steady and uniform discharge
coefficients can be determined for any model.
The weir is a device used for the measurement of flow in a channel. It is an
obstruction in the channel that causes the liquid to rise behind the weir and then flows
over it. By measuring the height of upstream liquid surface, the rate of flow is
determined. The sheet of water flowing through a weir is known as the nappe. The top
of a weir over which the water flows is known as crest. The weir may be broad
crested, spillway etc.
The relationship between discharge and head over the weir can be developed by
making the following assumptions as to the flow behaviour:
(a) Upstream of the weir, the flow is uniforn and the pressure varies with depth according
to the hydrostatic equation p pgh
(b) The free surface remains horizontal as far as the plane of the weir, and all particles
passing over the weir move horizontally.
(c) The pressure through out the sheet of liquid or nappe, which passes over the crest of
the weir, is atmospheric.
(d) The effect of viscosity and surface tension are negligible.
(e) The velocity in the approach channel is negligible.
 A venturi flume is a structure in a channel, which has a contracted section, called
throat, downstream of which follows a flared transition section designed to restore the
stream to its original width. Discharge coefficient Ca of flume can be determined by
applying formula

QVAa
Cá
Aav2g (VH-h)
where Qis the discharge flowing through the channel. A, a and H, hare the areas and
depths of flow section at entrance and throat of the flume respectively.
A spillway is the portion over which the excess water, which cannot be stored in the
reservoir formed on the surface of the dam, flow to the downstream side and the
flowing sheet of water remains in contact with the surface of the spillway, thereby
preventing the negative pressure being developed on the downstream side. Discharge
coeficient c (having dimension L" T) of spillway can be determined by applying
the formula
Q
c=.
BH2

where Qis the discharge flowing over an spillway and His the head above the crest of
spillway.

Weir in which the sheet of flowing fluid is supported by the surface of the crest is
called broad crested weir. Discharge coefficient Cq of a broad crested weir may be
determined by applying formula
Q
Cq=
H )/2

where Q is the discharge over a broad crested weir, b is the width of weir, g is
acceleration due to gravity and His the head above the crest of broad crested weir.
A
sharp crested weir may be formed by means of ametallic plate. As water flows over
the weir, the surface of water over the crest and immediatelyupstream of it, becomes
curved. The discharge coefficient C, of a sharp crested weir may be determined by
applying formula

C
2
Where Qis the discharge over a sharp crested weir, Bis the width of notch, His the
head over the crest of the weir, and g is acceleration due to gravity.
 3

Notches are those overflow structures whose length of crest in the direction of flow is
accurately shaped. They may be rectangular, trapezoidal, Vnotch etc. The V- notch is
onc of the most precise discharge-measuring device suitable for awide range of flowy
Atriangular or Vnotch is having a triangular or Vshaped opening provided in its
body so that water is discharged through this opening only. The line which bisects the
angle of the notch should be vertical and at the same distance from both side of the
channel. The discharge coefficient Ca of a V notch may be determined by applying
formula.

C 8 J2gH" tan
15 2

Where Qis the discharge over a triangular notch, is the apex angle of notch and His
the head over the crest of the notch.

A rectangular notch, symmetrically located in a vertical thin plate, which is placed

perpendicular to sides and bottom of a straight channel, is defined as rectangular
sharp-crested weir. The discharge coefficient C of a rectangular notch may be
determined by applying formula

V2g BH2
3
Where Q is the discharge over a rectangular notch, B is the width of notch, H is the
head over the crest of the notch, and gis acceleration due to gravity.
4.0 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:

The experimental set up consists of a hydraulic channel 25 cm wide and 30 cm deep

with a stabilising tank. The total length of flume is nearly 4.5 m. For visual
observation of flow patterm along the flume section both sides of flume are provided
with transparent perspex sheet. The upstream and downstream sections are provided
with adjustable gates. In a portion of flume one can fix a model of weir, notch or
venturi flume. The flume is provided with pipe railing in full length (between the
gates) for the movement of pointer gauge. Apointer gauge is used to measure the head
of water over the model. The flume has the screw mechanical jack to give a tilt to the
channel. Pressure gauges with calibrated Orificemeter are provided to measure
discharge.
5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Stepl: The channel is adjusted so that the bed is horizontal. The model is placed in the
channel and carefully sealed to prevent leakage between the walls and floor of the
channel, and the model.
Step2: The channel is filled with water up to the crest level and reading on the scale on the
point gauge is noted down.
 Step3: The low-regulating valve is adjusted to give the maximum possible discharge without
flooding the model.
Step4: Conditions are allowed to steady before the rate of discharge and head over the model
is recorded.
Step5: The discharge is reduced in stages and a series of readings of Q and head over the
model are recorded.
Step6: The above procedure is repeated for other types of model.
6.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
Note down (a) width at entrance of the venturiflume, (b) width at throat of the
venturiflume, (c) width of the spillway, (d) width of broad crested weir, (e) width of
sharp crested weir () the Apex angle of V-notch and (g) width of the rectangúlar
notch.
Calculate the discharge and head over the weirs, venturiflume and notches.
3 Findout the coefficient of discharge Ca of venturiflume, weirs and notches.

7.0 SAMPLE DATA SHEET:

(a) Venturiflume:
Width at entrance of the venturi flume, B,cm =/
Width at throat ofthe venturi flume, b, cm
AreaofcetHeeting tarikCn
SI. Discharge measurement Depth of Depth
No tniia Finat Diff. of Disch- flow at of QN(BHY-(6h)
hË h2 head Ah arge Q entrance flow at C
(cm) (cm) (h,-h2)(cm H(cm) throat (BH)(6h)\2g(H-h)
(cm) /Sec) h(cm)

Average Co=

Spillway weir
Width of spillway, B, cm
Crest level of spillway HË, cm
Arer ofeeecting tank,en
SI. Discharge measurement Final reading of Head over
No iat Finat Diff. of Dischar water level weir
h head ge Q above the weir H-H,-H, BHR
(cm) (cm) Ah-h-h) (cm/ H, (cm) (cm)
(cm) Sec)

Averagec=
( c Broad Crested Weir
Width of broad crested weir, b, cm
Crest level of broad crested weir H, cm
Arer-ofeelHeeting tank, em
SI. Discharge measurement Reading Head over
No itial Finat Differ Discharge of water weir H=
h2 ence of level H-H2 Ca
(cm) (cm) head (cm'/Sec)above (cm) 2/3 Hbv2g HE
the crest
(h,-h2) H, (cm)

Average C=
Sharp Crested Weir
Width of notch, B, cm
Crest level of notch, H, cm
Area ef cellecting ank, a, cm
Discharge Measurement Final reading Head over
No. of water notch C,2 2
0itiat- Final Time Discharge level above| H-H,-H,
h h2 (sec) the notch H2 (cm)
(cm) (cm) (cm'lsec) (cm)

Average C=
Triangular or V notch

Apex angle of notch, 0

Crest level of V notch, HË, cm
ArerofcoHecting tank,a-em
Discharge measurement Final Head over
No. reading of notch C
Initial Final Differ Discharge water level H-H-H,
hj h ence of Q above the(cm)
(cm) (cm) head (cm'/sec)notch H2
Ah= (cm)
(hË-h2)

Average C =
 6

832.

(0 Rectangular notch
Width of notch, B cm
Crest level of notch, HË cm
Area of collecting tank, a cm
Discharge Measurement Final reading Head over
of water notch C 2
No. ;V2gBy2
Initial Final Differ- Discharge level above| H-H,-H,
hË h ence of O the notch H, (cm)
(cm) (cm) head (cm'/sec)(cm)
Ah=
(hy-h2)

Average Ca =

8.0 PRECAUTIONS:

Reading must be taken in steady or near steady conditions.

For the measurement of correct discharge there must not be any leakage near the weir
and take care that weir is not running in overflow conditions.
For measurement of correct head over the weir the point gauge must just touch the
water level in the well.
Discharge must be varied very gradually from ahigher value to smaller values
EXPERIMENT No. 2:
1.0 OBJECTIVE:

Tostudy the formation of hydraulic jump

2.0 APPARATUS:

Tilting flume having a gate at the inlet end, a tail gate at the downstream end, and top
rails for the movement of pointer gauge is required. Asluice valve is provided in the
supply pipe.
3.0 INTRODUCTION AND THEORY:

E.L.
hL
E.L.
29

F2

When supercritical flow meets sub-critical flow there forms what is known as
hydraulic jump which is accompanied by violent turbulence, eddy formation, air
entrainment and surface unduiations. Hydraulic jump is a very useful means to
dissipate the excess energy of flowing water which otherwise would cause damages
downstream. Consider the flow situation, shown in fig. in which section 1is in
supercritical zone and section 2 is in sub-critical zone. Assuming the channel bed to
be horizontal, friction forces to be negligible and flow to be two dimensional, one can
write, using the momentum equation.

Pi-P, =pq (V2-Vi) (1)

Where, q Q/B in which B is the width of channel and P represents the hydrostatic
force. Writing down the values of P,and P, for rectangular channel, in Equation (),
one gets,

Pgh,? Pgh,?
pq (V2- Vi) (2)
2 2

where, p is the mass density of water.

From the continuity equation, q= V) h¡ = VËhË (3)
 2

9Combining cquation (2) &(3) and then, solving for hy/h, one obtains,
h
-=- (-1+I+ 8Fr,) (4)
h 2

in which, Fr = V/VghË and is termed as Froude number of the incoming flow at

section 1. h, and hy as related by Equation (4), are known as conjugate or sequent
depths. Ajump formswhen Equation (4) is satisfied.
Because of eddies (or rollers), and flow decelerations that accompany the jump,
considerable head loss occurs. This head loss, h, may be calculated by using the
energy equation, thus,
v
h =(hy +)-(h, +- (5)
2g 2g
From Equations (3) and (5),it can be shown that,
(h, -hË)?
h= (6)
4h; h2

Height of jump, h;is defined as the difference between the depths after and before the
Jump, i.e.

h;= h, -h, (7)

This variation of h/E and h/E with Fr, has been shown in Fig 2. Here, E, is the
specificenergy at Section 1.

4.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Stepl: Adjust the supply valve, sluice gate and the tail gate so that there forms a stable
hydraulic jump in the flume.
Note:Broad crested weir can also be used for the formation of hydraulic jump.
Step2: Take the pointer gauge readings for the bed levels and water surface elevations at pre
jump section (1) and post-jump section (2).
Step3: Measure the discharge by the help of orificemeter provided in the discharge line..
Step4: Repeat stepl &step2 for other positions of valve, sluice gate and tail gate.

5.0 FIGURES TO BE PREPARED:

1. Plot hyfhy v/s Fry on an ordinary graph paper. On the same plot also draw the line
represented by Equation 4. Note the scatter of observed data points.
 3.

On Fig 2 mark the data points of h/E, and h/E, for various values of Fr. Note the
scatter of the experimental data points from the standard curves.

0.0
1,0
0.9 0.1

0.8 02
0.7 1| 0-3
0,6 0.4
hË 0.5 05 E
0.6
0-3 0.7

9-2 0-8
zONE OF DIRECT JUMP 0.9
o.1 zONE OF UNDULAR
JUMP 1.0
2 5 6 7 8

VALUE OF
Fr
 4

6.0 SAMPLE DATA SHEET:

Width of flume, B, cm
Measureme Run No.
Discharge 2 3 4

Left limb h, (cm)

Right limb hT (cm)
Diff. Of Head, h=(h-h2) cm
Discharge, Q cm'/sec from
the equation
Pre-jump Depth, hË (cm)
Post-jump Depth, h (cm)
VË=Q/BhË cm/sec
h/h
V=Q/Bh cm/sec

Fr, =V/ Vgh,

E-(hy + )

E, =(h+. -)
2g
h; h-h
E, Ej
h Ez
1
E E
Discharge coefficient can be calculated using formula.
Diameter of pipe line, do, cm = 5,0
Cross sectional area of the pipe line, a), cm = 19.64
Diameter of orifice, d, cm = 3.0
Cross sectional area of the orifice, a0, cm =7.068
Ca = 0.62

Ja;-a,
0.62 x 7.068 x 19.64 V2x 981 x Ah

V19.64 -7.068

=208.1V Ah
6-62