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GRADE 11 General Chemistry 2 WEEK 1 AND 2

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QUARTER 3 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 WEEK 1 AND 2

Hand-Out and Worksheets

Name: ________________________
Section: _______________________ Score: __________________

LESSON: KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL AND THE PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
MELC: Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and solids
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Use the kinetic molecular model to explain the properties of liquids and solids
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-99)
2. Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-100)
3. Describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the effect of intermolecular forces on
these properties: surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of
vaporization (STEM_GC11IMFIIIac102)
4. Explain the properties of water with its molecular structure and intermolecular forces
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-103)

'
Lesson 1: THE KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL
AND THE PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

In the previous lessons in Grade 8, you have learned about the kinetic molecular model of
gases. The first activity will mainly focus on the kinetic molecular model of solids and liquids.
1

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Email add: pulotnhspalawan@gmail.com Office
Number: 09171154064
Brgy. Pulot Center, Sofronio Española, Palawan
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Matter can exist in three main different states: namely, solid, liquid, and gas. The most
common example of which is water. You only have to think about water to appreciate how different
the three states of matter are. Steam bathing, drinking, and ice skating are all done in contact with
water in its various forms. But how do these states of matter differ from each other? Understanding
the kinetic molecular model of the three states will answer this question.

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Activity 1: What's the Matter?

Directions: Based on the picture below, identify what state of matter is being
represented. Write a brief description based on the arrangement of their particles
and give three examples for each state.

1 2 3

Figure 1 Image Source: https://webstockreview.net/pict/getfirst

State: (1)________ State: (2) ________ State: (3)________

Arrangement of Arrangement of Arrangement of

Particles: Particles: Particles:

_________________ _________________ _______________
__
_________________ _________________ _______________
__
_________________ _________________ _______________
__
Examples: Examples: Examples:
• ______________ • ______________ • _____________
• ______________ • ______________ • _____________
• ______________ • ______________ • _____________

What is the Kinetic Molecular Theory?

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The kinetic-molecular theory is based on the idea that matter is composed of tiny particles
that are always in motion. The theory helps explain the observable properties and behaviors of
solids, liquids, and gases. It helps to explain why matter exists in different phases (solid, liquid, and
gas) and how matter can change from one phase to another.

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The state of a substance depends on the balance between the kinetic energy of the
individual particles (molecules or atoms) and the intermolecular forces. The kinetic energy keeps the
molecules apart and moving around, and is a function of the temperature of the substance. The
intermolecular forces are attractive forces that try to draw the particles together.

Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory

The Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) is based on a series of postulates. Some of the postulates of KMT
are as follows:
1. Matter is made of particles that are constantly in motion. This energy in motion is called
kinetic energy.
2. The amount of kinetic energy in a substance is related to its temperature. Increased
temperature means greater speed.
3. There is space between particles. The amount of space between particles is related to the
substance's state of matter.
4. Phase changes happen when the temperature of the substance changes sufficiently.
5. There are attractive forces in between particles called intermolecular forces. The strength of
these forces increases as particles get closer together.

KMT in Relation to Liquids and Solids

The principal difference between the condensed states (liquids and solids) and the gaseous
state is the distance between molecules. In a liquid, the molecules are so close together that there is
very little empty space between particles. Thus, liquids are much more difficult to compress than
gases, and they are also much denser under normal conditions. Molecules in a liquid are held
together by one or more types of attractive forces. A liquid also has a definite volume, because
molecules in a liquid do not break away from the attractive forces. The molecules can, however,
move past one another freely. So, a liquid can flow, can be poured, and assumes the shape of its
container.

In a solid, molecules are held rigidly in position with virtually no freedom of movement, so
they only vibrate only about fixed positions. There is even lesser empty space between particles in a
solid than in a liquid because their particles are tightly packed. Thus, solids are almost incompressible
and possess definite shape and volume. This is due to the stronger intermolecular force of attraction
compared to liquids.

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Figure 2 . Change in phase.

Retrieved from: https://www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade -8 /particle - model - of-matter/ 06
particle - model - of-matter?id=toc - id -4

Figure 1 shows the orientation of particles in each state of matter and the direction of phase
change due to the addition and removal of kinetic energy.

Activity 2: Describe Me
Directions: Compare the properties of solids and liquids by completing the table based on
the kinetic molecular model. Provide a short description of each characteristic for the given state of
matter.

CHARACTERISTIC SOLID LIQUID

Intermolecular
force
Shape
Volume
Density
Compressibility
Arrangement of
particles
Motion of
molecules
Fluidity

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Lesson 2: TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

In the preceding lesson, we have noted the differences in the properties of matter in the gas
phase from those in the liquid and solid phases. Such difference can be attributed to the strong
attractive forces in solid and liquid molecules. Gas molecules have negligible or no attractions at all.

The condensation of gaseous substance to form liquids which in turn form solids could be
explained by the attractive forces called intermolecular forces.

Intermolecular forces vs. Intramolecular forces

It is important to note the difference between intermolecular forces and intramolecular forces. As discussed
in General Chemistry 1, atoms can form stable units called molecules by sharing or transfer of
electrons. This is called intramolecular bonding.

Intramolecular ( within molecules) forces hold atoms

together in a molecule. Intramolecular forces
stabilize individual molecules. Generally, these forces are
simply chemical
bonds
Figure 3. Molecule of water
such as
ionic and covalent bonding.

On the other hand, intermolecular forces are

attractive forces between molecules.
Intermolecular forces are responsible for the non-ideal behavior of
Figure 4. Intermolecular force in water

gases, but they exert more influence in the molecule which hold two molecules together.
condensed phases of matter - liquids and solids.

Types of Intermolecular Forces

The intermolecular forces of attraction in substances include dipole-dipole, London

dispersion forces, hydrogen bonding, and ion-dipole forces.

London Dispersion Forces

London dispersion forces, or simply dispersion forces, are intermolecular forces of attraction
between all atoms and molecules. In addition, dispersion forces are the only kind of intermolecular
forces present among symmetrical nonpolar substances such as O 2 and CO2 and monoatomic species
such as noble gases. Without dispersion forces, such substances could not condense to form liquids
or solidify to form solids.
Dispersion forces are weak attractive forces that result from the continuous movement of
electrons in particles. Nonpolar molecules have zero dipole moment because their electron density is
uniform and symmetrical. Nevertheless, the electrons have some freedom to move around the
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molecule. This induces temporary dipoles (instantaneous dipoles) in neighboring atoms or molecules.
As electron clouds become larger and more diffuse, they are attracted less strongly by their own
positive nuclei. Thus, they are more easily distorted or polarized by the adjacent/nearby nuclei.
Polarization increases with increasing numbers of electrons and therefore with increasing
size of molecules. Therefore, dispersion forces are generally stronger for molecules that are larger or
have more electrons. For example, between Helium and Argon, two Argon atoms will have greater
dispersion force because they are bigger than Helium atoms.

Dipole-dipole Forces

Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between polar molecules, that is, between
molecules that possess dipole moments. Their origin is electrostatic, and they can be understood in
terms of Coulomb's law. The larger the dipole moment, the greater the force. Dipole-dipole forces
are the attraction between the positive end of one molecule and the negative end of another.

Dipoles form when there is a large difference in electronegativity between two atoms joined
by a covalent bond.

Hydrogen Bonding

The hydrogen bond is a special case of very strong dipole-dipole interaction. It is not a
chemical bond in a formal sense. Strong Hydrogen bonding occurs among polar covalent molecules
containing H and one of the three small, highly electronegative elements – F, O, or N. Like ordinary
dipole-dipole interactions, Hydrogen bonds result from the attraction between + (partial positive)
atoms of one molecule, in this case H atoms and the − (partial negative) atoms of another molecule.
The + H is attracted to a lone pair of electrons on an F, O, or N atom. Typically, a Hydrogen bond is
about five to ten times stronger than other dipole-dipole interactions.

Ion-Dipole Forces

Ion-dipole force acts between an ion (either cation or anion) and a polar molecule. When an
ionic compound is placed in an aqueous solution, the positive end of the ionic compound becomes
surrounded by the partial negative end of the ionic compound. In turn, it becomes surrounded by the
partial positive Hydrogen ion in water. In short, the positive pole is attracted to the negative ion
(anion), while the negative pole is attracted to a positive ion (cation).

Ion-dipole interactions are involved in the dissolution process, like in the case of sodium
chloride (table salt) dissolving in water. The Na+ and Cl- ions are dispersed among water molecules.
The Na+ ions will be surrounded by the partial negative
Oxygen of the water molecule, while the Cl- ions will be surrounded by the partial positive H
of the water molecule.

The strength of this interaction depends on the charge and size of the ion and on the
magnitude of the dipole moment and size of the molecule. The charges on cations are generally
more concentrated because cations are usually smaller than anions. Therefore, a cation interacts
more strongly with dipoles than does an anion having a charge of the same magnitude.

These four intermolecular forces vary in strength. Ion dipole forces are the strongest of the
four, followed by Hydrogen bonding being a special type of dipoledipole. Dipole-dipole is weaker
than the ion-dipole and Hydrogen bonding, while London dispersion forces are the weakest.

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Lesson 3. PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS

Liquids are made up of particles that are close to each other and have kinetic energy. The particles
are not confined to a rigid position, and they move, but they can only travel at a short distance
before they collide with each other and change the direction of motion. They roll and slide on top of
one another and flow. Since the molecules flow, they take the shape of their container and diffuse
moderately to a fixed volume.
Liquids have moderately high density since they occupy a fixed volume, and the particles are
attracted to each other. They also have low compressibility and thermal expansion.
The kinetic energy of the molecules break away from their neighbor, and thus, the particles are
joined by intermolecular forces. Most liquids exist as molecules at room temperature. The presence
of the intermolecular forces results in special properties. The physical properties of liquids depend on
the type of the different intermolecular forces.

Surface Tension
Surface tension is the force that causes the surface of a liquid to contract. It is the property of the
surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force due to the cohesive nature of its
molecules.
Phenomena such as insects walking on the surface of the water, droplets of liquid being spherical in
shape, and needles remaining suspended on the surface of the water can all be explained in terms of
surface tension.
The strength of surface tension depends on the intermolecular force of attraction. If the
intermolecular force of attraction of a liquid is strong, then there is a greater force needed to break
through the surface and the greater the surface tension is. Since the intermolecular forces vary in
nature and strength, surface tension is different for various forms of liquids. Water has a high surface
tension because of its ability to form a Hydrogen bond.
Temperature affects surface tension. An increase in the liquid's temperature causes water molecules
at the surface to evaporate, resulting in the weakening of the force of attraction. Therefore, there is
less force needed to break through the surface of the molecules, and this decreases surface tension.

Molecules within a liquid are pulled in all directions by intermolecular forces. Molecules at the
surface are pulled downward and sideways by other molecules, not upward away from the surface.
These intermolecular forces tend to pull the molecules into the liquid and cause the surface to
tighten like an elastic film or "skin".
Capillary action is the tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes or be drawn into small openings
such as those between grains of a rock. Capillary action, also known as capillarity, is a result of the
intermolecular attraction between the liquid and solid materials.
Capillary action is shown by water rising spontaneously in capillary tubes. A thin film of water
adheres to the wall of the glass tube as water molecules are attracted to atoms making up the glass
(SiO2) . Surface tension causes the film of water to contract and pulls the water up the tube.

Two types of forces are involved in capillary action:

1. Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules (the liquid molecules).
2. Adhesion is an attraction between unlike molecules (such as those in water and in the
particles that make up the glass tube).
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These forces also define the shape of the surface of a liquid in a cylindrical container (the
meniscus!)

Viscosity
Viscosity is the resistance of fluids to flow. A liquid's resistance (friction) to flow exists
between the molecules of liquid when they move past each other. The greater the resistance in
flowing, the more viscous the liquid is.
Maple syrup in pancakes is usually made from the xylem sap of sugar maple, red maple, or
black maple trees. It is boiled down, so it becomes a more concentrated and viscous liquid. Maple
syrup is more viscous than water. The difference in viscosity between the two liquids is a measure of
their intermolecular force of attraction. In order to flow, molecules must move, roll and slide over
one another. A liquid with low intermolecular force allows its molecules to move freely and has a
lower viscosity.
An increase in temperature causes kinetic energy to increase. Heat breaks the intermolecular
forces causing the liquid molecules to move faster. This makes the molecules flow more readily.
Therefore, an increase in temperature decreases viscosity.
Since the structure of maple syrup contains a lot of O-H bond compared to water, more H-
bonds are formed in maple syrup. The greater the number of Hbonds, the stronger the
intermolecular force of attraction is, and the higher the viscosity of the liquid.
Viscosity is expressed in units of centipoise. The table below gives the viscosities of liquids of
some pure substances. Water has 1 centipoise or 0.001 Pa/s at 20 °C. Substances with lower
viscosities include carbon tetrachloride and benzene. Glycerol has a resistance to the flow of more
than a thousand times greater than water.

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 Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces have higher viscosities than those that have
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weak intermolecular forces. Viscosity decreases as temperature increases: hot molasses flows much
faster than cold molasses.

Vapor Pressure
Vaporization is a phase change from liquid to gas, while the opposite process (gas to liquid) is
condensation. When liquid molecules break free from their neighbors and escape into the gas phase,
the process is called evaporation.
Vaporization is a broader term that includes evaporation and boiling. Gas and vapor are
similar but not the same. Vapor is used to refer to the gaseous phase of a substance, which is
normally a liquid or solid at room temperature. The average kinetic energy of the liquid molecules of
a substance depends on temperature. Most liquid particles have higher kinetic energy, and some
others move at a slower pace.
Substances that evaporate readily are volatile. They have weak intermolecular forces of
attraction. Some examples of volatile liquids are alcohol, gasoline, paint thinner, and dry-cleaning
solvents. Volatile substances burn more readily since they easily combine with Oxygen. Since the
kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at
higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower
average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid decreases. Therefore, evaporation is
accompanied by cooling.
In a closed container half-filled with liquid, the fast-moving molecules also escape into the
gas phase forming vapor at the space above the liquid.
Gas molecules move in random directions, collide with other gas particles and the walls of
the container. Some will strike the liquid surface and condense back into it. In the closed flask, none
of the gas particles are able to get out of the container. Eventually, the number of molecules that
goes into the gaseous state would equal the number of molecules that condenses back.
When the rate of condensation of the gas becomes equal to the rate of evaporation of the
liquid, the gas in the container is said to be in equilibrium with the liquid.
Like any gas sample, the molecules in the gaseous state over its liquid create a pressure. The
greater the number of gaseous particles, the greater the pressure exerted by the gas. The pressure
exerted by the gas in equilibrium with a liquid in a closed container at a given temperature is called
the equilibrium vapor pressure or simply vapor pressure of the liquid.
The equilibrium vapor pressure is the maximum vapor pressure of a liquid at a given
temperature and that it is constant at a constant temperature. It increases with temperature. Vapor
pressure is independent of the amount of liquid as well as the surface area of the liquid in contact
with the gas. When the temperature is high, more molecules have enough energy to escape from the
liquid. At a lower temperature, fewer molecules have sufficient energy to escape from the liquid.
When liquids evaporate, the molecules have to have sufficient energy to break the attractive forces
that hold them in the liquid state. The stronger these intermolecular forces are, the greater the
amount of energy needed to break them.
For some substances with weak intermolecular forces, the energy requirement is easily
obtained from collisions with other molecules and absorption of energy from the surroundings. Many
molecules can vaporize, resulting in high vapor pressure. For molecules with strong intermolecular
forces, gathering enough energy may not be as easy and regi ster low vapor pressures. The stronger
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the intermolecular forces of attraction, the lower the vapor pressure of a liquid.

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Molar Heat of Vaporization

The relationship between vapor pressure and strength of intermolecular forces is consistent
with the trends in two other properties of liquids, the enthalpy or molar heat of vaporization and the
boiling point of the liquid.
The molar heat of vaporization (ΔHvap) is the energy required to vaporize 1 mole of a liquid
at a given temperature. H is the symbol for enthalpy, which means heat content at a given standard
condition.
The heat of vaporization may be considered a measure of the strength of intermolecular
forces in a liquid. If the intermolecular attraction is strong, it takes a lot of energy to free the
molecules from the liquid phase, and the heat of vaporization will be high.
It is easier to vaporize acetone (lower Hvap) than water (higher Hvap) at a given
temperature, and more acetone escapes into the vapor phase at a given temperature. Acetone is a
polar substance but has no H-bonding. It has weaker intermolecular forces than water, and therefore
acetone molecules are held less tightly to one another in the liquid phase.
A practical way to demonstrate differences in the molar heat of vaporization is by rubbing
acetone on your hands. Compare what you feel when water is used. Acetone has a lower ΔHvap than
water, so that heat from our hands is enough to increase the kinetic energy of these molecules and
provide additional heat to vaporize them. As a result of the loss of heat from the skin, our hands feel
cool.

Boiling Point

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the liquid changes into a gas. A
liquid boils when its vapor pressure equals the pressure acting on the surface of the liquid. The
boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the external
pressure.
The normal boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid converts to a gas when the
external pressure is 1 atm. The normal boiling point of water is 100 °C. The boiling point of a liquid
depends on the external pressure. For example, at 1 atm, water boils at 100 °C, but if the pressure is
reduced to 0.5 atm, water boils at only 82 °C.
The boiling point is related to the molar heat of vaporization; the higher ΔHvap, the higher
the boiling point.

Lesson 4: PROPERTIES OF WATER

Water makes up a large proportion of the entire biosphere, where 95% is saltwater, and the
remaining 5% is freshwater.
Water is locked up in ice and glaciers, deep and sh allow underground lakes, soil,
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atmosphere, and rivers. The human body consists of 50-75% water. Water serves important
purposes for life on earth. Water's unique properties result from the strong intermolecular force of
attraction characterized by the hydrogen bond.

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 Some substances, like common table salt, NaCl, dissolve in water very easily. When placed in
water, sodium chloride molecules fall apart. The positively charged sodium ion (Na +) binds to Oxygen,
while the negatively charged chloride ion (Cl -) attaches to hydrogen. This property of water allows for
the transport of nutrients vital to life in animals and plants. A drop of rainwater falling through the air
dissolves atmospheric gases. When rain reaches the earth, it affects the quality of the land, lakes, and
rivers.

The following are properties of water:

Boiling point and freezing point. The high boiling point of water is a consequence of its strong
intermolecular forces of attraction caused by the formation of the H-bond. It also explains why water
is liquid at room temperature. Due to Hydrogen bonding, water molecules cling to each other
(cohesion) and remain in the liquid state under temperatures favorable to plants and other living
organisms. Pure water at sea level boils at 100 0C and freezes at 0 0C, but extra energy is needed to
push water molecules into the air. This is called latent heat —the heat required to change water
from one phase to another. At higher elevations (lower atmospheric pressure), water's boiling
temperature decreases. This is why it takes longer to boil an egg at higher altitudes. The temperature
does not get high enough to cook the egg properly.

If a substance is dissolved in water, the freezing point is lowered. Energy is lost when water freezes.
A great deal of heat is released into the environment when liquid water changes to ice. It is lost when
the high energy phase of liquid water moves to the low energy phase of ice. Thus, nights when ice
freezes often feel warmer than nights when the ice melts.

Specific heat. Specific heat refers to the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of 1
gram of a substance by 1 oC. For water, its specific heat is 1cal/g oC. It means that water can absorb
and release large quantities of heat without a change in temperature. This is the reason why body
temperature remains at 37 oC even when there's a change in the surrounding. This also explains why
oceans and lakes exert an influence on the climate. If there were no large bodies of water, the earth
would experience significant temperature variations. Water has high specific heat. The amount of
energy required to raise the temperature of water by one degree Celsius is quite large. Because so
much heat loss or heat input is required to lower or raise the temperature of the water, the oceans
and other large bodies of water have relatively constant temperatures. Thus, many organisms living
in the oceans are provided with a relatively constant environmental temperature. The high-water
content of plants and animals living on land helps them to maintain a relatively constant internal
temperature. The specific heat of water is five times greater than that of sand.

Density in its liquid form. Water is the only substance that contracts when cooled. For most
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substances, their solid form is denser than their liquid form. This is because the H-bond is more
extensive in its solid state than in its liquid state. Ice has an open structure because the hydrogen
bonds could not get inside the hexagonal ring structure. This more open structure of the solid form
of water causes the ice to have a smaller number of molecules packed in a given volume. This causes
the mass to be lower. Hence, the density of ice is lesser than the liquid water, and, as a result, ice
floats on water. This also causes the water in ponds or lakes to freeze from the top

down. Water is most dense at 4 0C and then begins to expand again (becoming less dense) as the
temperature decreases further. This expansion occurs because its Hydrogen bonds become more
rigid and ordered. The expansion of water takes place even before it actually freezes. As water
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temperature drops, the colder water (0-4 0C), where it is less dense— rises to the pond or lake
surface. It freezes to form a lid of ice. This ice insulates the water below from the wintry chill so that
it is less likely to freeze. Organisms that inhabit the pond are able to survive the frigid winter below
the icy surface.
For most substances, solids are denser than liquids. But the special properties of water make it less
dense as a solid. Ice floats on water! Strong hydrogen bonds formed at freezing 0 0C lock water
molecules away from each other. When ice melts, the structure collapses, and molecules move
closer together. Liquid water at 4 0C is about 9% denser than ice. This property plays an important
role in water ecosystems. Floating ice often insulates and protects animals and plants living in the
water below.

Surface tension. The hydrogen bond formation among water molecules causes water to have high
surface tension, as described earlier. This high surface tension causes water to move from the roots
of a tree to the top of very tall trees and explains why water moves into the fibers of a towel.

This phenomenon is called capillarity. Water molecules at the surface (next to air) hold closely
together, forming an invisible film. Water's surface tension can hold a weight that would normally
sink. You can carefully float a paper clip on top of the water. Some aquatic insects, such as the water
strider or pond skater, rely on surface tension to walk on water. Surface tension is essential for the
transfer of energy from wind to water to create waves. Waves are necessary for rapid oxygen
diffusion in lakes and seas. Next to mercury, water has the highest surface tension of all commonly
occurring liquids.

Cohesion—Water molecules stick to each other. This is due to the hydrogen bonds among the
molecules. Water molecules at the surface have a much greater attraction for each other than for
molecules in the air. This cohesiveness creates a high surface tension at the surface of the water. The
water molecules at the surface crowd together, producing a strong layer as they are pulled
downward by the attraction of other water molecules beneath them.

Adhesion—Water molecules stick to other substances. You can see this property when water creeps
up the inside of a drinking glass. Think of a sponge or a paper towel used to "soak up" spilled water.
This is how water makes things wet. Water also clings to living things. Most plants have adapted to
take advantage of water's adhesion that helps move water from the roo ts to the leaves. This is
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called capillary action. This can also be seen as blood moves through our capillaries, carrying
nutrients to each cell within our body. One of the tallest plants is the redwood tree. Water moves
from its roots to its leaves, more than 90 m above the ground. As a plant loses water through pores
in the leaves, more water moves up from roots and stems to replace the lost water. The process of
water loss by leaves is known as transpiration.

Thermal properties - Water absorbs or releases more heat than many substances for each degree of
temperature increase or decrease. Because of this, it is widely used

for cooling and for transferring heat in thermal and chemical processes. Differences in temperature
between lakes and rivers and the surrounding air may have a variety of effects. For example, local fog
or mist is likely to occur if a lake cools in the surrounding air enough to cause saturation—small
water droplets are suspended in the air. Large bodies of water, such as the oceans or the Great
Lakes, have a profound influence on climate. They are the world's great heat reservoirs and heat
exchangers and the source of much of the moisture that falls as rain and snow over adjacent
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 landmasses. When water is colder than the air, precipitation is curbed, winds are reduced, and fog
banks are formed. These properties of water are crucial in stabilizing temperatures on earth.

Heat of vaporization. A large amount of heat is needed to vaporize a given amount of water. This
causes a significant drop in temperature during evaporation. When molecules of water absorb heat
energy, they move fast in the water. Eventually, the speed of movement of some molecules becomes
so fast, allowing them to overcome the intermolecular attraction, detach from the multimolecular
water, form bubbles, and leave the water surface in the gas state. This property of water helps to
cool down the body of living organisms. This is called evaporative cooling.

In humans, body heat is used to vaporize sweat; in plants, heat is likewise used in converting liquid
water to water vapor, which then escapes into the atmosphere. This natural process of vaporizing
plant water is called transpiration.

pH. Water molecules have a tendency to ionize. They dissociate into ions (charged particles), Hydrogen
ions (H+), and hydroxide ions (OH-). In pure water, a very small number of water molecules form ions
in this way. The tendency of water to dissociate is balanced by the tendency of Hydrogen ions and
Hydroxide ions to reunite to form water. A neutral solution contains an equal number of Hydroxide
ions and Hydrogen ions. A solution with a greater concentration of
Hydrogen ions (H+) is said to be acidic. A solution with a greater
concentration of Hydroxide (OH-) ions is said to be alkaline or

Activity 3: Mind Power

Direction: Identify what property of water each picture shows below.
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Source : https://dlc.dcccd.edu/biology 1-2/water Source : https://water.mecc.edu/ Source:

courses/ENV211/lesson10.htm https://www.usgs.gov/media
/images/paper-clip-can-
floatwaterdue-high-surface-
tensionwater

1. ______________ 2. ________________ 3. ______________

Source: https://food.ndtv. com/health/benefits-of Source: https://www.istockphoto.com/photos/boilingwa

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4. ______________ 5. ________________

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Activity 4
Direction: Read each item carefully. Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. Which statement below is NOT consistent with the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) A. Matter is
made of particles that are constantly in motion.
B. The amount of kinetic energy in a substance is related to its temperature.
C. There is space between particles.
D. Phase changes do not happen when the temperature of the substance changes
sufficiently.
E. There is an attractive force between particles called intermolecular forces.

2. Many substances, for example, salt (NaCl) and sucrose, dissolve quickly in water. Which property
of water is related to this phenomenon?
A. Water molecules are cohesive; they form hydrogen bonds with each other.
B. Water molecules are adhesive; they form hydrogen bonds with polar surfaces.
C. Water is liquid at normal physiological temperature.
D. Water has high specific heat.
E. Water has a high heat of vaporization.

3. Water drops that fall on a surface tend to form rounded drops or beads.
A. Water molecules are cohesive; they form hydrogen bonds with each other.
B. Water molecules are adhesive; they form hydrogen bonds with polar surfaces.
C. Water is a liquid at normal physiological temperature.
D. Water has high specific heat. lOMoARcPSD|35701418

E. Water has a high heat of vaporization.

4. If you put the end of a paper towel to colored water, the water will move up into the towel.
Which property of water is related to this phenomenon?
A. Water molecules are cohesive; they form hydrogen bonds with each other.
B. Water molecules are adhesive; they form H-bonds with polar surfaces.
C. Water is a liquid at average physiological temperature.
D. Water has high specific heat.
E. Water has a high heat of vaporization.

5. A paper clip can float on water. Which property of water explains this?
A. Water molecules are cohesive; they form hydrogen bonds with each other.
B. Water molecules are adhesive; they form H-bonds with polar surfaces.
C. Water is a liquid at average physiological temperature.
D. Water has high specific heat.
E. Water has a high heat of vaporization.
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6. When you place a straw into a glass of water, the water seems to climb up the straw before you
even place your mouth on the straw. Which property of water is related to this phenomenon?
A. Water molecules are cohesive; they form hydrogen bonds with each other.
B. Water molecules are adhesive; they form H-bonds with polar surfaces.
C. Water is a liquid at normal physiological temperature.
D. Water has high specific heat.
E. Water has a high heat of vaporization.

7. Water is most dense at about 4°C. As a result, the water at the bottom of a lake or the ocean
usually has a temperature of about 4°C. Which property of water is related to this phenomenon?
A. Water molecules are cohesive; they form hydrogen bonds with each other.
B. Water molecules are adhesive; they form H-bonds with polar surfaces.
C. Water is a liquid at normal physiological temperature.
D. Water has high specific heat.
E. Water has a high heat of vaporization.

8. If you drop a tiny amount of water onto a very smoo th surface, the water molecules will stick
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together and form a droplet rather than spread out over the surface. Which property of water is
related to this phenomenon?
A. Water molecules are cohesive; they form hydrogen bonds with each other.
B. Water molecules are adhesive; they form H-bonds with polar surfaces.
C. Water is a liquid at normal physiological temperature.
D. Water has high specific heat.
E. Water has a high heat of vaporization.

9. Rank the matter based on decreasing the relative strength of attractive forces between particles.
A. liquid, solid, gas B. solid, liquid, gas
C. gas, liquid, solid D.
liquid, gas, solid
E. liquid, solid, gas, plasma

10. What happens to water molecules when cooled? A. The water molecules become excited.
B. The water molecules slide past each other.
C. The water molecules become fixed in position. D. The forces
between molecules break.

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11. The energy (usually in kilojoules) required to vaporize 1 mole of a liquid at a given temperature.
A. Density C. Capillary action
B. Viscosity D. Molar heat of vaporization

12. The tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes or to be drawn into small openings.
A. Density C. Capillary action
B. Viscosity D. Molar heat of vaporization

13. A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. A. Density C. Capillary action

B. Viscosity D. Molar heat of vaporization

14. The hydrogen and oxygen atoms are held together by __________ bonds.
A. Polar C. Covalent
B. Viscosity D. Molecular

15. Electrons that are not shared equally between or am ong covalently bonded atoms creating a
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_________ molecule.
A. Polar C. Covalent
B. Viscosity D. Molecular

______________________________________________________________
SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME OF PARENTS/GUARDIAN

VANESSA C. JABAGAT
Subject Teacher
CYRUS T. TRIÑO
SCIENCE Department Head

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