CH 8 Instructor Solutions

PROBLEM 8.
KNOWN: Flowrate and temperature of water in fully developed flow through a tube of
prescribed diameter.
FIND: Maximum velocity and pressure gradient.
SCHEMATIC:
.
m=0.02kg/s D=50mm
Tm=27°C
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Isothermal flow, (3) Horizontal tube.
3 -6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water (300 K): ρ = 998 kg/m , m = 855 × 10 N⋅s/m .
ANALYSIS: From Eq. 8.6,
4m 4 × 0.02 kg/s
Re
= D = = 596.
π Dm π ( 0.050m ) 855 × 10−6 kg/m ⋅ s
Hence the flow is laminar and the velocity profile is given by Eq. 8.15,
u (r) 2
= 2 1 − ( r/ro )  .
um  
The maximum velocity is therefore at r = 0, the centerline, where
u (0) = 2 um .
From Eq. 8.5


m 4 × 0.02 kg/s
=um = = 0.010 m/s,
ρπ D / 4 998 kg/m3 × π ( 0.050m )2
2
hence
u ( 0 ) = 0.020 m/s. <

Combining Eqs. 8.16 and 8.19, the pressure gradient is
dp 64 ρ u 2m
= −
dx ReD 2D
3 2
dp 64 998 kg/m ( 0.010 m/s )
=
− × −0.107 kg/m2 ⋅ s2
=
dx 596 2 × 0.050 m
dp
=-0.107N/m2 ⋅ m =-0.107 × 10-5 bar/m. <
dx
PROBLEM 8.2
KNOWN: Mass flow rate and inlet temperature of water flowing in horizontal tube. Length and diameter
of tube. Thickness and roughness of scale on tube inner surface (fouled conditions).
FIND: Pressure drop from tube inlet to exit and pumping power for clean and fouled conditions.
SCHEMATIC:
Scale,
thickness t = 2 mm
D = 30 mm roughness e = 0.2 mm
Clean Fouled
Water
T = 35°C
m• = 0.25 kg/s
L = 200 m
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Isothermal flow, (3) Uniform properties, (4)
Fully developed flow.
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water, (T = 308 K): ρ = 993.8 kg/m3, m = 7.25 × 10-4 N⋅s/m2, k = 0.625
W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS: In the clean condition, the Reynolds number is
4m 4 × 0.25 kg/s

ReD
= = = 1.464 ×104
π Dm π × 0.03 m × 7.25 ×10−4 N ⋅ s/m 2
 / ( ρπ D 2 / 4) =
The flow is turbulent and it is fully developed since L/D > 10. The velocity is um = m
0.356 m/s. The friction coefficient can be found from Equation 8.21:
( 0.790 ln(1.464 ×10 ) −=

1.64 )
−2
= 1.64) −2
f (0.790 ln ReD −= 4
0.0284
Then from Equations 8.22ab, the pressure drop and pumping power are:
ρ um2 993.8 kg/m3 × (0.356 m/s) 2

Dp= f L= 0.0284 × 200 m= 1.19 ×104 N/m 2 <
2D 2 × 0.03 m
∀ = ∆p m∀ = 1.19 ×104 N/m 2 0.25 kg/s = 2.99 W

P = ∆p∀ <
ρ 993.8 kg/m3
Continued…
PROBLEM 8.2 (Cont.)
When the surface is fouled, the inner diameter is smaller, D foul = D – 2t = 30 mm – 4 mm = 26

mm. The Reynolds number becomes:
4m 4 × 0.25 kg/s

Re
=D = = 1.69 ×104
π Dm π × 0.026 m × 7.25 ×10 N ⋅ s/m
−4 2
 / ( ρπ D 2 / 4) = 0.474 m/s. The friction coefficient can be found from Equation

and the velocity is um = m
8.20 (or estimated from Figure 8.3) with relative roughness e/D = 0.2 mm/26 mm = 0.00769:
1 e / D 2.51   0.00769 2.51 

−2.0 log 
= + = −2.0 log  + 
f  3.7 ReD f   3.7 1.69 ×104 f 
The solution is f = 0.0385.Then from Equations 8.22ab, the pressure drop and pumping power
are:
ρ um2 993.8 kg/m3 × (0.474 m/s) 2

Dp= f L= 0.0385 × 200 m= 3.31×104 N/m 2 <
2D 2 × 0.026 m
∀ = ∆p m∀ = 3.31×104 N/m 2 0.25 kg/s = 8.32 W

P = ∆p∀ <
ρ 993.8 kg/m3
COMMENTS: Fouling has a significant effect on the pumping power, due to both reducing the cross-
sectional area and the effect of roughness on turbulence.
PROBLEM 8.3
KNOWN: Temperature and mean velocity of water flow through a cast iron pipe of
prescribed length and diameter.
FIND: Pressure drop.
SCHEMATIC:
um=0.1m/s
D=0.30m
Tm=27°C L=800m
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Fully developed flow, (3) Constant
properties.
3 -6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water (300 K): ρ = 997 kg/m , m = 855 × 10 N⋅s/m .
ANALYSIS: From Eq. 8.22, the pressure drop is
ρ u 2m
Dp =f L.
2D
With
ρ u m D 997 kg/m3 × 0.1 m/s × 0.30 m

Re
= D = = 3.50 × 104
m -6
855 × 10 N ⋅ s/m 2
-4
the flow is turbulent and with e = 2.6 ×10 m for cast iron (see Fig. 8.3), it follows that e/D =
-6
867 × 10 and from Eq. 8.20 (or Fig. 8.3)
1 e / D 2.51 
−2.0log 
= +  f = 0.025
f  3.7 Re D f 
Hence,
2
997 kg/m3 ( 0.1 m/s )
∆p =0.025 (800m )
2 × 0.30 m
=∆p 332 kg/s

= 2 ⋅ m 332 N/m2
∆p =0.0033 bar. <

COMMENTS: For the prescribed geometry, L/D = (800/0.30) = 2670 >> (x fd,h /D) turb ≈ 10,
and the assumption of fully developed flow throughout the pipe is justified.
PROBLEM 8.4
KNOWN: Temperature and velocity of water flow in a pipe of prescribed dimensions.
FIND: Pressure drop and pump power requirement for (a) a smooth pipe, (b) a cast iron pipe with a
clean surface, and (c) smooth pipe for a range of mean velocities 0.05 to 1.5 m/s.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady, fully developed flow.

PROPERTIES: Table A.6, Water (300 K): ρ = 997 kg/m3, µ = 855 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2, ν = µ/ρ = 8.576 ×
10-7 m2/s.
ANALYSIS: From Eq. 8.22a and 8.22b, the pressure drop and pump power requirement are
ρ u 2m
Dp = f L
2D
P= DpV  =
(
Dp p D 2 4 u m ) (1,2)
The friction factor, f, may be determined from Figure 8.3 or Eq. 8.20 for different relative roughness,
e/D, surfaces or from Eq. 8.21 for the smooth condition, 3000 ≤ Re D ≤ 5 × 106,
−2
= f (
0.790 ln ( ReD ) − 1.64 ) (3)
where the Reynolds number is

umD 1m s × 0.25 m
Re
= D = = 2.915 ×105 (4)
ν 8.576 ×10 m 2 s
−7
(a) Smooth surface: from Eqs. (3), (1) and (2),
( ( ) )
−2
=f 0.790 ln 2.915 ×105 −=
1.64 0.01451
p 0.01451( 997 kg m × 1m s 2 × 0.25 m )1000 m

∆= 3 2 2 4 2
= 2.89 × 10 kg s ⋅ m = 0.289 bar <
P = 2.89 ×104 N m 2 (π × 0.252 m 2 4 )1m s = 1418 N ⋅ m s = 1.42 kW <
(b) Cast iron clean surface: with e = 260 µm, the relative roughness is e/D = 260 × 10-6 m/0.25 m = 1.04
× 10-3. From Figure 8.3 or Eq. 8.20 with Re D = 2.92 × 105, find f = 0.021. Hence,
Dp = 0.402 bar P = 1.97 kW <
(c) Smooth surface: Using IHT with the expressions of part (a), the pressure drop and pump power
requirement as a function of mean velocity, u m , for the range 0.05 ≤ u m ≤ 1.5 m/s are computed and
plotted below.
Continued...
PROBLEM 8.4 (Cont.)
8
4
deltap (bar) or P (kW)

1
0.6
0.2
0.08
0.04
0.01
0 0.5 1 1.5
Mean velocity, um (m/s)
Pressure drop, deltap (bar)

Pump power, P (kW)
The pressure drop is a strong function of the mean velocity. So is the pump power since it is proportional
to both Dp and the mean velocity.
COMMENTS: (1) Note that L/D = 4000 >> (x fd,h /D) ≈ 10 for turbulent flow and the assumption of
fully developed conditions is justified.
(2) Surface fouling results in increased surface roughness and increases operating costs through
increasing pump power requirements.
(3) The IHT Workspace used to generate the graphical results follows.
// Pressure drop:
deltap = f * rho * um^2 * L / ( 2 * D ) // Eq (1); Eq 8.22a
deltap_bar = deltap / 1.00e5 // Conversion, Pa to bar units
Power = deltap * ( pi * D^2 / 4 ) * um // Eq (2); Eq 8.22b
Power_kW = Power / 1000 // Useful for scaling graphical result
// Reynolds number and friction factor:

ReD = um * D / nu // Eq (3)
f = (0.790 * ln (ReD) - 1.64 ) ^ (-2) // Eq (4); Eq 8.21, smooth surface condition
// Properties Tool - Water:

// Water property functions :T dependence, From Table A.6
// Units: T(K), p(bars);
x=0 // Quality (0=sat liquid or 1=sat vapor)
rho = rho_Tx("Water",Tm,x) // Density, kg/m^3
nu = nu_Tx("Water",Tm,x) // Kinematic viscosity, m^2/s
// Assigned variables:
um = 1 // Mean velocity, m/s
Tm = 300 // Mean temperature, K
D = 0.25 // Tube diameter, m
L = 1000 // Tube length, m
PROBLEM 8.5
KNOWN: Number, diameter and length of tubes and flow rate for an engine oil cooler.
FIND: Pressure drop and pump power (a) for flow rate of 24 kg/s and (b) as a function of flow rate for
the range 10 ≤ m ≤ 30 kg/s.
SCHEMATIC:
D = 10 mm .
m = 24 kg/s
N = 25 tubes
Oil
.
m
.
1= m/N
Tm = 300 K L = 2.5 m
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Fully developed flow throughout the tubes.
PROPERTIES: Table A.5, Engine oil (300 K): ρ = 884 kg/m3, m = 0.486 kg/s⋅m.
ANALYSIS: (a) Considering flow through a single tube, find
4m 4 ( 24 kg s )
Re
= D = = 251.5 (1)
π Dm 25π ( 0.010 m ) 0.486 kg s ⋅ m
Hence, the flow is laminar and from Equation 8.19,
64 64
= f = = 0.2545 . (2)
Re D 251.5
With
m1 ( 24 / 25 ) kg s ( 4 )
= um = = 13.8 m s (3)
ρ πD 4 2
( ) (
884 kg m3 π ( 0.010 m )
2
)
Equation 8.22a yields
=Dp f = L
ρum
2
0.2545
(884 kg m ) (13.8 m s )
3 2
2.5 m =
6 2
5.38 × 10 N m =
53.8 bar (4) <
2D 2 ( 0.010 m )
The pump power requirement from Equation 8.22b,
P =∆p ⋅ V =∆p ⋅ m 
=5.38 × 106 N m 2
24 kg s 5
= 1.459 × 10 N⋅m/s = 146 kW. (5) <
ρ 884 kg m3
(b) Using IHT with the expressions of part (a), the pressure drop and pump power requirement as a
function of flow rate, m , for the range 10 ≤ m ≤ 30 kg/s are computed and plotted below.
70 250
60 200
Pumping power (kW)
Pressure drop (bar)
50 150
40 100
30 50
20 0
10 20 30 10 20 30
Flow rate (kg/s) Flow rate (kg/s)
Continued...
PROBLEM 8.5 (Cont.)
In the plot above, note that the pressure drop is linear with the flow rate since, from Eq. (2), the friction
factor is inversely dependent upon mean velocity. The pump power, however, is quadratic with the flow
rate.
COMMENTS: (1) If there is a hydrodynamic entry region, the average friction factor for the entire tube
length would exceed the fully developed value, thereby increasing Dp and P.
(2) The IHT Workspace used to generate the graphical results follows.
/* Results: base case, part (a)
P_kW ReD deltap_bar f mu rho um D N
mdot
145.9 251.5 53.75 0.2545 0.486 884.1 13.83 0.01 25
24 */
// Reynolds number and friction factor

ReD = 4 * mdot1 / (pi * D * mu) // Reynolds number, Eq (1)
f = 64 / ReD // Friction factor, laminar flow, Eq. 8.19, Eq. (2)
// Average velocity and flow rate

mdot1 = rho * Ac * um // Flow rate, kg/s; single tube
mdot = mdot1 * N // Total flow rate, kg/s; N tubes
Ac = pi * D^2 / 4 // Tube cross-sectional area, m^2
// Pressure drop and power

deltap = f * rho * um^2 * L / (2 * D) // Pressure drop, N/m^2
deltap_bar = deltap * 1e-5 // Pressure drop, bar
P = deltap * mdot / rho // Power, W
P_kW = P / 1000 // Power, kW
// Input variables
D = 0.01 // Diameter, m
mdot = 24 // Total flow rate, kg/s
L = 2.5 // Tube length, m
N = 25 // Number of tubes
Tm = 300 // Mean temperature of oil, K
// Engine Oil property functions : From Table A.5

rho = rho_T("Engine Oil",Tm) // Density, kg/m^3
mu = mu_T("Engine Oil",Tm) // Viscosity, N·s/m^2
PROBLEM 8.6
KNOWN: The x-momentum equation for fully developed laminar flow in a parallel-plate channel
dp d 2u
= µ 2
= constant
dx dy
FIND: Following the same approach as for the circular tube in Section 8.1: (a) Show that the velocity
profile, u(y), is parabolic of the form
3  y2 
u( y)
= um 1 − 
2  ( a / 2 )2 
where u m is the mean velocity expressed as
a 2  dP 
um
= − 
12 m  dx 
and -dp/dx = ∆p/L where ∆p is the pressure drop across the channel of length L; (b) Write the
expression defining the friction factor, f, using the hydraulic diameter as the characteristic length, D h ;
What is the hydraulic diameter for the parallel-plate channel? (c) The friction factor is estimated from
the expression f = C ReDh where C depends upon the flow cross-section as shown in Table 8.1;
What is the coefficient C for the parallel-plate channel (b/a → ∞ ) ? (d) Calculate the mean air
velocity and the Reynolds number for air at atmospheric pressure and 300 K in a parallel-plate channel
2
with separation of 5 mm and length of 100 mm subjected to a pressure drop of ∆p = 3.75 N/m ; Is the
assumption of fully developed flow reasonable for this application? If not, what effect does this have
on the estimate for u m ?
y
SCHEMATIC:
+a/2 Parallel plate channel
Fluid a = 5 mm
L = 100
200 mm
um T = 300 K
∆p
-a/2
x L
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Fully developed laminar flow, (2) Parallel-plate channel, a << b.
-7 2 -6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (300 K, 1 atm): µ = 184.6 × 10 N⋅s/m , ν = 15.89 × 10 m /s.
ANALYSIS: (a) The x-momentum equation for fully developed laminar flow is
 d 2 u  dp
µ =  = constant (1)
 dy 2  dx
 
Since the longitudinal pressure gradient is constant, separate variables and integrate twice,
d  du  1  dp  du 1  dp 
=     =   y + C1
dy  dy  µ  dx  dy µ  dx 
1  dp  2
=u   y + C1 y + C2
2 µ  dx 
Continued …
PROBLEM 8.6 (Cont.)
The integration constants are determined from the boundary conditions,
du
= 0= u (a / 2) 0
dy y = 0
to find
1  dp  2
C1 = 0 C2 = −   (a / 2)
2 µ  dx 
giving
u ( y) =
−
( a / 2 )2  dp  1 − y2  (2)
 
2 µ  dx   ( a / 2 )2 
 
The mean velocity is
2 a/2
2 a/2
2 ( a / 2 )  dp   y3 / 3 
um = ∫ u ( )
y dy =
−   y− 
2
a 0 a 2m  dx   (a / 2)
 0
a 2  dp 
um
= −  (3)
12 m  dx 
Substituting Eq. (3) for dp/dx into Eq. (2) find the velocity distribution in terms of the mean velocity
3  y 2 
u ( y)
= u m 1 − < (4)
2  ( a / 2 )2 
 
(b) The friction factor follows from its definition, Eq. 8.16,
− ( dp / dx ) D h
f= (5)
ρ ⋅ u 2m / 2
where the hydraulic diameter for the channel using Eq. 8.66 is
4 ⋅ Ac 4 ( a × b )
Dh
= = = 2a < (6)
P 2 (a + b)
since a << b.
(c) Substituting for the pressure gradient, Eq. (3), and rearranging, find using Eq. (6),
um Dh 96 96
=f = = < (7)
a 2 /12 m ρ u 2m / 2 u m D h / ν ReDh
ReDh = u m D h / ν (8)
Continued …
PROBLEM 8.6 (Cont.)
This result is in agreement with Table 8.1 for the cross-section with b/a → ∞ where
C = 96. <
(d) For the conditions shown in the schematic, with air properties evaluated at 300 K, using Eqs. (3)
and (8), find
(0.005m) 2  3.75N / m 2 
um =   2.12m / s
12 × 184.6 × 10−7 N ⋅ s / m 2  0.200m 
2.12m / s × 2 × 0.005m
=Re D = 1332
15.89 × 10−6 m 2 / s
The flow is laminar since Re Dh < 2300, and from Eq. 8.3, the laminar entry length is
 x fd,h 
  = 0.05Re Dh
 D h  lam
x fd,h =
2 × 0.005m × 0.05 × 1332 =
0.67m
We conclude that the flow is not fully developed, and the friction factor in the entry region will be
higher than for fully developed conditions. Hence, for the same pressure drop, the mean velocity will
be less than our estimate.
PROBLEM 8.7
KNOWN: Water, engine oil and NaK flowing in a 20 mm diameter tube, temperature of the
fluids.
FIND: (a) The mean velocity as well as hydrodynamic and thermal entrance lengths, for a flow
rate of 0.01 kg/s and mean temperature of 366 K, (b) The mass flow rate as well as hydrodynamic
and thermal entrance lengths for water and oil at a mean velocity of 0.02 m/s at mean
temperatures of 300 and 400 K.
SCHEMATIC:
D = 0.020 m
Water,
NaK, or
Engine oil
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Constant properties.
PROPERTIES:
Liquid T(K) Table ρ(kg/m3) µ(N⋅s/m2) ν(m2/s) Pr

Water 300 A.6 997 855 × 10-6 - 5.83
366 A.6 963 303 × 10-6 - 1.89
400 A.6 937 217 × 10-6 - 1.34
Oil 300 A.5 884 48.6 × 10-2 - 6400

366 A.5 844 2.12 × 10-2 - 338
400 A.5 825 0.874 × 10-2 - 152
NaK 366 A.7 849 - 5.797 × 10-7 0.019
ANALYSIS: (a) The mean velocity is given by

um = m  ρA c = 0.01 kg/s/ ρπ(0.020m) 2 /4  = 31.8 kg/s ⋅ m 2 / ρ (1)
 
The Reynolds number is
4m 4 × 0.01 kg/s 0.636 kg/s ⋅ m
Re D = = = (2)
πDμ π(0.020 m)μ μ
The hydrodynamic entrance length is
0.636 kg/s ⋅ m
x fd,h = 0.05Re D D = 0.05 × × (0.020 m)
μ
636 × 10-6 kg/s ⋅ m
= (3)
μ
Continued…
PROBLEM 8.7 (Cont.)
The thermal entrance length is

x fd,t = 0.05Re D DPr = x fd,h Pr
636 × 10-6 kg/s ⋅ m
= Pr (4)
μ
Solving Equations (1), (3) and (4) yields <
Liquid u m (m/s) x fd,h (m) x fd,t (m)
water 0.033 2.1 3.97
engine oil 0.038 0.030 10.1
NaK 0.037 1.3 0.025
where, for the NaK, μ is found from the definition

μ = νρ = 5.797 × 10-7 m 2 /s × 849 kg/m3 = 492 × 10-6 N ⋅ s/m 2
(b) The mass flow rate is given by

0.02 m/s × π × (0.020 m) 2 m3
 = ρA c u m =
m ρ = 6.28 × 10-6 ρ (5)
4 s
4m  4 × 6.28 × 10-6 m3 /s × ρ
Re D = = = 400 × 10-6 m 2 /s × (ρ/μ) (6)
πDμ π(0.020 m)μ
The hydrodynamic entrance length is

x fd,h = 0.05Re D D = 0.05 × 400 × 10-6 m 2 /s × 0.02 m (ρ/μ)
x fd,h = 400 × 10-9 m3 /s (ρ/μ) (7)
The thermal entrance length is

x fd,t = x fd,h Pr = 400 × 10-9 m3 /s (ρ/μ) Pr (8)
Solving Equations (5), (7) and (8) yields <

Liquid T (k)  (kg/s)
m x fd,h (m) x fd,t (m)
Water 300 0.0063 0.464 2.72
Water 400 0.0059 1.72 2.30
Engine Oil 300 0.0056 7.27 × 10-4 4.65
Engine Oil 400 0.0052 37.7 × 10-3 5.74
COMMENTS: (1) As the momentum and thermal diffusivities approach similar values (Pr → 1)
x fd,h /x fd,t → 1. (2) Note the variation of x fd,h /x fd,t with Pr for large and small values of the Prandtl
number. (c) The Reynolds number associated with the oil is very small. Buoyancy forces are
likely to be significant and may induce secondary fluid motion which, in turn, may increase the
convection heat transfer coefficients. We will treat buoyancy effects in Chapter 9.
PROBLEM 8.8
KNOWN: Velocity and temperature profiles for laminar flow in a tube of radius r o = 10 mm.
FIND: Mean (or bulk) temperature, T m , at this axial position.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Laminar incompressible flow, (2) Constant properties.

ANALYSIS: The prescribed velocity and temperature profiles, (m/s and K, respectively) are
u(r) = 0.1 [1-(r/r o )2] T(r) = 344.8 + 75.0 (r/r o )2 - 18.8 (r/r o )4 (1,2)
For incompressible flow with constant c v in a circular tube, from Eq. 8.26, the mean temperature and u m ,
the mean velocity, from Eq. 8.8 are, respectively,
2 ro 2 ro
=Tm ∫ u ( r ) ⋅ T ( r ) ⋅ r ⋅ dr =um ∫ u ( r ) ⋅ r ⋅ dr (3,4)
um o r2 0 ro2 0
Substituting the velocity profile, Eq. (1), into Eq. (4) and integrating, find
1
2 2 1  2  1 2 1 4 
=um ro ∫ 0.1 1 − ( r ro )  ( r ro ) d ( r ro )= 2 0.1  ( r ro ) − ( r ro )  = 0.05 m / s
2 0 
 
  2 4  0
ro
Substituting the profiles and u m into Eq. (3), find
=Tm
2
( 0.05 m s ) ro2
1
{ 2
ro2 ∫ 0.1 1 − ( r ro ) 
0  }{ 2 4
 344.8 + 75.0 ( r ro ) − 18.8 ( r ro ) ⋅ ( r ro ) ⋅ d ( r ro ) }
Tm 4
=
1
∫0 {344.8 ( r r ) + 75.0 ( r r )
o o
3
− 18.8 ( r ro )  − 344.8 ( r ro ) + 75.0 ( r ro ) − 18.8 ( r ro )  d ( r ro )
5
 
3 5 7
}

T
=m 4 {[172.40 + 18.75 − 3.13] − [86.20 + 12.50 − 2.35
= ]} 367 K <
The velocity and temperature profiles appear as shown below. Do the values of u m and T m found above
compare with their respective profiles as you thought? Is the fluid being heated or cooled?
0.1 440
Temperature, T(r) (K)
0.08 420
Velocity, u(r) (m/s)
0.06 400
0.04 380
0.02 360
0 340
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Radial coordinate, r/ro Radial coordinate, r/ro

PROBLEM 8.9
KNOWN: Flow rate and properties of oil flowing in pipe. Dimensions of pipe.
FIND: Pressure drop, flow work, temperature rise caused by flow work.
SCHEMATIC:
L = 100 km
Oil
.
m = 500 kg/s
ρ = 900 kg/m3
cp = 2000 J/kg∙K D = 1.2 m
μ = 0.765 N∙s/m2
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) Incompressible flow, (3) Negligible kinetic and potential
energy changes, (4) No work other than flow work.
ANALYSIS: We begin by determining whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. From Equation 8.6
4m 4 × 500 kg/s
Red = = = 693
πDμ π × 1.2 m × 0.765 N ⋅ s/m 2
and the flow is laminar. The friction factor is given by Equation 8.19,
f = 64/Re D
and the pressure drop by Equation 8.22a,
ρu 2m ρu 2m
Δp = f (x 2 - x1 ) = 32 L
2D DRe D
where u m can be found from m  = ρu m A c :
m m 4 × 500 kg/s
um = = 2
= = 0.491 m/s
ρA c ρπD /4 900 kg/m3 × π × (1.2 m)2
Thus
32 × 900 kg/m3 × (0.491 m/s) 2 × 100,000 m
pin - pout = Δp = = 8.4 × 105 Pa
1.2 m × 693
Δp = 0.84 MPa <
The flow work is then found from its definition (see discussion leading to Equation 1.11d),
 m
W flow = (pin - pout ) = 500 kg/s × 0.84 MPa/900 kg/m3
ρ
= 0.46 MW <
Finally, with reference to Equation 1.12d, the portion of the temperature rise due to flow work is
given by
m 
 p ΔTflow =
mc (pin - pout ) = W flow
ρ
ΔT =W  = 0.46 MW/(500 kg/s × 2000 J/kg ⋅ K)
/mc
flow flow p
= 0.46°C <
COMMENTS: Despite the long length of pipeline and high viscosity of the oil, which results in a
large pressure drop, the temperature rise due to the flow work is quite small.
PROBLEM 8.10
KNOWN: Thermal energy equation describing laminar, fully developed flow in a circular pipe with
viscous dissipation.
FIND: (a) Left hand side of equation integrated over the pipe volume, (b) viscous dissipation term
integrated over the same volume, (c) temperature rise caused by viscous dissipation.
SCHEMATIC: L
2rO
.
m
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) Laminar, (3) Fully-developed.
ANALYSIS: (a) The thermal energy equation is given as

∂T k ∂ ∂T du
ρ cp u = (r ) + μ( ) 2
∂x r ∂r ∂r dr
where u is given by Equation 8.15,

u = 2 u m [1 - (r/r 0 )2]
Integrating the advection term on the left-hand side over a section of the pipe of length L, we have
L
∂T
Adv. = ∫ ∫ ρ cp u dx
dA c dx
0 Ac
d  
L
=∫ ∫ pρ c u T dA 
c dx
dx  
0  Ac 
 p Tm , thus
From Equation 8.25, the term in square brackets is mc
L
Adv. = ∫ m
 cp
dTm
dx
 c p (Tm,o - Tm,i )
dx = m <
0
which coincides with the right-hand side of Equation 8.34.
(b) Integrating the viscous dissipation term, we have

L
du 2
Visc. Diss. = ∫ ∫ μ ( dr ) dA c dx
0 Ac
L ro
du 2
= ∫ 2 π μ∫ (
dr
) r dr dx
0 0
ro
r2
= 2 π μ L ∫ 16 u 2m r dr
0
ro4
ro
r2
= 32 π μ L u 2m = 8 π μ L u 2m <
4ro4 0
Continued...
PROBLEM 8.10 (Cont.)
(c) Using the values from Problem 8.9,

m c p ΔTv.d. = 8 π μ L u 2m
2
ΔTv.d. = 8 π μ L u m  cp
/m
 / ρA c . Thus
where u m = m
8πμLm 
ΔTv.d. = 2
ρ c p A c2
8π × 0.765 N ⋅ s/m 2 × 100,000 m × 500 kg/s
=
(900 kg/m3 ) 2 × 2000 J/kg ⋅ K × (π × (1.2 m) 2 /4) 2 
 
= 0.46°C <
COMMENTS: (1) Even in the case of a long pipe with a highly viscous fluid, the temperature rise
due to viscous dissipation is quite small. (2) The temperature rise due to viscous dissipation is
identical to the temperature rise due to flow work in Problem 8.9. This is no coincidence. In fully-
developed pipe flow, there is a balance between the viscous forces (friction) and the pressure drop
needed to overcome them. As a result, viscous dissipation exactly equals the work done by the
pressure forces (flow work). Conservation of energy can be expressed in a form that includes flow
work (for example, Equation 1.12d) or in a form that includes viscous dissipation (for example,
Equation 6.29), and in the case of fully-developed pipe flow they are equal.
PROBLEM 8.11
KNOWN: Mass flow rate in a circular tube, tube length and diameter, thermal conditions.
FIND: (a) Expression for (T s (x = L) – T m,i )/q for constant heat flux conditions, (b) (T s – T m,i )/q for
constant surface temperature conditions.
SCHEMATIC: Constant heat flux or constant surface temperature
D
Fluid
Tm,i
•
m
L
ANALYSIS (a) From Newton’s law of cooling,
Ts ( x =L) − Tm ( x = q′′ / h
L) = (1)
and from an energy balance on the entire tube,
Tm (=
x L=
) Tm,i + q / mc
 p (2)
Combining Eqs. (1) and (2) and noting that q = q′′π DL yields
Ts (=
x L) − Tm,i 1 1
= +
q p DLh mc p

Substituting the expression for the local Nusselt number, Nu D = hD/k gives
Ts (=
x L) − Tm,i 1 1
= + <
q NuDp Lk mc
 p
(b) From Eq. (8.41b)
Ts − Tm ( x =L)  p DhL 
= exp  −  (3)
Ts − Tm,i  mc p 

Combining Eqs. (2) and (3) yields
q / mc
 p  p DhL 
1− exp 
=−
(Ts − Tm,i )  mc 
 p 
Continued…
which may be rearranged to yield
q   p DhL  
= mc
 p 1 − exp  −  
(Ts − Tm,i )   mc
  p  
or
(Ts − Tm,i ) 1
= <
q   
 p 1 − exp  − p Nu D kL  
mc
 mc
 p 
 
COMMENTS: (1) The ratio on the LHS is a figure of merit that, in many applications, is sought to
be minimized. (2)The two terms on the RHS of the final expression for the constant heat flux case may
be thought of as thermal resistances. The first term on the RHS is a thermal resistance associated with
heat transfer between the fluid and the tube wall at the tube exit, and the second term is associated
with the increase in temperature between the tube inlet and the tube exit. (3) As the argument of the
exponential term increases in magnitude for the constant surface temperature expression, the mean
outlet temperature approaches the surface temperature value (see Eq. 3), and the figure of merit
expression reduces to Eq. (2).
PROBLEM 8.12
KNOWN: Mass flow rate, pressure, and inlet temperature of dry, compressed air. Diameter, length, and
surface temperature of tube.
FIND: (a) Thermal entry length, outlet mean temperature, heat transfer rate, and pumping power when h
= 3.58 W/m2⋅K. (b) Thermal entry length, outlet mean temperature, heat transfer rate, and pumping power
for smaller tube diameter, where h is inversely proportional to diameter.
SCHEMATIC:
D = 30 mm Ts = 25°C h = 3.58 W/m2∙K
for fully-developed conditions
Dry air
Tm,i = 75°C
p = 10 atm
m• = 0.001 kg/s
L=5m
x
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Incompressible fluid with
negligible viscous dissipation.
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air, (T = 320 K): m = 1.94 × 10-5 N⋅s/m2, ρ (10 atm) = 10ρ (1 atm) =
10(1.095 kg/m3) = 10.95kg/m3, cp = 1008 J/kg⋅K, Pr = 0.704.
ANALYSIS: Properties must be evaluated=

at Tm 0.5(Tm ,i + Tm ,o ) for heat transfer quantities, and at
=
T f 0.5(Tm + Ts ) for the friction coefficient and other hydrodynamic quantities (see Table 8.4 footnote).
The mean outlet temperature is unknown, so we begin by evaluating all properties at 320 K (see
PROPERTIES).
(a) The Reynolds number is:
4m 4 × 0.001 kg/s

=
ReD = = 2187
π Dm π × 0.03 m ×1.94 ×10−5 N ⋅ s/m 2
The flow is laminar and the entry lengths are given by:
xfd,h =0.05 DReD =0.05 × 0.03 m × 2187 =3.28 m

xfd,t =0.05 DReD Pr =0.05 × 0.03 m × 2187 × 0.704 =2.31 m <
Since the tube is 5 m long, the flow can be treated as hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed.
The friction coefficient can be found from Equation 8.19, and the pumping power from Equations 8.22ab:
∀ = f ρ um Lu A = 64 ρ um Lu A = 8pm u 2 L = 8pm  m∀ 
2 2
P = Dp∀  L
 ρ (p D / 4) 
m c m c m 2
2D ReD 2 D
2
 0.001 kg/s 
=8π ×1.94 ×10 −5
N ⋅ s/m 
2
 × 5 m =0.446 W <
 10.95 kg/m (π × 0.03 m / 4) 
3 2 2
Continued…
The mean outlet temperature can be found from Equation 8.41b:
 p DL 
Tm ,o =Ts + (Tm ,i − Ts ) exp  − h
 mc 
  p 
 p × 0.03 m × 5 m 
= 25°C + (75 − 25)°C × exp  − × 3.58 W/m 2 ⋅ K  = 34.4°C = 307 K <
 0.001 kg/s ×1008 J/kg ⋅ K 
The heat transfer rate can be calculated from Equation 8.34 (with a change in sign to calculate heat
transfer from the air to the tube wall):
=  p (Tm ,i − Tm ,=
q mc o) 0.001 kg/s ×1008 J/kg ⋅ K(75 − 34.4) K
= 40.9 W <
With Tm,o = 307 K, we find Tm = 328 K and Tf = 313 K. Therefore the choice of evaluating properties at
320 K was not too far off for either heat transfer or hydrodynamic quantities.
(b) When the diameter is reduced to 28 mm, the heat transfer coefficient is 3.58 W/m2⋅K(30
mm/28 mm) = 3.84 W/m2⋅K. The calculations can be repeated to find:
ReD == =
2343, xfd,h 3.28 m, xfd,t 2.31 m <
2
 m 
P 8πm 
= =L 5.37 ×10−5 W <
 ρ (π D / 4) 
2
 p DL 
Tm ,o =Tm ,o =Ts + (Tm ,i − Ts ) exp  −
 mc
h=

34.4°C <
  p 
and q = 40.9 W <

COMMENTS: (1) Since h is inversely proportional to D, hD is constant. This is typically true for fully
developed laminar flow because the Nusselt number is constant under those conditions. With hD
constant, Tm,o is unchanged, as is q. Similarly, the development lengths are unchanged because ReD is
inversely proportional to D, and the development lengths are proportional to DReD . In contrast,
the pumping power is significantly affected by the change in diameter, since P varies as D-4. (2)
These trends do not hold in turbulent flow, because the Nusselt number is then dependent on
diameter. (3) These trends also do not hold in developing flow.
PROBLEM 8.13
KNOWN: Internal flow with prescribed wall heat flux as a function of distance.
FIND: (a) Beginning with a properly defined differential control volume, the temperature distribution,
Tm(x), (b) Outlet temperature, Tm,o, (c) Sketch Tm(x), and Ts(x) for fully developed and developing flow
conditions, and (d) Value of uniform wall flux q′′s (instead of q′s = ax) providing same outlet
temperature as found in part (a); sketch Tm(x) and Ts(x) for this heating condition.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Incompressible liquid with
PROPERTIES: Table A.6, Water (300 K): cp = 4.179 kJ/kg⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) Applying energy conservation to the control volume above,
 p dTm
dq conv = mc (1)
where Tm(x) is the mean temperature at any cross-section and dqconv = q′ ⋅ dx . Hence,
dTm
 p
ax = mc . (2)
dx
Separating and integrating with proper limits gives
x T (x) ax 2
a∫
x =0
 p m dTm
xdx = mc
Tm,i ∫ ( x ) Tm,i +
Tm =
 p
(3,4) <
2mc
(b) To find the outlet temperature, let x = L, then
( L ) Tm,o
Tm = = Tm,i + aL2 2mc
 p. (5)
Solving for Tm,o , we find
T= 
m,o 27 C +
(
20 W m 2 30 m 2 ) =27 C + 17.2 C =44.2 C . <
2 ( 450 kg h ( 3600s h ) ) × 4179 J kg ⋅ K
(c) For linear wall heating, q′s =ax , the fluid temperature distribution along the length of the tube is
quadratic as prescribed by Eq. (4). From the convection rate equation,
h ( x ) ⋅ π D ( Ts ( x ) − Tm ( x ) )
q′s = (6)
For fully developed flow conditions, h(x) = h is a constant; hence, Ts(x) - Tm(x) increases linearly with x.
For developing conditions, h(x) will decrease with increasing distance along the tube eventually
achieving the fully developed value.
Continued...
(d) For uniform wall heat flux heating, the overall energy balance on the tube yields
= ′′sp DL mc
q q= (
 p Tm,o − Tm,i )
Requiring that Tm,o = 44.2°C from part (a), find
q′′s
450 3600 ) kg s × 4179 J kg ⋅ K ( 44.2 − 27 ) K
(= 95.3 / D W m 2 <
π D × 30 m
where D is the diameter (m) of the tube which, when specified, would permit determining the required
heat flux, q′′s . For uniform heating, Section 8.3.2, we know that Tm(x) will be linear with distance. Ts(x)
will also be linear for fully developed conditions and appear as shown below when the flow is
developing.
COMMENTS: (1) Note that cp should be evaluated at Tm = (27 + 44)°C/2 = 309 K.
(2) Why did we show Ts(0) = Tm(0) for both types of history when the flow was developing?
(3) Why must Tm(x) be linear with distance in the case of uniform wall flux heating?
PROBLEM 8.14
KNOWN: Geometry and coolant flow conditions associated with a nuclear fuel rod. Axial
variation of heat generation within the rod.
FIND: (a) Axial variation of local heat flux and total heat transfer rate, (b) Axial variation of
mean coolant temperature, (c) Axial variation of rod surface temperature and location of
maximum temperature.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant fluid properties, (3) Uniform
surface convection coefficient, (4) Negligible axial conduction in rod and fluid, (5)
Incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation, (6) Outer surface is adiabatic.
ANALYSIS: (a) Performing an energy balance for a control volume about the rod,
E in − E out + E=
g 0 − dq + E=
g 0
or
( )
−q′′ (π D dx ) + q o sin (π x/L ) π D 2 / 4 dx=0 q o ( D/4 ) sin (π x/L ) .
q′′ = <
The total heat transfer rate is then
( )
L L
π D2 / 4 q o ∫
∫ q′′ π D dx =
q= sin (π x/L ) dx
0 0
π D2
 L π x  L D2q o L

q = q o  − cos  = (1 + 1)
4  π L  0 4
D2L
q= q o . (1) <
2
(b) Performing an energy balance for a control volume about the coolant,
 cp Tm=
m  cp ( Tm +=
+ dq m dTm ) 0.
Hence
 cp d Tm
m = dq
= (p D dx ) q′′
d Tm pp D q o D  x
= sin  .
dx  cp 4
m  L 
Continued …
Integrating,
D 2 q o
pp x x
Tm ( x )=
− Tm,i ∫ sin dx
4  cp
m 0 L
L D 2 q o  p x
Tm ( x ) =
Tm,i + 1 − cos (2) <
4  cp 
m L 
(c) From Newton’s law of cooling,

q′′ h ( Ts − Tm ) .
=
Hence
q′′
T=
s + Tm
h
q o D pp
x LD2 q o  x
=Ts sin + Tm,i + 1 − cos . <
4h L 4 m cp  L 
To determine the location of the maximum surface temperature, evaluate
d Ts q Dp x LD 2 q o
ppp x
= 0= o cos + sin
dx 4hL L 4 m  cp L L
or
1 pp
x D x
cos + sin 0.
=
hL L m  cp L
Hence
p x  cp
m
tan = −
L DhL
L  m  cp 
x= tan −1  −  x max .
= <
p  D h L 
COMMENTS: Note from Eq. (2) that
L D 2q o
Tm,o ( L ) Tm,i +
= Tm =
 cp
2m
which is equivalent to the result obtained by combining Eq. (1) and Eq. 8.34.
PROBLEM 8.15
KNOWN: Axial variation of surface heat flux for flow through a tube.
FIND: Axial variation of fluid and surface temperatures.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Convection coefficient is independent of x, (2) Applicability of Eq.

8.34.
ANALYSIS: Since Equation 8.37 is applicable,
dTm q′′s P (p D ) q′′s,msin (p x/L )
= =
dx  cp
m  cp
m
Separating variables and integrating from x = 0

Tm,o p Dq′′s,m x p x
∫ dTm = ∫ sin dx
Tm,i  cp
m 0 L
LDq′′s,m p x x
Tm ( x ) -Tm,i = - cos
 cp
m L 0
LDq′′s,m
Tm ( x ) =+
Tm,i
 cp
(1 − cos p x/L ) . <
m
From Newton’s law of cooling, Eq. 8.27,

Ts ( x )
= ( q′′s / h ) + Tm ( x )
q′′s,m p x LDq′′s,m
Ts ( x )
= sin + Tm,i +
 cp
(1 − cos p x/L ) . <
h L m
COMMENTS: For the prescribed surface condition, the flow is not fully developed. Hence,
the assumption of constant h should be viewed as a first approximation.
PROBLEM 8.16
KNOWN: Water at prescribed temperature and flow rate enters a 0.25 m diameter, black thin-walled tube of 8-
m length, which passes through a large furnace whose walls and air are at a temperature of Tfur = T = 700 K.
2 2
The convection coefficients for the internal water flow and external furnace air are 300 W/m K and 50 W/m K,
respectively.
FIND: (a) An expression for the linearized radiation coefficient for the radiation exchange process between the
outer surface of the pipe and the furnace walls; represent the tube by an average temperature and explain how to
calculate this value, and (b) determine the outlet temperature of the water, To.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions; (2) Tube is small object with large, isothermal surroundings; (3)
Furnace air and walls are at the same temperature; (4) Tube is thin-walled with black surface; and (5)
Incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation.
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water (Tm = (Tm,i + Tm,o)/2 = 304 K): cp = 4178 J/kgK.
ANALYSIS: (a) The linearized radiation coefficient follows from Eq. 1.9 with  = 1,

h rad    Tt  Tfur  Tt2  Tfur
2

where Tt represents the average tube wall surface temperature, which can be evaluated from an energy balance
on the tube as represented by the thermal circuit above.

Tm  Tm,i  Tm,o / 2 
1
R tot  R cv,i 
1/ R cv,o  1/ R rad
Tm  Tt
R cv,i

  Tt  Tfur  1 / R cv,o  1 / R rad 
The thermal resistances, with As = PL = DL, are
R cv,i  1 / h i As R cv,o  1 / h o As R rad  1 / h rad As
(b) The outlet temperature can be calculated using the energy balance relation, Eq. 8.45b, with Tfur = T,
T  Tm,o  1 
 exp   
T  Tm,i  m  c p R tot 
 
where cp is evaluated at Tm. Using IHT, the following results were obtained.
R cv,i  5.31  104 K / W R cv,o  3.18  103 K / W R rad  3.96  103 K / W
Tm  304 K Tt  396 K Tm,o  308 K <

COMMENTS: Since T = Tfur, it was possible to use Eq. 8.45b with Rtot. How would you write the energy
balance relation if T  Tfur?
PROBLEM 8.17
KNOWN: Laminar, slug flow in a circular tube with uniform surface heat flux.
FIND: Temperature distribution and Nusselt number.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady, incompressible flow, with negligible viscous dissipation, (2) Constant
properties, (3) Fully developed, laminar flow, (4) Uniform surface heat flux.
ANALYSIS: With v = 0 for fully developed flow and ∂T/∂x = dT m /dx = const, from Eqs. 8.32 and
8.39, the energy equation, Eq. 8.48, reduces to
d Tm α ∂  ∂ T 
uo = r .
dx r ∂ r  ∂ r
Integrating twice, it follows that
u d Tm r 2
T=(r) o + C1 n ( r ) + C2 .
α dx 4
Since T(0) must remain finite, C 1 = 0. Hence, with T(r o ) = T s
u o d Tm ro2
C2 = Ts −
α dx
T (r) =
4
u d Tm
Ts − o
4α dx ( ro2 − r2 ). <
From Eq. 8.26, with u m = u o ,
( rro2 − r3 ) dr
2 ro 2 ro  u o d Tm
Tm = ∫ Tr dr = ∫ Ts r − 4α dx
ro2 0 ro2 0 
2  r 2 u d Tm  r 4 r 4  u o ro2 d Tm
Tm = Ts o − o  o − o   =−
Ts .
ro2  2 4α dx  2 4 
 
8α dx
From Eq. 8.27 and Fourier’s law,

∂ T
k
=h =
q′′s ∂ r ro
Ts − Tm Ts − Tm
hence,
 u r  d Tm
k o o 
h
=  2α  dx= 4k =
8k
Nu=
hD
= 8. <
D
u o ro2 d Tm ro D k
8α dx
PROBLEM 8.18
KNOWN: Heat transfer between fluid flow over a tube and flow through the tube.
FIND: Axial variation of mean temperature for inner flow.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Applicability of Eq. 8.34, (2) Negligible axial conduction, (3)
Constant c p , (4) Uniform T ∞ .
ANALYSIS: From Eq. 8.36,
 cp d Tm
dq = m
with
= UdA ( T∞ − Tm=
dq ) UP ( T∞ − Tm ) dx.
The overall heat transfer coefficient may be defined in terms of the inner or outer surface area,
with
Ui Pi = U o Po .
For the inner surface, from Eq. 3.36,
−1
 1 ri ro ri 1 
Ui =
 + ln +  .
 h i k ri ro h o 
Hence,
d Tm UP
= + dx
T∞ − Tm  cp
m
or, with ∆T ≡ T ∞ - T m ,
∆To d ( ∆T ) P L
∫ =
− ∫ Udx.
∆Ti ∆T  cp 0
m
Hence,
∆To PL  1 L 
ln =
−  ∫ Udx 
∆Ti  cp  L 0
m 
T∞ − Tm,o  PL 
= exp  −
 m
U .
 cp 
<
T∞ − Tm,i  
COMMENTS: The development and results parallel those for a constant surface
temperature, with U and T∞ replacing h and Ts .
PROBLEM 8.19
KNOWN: Water is heated in a tube having a wall flux that is dependent upon the wall temperature.
FIND: (a) Beginning with a properly defined differential control volume in the tube, derive
expressions that can be used to obtain the temperatures for the water and the wall surface as a
function of distance from the inlet, T m (x) and T s (x), respectively; (b) Using a numerical integration
scheme, calculate and plot the temperature distributions, T m (x) and T s (x), on the same graph.
Identify and comment on the main features of the distributions; and (c) Calculate the total heat
transfer rate to the water.
SCHEMATIC:
q”s (x) = q”s,o [1+a(Ts - Tref)] q”s,o= 1x104 W/m2
dqcv Ts(x)
a = 0.2 K-1
Tref = 20oC
Water Tm(x)
.
m
Tm,o
m = 0.1 kg/s dx
Tm,i = 20oC
x L=2m Control volume
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Fully developed flow and thermal conditions, (3)
No losses to the outer surface of the tube, (3) Constant properties, and (4) Incompressible liquid with
negligible viscous dissipation .
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water Tm = (

300 K : c p = 4179 J/kg⋅K
Tm,i + Tm,o / 2 = ( ) )
ANALYSIS: (a) The properly defined control volume of perimeter P = πD shown in the above
schematic follows from Fig. 8.6. The energy balance on the CV includes advection, convection at the
inner tube surface, and the heat flux dissipated in the tube wall. (See Eq. 8.37).
dTm
 c=
m p ′′s ( x ) P h P Ts ( x ) − Tm ( x ) 
q= (1,2)
dx
where q′′s ( x ) is dependent upon T s (x) according to the relation
q′′s ( x ) =q′′s,o 1 + α ( Ts ( x ) − Tref )  (3)
(b) Eqs. (1 and 2) with Eq. (3) can be solved by numerical integration using the Der function in IHT
as shown in Comment 1. The temperature distributions for the water and wall surface are plotted
below.
80
Temperature, Tm or Ts (C)
60
40
20
0 1 2
Distance along tube, x (m)
Water mean temperature, Tm(x)

Tube surface temperature, Ts(x)
Continued …
(c) The total heat transfer to the water can be evaluated from an overall energy balance on the water,
= q m (
 c p Tm,o − Tm,i ) (4)
q= 0.1 kg / s × 4179 J / kg ⋅ K ( 34.4 − 20 ) K= 6018 W <

Alternatively, the heat rate can be evaluated by integration of the heat flux from the tube surface over
the length of the tube,
L
q= ∫0 q ′′s ( x ) Pdx (5)
where q′′s ( x ) is given by Eq. (3), and T s (x) and T m (x) are determined from the differential form of
the energy equation, Eqs. (1) and (2). The result as shown in the IHT code below is 6005 W.
COMMENTS: (1) Note that T m (x) increases with distance greater than linearly, as expected since q′′s (x)
does. Also as expected, the difference, T s (x) – T m (x), likewise increases with distance greater than linearly.
(2) In the foregoing analysis, c p is evaluated at the mean fluid temperature T m = (T m,i + T m,o )/2.
(3) The IHT code representing the foregoing equations to calculate and plot the temperature
distribution and to calculate the total heat rate to the water is shown below.
/* Results: integration for distributions; conditions at x = 2 m
F_xTs Ts q' q''s_x x Tm
11.64 73.18 5483 1.164E5 2 34.39
3 30 1414 3E4 0 20 */
/* Results: heat rate by energy balances on fluid and tube surface
q_eb q_hf
6018 6005 */
/* Results: for evaluating cp at Tm
Ts cp q''s_x x Tm
73.31 4179 1.166E5 2 34.44
30 4179 3E4 0 20 */
// Energy balances
mdot * cp * der(Tm,x) = q' // Energy balance, Eq. 8.37
q' = q''s_x * P
q''s_x = q''o * F_xTs
q' = h * P * (Ts - Tm) // Convection rate equation
P = pi * D
// Surface heat flux specification
F_xTs = (1 + alpha * (Ts -Tref))
alpha = 0.2
Tref = 20
// Overall heat rate
// Energy balance on the fluid
q_eb = mdot * cp * (Tmo - Tmi)
Tmi = 20
Tmo = 34.4 // From initial solve
// Integration of the surface heat flux
q_hf = q''o * P * INTEGRAL(F_xTs, x)
// Input variables
mdot = 0.1
D = 0.015
h = 3000
q''o = 1.0e4
// L = 2 // Limit of integration over x
// Tmi = 20 // Initial condition for integration
// Water property functions :T dependence, From Table A.6
// Units: T(K), p(bars);
xx = 0 // Quality (0=sat liquid or 1=sat vapor)
cp = cp_Tx("Water",Tmm,xx) // Specific heat, J/kg·K
Tmm = (20 + 34.4) / 2 + 273
PROBLEM 8.20
KNOWN: Inlet temperature and flowrate of oil moving through a tube of prescribed diameter and
surface temperature.
FIND: (a) Oil outlet temperature T m,o for two tube lengths, 5 m and 100 m, and log mean and arithmetic
mean temperature differences, (b) Effect of L on T m,o and Nu D .
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Incompressible liquid with negligible viscous
dissipation, (3) Constant properties.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, Oil (330 K): c p = 2035 J/kg⋅K, m = 0.0836 N⋅s/m2, k = 0.141 W/m⋅K, Pr =
1205.
ANALYSIS: (a) Using Eqs. 8.41b and 8.6
 p DL 
(
Tm,o =Ts − Ts − Tm,i exp  − )
 mc
h
 p 
 
4m 4 × 0.5 kg s
Re
= D = = 304.6
π Dm π × 0.025 m × 0.0836 N ⋅ s m 2
With x fd,h = 0.05DRe D = 0.4 m, it is reasonable to assume the flow is hydrodynamically fully developed.
However, with x fd,t = x fd,h Pr = 495 m, the flow is thermally developing. Since thermal entry length effects
will be significant and Pr > 5, use Eq. 8.57 with Eq. 8.56 for the Graetz number:
 
k 0.0688 ( D L ) ReD Pr  0.141W m ⋅ K  4 
h= 3.66 + =+ 3.66 2.45 ×10 D L 
D 1 + 0.04 ( D L ) ReD Pr 
2/3  0.025 m  1 + 205 ( D L )
2/3 
   
) 119 W m2 ⋅ K , hence
h 5.64 ( 3.66 + 17.51=
For L = 5 m, =
 p × 0.025 m × 5 m ×119 W m 2 ⋅ K 
Tm,o =  
(
100 C − 75 C exp  −
 ) 0.5 kg s × 2035 J kg ⋅ K

=

28.4 C

<
h 5.64 ( 3.66 + 3.38
For L = 100 m,= = ) 40 W m2 ⋅ K , T m,o = 44.9°C. <
Also, for L = 5 m,
∆Tm
=
∆To − ∆Ti
=
71.6 − 75
= 73.3 C
n ( ∆To ∆Ti ) n ( 71.6 75 )
∆Tam = ( ∆To + ∆Ti ) 2 = 73.3a C <
For L = 100 m, 64.5 C ,
∆Tm = 65.1a C
∆Tam = <
(b) The effect of tube length on the outlet temperature and Nusselt number was determined by using the
Correlations and Properties Toolpads of IHT.
Continued...
50 25
45 20
Outlet temperature, Tmo(C)
Nusselt number, NuDbar

40 15
35 10
30 5
25 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Tube length, L(m) Tube length, L(m)
The outlet temperature approaches the surface temperature with increasing L, but even for L = 100 m,
T m,o is well below T s . Although Nu D decays with increasing L, it is still well above the fully developed
value of Nu D,fd = 3.66.
COMMENTS: (1) The average, mean temperature, Tm = 330 K, was significantly overestimated in
part (a). The accuracy may be improved by evaluating the properties at a lower temperature. (2) Use of
∆T am instead of ∆Tm is reasonable for small to moderate values of (T m,i - T m,o ). For large values of
(T m,i - T m,o ), ∆Tm should be used.
PROBLEM 8.21
KNOWN: Inlet and outlet temperatures and velocity of fluid flow in tube. Tube diameter and length.
FIND: Surface heat flux and temperatures at x = 0.5 and 10 m.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible heat loss to
surroundings, (4) Incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation, (5) Negligible axial
conduction.
PROPERTIES: Pharmaceutical (given): ρ = 1000 kg/m3, c p = 4000 J/kg⋅K, m = 2 × 10-3 kg/s⋅m, k =
0.80 W/m⋅K, Pr = 10.
ANALYSIS: With
2
=m VA 1000 kg/m3 ( 0.2 m/s ) π ( 0.0127 m )=
 ρ= / 4 0.0253 kg/s
Eq. 8.34 yields
=q m ( )
= 0.0253 kg/s ( 4000 J/kg ⋅ K ) 50
 cp Tm,o − Tm,i = K 5060 W.
The required heat flux is then
q′′s q/A
= = s 5060 W/π ( 0.0127 m )10
= m 12,682 W/m 2 . <
With
Re
= D ρ VD/
= m 1000 kg/m3 ( 0.2 m/s ) 0.0127 m/2 ×10-3 kg/s=
⋅ m 1270
the flow is laminar and Eq. 8.23 yields
=x fd,t 0.05Re
= D Pr D 0.05 (1270 )10
= ( 0.0127 m ) 8.06 m.
Hence, with fully developed hydrodynamic and thermal conditions at x = 10 m, Eq. 8.53 yields
h (10 m ) = Nu D,fd ( k/D ) = 4.36 ( 0.80 W/m ⋅ K/0.0127 m ) = 274.6 W/m 2 ⋅ K.
Hence, from Newton’s law of cooling,
( )
Ts,o= Tm,o + ( q′′s / h )= 75 C + 12,682 W/m 2 /274.6 W/m 2 ⋅ K = 121 C. <
At x = 0.5 m, (x/D)/(Re D Pr) = 0.0031 and Figure 8.10 yields Nu D ≈ 8 for a thermal entry region with
uniform surface heat flux. Hence, h(0.5 m) = 503.9 W/m2⋅K and, since T m increases linearly with x,
T m (x = 0.5 m) = T m,i + (T m,o - T m,i ) (x/L) = 27.5°C. It follows that
( )
x 0.5 m ) ≈ 27.5 C + 12,682 W/m 2 /503.9 W/m 2 ⋅ K= 52.7 C.
Ts (= <
PROBLEM 8.22
KNOWN: Laminar boundary layer development in a tube entrance.

FIND: (a) Expression for Nu D in terms of Gz D−1 and Pr. Plot of Nu D versus Gz D−1 for Pr = 0.7. (b)
Expression for Nu D in terms of Gz D−1 and Pr. Comparison to combined entrance length correlation in
the limit of small x.
SCHEMATIC: D
Ts
um, Ti
δt
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Constant properties. (2) Laminar conditions.
ANALYSIS: (a) From Equation 7.23, the Nusselt number based upon the streamwise coordinate x is
hx
Nu=
x = 0.332 Re1/x 2 Pr1/ 3 (1)
k
Multiplying both sides of Equation 1 by D/x and substituting Re x = Re D x/D yields
1/ 2 1/ 2
hD   x   D  1/ 3   D 
Nu
= D = 0.332  Rex     x  Pr= 0.332  Rex  x   Pr1/ 3 (2)
k   D   
Substituting Gz D−1 = (x/D)/(Re D Pr) into Equation 2 and noting that Pr

1/3
= Pr1/2⋅Pr-1/6 yields
Nu D = 0.332 [ Gz D−1 ]-1/2 Pr-1/6 <

The expression for the local Nusselt number, Nu D with Pr = 0.7 is plotted below.
Continued...
Combined thermal
entrance (Pr = 0.7)
Boundary layer solution (Pr = 0.7)
(b) Equation 7.30 gives the following for the average Nusselt number:
hx x
Nu
= x = 0.664 Re1/x 2 Pr1/ 3
k
Following the same steps as in part (a), this can be rewritten as
Nu D = 0.664[Gz D−1 ]−1/ 2 Pr −1/ 6 (3)
The average Nusselt number for the combined entrance length is given as
 −1/3
3.66
tanh 2.264Gz D + 1.7Gz D−2/3 
+ 0.0499Gz D tanh Gz D−1 ( )
Nu D =  
(
tanh 2.432 Pr1/6Gz D−1/6 )
In the limit of small x, Gz D−1 is also small. Furthermore, Gz D−2 / 3 << Gz D−1/ 3 Noting that tanh(ε) → ε as ε
→ 0, we find
3.66
tanh  2.264Gz D−1/ 3 + 1.7Gz D−2 / 3 
(
+ 0.0499Gz D tanh Gz D−1 )
Nu D =  
(
tanh 2.432 Pr1/ 6Gz D−1/ 6 )
3.66
+ 0.0499Gz DGz D−1
2.264Gz D−1/ 3 3.66
→ 1/ 6 −1/ 6
→ 0.665[Gz D−1 ]−1/ 2 Pr −1/ 6
=
2.432 Pr Gz D 2.264 × 2.432Gz D−1/ 6Gz D−1/ 3 Pr1/ 6
This is in excellent agreement with Eq. (3).

Continued...
COMMENT: The combined thermal entrance length solution and the boundary layer solution based
upon the results of Chapter 7 exhibit asymptotic behavior at small inverse Graetz numbers. Small
values of Gz D−1 correspond to the locations where the boundary layer is very thin.
PROBLEM 8.23
KNOWN: Tube length, diameter and surface temperature. Mass flow rate and inlet temperature of
fluid.
FIND: (a) Heat transfer rate if the fluid is water. (b) Heat transfer rate for the nanofluid of Example
2.2.
SCHEMATIC:
Ts = 30°C
DD== 20
15 mm
Water or nanofluid
Tm,i = 20°C
• LL== 86 m
m ==0.015
0.02 kg/s
kg/s m
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Constant properties, (2) Negligible viscous dissipation.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, water (300 K): bf = 855  10-6 m2/s, kbf = 0.613 W/mK, cp,bf = 4179
J/kgK, Prbf = 5.83. Example 2.2, nanofluid (300 K): nf = 1146 kg/m3, nf = 962  10-6 m2/s, nf =
nf /nf = 839  10-9 m2/s, knf = 0.705 W/mK, cp,nf = 3587 J/kgK, nf = 171  10-9 m2/s, Prnf = nf /nf
= 4.91.
ANALYSIS: (a) The Reynolds number is
ReD  4m /  D  bf  4  0.02 kg/s /   0.02m  855  106 m 2 /s   1489

 
Therefore the flow is laminar. The hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths are
x fd ,h  0.05DReD  0.05  0.02 m  1489  1.49 m

x fd ,t  0.05DReD Prbf  0.05  0.02 m  1489  5.83  8.68 m
Since the tube length is L = 8 m, the temperature is still developing. The hydrodynamic entry length is
less than the tube length, but perhaps not sufficiently shorter to consider the velocity to be fully
developed through the entire tube. With Prbf > 5, the Hausen correlation, Equation 8.57, could be used
as an approximation. However the nanofluid Prandtl number is less than 5. To compare the two fluids
on an equal basis, we will use the combined entry correlation, Equation 8.58, for both. With GzD =
(D/L)ReDPrbf = (0.02 m/8 m)  1489  5.83 = 21.7, Equation 8.58 is
3.66
tanh  2.264  21.7 1/3
 1.7  21.7 2/3  
 0.0499  21.7  tanh 21.71 
Nu D     4.98

tanh 2.432  5.831/6  21.7 1/6 
Therefore h  Nu D kbf / D  4.98  0.613 W/m  K / 0.020 m = 153 W/m 2  K . From Equation 8.41b
Continued…
  DL 
Tm,o  Ts  (Ts  Tm,i )exp   h
 mc 
 p ,bf 
   0.020 m  8m 
 30C  10Cexp   153 W/m 2  K   26.0C
 0.020 kg/s  4179 J/kg  K 
Therefore the heat transfer rate to the water is
 p ,bf (Tm,o  Tm,i )  0.020 kg/s×4179 J/kg  K  (26.0C - 20°C)  501 W

q  mc <
(b) The preceding calculations may be repeated for the nanofluid. The results are:
ReD = 1324, xfd,h = 1.32 m, xfd,t = 6.48 m
The combined entry solution is again appropriate. The remaining results are:
GzD = 16.2, Nu D = 4.68 h  165 W/m2K, Tm,o = 26.9C, and q = 492 W <
COMMENTS: (1) The nanofluid of Example 2.2 is water containing Al2O3 nanoparticles. The
thermal conductivity of the nanofluid is 15% greater than that of the base fluid (water). In addition, the
convection heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluid is 8% greater than that of the water, and the
temperature increase of the nanofluid is 15% higher than for the water. However, less heat is
transferred to the nanofluid than to the water. This is because the nanofluid suffers from a reduced
specific heat relative to the pure water. Any claim that a nanofluid is a better heat transfer medium
than its corresponding base fluid because of its larger thermal conductivity is suspect. In this problem,
the pure water is the preferred heat transfer fluid if the objective is to maximize the heat transfer rate.
In addition, the nanofluid is more costly to produce, and because of its larger viscosity, would suffer
from larger pressure drops and higher pumping costs. (2) Use of the Hausen correlation, Equation 8.57
yields q = 488 W and 483 W for the water and nanofluid, respectively. Hence, the predictions of the
Hausen correlation are within 3% of the predictions using the correlation of Baehr and Stephan. Use of
the Hausen correlation also predicts less heat transfer for the nanofluid than for the pure water.
PROBLEM 8.24
KNOWN: Oil at 70°C enters a single-tube preheater of 10-mm diameter and 5-m length; tube surface
maintained at 180°C by swirling combustion gases.
FIND: Determine the flow rate and heat transfer rate when the outlet temperature is 105°C.
SCHEMATIC:
Ts =175
180°C
Tm,o= 100
105°C
75
Tm,i = 70°C
10
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Laminar flow, (2) Tube wall is isothermal, (3) Incompressible liquid with
negligible viscous dissipation, (4) Constant properties.
3
PROPERTIES: Table A-5, Engine oil, new (T m = (T m,i + T m,o )/2 = 361 K): ρ = 847.5 kg/m , c p =
-5 2
2163 J/kg⋅K, ν = 2.931 × 10 m /s, k = 0.1379 W/m⋅K, Pr = 390.2, μ = 0.0245.
ANALYSIS: The overall energy balance, Eq. 8.34, and rate equation, Eq. 8.41b, are
=  cp Tm,o − Tm,i
q m ( ) (1)
Ts − Tm,o  PLh 
= exp  −  (2)
Ts − Tm,i  m  cp 
 
Not knowing the flow rate m,  the Reynolds number cannot be calculated. Assume that the flow is
laminar. Since Pr > 5, the average convection coefficient can be estimated using the Hausen
correlation, Eq. 8.57, with Eq. 8.56 for the Graetz number:
0.0668(D / L) ReD Pr
Nu=
D 3.66 + (3)
2/3
1 + 0.04 [ (D / L) ReD Pr ]
where all properties are evaluated at T m = (T m,i + T m,o )/2. The Reynolds number follows from Eq.
8.6,
 / π Dm
ReD = 4m (4)
A tedious trial-and-error solution is avoided by using IHT to solve the system of equations with the
following result:
2
ReD Nu D hD (W/m ⋅K) q(W)  ( kg / h )
m
86.6 6.37 87.9 1262 60
<
Note that the flow is laminar, and evaluating x fd,t using Eq. 8.23, find x fd,t = 17 m, so the flow is not
thermally fully developed.
COMMENT: Use of the Baehr and Stephan correlation for the combined entry problem yields the
identical values. Hence it may also be used.
PROBLEM 8.25
KNOWN: Oil flow rate. Pipe diameter. Inlet, outlet, and pipe surface temperatures.
FIND: Length of tube required to achieve desired outlet temperature.
SCHEMATIC:
D = 5 mm Ts = 150°C
oil
.
m = 1 kg/s
Ti = 45°C
To = 80°C
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) Incompressible flow, (3) Negligible viscous dissipation.
PROPERTIES: Table A-5, Engine oil (Ti = 45°C = 318 K): μi = 16.3 × 10-2 N∙s/m2; (To = 80°C =
353 K): μo = 3.25 × 10-2 N∙s/m2.
ANALYSIS: We begin by calculating the Reynolds numbers at the inlet and outlet, from Equation
8.6,
4m 4 × 1 kg/s
Re Di = = = 1560
π D μi π × 0.005 m × 16.3 × 10-2 N ⋅ s/m 2
4 × 1 kg/s
Re Do = = 7840
π × 0.005 m × 3.25 × 10-2 N ⋅ s/m 2
Therefore the flow is laminar at the inlet and turbulent at the outlet. The transition occurs when ReD
= 2300, that is, where
4m 4 × 1 kg/s
μ= = = 11.1 × 10-2 N ⋅ s/m 2
π D 2300 π × 0.005 m × 2300
From Table A-5, this occurs at a transition temperature of Tm,t = 325 K = 52°C. Now we proceed to
analyze separately the heat transfer in the laminar and turbulent regions.
Laminar Region. The mean temperature in the laminar region is T m1 = (45°C + 52°C)/2 = 48.5°C =
321.5 K. The properties are cp1 = 1999 J/kg∙K, μ1 = 13.2 × 10-2 N∙s/m2, k1 = 0.143 W/m∙K, Pr1 =
1851. We recalculate the Reynolds number,
4m 4 × 1 kg/s
Re D1 = = = 1930
π D μ1 π × 0.005 m × 13.2 × 10-2 N ⋅ s/m 2
The hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths are given by

x fd,h = 0.05 Re Di D = 0.05 × 1930 × 0.005 m = 0.48 m
x fd,t = x fd,h ⋅ Pri = 0.48 m × 1851 = 890 m
Based on this information, we assume the flow is hydrodynamically developed but thermally
developing, and use Equations 8.56 and 8.57 for the Nusselt number (with Pr > 5),
0.0668 (D/L1 ) Re D1 Pr1
Nu D1 = h1D/k1 = 3.66 + (1)
1 + 0.04 [ (D/L1 ) Re D1 Pr1 ]
2/3
where L1 is the length of the laminar region, which is as yet unknown. We can also use Equation
8.41b for the mean temperature variation:
Ts - Tm,t  π D L1 
= exp  - h  Continued…
Ts - Ti  m  c p1 1 
 
Solving for h1 L1, we have

 p1  Ts − Tm,t 
mc 1 kg/s × 1999 J/kg ⋅ K  150°C − 52°C 
h1L1 = − ln  = − ln  
πD  Ts − Ti  π × 0.005 m  150°C − 45°C 
= 8780 W/m∙K (2)
We can solve by iterating between Equations (1) and (2). Beginning with the estimate Nu D1 = 3.66,
we find h1 = 3.66 k1/D = 105 W/m2∙K. From Equation (2), L1 = 84 m. Then from Equation (1),
Nu D1 = 22.3 and h1 = 639 W/m2∙K. Continuing the iterations, we find Nu D1 = 16.9, h1 = 484
W/m2∙K, and L1 = 18.1 m.
Turbulent Range. The mean temperature in the turbulent region is T m2 = (52°C + 80°C)/2 = 66°C =
339 K. The properties are cp2 = 2072 J/kg∙K, μ2 = 5.62 × 10-2 N∙s/m2, k2 = 0.139 W/m∙K, Pr2 = 834.
Thus
4m
Re D2 = = 4530
π D μ2
We assume the flow is fully-developed hydrodynamically and thermally and use Equation 8.62,
(f/8) (ReD2 - 1000) Pr2
Nu D2 =
1 + 12.7 (f/8)1/2 (Pr22/3 - 1)
where from Equation 8.21,

f = (0.790 ln ReD2 – 1.64)-2 = (0.790 ln (4530) – 1.64)-2 = 0.0398
Thus
(0.0398/8) (4530 - 1000) 834
Nu D2 = = 184
1 + 12.7 (0.0398/8)1/2 (8342/3 - 1)
and h2 = NuD2k2/D = 5120 W/m2 ∙K. Then the required length L2 can be found from Equation 8.41b,
expressed between the transition point and the outlet,
Ts - To  π D L2 
= exp  - h2 
 m 
Ts - Tm,t   c p2 
 c p2
m  T − To  1 kg/s × 2072 J/kg ⋅ K  150°C − 80°C 
L2 = − ln  s = − ln  
π D h 2  Ts − Tm,t  π × 0.005 m × 5120 W/m ⋅ K  150°C − 52°C 
2
= 8.7 m
The total required length is L = L1 + L2 = 26.8 m. <

COMMENTS: (1) If we had simply calculated the properties based on the mean temperature of T m =
(45°C + 80°C)/2 = 62.5°C = 335.5 K, we would have found ReD = 3810. Assuming the flow to be
turbulent throughout would have resulted in a higher average Nusselt number, Nu D = 159, and
correspondingly lower total length, L = 11.9 m. The variation of properties with temperature can be
very important for some fluids such as oils. (2) If the oil were being cooled by exposure to a cooler
wall, the Reynolds number could decrease from a turbulent to a laminar value. The flow would likely
not completely “relaminarize,” and the heat transfer in the section for which ReD < 2300 would fall
between the values calculated using laminar and turbulent Nusselt number correlations.
PROBLEM 8.26
KNOWN: Diameter and length of tube, air flow rate, air temperature and pressure at the tube inlet.
Surface temperature at the tube exit.
FIND: (a) The heat transfer rate of the problem. (b) Conditions at the tube exit for reduced tube
length. (c) Conditions at the tube exit for increased air flow rate.
SCHEMATIC:
Air L=2 m
·
m = 135
270 × 10-6 kg/s
Tm,i = 100°C Constant wall heat flux
Tm,o
D
D == 10 mm
5 mm Ts,o = 160°C
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible viscous
dissipation.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, Air ( Tm ≈ 400 K, p = 1 atm): m = 230.1×10-7 N⋅s/m2, Pr = 0.690, k =
0.0338 W/m⋅K, c p = 1014 J/kg⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) We begin by calculating the Reynolds number
4m 4 × 270 × 10−6 kg/s

ReD
= = = 1494
π D m π × 0.01m × 230.1 × 10−7 N ⋅ s/m 2
Therefore, the flow is laminar. The hydrodynamic and thermal entrance lengths are
x fd ,h =0.05DReD =0.05 × 0.01 m × 1494 =0.74 m

x fd,t = x fd,h Pr = 0.74 m × 0.690 = 0.51 m
Therefore, the flow is fully-developed at the tube exit. For fully-developed laminar flow with constant
heat flux conditions, the Nusselt number is Nu D = 4.36. Therefore, the local heat transfer coefficient at
the tube exit is
h=
4.36k / D =× 14.74 W/m 2 ⋅ K
4.36 0.0338 W/m ⋅ K / 0.01m =
Two independent expressions for the heat flux may be written based upon application of Newton’s law
of cooling at the tube exit and an overall energy balance.
mc
" p (Tm,o − Tm,i )
q " h(Ts ,o − Tm,o ) ; q" =
= (1, 2)
p DL
Equating Eqs. (1) and (2) yields
Continued…
  p
mc  p
  mc 
Tm,o =
 hTs ,o + pp Tm,i   + h
 DL   DL 
 2 270 × 10−6 kg/s × 1014 J/kg ⋅ K 

14.74W/m ⋅ K × 160°C + × 100°C 
p × 0.01 m × 2 m
= 
− 6
 270 × 10 kg/s × 1014 J/kg ⋅ K 
 + 14.74W/m 2 ⋅ K 
 p × 0.01 m × 2 m 
= 146.3°C
Hence, the heat rate is
 p (Tm,o − Tm,i )= 270 × 10−6 kg/s × 1014J/kg ⋅ K × 46.3°C = 12.7 W

q= mc <
(b) If L = 0.2 m, conditions at x = L are not fully developed and the value of the heat transfer
coefficient at the tube exit would exceed that of part (a).
(c) If the flow rate is increased by an order of magnitude, the Reynolds number will increase to Re D =
14,940, and the flow will be turbulent at the tube exit. Since L/D = 2 m / 0.01 m = 200, the turbulent
flow at the tube exit will also be fully developed. The heat transfer coefficient at the tube exit would
exceed that of part (a).
COMMENTS: In part (b), the local heat transfer coefficient would exceed h = 14.74 W/m2 at the
tube exit and could be estimated using Fig. 8.10a. Specifically, for Gz-1 = (x/D)/(Re D Pr) = (0.2 m/ 0.01
m)/(1494 × 0.690) = 0.019, Nu D ≈ 6. Hence, h = 14.74 W/m2 × (6/4.36) = 20.3 W/m2⋅K. In part (c),
the local heat transfer coefficient would exceed h = 14.74 W/m2 and could be evaluated using the
Dittus-Boelter correlation. Specifically, Nu D = 0.023×(14,940)4/50.6900.4 = 43.3. Hence, h = 14.74
W/m2 × (43.3/4.36) = 146.4 W/m2⋅K. For T s,o to remain the same, the heat rate associated with either
part (b) or part (c) would have to exceed that of part (a).
PROBLEM 8.27
KNOWN: Thermal conductivity and inner and outer diameters of plastic pipe. Volumetric flow rate and inlet
and outlet temperatures of air flow through pipe. Convection coefficient and temperature of water.
FIND: Pipe length and fan power requirement.
SCHEMATIC:
Water
ho = 1500 W/m2-K
Too = 17oC
Do = 0.17 m Tm,o = 21oC

Di = 0.15 m
Air
Vi = 0.025 m3/s Plastic pipe
Tm,i = 29oC k = 0.15 W/m-K
L
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) Negligible heat transfer from air in vertical legs of pipe, (3)
Ideal gas with negligible viscous dissipation and pressure variation, (4) Smooth interior surface, (5)
Constant properties.
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (T m,i = 29°C): ρi = 1.155 kg / m3 . Air ( Tm= 25°C ) : c p = 1007
-7 2
J/kg⋅K, m = 183.6 × 10 N⋅s/m , k a = 0.0261 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.707.
ANALYSIS: From Eq. (8.45a)
T∞ − Tm,o  UAs 
= exp  − 
T∞ − Tm,i  m c
 p 
1 ln ( D o / Di ) l
where, from Eqs. (3.34) and (3.35), ( UAs )−1 =
R tot = + +
hiπ Di L 2π Lk h oπ D o L
With m ∀ and Re D 4m
∀ = ρi ∀i = 0.0289 kg / s = = / π Di m 13, 350, flow in the pipe is turbulent. Assuming
fully developed flow throughout the pipe, and from Eq. (8.60),
ka 4/5 0.3 0.0261 W / m ⋅ K × 0.023 2
=hi 0.023 Re
= D Pr (13, 350 )4 / 5 =
( 0.707 )0.3 7.20 W / m ⋅ K
Di 0.15m
−1 l  1 ln ( 0.17 / 0.15 ) 1 
( UAs )
=  + + 
L  7.21 W / m 2 ⋅ K × π × 0.15m 2π × 0.15 W / m ⋅ K 1500 W / m 2 ⋅ K × π × 0.17m 

L
=UA s = 2.335 L W / K
( 0.294 + 0.133 + 0.001)
T∞ − Tm,o 17 − 21  2.335 L 
= 0.333 =
= exp  − =exp ( −0.0802L )
T∞ − Tm,i 17 − 29  0.0289 kg / s × 1007 J / kg ⋅ K 
ln ( 0.333 )
L=
− 13.7m
= <
0.0802
∀ / π D2 / 4 =
From Eqs. (8.22a) and (8.22b) and with u m,i =
∀i i ( )
1.415 m / s, the fan power is
2 3 2
ρ i u m,i 1.155 kg / m (1.415 m / s )
P = ( Dp ) ∀
∀∀≈f L ∀i = 0.0291
3
13.7m × 0.025 m / s = 0.077 W <
2 Di 2 ( 0.15m )
−2
where= f (0.790 ln Re D − 1.64) = 0.0291 from Eq. (8.21).
COMMENTS: (1) With L/Di = 91, the assumption of fully developed flow throughout the pipe is
justified. (2) The fan power requirement is small, and the process is economical. (3) The resistance
to heat transfer associated with convection at the outer surface is negligible.
PROBLEM 8.28
KNOWN: Diameter and surface temperature of ten tubes in an ice bath. Inlet temperature and flowrate
per tube. Volume (∀) of container and initial volume fraction, f v,i , of ice.
FIND: (a) Tube length required to achieve a prescribed air outlet temperature T m,o and time to
completely melt the ice, (b) Effect of mass flowrate on T m,o and suitable design and operating conditions.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) Ideal gas with negligible viscous dissipation and pressure
variation, (3) Constant properties, (4) Fully developed flow throughout each tube, (5) Negligible tube
wall thermal resistance.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, air (assume Tm = 292 K): c p = 1007 J/kg⋅K, µ = 180.6 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2, k =
0.0257 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.709; Ice: ρ = 920 kg/m3, h sf = 3.34 × 105 J/kg.
ANALYSIS: (a) With Re D = 4 m  =
 /pDµ = 4(0.01 kg/s)/p(0.05 m)180.6 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2 = 14,100 for m
0.01 kg/s, the flow is turbulent, and from Eq. 8.60,
0.8
Nu
= D Nu
= 0.8 =
D 0.023Re D Pr
0.3 0.023 14,100
( ) )0.3
( 0.709= 43.3
h = Nu D ( k D ) = 43.3 ( 0.0257 W m ⋅ K 0.05 m ) = 22.2 W m 2 ⋅ K
With T m,o = 14°C, the tube length may be obtained from Eq. 8.41b,
Ts − Tm,o −14
= =
 p DLh 
exp  − =

exp  −
(
 p ( 0.05 m ) 22.2 W m 2 ⋅ K L 
 )
Ts − Tm,i −24    0.01kg s (1007 J kg ⋅ K ) 
 mcp   
L = 1.56 m <
The time required to completely melt the ice may be obtained from an energy balance of the form,
( −q ) t = f v,i∀ ( ρ hsf )
=
where q Nmc (
 p Tm,i − Tm,o )
= 10 ( 0.01kg s )1007 J kg ⋅ K (10=
K ) 1007 W . Hence,
t=
( )( )
0.8 10 m3 920 kg m3 3.34 ×105 J kg
= 2.44 ×106 s = 28.3days <
1007 W
(b) Using the appropriate IHT Correlations and Properties Tool Pads, the following results were
obtained.
Continued...
17
16

15
14
13
12
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Mass flowrate per tube, mdot(kg/s)
Although heat extraction from the air passing through each tube increases with increasing flowrate, the
increase is not in proportion to the change in m and the temperature difference (T m,i - T m,o ) decreases. If
0.05 kg/s of air is routed through a single tube, the outlet temperature of T m,o = 16.2°C slightly exceeds
the desired value of 16°C. The prescribed value could be achieved by slightly increasing the tube length.
However, in the interest of reducing pressure drop requirements, it would be better to operate at a lower
flowrate per tube. If, for example, air is routed through four of the tubes at 0.01 kg/s per tube and the
discharge is mixed with 0.01 kg/s of the available air at 24°C, the desired result would be achieved.
COMMENTS: Since the flow is turbulent and L/D = 31, the assumption of fully developed flow
throughout a tube is marginal and the foregoing analysis overestimates the discharge temperature.
PROBLEM 8.29
KNOWN: Initial food temperature and mass flow rate. Length of heating and cooling sections in a
food sterilizer. Diameter of sterilizer tube. Time-at-temperature constraint, and constraint on local
maximum food temperature.
FIND: (a) Heat flux in the heating section. (b) Maximum local product temperature and its location.
(c) Minimum required sterilizing section length. (d) Sketch of the axial distributions of the mean,
surface, and centerline food temperatures from entrance to exit of sterilizer.
SCHEMATIC:
Heating Insulated Cooling section
section sterilizing section
Food product
Tm,i,h = 20°C
m· = 1 kg/s Lh = 5m Ls Lc = 10m
x D = 40 mm
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible viscous
dissipation.
PROPERTIES: Table A.6, Water ( Tm = 330 K, p = 1 atm):  = 48910-6 Ns/m2, Pr = 3.15, k = 0.65
W/mK, cp = 4184 J/kgK,  = 984 kg/m3.
ANALYSIS: (a) An energy balance applied to the heating section yields
q  qA  q DLh  mc

 p (Tm ,o,h  Tm ,i ,h )
which may be rearranged to provide the expression
 p (Tm,o,h  Tm,i ,h )
mc 1kg/s  4184J/kg  K  (90  20)C
q"    466,000W/m 2  466kW / m 2 <
 DLh   0.04m  5m
(b) The maximum local product temperature occurs at the tube wall at the end of the heating section.
4m 4  1kg/s
ReD    65,090
 D   0.04m  489  106 N  s/m 2
Hence, the flow is turbulent. Since Lh/D = 5m/0.04m = 125, the flow is fully-developed. Using the
Dittus-Boelter correlation,
k  0.65W/m  K 
h 0.023ReD4 / 5 Pr 0.4   0.023  65,0904 /5  3.150.4   4190W/m 2  K
D   0.04m  
From Newton’s law of cooling,
q 466,000W/m 2
Ts ( x  Lh  5m)  Tm,o,h   90C   201C <
h 4190W/m 2  K
Continued…
The second constraint is satisfied. <

(c) The minimum length of the sterilizing section is
4m 4  1 kg/s
Ls  um ts  t 
2 s
 10 s  8.1m <
 D 984 kg/m3    (0.04 m)2
(d) The axial distributions of the mean, surface, and centerline temperatures are shown below.
Heating Insulated Cooling section

section sterilizing
section
200
Ts
T, C
90 TCL
Tm
20
x, m
0 xfd,t 5 10 15 20 25
13.1
Important features of the temperature distribution are as follows.
0  x  xfd,t: Near the tube entrance, the heat transfer coefficient is theoretically infinite, and all three
temperatures are nearly the same value.
xfd,t  x  Lh: The flow is fully-developed; the shape of the radial temperature distribution does not
change down the tube length. Therefore, the three temperature distributions are parallel.
Lh  x  Lh + Ls: The heat transfer coefficient is zero. However, temperature differences exist in the
fluid, with warm temperatures adjacent to the tube wall and cool temperatures near the centerline of
the tube. As the flow progresses down the insulated sterilizing section, the temperatures equilibrate by
way of diffusion and turbulent mixing. The equilibration takes place over a distance approximately
equal to xfd,t.
Continued…
Lh + Ls  x  Lh + Ls + Lc: The fluid is cooled. Hence, the warmest temperature fluid is at the
centerline, and the coolest fluid is adjacent to the tube wall. Since the fluid is cooled by exposure of
the tube to the environment, the cooling rate is expected to be smaller than the heating rate in the
heating section. Hence, the radial temperature differences in the cooling section are smaller than the
radial temperature differences in the heating section.
COMMENTS: (1) The velocity of the fluid at the centerline exceeds velocities at any other radial
location. Hence, the fluid at the centerline of the tube will not satisfy the time-at-temperature criterion.
Therefore, use of a coiled tube or other heat transfer enhancement devices (Section 8.7) would be
appropriate in this application. (2) The insulation thickness in the sterilizing section should be much
greater than the critical insulation thickness.
PROBLEM 8.30
KNOWN: Mass flow rate, pressure, and inlet temperature of dry, compressed air. Diameter, length, and
surface temperature of tube.
FIND: (a) Outlet mean temperature, heat transfer rate, and pumping power for 50-mm-diameter tube. (b)
Required tube length and pumping power for 40-mm-diameter tube to achieve the same heat transfer rate
as 50-mm-diameter tube.
SCHEMATIC:
D = 50 mm Ts = 25°C
Dry air
Tm,i = 55°C
p = 15 atm
m• = 0.05 kg/s
L = 2.5 m
x
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Incompressible liquid with
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air, (T = 320 K): m = 1.94 × 10-5 N⋅s/m2, ρ (15 atm) = 15ρ (1 atm) =
15(1.095 kg/m3) = 16.42 kg/m3, cp = 1008 J/kg⋅K, k = 0.0278 W/m⋅K , Pr = 0.704.
ANALYSIS: Properties must be evaluated=

at Tm 0.5(Tm ,i + Tm ,o ) for heat transfer quantities, and at
=
T f 0.5(Tm + Ts ) for the friction coefficient and other hydrodynamic quantities (see Table 8.4 footnote).
The mean outlet temperature is unknown, so we begin by evaluating all properties at 320 K (see
PROPERTIES).
(a) The Reynolds number is:
4m 4 × 0.05 kg/s

=
Re = = 6.56 ×104 (1)
D
π Dm π × 0.05 m ×1.94 ×10 N ⋅ s/m
−5 2
 / ( ρπ D 2 / 4) =
The flow is turbulent and it is fully developed since L/D > 10. The velocity is um = m
1.55 m/s. The friction coefficient can be found from Equation 8.21:
( 0.790 ln(6.56 ×10 ) −=

1.64 )
−2
= 1.64) −2
f (0.790 ln ReD −= 4
0.0197
Then from Equations 8.22ab, the pressure drop and pumping power are:
ρ um2 16.42 kg/m3 × (1.55 m/s) 2

=
Dp f = L 0.0197 ×=
2.5 m 19.5 N/m 2 (2)
2D 2 × 0.05 m
∀ = ∆p m∀ = 19.5 N/m 2 0.05 kg/s = 0.059 W

P = ∆p∀ (3)<
ρ 16.42 kg/m3
Continued…
The heat transfer coefficient can be found from the Dittus-Boelter equation, Equation 8.60, with n = 0.3
for Ts < Tm:
Nu D k 0.023ReD0.8 Pr 0.3 k
=h =
D D (4)
0.023(6.56 ×10 ) (0.704)0.3 × 0.0278 W/m ⋅ K
4 0.8
= = 82.1 W/m 2 ⋅ K
0.05 m
The mean outlet temperature can be found from Equation 8.41b:
 p DhL 
Tm ,o =Ts + (Tm ,i − Ts ) exp  −  (5)
 mc p 

 p × 0.05 m × 82.1 W/m 2 ⋅ K × 2.5 m 

= 25°C + (55 − 25)°C × exp  −  = 40.8°C = 314 K <
 0.05 kg/s ×1008 J/kg ⋅ K 
The heat transfer rate can be calculated from Equation 8.34 (with a change in sign to calculate heat
transfer from the air to the tube wall):
=  p (Tm ,i − Tm ,=
q mc o) 0.05 kg/s ×1008 J/kg ⋅ K(55 − 40.8) K
= 714 W (6) <
With Tm,o = 314 K, we find Tm = 321 K and Tf = 309 K. Therefore the choice of evaluating properties at
320 K was not too far off for either heat transfer or hydrodynamic quantities.
(b) We wish to achieve the same q when the diameter is reduced to 40 mm. From Eq. (6) it can
be seen that the outlet mean temperature must be the same. From Eq. (5), the same mean outlet
temperature will be achieved when hDL is the same (that is, the same h × surface area will achieve
the same heat transfer rate). From Eq. (4) and the fact that ReD ~ D −1 (see Eq.(1)), h ~ D −1.8 , therefore
hDL ~ D −0.8 L. Finally, we can relate the diameters and lengths for the two cases:
D2−0.8 L2 = D1−0.8 L1 (7)
0.8
 D2 
0.8
 40 mm 
=L2 =  L1  =
 2.5 m 2.09 m <
 1
D  50 mm 
Finally, Eqs. (1) through (3) can be repeated with the new diameter and length to give:
=
ReD 8.20 ×104 , um = 2.42 m/s, f = 0.0188, ∆p =47.5 N/m 2 , and P = 0.145 W. <
COMMENTS: (1) The use of the Dittus-Boelter correlation facilitated an analytical solution for L in part
(b). Use of the Sieder and Tate or Gnielinski correlation would yield similar results for L but less physical
insight. (2) In fully developed laminar flow, the Nusselt number is independent of D, therefore a change
in diameter doesn’t change the heat transfer rate. The same q would be achieved for the same length.
PROBLEM 8.31
KNOWN: Diameters and thermal conductivity of steel pipe. Temperature and velocity of water flow
in pipe. Temperature and velocity of air in cross flow over pipe. Cost of producing hot water.
FIND: Daily cost of heat loss per unit length of pipe.
SCHEMATIC:
Water mm= =
Tm = 50oC, uu 0.4
0.5 m/sm/s
Air Tm Too
Steel pipe
Too = -5oC Do = 100 mm
V = 3 m/s Di = 84 mm
R’cnv,w R’cnd R’cnv,a q’
kp = 60 W/m-K
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady state, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible radiation from outer
surface, (4) Fully-developed flow in pipe.
-6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, air (p = 1 atm, T f ≈ 300K): k a = 0.0263 W/m⋅K, ν a = 15.89 × 10 m /s,
3 -6 2
Pr a = 0.707. Table A-6, water (T m = 323 K): ρ w = 988 kg/m , m w = 548 × 10 N⋅s/m , k w = 0.643
W/m⋅K, Pr w = 3.56.
ANALYSIS: The heat loss per unit length of pipe is
Tm − T∞ Tm − T∞
=q′ =
R ′cnv,w + R ′cnd + R ′cnv,a ln ( Do / Di )
( h wp Di )−1 + + ( h ap D o )
−1
2p k p
3 −6 2
With Re D,w
= ρ w u m Di / m =w 988 kg / m × 0.4 m / s × 0.084 m / 548 × 10 N ⋅ s / =
m 60, 600, flow is
turbulent, and for fully developed conditions, the Dittus-Boelter correlation yields
kw 0.643W / m ⋅ K
=hw 0.023 Re
= 0.8
Dw
0.3
Prw 0.023 ( 60, 600 )0.8=
( 3.56 )0.3 1726 W / m 2 ⋅ K
Di 0.084 m
−6 2
With Re D,a = 3 m / s × ( 0.1m ) / 15.89 × 10 m / s =
VD o / ν a = 18, 880, the Churchill-Bernstein
correlation yields
 4/5
k a  0.62 Re1/ 2 1/ 3
D,a Pra
  Re
D,w
5/8
  
ha =
h= 0.3 + 1 +    = 20.1W / m 2 ⋅ K
Do  1/ 4   282, 000  
1 + ( 0.4 / Pr )2 / 3    
 a 
 
50°C − ( −5°C )
Hence, =q′ = 342 W / m 0.342 kW / m
=
( )
2.20 × 10−3 + 0.46 × 10−3 + 158.3 × 10−3 K / W
The daily energy loss is then =′ 0.342 kW / m × 24 h /=
Q d 8.21kW ⋅ h / d ⋅ m
and the associated cost is C′
= (8.21kW ⋅ h / d ⋅ m )( $0.10 / kW=
⋅ h) $0.821/ m ⋅ d <
COMMENTS: Because R ′cnv,a >> R ′cnv,w , the convection resistance for the water side of the pipe
could have been neglected, with negligible error. The implication is that the temperature of the pipe’s
inner surface closely approximates that of the water. If R ′cnv,w is neglected, the heat loss is
q ′ = 346 W / m.
PROBLEM 8.32
KNOWN: Inner and outer diameter of a steel pipe insulated on the outside and experiencing
uniform heat generation. Flow rate and inlet temperature of water flowing through the pipe.
FIND: (a) Pipe length required to achieve desired outlet temperature, (b) Location and value
of maximum pipe temperature.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Incompressible

liquid with negligible viscous dissipation, (4) One-dimensional radial conduction in pipe wall,
(5) Outer surface is adiabatic.
PROPERTIES: Table A-1, Stainless steel 316 (T ≈ 400K): k = 15 W/m⋅K; Table A-6,
-6 2
Water ( Tm = 303K ) : c p = 4178 J/kg⋅K, k = 0.617 W/m⋅K, m = 803 × 10 N⋅s/m , Pr = 5.45.
ANALYSIS: (a) Performing an energy balance for a control volume about the inner tube, it
follows that
(
 cp Tm,o − Tm,i =
m q= ) (
q (p /4 ) Do2 − Di2 L )
=L
m
=
(
 cp Tm,o − Tm,i ) ( 0.1 kg/s ) 4178 ( J/kg ⋅ K ) 20 C
( )
q (p /4 ) Do2 − Di2 2
106 W/m3 (p / 4 ) ( 0.04m ) − ( 0.02m ) 

2

L = 8.87m. <
(b) The maximum wall temperature exists at the pipe exit (x = L) and the insulated surface (r
= r o ). From Eq. 3.56, the radial temperature distribution in the wall is of the form
q
− r 2 + C1n r + C2 .
T (r) =
4k
Considering the boundary conditions;
dT  q C  o2
qr
r=
ro :  0=
=− ro + 1 C1 =
dr r = r 2k ro 2k
o
Continued …
q q r 2 q 2 q ro2
ri : T ( ri ) =
r= − ri2 + o n ri + C2
Ts = C2 = r − n ri + Ts .
4k 2k 4k i 2k
The temperature distribution and the maximum wall temperature (r = r o ) are
q 2 2 q ro2
T (r) =
−
4k (
r − ri +
2k
r
)
n + Ts
ri
q 2 2 q ro2
T ( ro ) =
Tw,max = −
4k
ro − ri + (
2k
n ) ro
ri
+ Ts
where T s , the inner surface temperature of the wall at the exit, follows from
q′′s
=
( =
)
q (π /4 ) Do2 − Di2 L q Do2 − Di2 (
= h Ts − Tm,o
) ( )
π Di L 4 Di
where h is the local convection coefficient at the exit. With
4m  4 × 0.1 kg/s
=ReD = = 7928
π Di m π ( 0.02m ) 803 ×10−6 N ⋅ s/m 2
the flow is turbulent and, with (L/D i ) = (8.87 m/0.02m) = 444 >> (x fd /D) ≈ 10, it is also fully
developed. Hence, from the Gnielinski correlation, Eq. 8.62,
k  (f / 8)(ReD - 1000) Pr 
h=  
Di 1 + 12.7(f / 8)1/ 2 (Pr 2 / 3 - 1) 
 
0.617 W/m ⋅ K  (0.033618)(7928 - 1000)5.45  2
=   = 1796 W/m ⋅ K
0.02 m 1/2 2/3
1 + 12.7(0.033618) (5.45 - 1) 
where from Eq. 8.21, f = (0.790 ln Re D -1.64)-2 = 0.0336. Hence, the inner surface
temperature of the wall at the exit is
= Ts
(
q Do2 − Di2
+= Tm,o
) 
2 2
106 W/m3 ( 0.04m ) − ( 0.02m ) 

40 C 48.4C
+=
4 h Di 2
4 ×1796 W/m ⋅ K ( 0.02m )
106 W/m3  2 2
and Tw,max =
− ( 0.02m ) − ( 0.01m ) 
4 ×15 W/m ⋅ K  
2
106 W/m3 ( 0.02m )
0.02
+ + 48.4 C =52.6C.
n <
2 ×15 W/m ⋅ K 0.01
COMMENTS: The physical situation corresponds to a uniform surface heat flux, and T m
increases linearly with x. In the fully developed region, T s also increases linearly with x.
PROBLEM 8.33
KNOWN: Fully-developed conditions for laminar or turbulent flow characterized by a fixed mass
flow rate. Constant surface temperature conditions with Ts < Tm.
FIND: Determine whether a small or large diameter tube will be more effective in minimizing heat
loss from the flowing fluid.
SCHEMATIC:
Tm D
•
m
Ts
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Fully-developed, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible viscous dissipation.
ANALYSIS: The heat loss rate per unit tube length is
=q′ π Dh(Ts − Tm ) where h = NuD k / D
Combining the preceding equations yields
=q′ π NuD k (Ts − Tm ) (1)
Laminar Conditions
For laminar conditions, Nu D = 3.66. Substituting this expression into Eq. (1) yields
=q′ 3.66π k (Ts − Tm )
and the heat loss rate is independent of the tube diameter. <
Turbulent Conditions
For turbulent flow, we may substitute the Dittus-Boelter correlation, NuD = 0.023ReD4 / 5 Pr 0.3 with
ReD = ( 4m / π D m ) into Eq. (1) to find
4/5
 4m 
=q′ π (0.023)   D −4/5 Pr 0.3k (Ts − Tm )
 πm 
Hence, to minimize the heat loss, a large diameter tube is preferred. <
COMMENTS: The large diameter tube will result in reduced heat loss, but will be more expensive
relative to a small diameter tube. If the cool surface temperature is induced by heat losses to the
environment, a more effective approach to minimize heat loss would be to insulate the exterior of the
tube.
PROBLEM 8.34
KNOWN: Flow rate of NaK (56%/44%), NaK inlet and outlet temperatures, tube wall temperature,
tube diameter.
FIND: Tube length, and local convective flux at the tube exit.
SCHEMATIC:
Ts T=s =435
450KK
DD==50
40mm
mm
NaK
Tm,i ==332
335K K
m,o = 397 K
Tm,o = 400 K
•
m ==10.8
kg/skg/s L
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Constant properties, (2) Negligible viscous dissipation, (3) Fully developed
flow.
PROPERTIES: Table A.7 NaK (56%/44%; T m = 366K ): ρ = 887 kg/m3, k =

(335K + 397K) / 2 =
25.6 W/m⋅K, ν = 6.52 × 10-7 m2/s, Pr = 0.026, c p = 1130 J/kg⋅K.
ANALYSIS: The Reynolds number is
ReD = 4 × 0.8 kg/s / π × 0.04 m × 6.52 × 10−7 m 2 /s × 887 kg/m3  =

4m / π Dνρ = 44,000
 
and the flow is turbulent. The Peclet number is Pe D = Re D Pr = 44,000 × 0.026 = 1145. Therefore, we
may use Eq. 8.65 if the flow is fully developed. Hence,
h=
k
D
( 0.8
5.0 + 0.025PeD )=
25.6W/m ⋅ K
0.04m
( )
× 5.0 + 0.025 × 11450.8 = 7680W/m 2 ⋅ K
The required tube length is, from Eq. 8.41a,
mc
 p DTo 0.8 kg/s × 1130 J/kg ⋅ K  38 
L=
− ln =
− 2
ln  =0.90 m <
p Dh DTi p × 0.04m × 7680W/m ⋅ K  100 
The local convective heat flux at x = L = 0.90 m is
q= ) 7680W/m 2 ⋅ K × ( 435 − 397 ) K= 292,000 W/m 2

" h(Ts − Tm,o = <
COMMENTS: The dimensionless tube length is L/D = 0.90m/0.04m = 22.5. The flow is therefore
fully developed, and use of Eq. 8.65 is appropriate.
PROBLEM 8.35
KNOWN: Duct diameter and length. Thermal conductivity of insulation. Gas inlet temperature and
velocity and minimum allowable outlet temperature. Temperature and velocity of air in cross flow.
FIND: Minimum allowable insulation thickness.
SCHEMATIC:
V = 15 m/s
Ambient Too = 250 K
Insulation air
Do, kins = 0.125 W/m-K Tm,o > 1400 K
Di = 1 m
Combustion
gases
um,i = 10 m/s
Tm,i = 1600 K L = 100 m
ASSUMPTIONS: (1)Combustion gases are ideal with negligible viscous dissipation and pressure
variation, (2) Fully developed flow throughout duct, (3) Negligible duct wall conduction resistance,
(4) Negligible effect of insulation thickness on outer convection coefficient and thermal resistance,
(5) Properties of gas may be approximated as those of air.
3
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, air (p = 1 atm). Tm,i = 1600K: (ρi = 0.218 kg/m ). Tm = (Tm,i +Tm,o)/2
3 -7 2
= 1500K: (ρ = 0.232 kg/m , cp = 1230 J/kg⋅K, m = 557 × 10 N⋅s/m , k = 0.100 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.685).
-6 2
Tf ≈ 300K (assumed): ν = 15.89 × 10 m /s, k = 0.0263 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.707.
ANALYSIS: From Eq. (8.45b),
T∞ − Tm,o −1150 K  UA   1 
= =0.852 =exp  − s =exp  − 
T∞ − Tm,i −1350 K  m  cp   R tot m
 cp 
   

Hence, with=
m ( ρ u m A c=
)i 0.218 kg / m × 10 m / s × π (1m ) =
3 2
/ 4 1.712 kg / s,
−1 −1 −3
 c p ln ( 0.852 )
R tot =−  m =− [1.712 kg / s × 1230 J / kg ⋅ K × ( −0.160 )] =2.96 × 10 K/W
The total thermal resistance is
−1 ln ( Do / Di ) −1
R tot =R conv,i + R cond,ins + R conv,o =( h iπ Di L ) + + ( h oπ Do L ) (1)
2π k ins L
( )
 / π Di m = ( 4 × 1.712 kg / s ) / π × 1m × 557 × 10 −7 N ⋅ s / m 2 = 39,130, the Dittus-Boelter
With Re D,i = 4m
correlation yields
 k  0.023 Re 4 / 5 0.3  0.100 W / m ⋅ K 
 0.023 ( 39,130 ) = ( 0.685 )0.3 9.69 W / m 2 ⋅ K
4/5
=hi   = D Pr 
D  1m 
The internal resistance is then
( )=
−1
R conv,i= ( hiπ Di L )−1= 9.69 W / m 2 ⋅ K × π ×1m ×100m 3.28 ×10−4 K / W
-6 2 5
With ReD ≈ VDi/ν = 15 m/s × 1m/15.89 × 10 m /s = 9.44 × 10 , the Churchill-Bernstein correlation
yields
Continued …
 4/5
 0.62 Re1/ 2 Pr1/ 3   Re 5/8

 k  1 +  D 
 
h o ≈   0.3 + 2
= 30.9 W / m ⋅ K
D
 D  1 + ( 0.4 / Pr )2 / 3 
1/ 4   282, 000   
 
   
(30.9 W / m2 ⋅ K ×π ×1m ×100m )

−1 −1
R conv,o ≈ ( h oπ Di L ) = = 1.03 ×10−4 K / W
Hence, from Eq. (1)

ln ( Do / Di )
2π k ins L ( )
= 2.96 ×10−3 − 3.33 ×10−4 − 1.03 ×10−4 K / W = 2.53 ×10−3 K / W
(
D o = Di exp 2p k ins L × 2.53 × 10
−3
) (
K / W = 1m × exp 1.59 × 10
−2
)
K / W × 0.125 W / m ⋅ K × 100m = 1.22m
Hence, the minimum insulation thickness is
t min =( D o − Di ) / 2 =0.11m <

COMMENTS: With Do = 1.22m, use of Di = 1m to evaluate the outer convection coefficient and
thermal resistance is a reasonable approximation. However, improved accuracy may be obtained by
using the calculated value of Do to determine conditions at the outer surface and iterating on the
solution.
PROBLEM 8.36
KNOWN: Flow rate, inlet temperature and desired outlet temperature of liquid mercury flowing
through a tube of prescribed diameter and surface temperature.
FIND: Required tube length and error associated with use of a correlation for moderate to large Pr
fluids.
SCHEMATIC:
Ts=400K
Tm,o=375K
.
m=0.25kg/s D=0.025m
TTm,im,i==335K
325K
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3)Incompressible liquid with
negligible viscous dissipation, (4) Fully developed flow.
c T
PROPERTIES: Table A-5, Mercury Tm = 350K : c p = 137.7 J/kg⋅K, m = 0.1309 × 10
-2 2
N⋅s/m ,
k = 9.18 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.0196.
ANALYSIS: The Reynolds and Peclet numbers are

4m 4 × 0.25 kg/s
Re D
= = = 9727
π Dm π ( 0.025m ) 0.1309 × 10−2 N ⋅ s/m2
PeD Re
= = D Pr 9727 ( 0.0196
= ) 191.
Hence, assuming fully developed turbulent flow throughout the tube, it follows from Eq. 8.65 that
h=
k
D
(
5.0 + 0.025 Pe0.8
D = )
9.18 W/m ⋅ K
0.025 m
( )
5.0 + 0.025 × 1910.8 = 2449 W/m2 ⋅ K.
From Eq. 8.41a, it follows that
L=
−
m cp DT
n o =
−
( 0.25 kg/s )137.7 J/kg ⋅ K n 400 − 375 =
0.20 m. <
p Dh DTi p ( 0.025 m ) 2449 W/m 2 ⋅ K 400 − 325
If the Dittus-Boelter correlation, Eq. 8.60, is used in place of Eq. 8.65,
k 2
4/5 Pr 0.4 9.18 W/m ⋅ K 0.023 9727 4 / 5 =
=h 0.023 Re
= D ( ) ( 0.0196 )0.4 2716 W/m2 ⋅ K
D 0.025 m
and the required tube length is
L=
−
m cp DT
n o =
−
( 0.25 kg/s )137.7 J/kg ⋅ K n 400 − 375 =
0.18 m. <
p Dh DTi p ( 0.025 m ) 2716 W/m 2 ⋅ K 400 − 325
COMMENTS: (1) Such good agreement between results does not occur in general. For example, if
4
Re D = 2 × 10 , h = 2926 from Eq. 8.65 and 4835 from Eq. 8.60. Large errors are usually associated
with using conventional (moderate to large Pr) correlations with liquid metals. (2) The Dittus-Boelter
correlation is recommended for Re D > 10,000, which is not quite satisfied here.

PROBLEM 8.37
KNOWN: Surface temperature and diameter of a tube. Velocity and temperature of air in
cross flow. Velocity and temperature of air in fully developed internal flow.
FIND: Convection heat flux associated with the external and internal flows.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Uniform cylinder surface temperature, (3)
Fully developed internal flow, (4) For internal flow, air is an ideal gas with negligible viscous
dissipation and pressure variations.
-6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (336 K): ν = 19.51 × 10 m /s, k = 0.0290 W/m⋅K, Pr =
0.702.
ANALYSIS: For the external and internal flows,
VD u m D 30 m/s × 0.05 m
Re=
D = = = 7.69 ×104.
ν ν -6
19.51×10 m / s2
From the Churchill-Bernstein relation for the external flow,

4/5
0.62 Re1/ 2 1/ 3
D Pr
  Re
D 
5/8
Nu D =
0.3 + 1 +   
1/ 4   282, 000  
1 + (0.4 / Pr)2 / 3   
 
 5 / 8 4 / 5
0.62(7.69 ×104 )1/ 2 0.7021/ 3  4
1 +  7.69 ×10  
0.3 +
= 180
=
1/ 4   282, 000  
1 + (0.4 / 0.702)2 / 3 
     
Hence, the convection coefficient and heat flux are

k 0.0290 W/m ⋅ K
h
= Nu=
D = 104 W/m 2 ⋅ K
×180
D 0.05 m

q′′ = h ( Ts − T∞ ) = 104W/m 2 ⋅ K (100 − 25 ) C = 7840 W/m 2 . <
Using the Dittus-Boelter correlation, Eq. 8.60, for the internal flow, which is turbulent,
( )
4/5
0.023 Re4/5
Nu D = D Pr
0.4 =
0.023 7.69 ×104 ( 0.702 )0.4 =
162
k 0.0290 W/m ⋅ K
h
= Nu=
D = 94 W/m 2 ⋅ K
×162
D 0.05 m
Continued…
and the heat flux is


q′′ = h ( Ts − Tm ) = 94 W/m 2 ⋅ K (100 − 25 ) C = 7040 W/m 2 . <
COMMENT: Convection effects associated with the two flow conditions are comparable.
PROBLEM 8.38
KNOWN: Length and diameter of tube submerged in paraffin of prescribed dimensions. Inlet
temperature and flow rate of water flowing through tube.
FIND: (a) Outlet temperature, heat rate, and time required for complete melting, and (b) Effect of
flowrate on operating conditions.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible KE/PE and flow work changes for water, (2) Constant water
properties, (3) Negligible tube wall conduction resistance, (4) Negligible convection resistance in melt
(T s = T¥ = T mp ), (5) Fully developed flow, (6) No heat loss to the surroundings.
PROPERTIES: Water (given): c p = 4.185 kJ/kg⋅K, k = 0.653 W/m⋅K, m = 467 × 10-6 kg/s⋅m, Pr = 2.99;
Paraffin (given): T mp = 27.4°C, h sf = 244 kJ/kg, ρ = 770 kg/m3.
T∞ − Tm,o  p DLh  4m

ANALYSIS: (a) From Eq. 8.41b, = exp  −  . With Re D = =
T∞ − Tm,i  mc p  π D m
 
4 × 0.1kg s
= 10,906, the flow is turbulent. Assuming fully developed
π × 0.025 m × 467 ×10−6 kg s ⋅ m
conditions,
Nu D k k 4 / 5 0.3 0.653 W m ⋅ K
=h = 0.023 Re D = Pr 0.023 (10, 906 )
4/5
( 2.99
= )0.3 1418 W m 2 ⋅ K
D D 0.025 m
Tm,o

= 27.4 C − ( 27.4 − 60 ) C exp  −
 p × 0.025 m × 3 m
1418 W m 2 ⋅ K=
 
 42.17 C <
 0.1kg s × 4185 J kg ⋅ K 
From the overall energy balance,
( )
 p Tm,i − Tm,o = 0.1kg s × 4185 J kg ⋅ K ( 60 − 42.17 ) C= 7500 W
q= mc <
Applying an energy balance to a control volume about the paraffin, E in = ∆E st , the time t m required to
melt the paraffin is
= qt m ρ= (
Vh sf ρ L WH − π D 2 4 h sf )
tm =
(
770 kg m3 × 3 m 0.25 × 0.25 m 2 − π ( 0.025 m )
2
4 ) 2.44 ×10 J kg =4660 s =1.29 h
5
<
7500 W
Continued...
(b) The effect of m  on q and T m,o was determined by accessing the Correlations Toolpad of IHT, and
the results are plotted as follows.
30000 46
25000

45
Heat rate, q(W)
20000
44
15000
43
10000
5000 42
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Mass flowrate, mdot(kg/s) Mass flowrate, mdot(kg/s)
Although q increases with increasing m  due to the attendant increase in Re D , and therefore h , the
increase is not linearly proportional to the change in m  . Hence, from the overall energy balance, q =
 c p (T m,i - T m,o ), there is a reduction in (T m,i - T m,o ), which corresponds to an increase in T m,o . With the
m
increase in q, there is a reduction in t m , and for m  = 0.5 kg/s,
t m 1167
= = s 0.324 h <
COMMENTS: Heat transfer from the water to the paraffin is also affected by free convection in the
melt region around the tube. The effect is to decrease U, increase T s , and decrease q with increasing
time. The actual time to achieve complete melting would exceed values computed in the foregoing
analysis.
PROBLEM 8.39
KNOWN: Mass flow rate, inlet temperature, and pressure of compressed air. Tube diameter. Surface
heat flux is constant. Outlet mean temperature.
FIND: Required surface heat flux and surface temperature at tube exit for three tube lengths.
SCHEMATIC:
D = 20 mm qs“
Dry air
Tm,i = 20°C
p = 20 atm Tm,o = 50°C
m• = 6 × 10-4 kg/s
L = 0.15, 1.5, or 15 m
x
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air, (T = 308 K): m = 1.88 × 10-5 N⋅s/m2, cp = 1007 J/kg⋅K, k = 0.0269
W/m⋅K , Pr = 0.706.
ANALYSIS: Equation 8.34 may be used to find the heat transfer rate needed to increase the temperature
from 20 to 50°C:
 p (Tm ,o − Tm.i ) =6 × 10−4 kg/s × 1007 J/kg ⋅ K × (50 − 20)K =18.1 W

q =mc
The heat flux for the three lengths can then be found:
q q 18.1 W
′′
q= = = = 1920, 192, and 19.2 W/m 2 for L = 0.15, 1.5,and 15 m.
As π DL π × 0.02 m × L
<
To find the surface temperature at the exit, we need to analyze the heat transfer. The Reynolds number is:
4m 4 × 6 ×10−4 kg/s

=
ReD = = 2028
π Dm π × 0.02 m ×1.88 ×10−5 N ⋅ s/m 2
Continued…
The hydrodynamic entry length is:
xfd,h =0.05 DReD =0.05 × 0.02 m × 2028 =2.03 m
Therefore the cases L = 0.15 m and L = 1.5 m have simultaneously developing velocity and
temperature or a “combined entry length.” (Note that as long as the velocity is not fully
developed, the temperature is also not fully developed.) The case L = 15 m has fully developed
velocity and temperature (the thermal entry length is shorter than the hydrodynamic entry length
since Pr < 1).
The local Nusselt number can be read off of Figure 8.10a for Pr = 0.7, combined entry length,
constant heat flux. The inverse Graetz number at the end of the tube is:
L/D L / 0.02 m
= = 0.00524, 0.0524, and 0.524 for L = 0.15, 1.5, and 15 m.
ReD Pr 2028 × 0.706
and the Nusselt numbers are approximately 9.5, 4.8, and 4.36 for the three tube lengths. The heat
transfer coefficients are:
NuD k NuD × 0.0269 W/m ⋅ K

=h = = 12.8, 6.45, 5.86 W/m 2 ⋅ K for L = 0.15, 1.5, and 15 m.
D 0.02 m
Then,
q′′
Ts ,o = Tm ,o + = 201, 79.8, 53.3 °C for L = 0.15, 1.5, and 15 m. <
h
COMMENTS: (1) Figure 8.10 cannot be read with great accuracy. (2) The heat transfer coefficient is
higher for a shorter tube because the boundary layer is thinner. This tends to keep the wall cooler.
However, the dominant effect is that shorter tubes require larger heat fluxes, and this results in higher
surface temperatures.
PROBLEM 8.40
KNOWN: Diameter and length of circular tube, liquid water flow rate, liquid water entrance
temperatures and tube surface temperatures.
FIND: Water outlet temperatures for (a) T m,i = 500 K, T s = 510 K and (b) T m,i = 300 K, T s = 310 K.
(c) Discuss whether the flow is laminar or turbulent for T m,i = 300 K, T s = 647 K.
SCHEMATIC:
Ts = 310 K, 510 K or 647 K

Liquid water D = 0.1 m
.
m = 0.1 kg/s
Tm,i = 300 K or 500 K
L=6m
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties in parts (a) and (b), (3)
Negligible viscous dissipation.
PROPERTIES: Table A.6, liquid water ( Tm = 505 K, assumed): m = 115.5×10-6 N⋅s/m2, Pr = 0.855,
k = 0.635 W/m⋅K, c p = 4700 J/kg⋅K. Liquid water ( Tm = 305 K, assumed): m = 769×10-6 N⋅s/m2, Pr =
5.20, k = 0.620 W/m⋅K, c p = 4178 J/kg⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) We begin by calculating the Reynolds number
4m 4 × 0.1 kg/s

ReD
= = = 11,014
π D m π × 0.1m × 115.5 × 10−6 N ⋅ s/m 2
Therefore, the flow is in a fully turbulent condition. Since L/D = 6m/0.1m = 60, we conclude that
entrance effects are not important. We may use Dittus-Boelter (Eq. 8.60) to determine the average heat
transfer coefficient and the mean outlet temperature may be found from Eq. (8.41b).
k  0.635W/m ⋅ K 
h= 0.023ReD4 / 5 Pr 0.4  = 0.023 × 11,0144 / 50.8550.4  =
235 W/m 2 ⋅ K
D   0.1m  
 PL 
Tm,o =Ts − (Ts − Tm,i )exp  − h
 mc 
 p  <
 p × 0.1 m × 6 m 
= 510 K − 10 K × exp  − 235 W/m 2 ⋅ K=
 506.1 K
 0.1 kg/s × 4700 J/kg ⋅ K 
(b) The Reynolds number is
4m 4 × 0.1 kg/s

ReD
= = = 1655
π D m π × 0.1m × 769 × 10−6 N ⋅ s/m 2
Continued…
Therefore, the flow is laminar. The thermal entrance length is x fd,t = 0.05 × D × Re D × Pr = 0.05 ×
0.1m × 1655 × 5.20 = 43.0 m > L. Therefore, we expect entrance effects to be significant. With Pr > 5,
we may use Eq. (8.57) with Eq. (8.56) for the Graetz number, to estimate the value of h .
k  0.0668( D / L) ReD Pr 
=h 3.66 + 2/3 
D
 1 + 0.04 [( D / L) ReD Pr ] 
0.620W/m ⋅ K  0.0668(0.1 m / 6 m) × 1655 × 5.20 

=  3.66 + 2/3 
51.0 W/m 2 ⋅ K
=
0.1 m  1 + 0.04 [(0.1 m / 6.0 m) × 1655 × 5.20] 
Using Eq. (8.41b)
 PL 
Tm,o =Ts − (Ts − Tm,i )exp  − h
 mc 
 p  <
 p × 0.1 m × 6 m 
= 310 K − 10 K × exp  − 51 W/m 2 ⋅ K=
 302.1 K
 0.1 kg/s × 4178 J/kg ⋅ K 
(c) The temperature variations within the water are very large. Therefore, properties are expected to
vary significantly from location to location. Near the entrance of the tube, average temperatures will
be low, and the flow is expected to be laminar. However, as the boundary layer regions grow, higher
temperatures will exist in a greater portion of the liquid and viscosities may drop to very low values.
Hence, the flow may trip into turbulent conditions at a location between the tube entrance and the tube
exit. The assumption of constant properties under the conditions of part (c) may not be appropriate.
COMMENTS: Even though entrance effects are important for the laminar flow conditions of part
(b), the heat transfer coefficient is small relative to that associated with the turbulent conditions of part
(a).
PROBLEM 8.41
KNOWN: Gas turbine vane approximated as a tube of prescribed diameter and length maintained at a
known surface temperature. Air inlet temperature and flowrate.
FIND: (a) Outlet temperature of the air coolant for the prescribed conditions and (b) Compute and plot
 ≤ 0.6 kg/h. Compare this result with
the air outlet temperature T m,o as a function of flow rate, 0.1 ≤ m
those for vanes having passage diameters of 2 and 4 mm.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Ideal gas with negligible viscous dissipation and
pressure variation.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, Air (assume Tm = 780 K, 1 atm): c p = 1094 J/kg⋅K, k = 0.0563 W/m⋅K, m
= 363.7 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2, Pr = 0.706.
ANALYSIS: (a) For constant wall temperature heating, from Eq. 8.41b,
= exp  −  (1)
Ts − Tm,i  mc p
 
where P = πD. For flow in a circular passage,
4m 4 × 0.18 kg h (1 3600s h )
Re
= D = = 584 . (2)
π Dm π ( 0.003m ) 363.7 ×10−7 N ⋅ s m 2
The flow is laminar, and from Eq. 8.3, x fd,h = 0.05Re D D = 88 mm. Thus, the flow is in the combined
entry length. From Eq. 8.56, Gz D = (D/L)Re D Pr = 16.5 and from Eq. 8.58,
3.66
+ 0.0499Gz D tanh(Gz −D1 )
hD tanh[2.264Gz −D1/3 + 1.7Gz −D2/3 ]
Nu=
D = (3)
k tanh(2.432 Pr 1/6
Gz −D1/6 )
 3.66 
 + 0.0499 × 16.5 tanh(16.5−1 ) 
−1/3 −2/3
0.0563W m ⋅ K  tanh[2.264 × 16.5 + 1.7 × 16.5 ]  95.0 W m2 ⋅ K
=h =
0.003m  1/6
tanh(2.432 × 0.706 × 16.5 ) −1/6 
 
 
Hence, the air outlet temperature is
650 − Tm,o  p ( 0.003m ) × 0.075m × 95.0 W m2 ⋅ K 

= exp  − 

( 650 − 427 ) C 

( 0.18 3600 ) kg s × 1094 J kg ⋅ K 

Tm,o = 585 C <
Continued...
(b) Using the IHT Correlations Tool, Internal Flow, for Laminar Flow with combined entry length, along
with the energy balance and rate equations above, the outlet temperature T m,o was calculated as a
function of flow rate for diameters of D = 2, 3 and 4 mm. The plot below shows that T m,o decreases
strongly with increasing flow rate, but is independent of passage diameter.
650
Outlet temperature, Tmo (C)
600
550
500
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Flow rate, mdot (kg/h)
COMMENTS: (1) Based upon the calculation for T m,o = 585°C, Tm = 779 K which is in good
agreement with our assumption to evaluate the thermophysical properties. (2) Why is T m,o independent
of D? Since Re D varies inversely with D, Gz D is independent of D, and so is Nu D . From Eq. (3), note
that h is inversely proportional to D, h ~ D-1. From Eq. (1), note that on the right-hand side the product
P⋅ h will be independent of D. Hence, T m,o will depend only on the mass flow rate. This is, of course, a
consequence of the laminar flow condition and will not be the same for turbulent flow.
PROBLEM 8.42
KNOWN: Gas-cooled nuclear reactor tube of 20 mm diameter and 780 mm length with helium
-3
heated from 600 K to 1000 K at 8 × 10 kg/s.
FIND: (a) Uniform tube wall temperature required to heat the helium, (b) Outlet temperature and
required flow rate to achieve same removal rate and wall temperature if the coolant gas is air.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Ideal gas with negligible viscous dissipation and
pressure variation, (3) Fully developed conditions.
3
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Helium ( Tm = 800K, 1 atm ) : ρ = 0.06272 kg/m , c p = 5193 J/kg⋅K, k
-7 2 -4 2
= 0.304 W/m⋅K, m = 382 × 10 N⋅s/m , ν = 6.39 × 10 m /s, Pr = 0.654; Air ( Tm = 800K, 1 atm ) :
3 -3 -6 2
ρ = 0.4354 kg/m , c p = 1099 J/kg⋅K, k = 57.3 × 10 W/m⋅K, ν = 84.93 × 10 m /s, Pr = 0.709.
ANALYSIS: (a) For helium and a constant wall temperature, from Eq. 8.41b,
= exp  − 
 
where P = πD. For the circular tube,

4m 4 × 8 ×10-3 kg/s
Re
= D = = 1.333 ×104
π Dm π × 0.020 m × 382 ×10 N ⋅ s/m 2
-7
and using the Dittus-Boelter correlation for turbulent, fully developed flow,
( )
4/5
0.023 Re4/5
Nu = D Pr
0.4 =
0.023 1.333 × 104 ( 0.654 )0.4 =
38.7
h = Nu ⋅ k/D =38.7 × 0.304 W/m ⋅ K/0.02 m =588 W/m2 ⋅ K.

Hence, the surface temperature is
Ts - 1000 K  p ( 0.020 m ) × 0.780 m × 588 W/m2 ⋅ K 

exp  -
= = 0.500
Ts - 600 K  8 × 10-3 kg/s × 5193 J/kg ⋅ K 
Ts = 1400 K. <
The heat rate with helium coolant is
(
 c p Tm,o − Tm,i =
q=
m )
8 × 10−3 kg/s × 5193 J/kg ⋅ K (1000 − 600 ) K =
16.62 kW.
Continued …
(b) For the same heat removal rate (q) and wall temperature (T s ) with air supplied at T m,i , the
relevant relations are
=q 16,620
=  a cp Tm,o − Tm,i
W m ( ) (1)
Ts − Tm,o  PLh 
= exp  − a  (2)
Ts − Tm,i  
m c
a p 
a
4m hD
=Re = 0.023 Re4/5
D Pr
0.4 (3,4)
π Dm k
 are unknown. An iterative solution is required: assume a value of T m,o and find
where T m,o and m
m
 from Eq. (1); use m  in Eqs. (3) and (4) to find h and then Eq. (2) to evaluate T m,o ; compare
results and iterate. Using thermophysical properties of air evaluated at Tm = 800K, the above
relations, written in the order they would be used in the iteration, become
15.1
a =
m (5)
Tm,o − 600
 a4/5
ha = 5600m (6)
Tm,o= 1400 K - 800 K × exp  -4.459 × 10-5 ( ha / m

 a ) (7)
 
Results of the iterative solution are
Trial T m,o (K)  (kg/s)

m ha ( W/m2 ⋅ K ) T m,o (K)
(Assumed) Eq. (5) Eq. (6) Eq. (7)
-2
1 1000 3.781 × 10 407 905
-2
2 950 4.321 × 10 453 899
-2
3 900 5.041 × 10 513 891
-2
4 890 5.215 × 10 527 890
Hence, we find
m 5.22 ×10−2 kg/s

a = Tm,o =
890 K. <
COMMENTS: To achieve the same cooling rate with air, the required mass rate is 6.5 times that
obtained with helium.
PROBLEM 8.43
KNOWN: Diameter, length and surface temperature of tubes used to heat ambient air. Flow rate and
inlet temperature of air.
FIND: (a) Air outlet temperature and heat rate per tube, (b) Effect of flow rate on outlet temperature.
Design and operating conditions suitable for providing 1 kg/s of air at 75°C.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2)Ideal gas with negligible viscous dissipation and pressure
variation, (3) Negligible tube wall thermal resistance.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, air (assume Tm = 330 K): c p = 1008 J/kg⋅K, m = 198.8 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2, k =
0.0285 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.703.
ANALYSIS: (a) For m  = 0.01 kg/s, Re D = 4m  π Dm = 0.04 kg/s/π(0.05 m)198.8 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2 =
12,810. Hence, the flow is turbulent. If fully developed flow is assumed throughout the tube, the Dittus-
Boelter correlation may be used to obtain the average Nusselt number.
4 / 5 Pr 0.4 0.023 12,810 0.8=
Nu=D ≈ Nu D 0.023Re =D ( ) ( 0.703)0.4 38.6
Hence, h = Nu D ( k D ) = 38.6 ( 0.0285 W m ⋅ K 0.05 m ) = 22.0 W m 2 ⋅ K
From Eq. 8.41b,

Ts − Tm,o  ppDLh   × 0.05 m × 5 m × 22 W m 2 ⋅ K 
exp  −
= =exp  − =0.180
Ts − Tm,i  mc p   0.01kg s × 1008 J kg ⋅ K 
   
Tm,o =− (
100 C − 0.180 80 C =
Ts 0.180 Ts − Tm,i = 85.6 C ) ( ) <
=
Hence, ( = 0.01kg s (1008 J kg ⋅ K ) 65.6=
 p Tm,o − Tm,i
q mc )
K 661W <
(b) The effect of flow rate on the outlet temperature was determined by using the IHT Correlations and
Properties Toolpads.
90
85
80
75
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Mass flowrate, mdot(kg/s)

Continued...
Although h and hence the heat rate increase with increasing m , the increase in q is not linearly

proportional to the increase in m and T m,o decreases with increasing m .
A flow rate of m = 0.05 kg/s is not large enough to provide the desired outlet temperature of
75°C, and to achieve this value, a flow rate of 0.0678 kg/s would be needed. At such a flow rate,
N = 1 kg/s/0.0678 kg/s = 14.75 ≈ 15 tubes would be needed to satisfy the process air
requirement. Alternatively, a lower flow rate could be supplied to a larger number of tubes and
the discharge mixed with ambient air to satisfy the desired conditions. Requirements of this
option are that
 +m
Nm  amb =
1kg / s
( Nm + m amb ) cp ( Tm,o − Tm,i ) = 1kg s ×1008 J kg ⋅ K ( 75 − 20 ) K = 55, 400 W
where m is the flow rate per tube. Using a larger number of tubes with a smaller flow rate per
tube would reduce flow pressure losses and hence provide for reduced operating costs.
COMMENTS: With L/D = 5 m/0.05 m = 100, the assumption of fully developed conditions
throughout the tube is reasonable.
PROBLEM 8.44
KNOWN: Length of a tube with constant surface temperature and a combined entrance length, L <
xfd,t.
FIND: Expression for the ratio of the average heat transfer coefficient for N tubes each of length LN =
L/N to the average coefficient for the single tube.
SCHEMATIC:
•
Ts m/N
D
•
m
• m/N Ts
L
•
m/N
LN=L/N
(N = 3 is shown)
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Combined entrance conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible viscous
dissipation.
PROPERTIES: Given: Pr = 4.
ANALYSIS: The Nusselt number for the combined entrance problem with 0.1 < Pr < 5 is given by
Equation 8.58 and is seen to be a function of the Graetz number, GzD = DReDPr/L, and the Prandtl
 N = m / N , observe that
number, Pr. For multiple tubes, each of length LN = L/N with a flowrate of m
ReD,N = ReD,1/N, resulting in
GzD,N = DReD,NPr/LN = DReD,1Pr/L = GzD,1
Since the Graetz number is unchanged, and Pr has been specified as constant, the Nusselt number is
unchanged. With h = NuDk/D,
h D , N / h D ,1 = 1 <
COMMENTS: (1) Breaking the tube into shorter lengths has no impact on the overall heat transfer
rate. Shortening the tube will, in general, tend to increase the average heat transfer coefficient, but this
effect is offset by reduction of the flow rate in each of the shorter tubes. The scheme would not result
in any heat transfer enhancement. (2) The same result holds for the thermal entrance problem, since
the Nusselt number is also a function only of GzD.
PROBLEM 8.45
KNOWN: Cold plate geometry and temperature. Inlet temperature and flow rate of water. Number
of circuit boards and temperature and velocity of air in parallel flow over boards.
FIND: (a) Rate of heat dissipation by cold plates, (b) Rate of heat dissipation by air flow.
SCHEMATIC:
Water m1 = 0.2 kg/s, Tm,i = 7oC W = 0.35 m
Ts,cb = 47oC
Ts,cp = 32oC L = 0.60 m
H = 0.75 m
Coolant
passage, N = 10 Air p = 1 atm
D = 0.01 m uoo = 10 m/s
Part (a) Part (b) Too = 7oC
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Isothermal cold plate, (2) All heated generated by circuit boards is dissipated
by cold plates (Part (a)), (3) Circuit boards may be represented as isothermal at an average surface
temperature, (4) Air flow over circuit boards approximates that over a flat plate in parallel flow, (5)
Steady operation, (6) Constant properties, (7) Water is incompressible liquid with negligible viscous
dissipation.
−6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water ( Tm ≈ 290K ) : c p = 4184 J/kg⋅K, m =
1080 × 10 N ⋅ s / m ,
−6 2
k=0.598 W/m⋅K, Pr = 7.56. Table A-4, Air (p = 1 atm, T f = 300K):=ν 15.89 × 10 m / s, k =
0.0263 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.707.
−6 2
ANALYSIS: (a) With Re D = 4m  1 / π Dm =
4 × 0.2 kg / s / π × 0.01m × 1080 × 10 N ⋅ s / m =23, 600, the
flow is turbulent, and from Eq. (8.60),
k k 4 / 5 0.4 0.023 × 0.598 W / m ⋅ K
=h = Nu D 0.023 Re D = Pr ( 23, 600 )4 / 5 ( 7.56
= )0.4 9, 730 W / m 2 ⋅ K
D D 0.01m
With H/D = 0.75/0.01 = 75, it is reasonable to assume fully developed flow throughout the tube.
Hence, from Eqs. (8.41b) and (8.34)
Ts,cp − Tm,o  ppDH   × 0.01m × 0.75m × 9730 W / m 2 ⋅ K 
exp  −
= exp  −
h = =0.760
Ts,cp − Tm,i  m
 1 cp   0.2 kg / s × 4184 J / kg ⋅ K 
   
Tm,o = (
Ts,cp − 0.76 Ts,cp − Tm,i =
13°C )
=q1 m (
 1cp Tm,o − = )
Tm,i 0.2 kg / s × 4184 J / kg ⋅ K =
× 6°C 5021W
With a total of 2N = 20 passages, the total heat dissipation rate is
q=
2Nq1 =
20 × 5021W =
100 kW <
−6 2
(b) For the air flow, Re D =u∞L /ν =10 m / s × 0.60m / 15.89 × 10 m s =378, 000, and the flow is
laminar. From Eq. (7.30),
k k 1/ 2 1/ 3 0.664 × 0.0263 W / m ⋅ K
=h = Nu L 0.664 Re L =
Pr ( 378, 000 )1/ 2 ( 0.707
= )1/ 3 15.9 W / m 2 ⋅ K
L L 0.60m
The rate of heat dissipation to the air from both sides of 10 circuit boards is then
( )
q = 2N cb h ( WL ) Ts,cb − T∞ = 20 ×15.9 W / m 2 ⋅ K × 0.21m 2 × 40°C = 2, 670 W <
COMMENTS: The cooling capacity of the cold plates far exceeds that of the air flow. However, the
challenge would be one of efficiently transferring such a large amount of energy to the cold plates
without incurring excessive temperatures on the circuit boards.
PROBLEM 8.46
KNOWN: Flow rate and temperature of Refrigerant-134a passing through a Teflon tube of
prescribed inner and outer diameter. Velocity and temperature of air in cross flow over tube.
FIND: Heat transfer rate per unit tube length.
SCHEMATIC:
. Freon
R134a
m=0.08 kg/s
Tm=240K
Di=20mm
Air
V = 28m/s
Do=25mm T∞=300K
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional radial conduction, (3) Constant
properties, (4) Fully developed flow.
-6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (T = 300 K, 1 atm): ν = 15.89 × 10 m /s, k = 0.0263 W/m⋅K, Pr =
-4 2
0.707; Table A-5, R-134a (T = 240 K): m = 4.202 × 10 N⋅s/m , k = 0.1073 W/m⋅K, Pr = 5.0; Table
A-3, Teflon (T ≈ 300 K): k = 0.35 W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS: Considering the thermal circuit shown above, the heat rate is
T∞ − Tm
q′ = .
(1/hoπ Do ) + n ( Do / Di ) / 2π k  + (1/ hiπ Di )
4m 0.32 kg/s
Re D,i =
= = 12,120
π Di m π ( 0.020m ) 4.202 × 10-4 N ⋅ s/m2
and the flow is turbulent. Hence, from the Dittus-Boelter correlation
k 4/5 Pr 0.4 0.1073 W/m ⋅ K 0.023 12,120 4=

=hi 0.023 Re=
D,i ( ) / 5 ( 5)0.4 434 W/m2 ⋅ K.
Di 0.020 m
With Re=
VDo
=
( 28 m/s ) 0.025=
m
4.405 × 104
D,o
ν 15.89 × 10-6 m2 / s
it follows from Eq. 7.53 and Table 7.4 that
ho =
k
Do
0.26 Re0.6
D,o Pr 0.37 0.0263 W/m ⋅ K
=
0.025 m
0.26 4.405 × 10 4 0.6
( )
( 0.707 )0.37 =
147 W/m 2 ⋅ K.
Hence
T∞ − Tm
q′ =
(147 W/m2 ⋅ Kπ 0.025 m) ( )
−1 −1
+ n ( 25/20 ) / 2π ( 0.350 W/m ⋅ K ) + 434 W/m 2 ⋅ Kπ 0.020 m
q′
( 300 − 240 ) K
= 267 W/m. <
( 0.087 + 0.102 + 0.037 ) K ⋅ m/W
COMMENTS: The three thermal resistances are comparable, with the conduction resistance being
2
the largest. Note that T s,o = T ∞ - q′/h o πD o = 300K - 267 W/m/147 W/m ⋅K π 0.025 m = 277 K.
PROBLEM 8.47
KNOWN: Oil flowing slowly through a long, thin-walled pipe suspended in a room.
FIND: Rate of heat loss per unit length of the pipe, q′conv .
SCHEMATIC:
hoh=o=12W/m
12W/m2·K
2
T∞=25°C
Pipe,D=35mm
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Tube wall thermal resistance negligible,
(3) Fully developed flow, (4) Radiation exchange between pipe and room negligible.
PROPERTIES: Table A-5, Unused engine oil (T m = 150°C = 423K): k = 0.133 W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS: The rate equation, for a unit length of the pipe, can be written as
(T − T )
q′conv = m ∞
R ′t
where the thermal resistance is comprised of two elements,
1 1 1  1 1 
R ′t = + =  + .
h iπ D h oπ D π D  hi h o 
The convection coefficient for internal flow, h i , must be estimated from an appropriate
correlation. From practical considerations, we recognize that the oil flow rate cannot be large
enough to achieve turbulent flow conditions. Hence, the flow is laminar, and if the pipe is
very long, the flow will be fully developed. The appropriate correlation is
hi D
Nu
= D = 3.66
k
W
hi =
Nu D k/D =
3.66 × 0.133 13.9 W/m2 ⋅ K.
/ 0.035 m =
m⋅K
The heat rate per unit length of the pipe is

q′conv
(
=
150 − 25) C
88.5 W/m. <
1  1 1  m2 ⋅ K
+
π ( 0.035m )  13.9 12  W
COMMENTS: This problem requires making a judgment that the oil flow will be laminar
rather than turbulent. Why is this a reasonable assumption? Recognize that the correlation
applies to a constant surface temperature condition.
PROBLEM 8.48
KNOWN: Thin-walled, tall stack discharging exhaust gases from an oven into the environment.
FIND: (a) Outlet gas and stack surface temperatures, T m,o and T s,o , and (b) Effect of wind temperature
and velocity on T m,o .
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Wall thermal resistance negligible, (3) Exhaust gas
properties approximated as those of atmospheric air, (4) Radiative exchange with surroundings
negligible, (5) Ideal gas with negligible viscous dissipation and pressure variation, (6) Fully developed
flow, (7) Constant properties.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, air (assume T m,o = 773 K, Tm = 823 K, 1 atm): c p = 1104 J/kg⋅K, m =
376.4 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2, k = 0.0584 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.712; Table A.4, air (assume T s = 523 K, T¥ = 4°C = 277
K, T f = 400 K, 1 atm): ν = 26.41 × 10-6 m2/s, k = 0.0338 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.690.
ANALYSIS: (a) From Eq. 8.45a,
 PL   1 1 
(
Tm,o =T∞ − T∞ − Tm,i exp  −) U =U 1  +  (1,2)
 p 
 mc   hi h o 
where h i and h o are average coefficients for internal and external flow, respectively.
Internal flow: With a Reynolds number of

4m 4 × 0.5 kg s
Re
= Di = = 33,827 (3)
π Dm π × 0.5 m × 376.4 ×10−7 N ⋅ s m 2
the flow is turbulent. Considering the flow to be fully developed throughout the stack (L/D = 12) and
with T s < T m , the Dittus-Boelter correlation has the form
hi D
Nu= D = 0.023Re4D/ 5 Pr 0.3 (4)
k i
58.4 ×10−3 W m ⋅ K 4/5
h i = × 0.023 ( 33,827 ) ( 0.712 )0.3 =
10.2 W m 2 ⋅ K .
0.5 m
External flow: Working with the Churchill/Bernstein correlation, the Reynolds and Nusselt numbers are
VD 5 m s × 0.5 m
Re=
Do = = 94, 660 (5)
ν 26.41×10−6 m 2 s
Continued...
4/5
0.62 Re1/D
2 Pr1/ 3   Re
D 
5/8
Nu D =
0.3 + 1 +    205
=
1/ 4   282, 000  
1 + ( 0.4 Pr )2 / 3   
 
Hence,
ho
= ( 0.0338 W × 205 13.9 W m 2 ⋅ K
m ⋅ K 0.5 m )= (6)
The outlet gas temperature is then
Tm,o = 4 C − ( 4 − 600 ) C exp  −

  p × 0.5 m × 6 m 

1 
W m 2 ⋅ K  = 543 C <
 0.5 kg s × 1104 J kg ⋅ K  1 10.2 + 1 13.9 
The outlet stack surface temperature can be determined from a local surface energy balance of the form,
h i (T m,o - T s,o ) = h o (T s,o - T¥ ), which yields
h i Tm,o + h o T∞ (10.2 × 543 + 13.9 × 4 ) W m2

=Ts,o = = 232 C <
hi + h o (10.2 + 13.9 ) W m2 ⋅ K
(b) Using the Correlations and Properties Toolpads of IHT, with a surface temperature of T s = 523 K
assumed solely for the purpose of evaluating properties associated with airflow over the cylinder, the
following results were generated.
560
Gas outlet temperature, Tmo(C)
550
540
530
520
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Freestream velocity, V(m/s)
Tinf = 35 C
Tinf = 5 C
Tinf = -25C
Due to the elevated temperatures of the gas, the variation in ambient temperature has only a small effect
on the gas exit temperature. However, the effect of the freestream velocity is more pronounced.
Discharge temperatures of approximately 530 and 560°C would be representative of cold/windy and
warm/still atmospheric conditions, respectively.
COMMENTS: If there are constituents in the discharge gas flow that condense or precipitate out at
temperatures below T s,o , this operating condition should be avoided.
PROBLEM 8.49
KNOWN: Hot fluid passing through a thin-walled tube with coolant in cross flow over the tube. Fluid
flow rate and inlet and outlet temperatures.
FIND: Outlet temperature, T m,o , if the flow rate is increased by a factor of 2 with all other conditions the
same.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2)Hot fluid is incompressible with negligible viscous
dissipation, (3) Constant properties, (4) Fully developed flow and thermal conditions, (5) Convection
coefficients, h o and h i , independent of temperature, and (6) Negligible wall thermal resistance.
PROPERTIES: Hot fluid (Given): ρ = 1079 kg/m3, c p = 2637 J/kg⋅K, m = 0.0034 N⋅s/m2, k = 0.261
W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS: For conditions prescribed in the Schematic, Eq 8.45a can be used to evaluate the overall
convection coefficient with P = pD,
T∞ − Tm,o  PL 
= exp  − U (1)
T∞ − Tm,i  m  o cp 

( 25 − 78)= C 
exp  −
p × 0.010 m ×1m
U

 (18 / 3600 ) kg s × 2637 J kg ⋅ K 
( 25 − 85) C  
=U 52.1 W m 2 ⋅ K
The overall coefficient can be expressed in terms of the inside and outside coefficients,
−1
= (
U 1 hi + 1 h o ) (2)
Characterize the internal flow with the Reynolds number, Eq. 8.6,
4mo 4 × (18 / 3600 ) kg s
Re
= D = = 187
π Dm π × 0.010m × 0.0034 N ⋅ s m 2
and since the flow is laminar, and assumed to be fully developed, h i will not change when the flow rate
is doubled. That is, U = 52.1 W/m2⋅K when m  = 2m o . Using Eq. (1) again, but with T m,o unknown,

(25 − Tm,o C )
=

exp  −
p × 0.010 m ×1m
× 52.1W m 2 ⋅ K 

  2 (18 / 3600 ) kg s × 2637 J kg ⋅ K 
( 25 − 85) C  
Tm,o = 81.4 C <

COMMENTS: Examine the assumptions and explain why they were necessary in order to affect the
solution.
PROBLEM 8.50
KNOWN: Thin walled tube of prescribed diameter and length. Water inlet temperature and flow rate.
FIND: (a) Outlet temperature of the water when the tube surface is maintained at a uniform temperature
Ts = 27°C assuming Tm = 300 K for evaluating water properties, (b) Outlet temperature of the water
when the tube is heated by cross flow of air with V = 10 m/s and T∞ = 100°C assuming Tf = 350 K for
evaluating air properties, and (c) Outlet temperature of the water for the conditions of part (b) using
properly evaluated properties.
SCHEMATIC:
dissipation and negligible axial conduction, (3) Fully developed flow and thermal conditions for internal
flow, and (4) Negligible tube wall thermal resistance.
PROPERTIES: Table A.6, Water ( Tm = 300 K): ρ = 997 kg/m3, cp = 4179 J/kg⋅K, m = 855 × 10-6
N⋅s/m2, k = 0.613 W/m⋅K, Pr = 5.83; Table A.4, Air ( Tf = 350 K, 1 atm): ν = 20.92 × 10-6 m2/s, k =
0.030 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.700.
ANALYSIS: (a) For the constant wall temperature cooling process, Ts = 27°C, the water outlet
temperature can be determined from Eq. 8.41b, with P = πD,
Ts − Tm,o  PL 
= exp  − hi  (1)
Ts − Tm,i  mc p 
 
To estimate the convection coefficient, characterize the flow evaluating properties at Tm = 300 K
4m 4 × 0.2 kg s
=
Re D = = 29, 783
π Dm π × 0.010 m × 855 ×10−6 N ⋅ s m 2
Hence, the flow is turbulent and assuming fully developed (L/D = 200), and using the Dittus-Boelter
correlation, Eq. 8.60, find h i ,
hi D 0.613 W m ⋅ K
0.023 ( 29, 783) = ( 5.83)0.3 9080 W m 2 ⋅ K (2)
0.8
=
Nu D = 0.023 Re0.8
D= Pr 0.3 hi
k 0.010 m
Substituting this value for h i into Eq. (1), find
( 27 − Tm,o ) = 
exp −
p × 0.010 m × 2 m 
× 9080 W m 2 ⋅ K  <
  Tm,o = 37.1°C
( 27 − 47 ) C  0.2 kg s × 4179 J kg ⋅ K 
(b) For the air heating process, T∞ = 100°C, the water outlet temperature follows from Eq. 8.45a,
T∞ − Tm,o  p DL 
= exp  − U (3)
T∞ − Tm,i  mc p 
 
Continued...
where the overall coefficient is =
U (1 hi + 1 ho ) (4)
To estimate h o , use the Churchill-Bernstein correlation, Eq. 7.54, for cross flow over a cylinder using
properties evaluated at Tf = 350 K.
VD 10 m s × 0.010 m
=
Re D = = 4780 (5)
ν 20.92 ×10−6 m 2 s
4/5
0.62 Re1/ 2 1/ 3   Re 5/8
D Pr 1 +  D 
Nu D =
0.3 +   (6)
1 + ( 0.4 Pr )2 / 3 
1/ 4   282, 000  
 
 
1/ 3  5 / 8 4 / 5
0.62 ( 4780 ) ( 0.700 )
1/ 2
 4780 
Nu D =0.3 + 1 +    = 35.76
1 + ( 0.4 0.700 )2 / 3 
1/ 4   282, 000  
 
 
Nu D k 0.030 W m ⋅ K
ho = = × 35.76 = 107 W m 2 ⋅ K
D 0.010 m
The value of h i can be recalculated for heating conditions:
hi D 0.613W m ⋅ K
0.023 ( 29, 783)= ( 5.83)0.4 10,800 W m2 ⋅ K
0.8
=
Nu D = 0.023 Re0.8 D= Pr 0.4 hi
k 0.010 m
Next, find U then Tm,o,
=U (1 10,800 + 1 107 )−1 W 2 ⋅ K 106 W m2 ⋅ K
m=
100 − Tm,o  p × 0.010 m × 2 m 

=−
exp  ×106 W m 2 ⋅ K  Tm,o = 47.4 C <
(100 − 47 ) C  0.2 kg s × 4179 J kg ⋅ K 
(c) Using the IHT Correlation Tools for Internal Flow (Turbulent Flow) and External Flow (over a
Cylinder) the analyses of part (b) were performed considering the appropriate temperatures to evaluate
the thermophysical properties. For internal and external flow, respectively,
=
Tm ( Tm,i + Tm,o ) 2 =
Tf ( Ts + T∞ ) 2 (7,8)
where the average tube wall temperature is evaluated from the thermal circuit,
Tm − Ts Ts − T∞
= (9)
1 hi 1 ho
The results of the analyses are summarized in the table along with the results from parts (a) and (b),
Condition Tm hi Tf ho U Tm,o
(K) (W/m ⋅K)
2
(K) (W/m ⋅K) 2
(W/m ⋅K)
2
(°C)
Ts = 27°C 300 9080 --- --- --- 37.1°C
T∞ = 100 °C, Tf = 350°C 300 10,800 350 107 106 47.4°C
Exact solution 320 13,000 347 107.3 106.3 47.4°C
Continued...
Note that since h o << h i , U is controlled by the value of h o which was evaluated near 350 K for both
parts (b) and (c). Hence, it follows that Tm,o is not very sensitive to h i which, as seen above, is sensitive
to the value of Tm .
PROBLEM 8.51
KNOWN: Water flow rate and inlet temperature for a thin-walled tube of prescribed length
and diameter.
FIND: Water outlet temperature for each of the following conditions: (a) Tube surface
maintained at 27°C, (b) Insulation applied and outer surface maintained at 27°C, (c) Insulation
applied and outer surface exposed to ambient air at 27°C.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Fully developed flow throughout the tube,
(3) Negligible tube wall conduction resistance, (4) Negligible contact resistance between tube
wall and insulation, (5) Uniform outside convection coefficient.
PROPERTIES: Assume water cools to Tm,o = 27°C with no insulation but that cooling is
negligible (Tm,o = 97°C) with insulation. Table A-4, Water ( Tm = 335K ) : cp = 4186 J/kg⋅K,
-6 2
m = 453 × 10 N⋅s/m , k =0.656 W/m⋅K, Pr = 2.88; Table A-4, Water (Tm,i = 370K): cp =
-6 2
4214 J/kg⋅K, m = 289 × 10 N⋅s/m , k = 0.679 W/m⋅K, Pr = 1.80.
ANALYSIS: For each of the three cases, heat is transferred from the warm water to a surface
(or the air) which is at a fixed temperature (27°C). Accordingly, an expression of the form
given by Eq. 8.41b may be used to determine the outlet temperature of the water, so long as
the appropriate heat transfer coefficient is used. In particular, each of the cases can be
described by Eq. 8.45a.
∆To  UA 
= exp  − s
∆Ti  m  cp 
 
Referring to the thermal circuit associated with heat transfer from the water,
and the UA product may be evaluated as

UA = ( ΣR t )−1 .
(a) For the first case: Ts,i= 27 C DTi= Tm,i − Ts,i= 70 C UA= h iπ Di L.
4m 4 × 0.015 kg/s

=
ReD = = 14, 053.
π Di m π ( 0.003m ) 453 ×10−6 N ⋅ s/m 2
Continued …
From Eq. 8.60,
k 0.656 W/m ⋅ K
=hi =
0.023 Re 4/5 0.30
D Pr ( 0.023) (14,053)4=
/5
( 2.88 )0.3 14, 373 W/m 2 ⋅ K.
Di 0.003m
 W 
 h p D L  14,373 p × 0.003m ×1m 
2
m ⋅K
DTi exp  − i
DTo = i =70 C exp  − =8.1 C
 m cp   0.015 kg/s × 4186 J/kg ⋅ K 
   
 
Tm,o = 8.1 C + 27C =

∆To + Ts,i = 35.1C. <
(b) For the second case: Ts,o = 27°C with
−1
DTi= Tm,i − Ts,o= 70 C UA= (1/h iπ Di L ) + n ( Do / Di ) / 2π kL  .
4m 4 × 0.015 kg/s

With =
ReD = = 22, 028
π Di m π ( 0.003m ) 289 ×10−6 N ⋅ s/m 2
k 0.679 W/m ⋅ K
=hi Re 4/5
0.023= D Pr
0.3
( 0.023) ( 22,028 )4=
/5
(1.80 )0.3 18, 511 W/m 2 ⋅ K.
Di 0.003m
It follows that
−1
 n ( 0.004/0.003)  −1
= 5.73 ×10−3 + 0.916 
1
UA =  +  = 1.085 W/K
18,511 π × 0.003 2π ( 0.05 )   
and the outlet temperature is

 
∆To 70 C exp  − 
1.085 W/K
= =  68.8 C
 0.015 kg/s × 4214 J/kg ⋅ K 
Tm,o = 68.8 C + 27C =

∆To + Ts,o = 95.8C. <
(c) For the third case: T∞ = 27°C, ∆Ti = Tm,i - T∞ = 70°C and
−1
(1/h iπ Di L ) + n ( Do / Di ) / 2π kL + (1/h oπ Do L ) 
UA =
−1
  −1
UA = 5.73 × 10−3 + 0.916 + = 5.73 × 10−3 + 0.916 + 15.92 
1
 = 0.0594 W/K
 5π ( 0.004 )   
 
∆To 70 C exp  − 
0.0594 W/K
= =  69.9 C
 0.015 kg/s × 4214 J/kg ⋅ K 
Tm,o = 69.9 C + 27C=96.9C.

∆To + T∞ = <
COMMENTS: Note that Rconv,o >> Rcond,insul >> Rconv,i.
PROBLEM 8.52
KNOWN: Dimensions of circular tube, applied constant heat flux, inlet temperature, mass flow rate,
and expression for nanofluid viscosity.
FIND: Tube wall temperature at the tube exit for pure water and for a water-Al2O3 nanofluid.
SCHEMATIC: q = 20 kW/m2
D = 0.2 mm
H2O or H2O-Al2O3
Tm,i = 29°C
•
m = 0.1 g/s
L = 100 mm
J/kgK, Prbf = 5.83. Example 2.2, nanofluid (300 K): nf = 962  10-6 m2/s, knf = 0.705 W/mK, cp,nf =
3587 J/kgK, Prnf = nf cp,nf/ knf = 4.91.
ANALYSIS: The Reynolds number for the pure water

 
is ReD  4m /  D bf  4  (0.1/1000 kg/s) /   0.0002 m  855  106 N  s/m 2  745 and the flow is
laminar. Similarly, the Reynolds number for the nanofluid is ReD,nf = 662. The hydrodynamic entrance
length for the pure water is xfd,h = 0.05ReDD = 0.05  745  0.2/1000 m = 7.45  10-3 m = 7.45 mm and
the flow at the tube exit is hydrodynamically fully developed. Similarly, the hydrodynamic entrance
length for the nanofluid is xfd,h,nf = 6.62  10-3 m = 6.62 mm and the flow at the tube exit is also
hydrodynamically fully developed. For the pure water, the thermal entrance length is xfd,t = xfd,hPr bf=
7.45 mm  5.83 = 43.4 mm, while for the nanofluid xfd,t ,nf= xfd,h,nfPrnf= 6.62 mm  4.91 = 32.5 mm and
the flow is also thermally fully-developed at the tube exit for both fluids.
For constant heat flux conditions, the local Nusselt number in the fully-developed region is NuD =
4.36. Therefore, the local heat transfer coefficient at the tube exit is:
Pure fluid: hbf = NuDkbf/D = 4.36  0.613 W/mK /(0.2/1000m) = = 13,360 W/m2K.
Nanofluid: hnf = NuDknf/D = 4.36  0.705 W/mK /(0.2/1000m) = = 15,370 W/m2K.
Applying Eq. (8.40) to the pure fluid yields
q D 20,000 W/m 2 (0.2 / 1000 m)

Tm,o  Tm,i  L  29C  0.1 m =29C  3.00C=32.00C
 p ,bf
mc  0.1 / 1000 kg/s    4179 J/kg  K 
whereas applying Eq. (8.40) to the nanofluid results in
q D 20,000 W/m 2 (0.2 / 1000 m)

Tm,o,nf  Tm,i  L  29C  0.1 m =29C  3.50C=32.50C
 p ,nf
mc  0.1 / 1000 kg/s    3587 J/kg  K 
Continued…
From Eq. (8.27) the wall temperature at the outlet of the tube carrying the pure water is,
Ts ( x  L)  Tm,o  q / hbf  32.00C  20,000W/m 2 / 13,360 W/m 2  K= 32C  1.50C=33.50C <
Similarly for the nanofluid,
Ts ,nf ( x  L)  Tm,o,nf  q / hnf

<
 32.50C  20,000W/m 2 / 15,370 W/m 2  K= 32.50C  1.30C=33.80C
COMMENTS: Although the nanofluid provides a larger thermal conductivity and, in turn, a larger
convective heat transfer coefficient relative to the pure water, the wall temperature at the tube outlet
with the nanofluid exceeds that of the wall temperature using pure water. This is due to the reduction
of the specific heat upon addition of the nanoparticles to the pure water and the associated increase in
the outlet mean temperature. Hence, careful consideration of the flow conditions must be made in
order to determine whether wall temperatures will decrease or increase with use of the nanofluid.
PROBLEM 8.53
KNOWN: Dimensions of circular tube, applied constant heat flux, inlet temperature, mass flow rate.
FIND: Tube wall temperature at the tube exit for pure water and for a water-Al2O3 nanofluid.
SCHEMATIC:
q = 200 kW/m2
D = 2 mm
H2O or H2O-Al2O3
Tm,i = 29°C
•
m = 10 g/s
L = 100 mm
J/kgK, Prbf = 5.83. Example 2.2, nanofluid (300 K): nf = 962  10-6 m2/s, knf = 0.705 W/mK, cp,nf =
3587 J/kgK, Prnf = 4.91.
ANALYSIS: The Reynolds number for the pure water

 
is ReD  4m /  D bf  4  (10 /1000 kg/s) /   0.002 m  855  106 N  s/m 2  7450 and the flow is
turbulent. Similarly, the Reynolds number for the nanofluid is ReD,nf = 6620. Since L/D = 100/2 = 50,
the flow is fully-developed at the tube exit for both fluids.
The local Nusselt number is evaluated using the Gnielinski correlation. For pure water, Eq. (8.21)
yields, fbf = (0.790ln(7450) – 1.64)-2 = 0.0342 while for the nanofluid, fnf = (0.790ln(6620) – 1.64)-2 =
0.0355. The Gnielinski correlation yields, for the pure fluid
NuD ,bf 
 0.0342 8  7450  1000  5.83  56.24
1  12.7  0.0342 8   5.832 / 3  1
1/ 2
while for the nanofluid,
NuD ,nf 
 0.0355 8 6620  1000  4.91  47.08
1  12.7  0.0355 8   4.912 / 3  1
1/ 2
Hence, hbf = NuD,bfkbf/D = 56.24(0.613 W/mK)/0.002 m = 17,240 W/m2K and hnf = NuD,bfknf/D =
47.08(0.705 W/mK)/0.002 m = 16,600 W/m2K.
Applying Eq. (8.40) to the pure fluid yields
q D 200,000 W/m 2 (2 / 1000 m)

Tm,o  Tm,i  L  29C  0.1 m =29C  3.00C=32.00C
 p ,bf
mc 10 / 1000 kg/s    4179 J/kg  K 
whereas applying Eq. (8.40) to the nanofluid results in

Continued…
q D 200,000 W/m 2 (2 / 1000 m)

Tm,o,nf  Tm,i  L  29C  0.1 m =29C  3.50C=32.50C
 p ,nf
mc 10 / 1000 kg/s    3587 J/kg  K 
From Eq. (8.27) the wall temperature at the outlet of the tube carrying the pure water is,
Ts ( x  L)  Tm,o  q / hbf

<
= 32.00C  200,000W/m 2 / 17,240 W/m 2  K= 32.00C+11.61C=43.61C
Similarly for the nanofluid,
Ts ,nf ( x  L)  Tm,o,nf  q / hnf

<
 32.50C  200,000W/m 2 / 16,600 W/m 2  K= 32.50C  12.05C=44.55C
COMMENT: The nanofluid provides a larger thermal conductivity but a smaller convective heat
transfer coefficient relative to the pure water. If the objective is to minimize the wall temperature at
the outlet of the tube, the nanofluid is not the appropriate selection. The wall temperature at the tube
outlet may be greater than, less than, or equal to the wall temperature associated with use of pure
water, depending on the tube geometry and flow rate.
PROBLEM 8.54
KNOWN: Exhaust gases at 200°C and mass rate 0.006 kg/s enter tube of diameter 12 mm
and length 25 m. Tube experiences cross-flow of autumn winds at 15°C and 5 m/s.
FIND: Average heat transfer coefficients for (a) exhaust gas inside tube and (b) air flowing
across outside of tube, (c) Estimate overall coefficient and exhaust gas temperature at outlet of
tube.
SCHEMATIC:
T∞ = 15°C
V = 2.5 m/s
Tube
6 mm
D = 12
= 0.006 kg/s
L = 25 m
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Ideal gas with negligible viscous
dissipation and pressure variation, (3) Negligible tube wall resistance, (4) Exhaust gas
properties are those of air, (5) Negligible radiation effects.
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (assume T m,o ≈ 15°C, hence Tm = 380 K, 1 atm): c p = 1012
-7 2
J/kg⋅K, k = 0.0323 W/m⋅K, m = 221.6 × 10 N⋅s/m , Pr = 0.694; Air (T ∞ = 15°C = 288 K, 1
-6 2
atm): k = 0.0253 W/m⋅K, ν = 14.82 × 10 m /s, Pr = 0.710; Air ( Ts ≈ 90°C = 363 K, 1 atm):
Pr = 0.698.
ANALYSIS: (a) For the internal flow through the tube assuming a value for T m,o = 15°C, find

4m 4 × 0.006 kg/s
Re
= D = = 2.873 × 104.
π Dm π × 0.012 m × 221.6 × 10-7 N ⋅ s/m2
Hence the flow is turbulent and, since L/D >> 10, fully developed. Using the Dittus-Doelter
correlation with n = 0.3,
( )
0.8
0.023Re0.8
Nu D = D Pr
0.3 =
0.023 2.873 ×104 ( 0.694 )0.3 =
76.0
h i = Nu ⋅ k/D =76.0 × 0.0323 W/m ⋅ K/0.006 m =205 W/m2 ⋅ K. <

(b) For cross-flow over the circular tube, find using thermophysical properties at T ∞ ,
VD 2.5 m/s × 0.012 m
Re=D = = 2024
ν 14.82 × 10-6 m2 / s
and using the Zukauskus correlation with C = 0.26, m = 0.6, and n = 0.37,
m Pr n Pr/ Pr 1/ 4 0.6 0.25
=Nu D CRe
= D ( s) 0.26 ( 2024 ) 0.7100.37
= ( 0.710 / 0.698) 22.2
where Pr s is evaluated at Ts . Hence,

h o = Nu D ⋅ k/D = 22.2 × 0.0253 W/m ⋅ K/0.012 m = 46.8 W/m2 ⋅ K. <
Continued …
(c) Assuming the thermal resistance of the tube wall is negligible,
1 1 1  1 1  2
= + =  +  m ⋅ K/W U = 38.1 W/m2 ⋅ K. <
U h o h i  46.8 205 
The gas outlet temperature can be determined from the expression where P = πD.
T∞ − Tm,o  PUL   p × 0.012 m × 38.1 W/m2 ⋅ K × 25 m 

=exp  − =exp  − 
T∞ − Tm,i  m  cp   0.006 kg/s × 1012 J/kg ⋅ K 
   
15 − Tm,o
= 2.7 × 10−3

(15 − 200 ) C
Tm,o = 15.5 C. <
COMMENTS: (1) With T m,o = 15.5°C, find Tm = 381 K; hence thermophysical properties
for the internal flow correlation were evaluated at a reasonable temperature. Note that the gas
is cooled from 200°C to near ambient air temperature, T m,o ≈ T ∞ , over the 25 m length.
(2) The average wall surface temperature, Ts , follows from an energy balance on the wall
surface,
Tm − Ts h o
=
Ts − Tinf hi
and substituting numerical values, find Ts = 90°C = 363 K, the value we assumed for
evaluating Pr s . Can you draw a thermal circuit to represent this energy balance relation?
(3) When using the Zukauskus correlation, it is reasonable to evaluate Pr s at the Tm for the
first trial. For gases the assumption is a safe one, but for liquids, especially oils, additional
trials will be required since the Prandtl number may be strongly dependent upon temperature.
PROBLEM 8.55
KNOWN: Length and diameter of air conditioning duct. Inlet temperature of chilled air.
Temperature and convection coefficient associated with outer air. Chilled air flowrate.
FIND: Chilled air exit temperature and heat flow rate.
SCHEMATIC:
L=16m
Tm,i=7°C
∙
m=0.07 kg/s
T∞=37°C
D=0.4m
ho=4W/m2∙K
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Negligible tube wall conduction resistance, (3)
Ideal gas with negligible viscous dissipation, pressure variation, and axial conduction.
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (300 K, 1 atm): cp = 1007 J/kg⋅K, m = 184.6 × 10-7 kg/s⋅m, k =
0.0263 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.707.
ANALYSIS: The exit temperature may be obtained from Eq. 8.45a, where
( hi−1 + ho−1 )
−1
=
U
4 ( 0.07 kg/s )
=
With Re D (= π Dm )
4m/ = 12,070
π ( 0.4 m )184.6 × 10−7 kg/s ⋅ m
the flow is turbulent and, assuming fully developed conditions over the entire length, the Dittus-
Boelter correlation yields
= =
Nu D 0.023Re D ( ) ( 0.707 )
4/5 Pr 0.4 0.023 12,070= 36.9
4/5 0.4
h i= Nu D ( k/D )= 36.9 ( 0.0263 W/m ⋅ K/0.4 m )= 2.43 W/m2 ⋅ K
(2.43−1 + 4.0−1) ( W/m2 ⋅ =

K)
−1
and =
U 1.51 W/m2 ⋅ K.
Eq. 8.45a yields ( )

Tm,o =T∞ − T∞ − Tm,i exp  − p DL/m
 ( cp U 
 )
Tm,o =   (
 p ( 0.4 m )16 m 1.51 W/m2 ⋅ K 
37 C − 30 C exp  − = )
17.5 C <
 0.07 kg/s (1007 J/kg ⋅ K ) 
 
and the heat rate is
=q m ( ) C
= 0.07 kg/s (1007 J/kg ⋅ K ) 10.5=
 c p Tm,o − Tm,i 740 W.( ) <
COMMENTS: (1) The temperature rise of the chilled air is excessive, and the outer surface of the
duct should be insulated to reduce U and thereby Tm,o and q. (2) The temperature selected for
evaluating air properties was not very accurate. Air properties should be evaluated at
Tm = (Tm,o + Tm,i ) / 2 ≈ 285 K .
PROBLEM 8.56
KNOWN: Flow conditions associated with water passing through a pipe and air flowing over the
pipe.
FIND: (a) Differential equation which determines the variation of the mixed-mean temperature of the
water, (b) Heat transfer rate per unit length of pipe at the inlet and outlet temperature of the water.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible temperature drop across the pipe wall, (2) Negligible radiation
exchange between outer surface of insulation and surroundings, (3) Fully developed flow throughout
pipe, (4) Water is incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation.
-6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water (T m,i = 200°C): c p,w = 4500 J/kg⋅K, m w = 134 × 10 N⋅s/m ,
-6 2
k w = 0.665 W/m⋅K, Pr w = 0.91; Table A-4, Air (T ∞ = -10°C): ν a = 12.6 × 10 m /s, k a = 0.023
W/m⋅K, Pr a = 0.71, Pr s ≈ 0.7.
ANALYSIS: (a) Following the development of Section 8.3.1 and applying Eq. 1.12e to a differential
element in the water, we obtain
 cp,w dTm
dq = −m
where = T∞ ) Uiπ D dx ( Tm − T∞ ) .
dq Ui dAi ( Tm −=
Substituting into the energy balance, it follows that
d Tm Up D
− i
=
 cp
( Tm − T∞ ) . (1) <
dx m
The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside surface area may be evaluated from Eq. 3.36
which, for the present conditions, reduces to
1
Ui = . (2)
1 D  D + 2t  D 1
+ n  +
h i 2k  D  D + 2t h o
For the inner water flow, Eq. 8.6 gives

4m 4 × 2 kg/s
ReD
= = = 19, 004.
π Dm w π (1 m ) ×134 ×10−6 kg/s ⋅ m
Continued …
Hence, the flow is turbulent. With the assumption of fully developed conditions, it follows from Eq.
8.60 that
kw
=hi × 0.023 Re4/5 0.3
D Prw . (3)
D
For the external air flow
V ( D+2t ) 4 m/s (1.3m )
Re=
D = = 4.13 ×105.
ν −6 2
12.6 ×10 m / s
Using Eq. 7.53 to obtain the outside convection coefficient,
ka 1/ 4
=ho × 0.076 Re0.7
D Pra0.37 ( Pra / Prs ) . (4)
( D + 2t )
(b) The heat transfer rate per unit length of pipe at the inlet is
=q′ π D Ui Tm,i − T∞ . ( ) (5)

From Eqs. (3 and 4),
0.665 W/m ⋅ K 4/5
hi = × 0.023 (19, 004 ) ( 0.91)0.3 =
39.4 W/m 2 ⋅ K
1m
( )
0.023 W/m ⋅ K 0.7
ho = × 0.076 4.13 ×105 ( 0.71)0.37 (1)1/ 4 = 10.1 W/m2 ⋅ K.
(1.3 m )
Hence, from Eq. (2)
−1
 1 1m  1.3  1 1 
=Ui  + n   + × =  0.37 W/m 2 ⋅ K
2 2
 39.4 W/m ⋅ K 0.1 W/m ⋅ K  1  1.3 10.1 W/m ⋅ K 
and from Eq. (5)
=q′ π (1 m ) 0.37 W/m 2 ⋅ K ( ) (= 

200 + 10 ) C 244 W/m. <
Since U i is a constant, independent of x, Eq. (1) may be integrated from x = 0 to x = L. The result is
Eq. 8.45a.
T∞ − Tm,o  pp DL   ×1m × 500m 

=exp  − Ui  =
exp  − × 0.37 W/m 2 ⋅ K 
T∞ − Tm,i   
 m cp,w   2 kg/s × 4500 J/kg ⋅ K 
T∞ − Tm,o
Hence = 0.937.
T∞ − Tm,i
(
Tm,o =T∞ + 0.937 Tm,i − T∞ =187 C. ) <
COMMENTS: The largest contribution to the denominator on the right-hand side of Eq. (2) is made
by the conduction term (the insulation provides 96% of the total resistance to heat transfer). For this
reason the assumption of fully developed conditions throughout the pipe has a negligible effect on the
calculations. Since the reduction in T m is small (13°C), little error is incurred by evaluating all
properties of water at T m,i .
PROBLEM 8.57
KNOWN: Inner and outer radii and thermal conductivity of a Teflon tube. Flowrate and temperature
of confined water. Heat flux at outer surface and temperature and convection coefficient of ambient
air.
FIND: Fraction of heat transfer to water
and temperature of tube outer surface.
SCHEMATIC:
=2500W/m2
ro=14mm
Tm=290K
∙
m=0.25kg/s
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Fully-developed flow, (3) One-dimensional

conduction, (4) Negligible tape contact and conduction resistances.
-6
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water (T m = 290K): m = 1080 × 10 kg/s⋅m, k = 0.598 W/m⋅K, Pr =
7.56.
ANALYSIS: The outer surface temperature follows from a surface energy balance
Ts,o − T∞ Ts,o − Tm
( 2π ro L ) q′′
= +
( h o 2π ro L )
−1 ( ln ( ro / ri ) / 2π Lk ) + (1/ 2π ri Lhi )
T −T
(
q′′ h o Ts,o − T∞ +
= ) ( r / k ) ln ( rs,o/ r ) +m( r / r ) / h .
o o i o i i
With =  =
Re D 4 m/ (π Dm ) 4 ( 0.2kg/s ) / π ( 0.025 m )1080 × 10−6 kg/s

= ⋅ m  14,740

the flow is turbulent and Eq. 8.60 yields
4/5
( k/Di ) 0.023Re4/5
hi = D Pr
0.4
( 0.598 W/m ⋅ K/0.02 m )( 0.023)(14, 740 )
= ( 7.56 )0.4 =
3339 W/m 2 ⋅ K.
Hence
Ts,o − 290 K
(
2500 W/m 2= 25 W/m 2 ⋅ K Ts,o − 300K + )
( 0.014 m/0.35 W/m ⋅ K ) ln (1.4 ) + (1.4 ) / (3339 W/m2 ⋅ K )
and solving for T s,o , T s,o = 318.3 K. <
The heat flux to the air is
( )
′′o h o Ts,o − T∞= 25 W/m2 ⋅ K ( 318.3 − 300 ) =
q= K 458 W/m2 .
Hence, ( 2500 − 458) W/m2 /2500 W/m2 =

q′′i / q′′ = 0.82. <
COMMENTS: The resistance to heat transfer by convection to the air substantially exceeds that due
to conduction in the teflon and convection in the water. Hence, most of the heat is transferred to the
water.
PROBLEM 8.58
KNOWN: Temperature recorded by a thermocouple inserted in a stack containing flue gases with a
prescribed flow rate. Diameters and emissivities of thermocouple tube and gas stack. Conditions
associated with stack surroundings.
FIND: Equations for predicting thermocouple error and error associated with prescribed conditions.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Flue gas has properties of air at T g ≈ 327°C, (3)
Stack forms a large enclosure about the thermocouple tube and surroundings form a large enclosure
around the stack, (4) Stack surface energy balance is unaffected by heat loss to tube, (5) Gas flow is
fully developed, (6) Negligible conduction along thermocouple tube, (7) Stack wall is thin.
3 -7 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (T g ≈ 600K, p g = 1 atm): ρ = 0.58 kg/m , m = 305.8 × 10 N⋅s/m ,
-6 2
ν = 52.7× 10 m /s, k = 0.0469 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.685.
ANALYSIS: Determination of the thermocouple error necessitates determining the gas temperature
T g and relating it to the thermocouple temperature T t . From an energy balance applied to a control
surface about the thermocouple,
q=
conv q rad or ( ) (
− Tt ε ts A t Tt4 − Ts4 .
h t A t Tg= )
Hence
εs
(
Tt + t Tt4 − Ts4 .
Tg =
ht
) (1) <
However, T s is unknown and must be determined from an energy balance on the stack wall.
q=
conv,i q conv,o + q rad
(
h i As Tg −= ) (
Ts h o As ( Ts − T∞ ) + ε ss As Ts4 − Tsur
4
)
or
h εs
(
Tg =Ts + o ( Ts − T∞ ) + s Ts4 − Tsur
hi hi
4 .
) (2) <
T g and T s may be determined by simultaneously solving Eqs. (1) and (2). For the prescribed
conditions
ReDt =
=
ρ VD t ρ m ( =
)
 g / ρπ Ds2 / 4 D t 4 m
 g Dt
=
4 ×1 kg/s × 0.01 m
= 1157.
m m πm Ds2 π × 305.8 ×10-7 N ⋅ s/m 2 ( 0.6 m )2
Continued …
Assuming (Pr/Pr s ) = 1, it follows from the Zukauskus correlation
Nu D = 0.26Re0.6
Dt Pr
0.37
where C = 0.26 and m = 0.6 from Table 7.4. Hence

0.0469 W/m ⋅ K
ht
= (1157 )0.6 ( 0.685)0.37 × 0.26
= 73 W/m2 ⋅ K.
0.01 m
0.8 × 5.67 ×10−8 W/m 2 ⋅ K 4
Hence, from Eq. (1) Tg =
573 K +
2
73 W/m ⋅ K
(
5734 − Ts4 K 4 )
Tg =573 K + 67 K − 6.214 ×10−10Ts4 =640 − 6.214 ×10−10 Ts4 . (1a)
4mg 4 ×1 kg/s
Also, Re=
Ds = = 6.94 ×104
π Ds m π ( 0.6 m ) 305.8 ×10 N ⋅ s/m 2
−7
and the gas flow is turbulent. Hence from the Dittus-Boelter correlation,
hi =
k
Ds
0.023Re4/5
Ds Pr
0.6 m ( )
0.3 = 0.0469 W/m ⋅ K × 0.023 6.94 × 104 4 / 5 × 0.685 0.3 = 12 W/m 2 ⋅ K.
( )
Hence from Eq. (2)
25 0.8 × 5.67 ×10−8 W/m 2 ⋅ K 4  4
Tg =
Ts + ( Ts − 300 K ) +  Ts − 3004  K 4
12 2
12 W/m ⋅ K  
Ts + 2.083Ts − 625 K + 3.78 × 10−9Ts4 − 30.6 K =

Tg = −655.6 K + 3.083Ts + 3.78 × 10−9 Ts4 . (2a)
Solve Eqs. (1a) and (2a) by trial-and-error. Assume values for T s and determine T g from (1a) and
(2a). Continue until values of T g agree.
T s (K) T g (K) → (1a) T g (K) → (2a)

400 624 674
375 628 575
387 626 622
388 626 626
Hence =Ts 388
= K, Tg 626 K
and the thermocouple error is Tg − T= K 53C.

t 626 K − 573 = <
COMMENTS: The thermocouple error results from radiation exchange between the thermocouple
tube and the cooler stack wall. Anything done to ↑ T s would ↓ this error (e.g., ↓ h o or ↑ T ∞ and
T sur ). The error also ↓ with ↑ h t . The error could be reduced by installing a radiation shield around
the tube.
PROBLEM 8.59
KNOWN: Platen heated by hot ethylene glycol flowing through tubing arrangement with spacing S
soldered to lower surface. Top surface exposed to convection process.
FIND: Tube spacing S and heating fluid temperature T m which will maintain the top surface at 45 ±
0.25°C.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions; (2) Lower surface is insulated, all heat transfer from hot
fluid is into platen; (3) Copper tube is thick-walled such that interface between solder and platen is
isothermal; (4) Fully developed flow conditions in tube.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, Ethylene glycol (T m = 60°C): m = 0.00522 N⋅s/m2, k = 0.2603 W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS: Begin the analysis by setting up a nodal mesh (9 ×6) to represent the platen experiencing
convection on the top surface ( T∞ , h) while the two side boundaries are symmetry adiabats. On the lower
surface, nodes 46 and 47 represent the isothermal platen-solder interface maintained at T o by the hot
fluid. The remaining nodes (49-54) are insulated on their lower boundary.
The heat rate supplied by the tube to the platen can be expressed as
=q′cv 0.5h o (π Di )( Tm − To ) (1)
From energy balances about nodes 46 and 47, the heat rate into the platen by conduction can be
expressed as
q′cd = q′a + q′b + q′c (2)
k ( x 2 )( T46 − T37 ) ∆y
q′a =∆ (3)
Continued...
k ( x )( T47 − T38 ) ∆y
q′b =∆ (4)
k ( y 2 )( T47 − T48 ) ∆x
q′c =∆ (5)
and we require that

q′cd = q′cv (6)
The convection coefficient for internal flow can be estimated from a correlation assuming fully
developed flow. First, characterize the flow with
4m 4 × 0.06 kg s
ReD
= = = 1829
π Di m π ( 0.008 m ) 0.00522 N ⋅ s m 2
and since it is laminar,

h o Di
Nu
= D = 3.66
k
ho =
3.66 × 0.2603 W m ⋅ K 0.008 m =
119.1W m ⋅ K
where properties are evaluated at T m . Using the IHT Finite-Difference Tool for Two-Dimensional
Steady-State Conditions and the Properties Tool for Ethylene Glycol, along with the foregoing rate
equations and energy balances, Eqs. (1-6), a model was developed to solve for the temperature
distribution in the platen. In the solution, we determined what hot fluid temperature was required to
maintain T 1 = 45°C. Two trials were run. In the first, the nodal arrangement was as shown above (9 × 6)
for which S/2 = (9 - 1)∆x = 42.67 mm with ∆x = 2D i /3 = 5.33 mm and ∆y = w/5 = 5 mm. In the second
trial, we repositioned the right-hand symmetry adiabat to pass vertically through the nodes 6-51 so that
now the nodal mesh is (6 × 6) and S/2 = (6 - 1)∆x = 26.65 mm with ∆x and ∆y remaining the same. The
results of the trials are tabulated below.
Trial Mesh T 1 (°C) T 6 (°C) T 9 (°C) T m (°C) q′cv (W/m)

1 9×6 45.0 43.5 43.0 105 80.5
2 6×6 45.0 44.5 --- 85 52.6
From the trial 2 results, the surface temperature uniformity is (T 1 - T 6 ) = 0.5°C which satisfies the
±0.25°C requirement. So that suitable tube spacing and fluid temperature are
S = 53 mm T m = 85°C <
COMMENTS: (1) Recognize that the grid spacing is quite coarse and good practice demands that we
repeat the analysis decreasing the nodal spacing until no further changes are seen in T m .
(2) In the first trial, note that T m = 105°C which of course, is not possible.
PROBLEM 8.60
KNOWN: Features of tubing used in a ground source heat pump. Temperature of surrounding soil.
Fluid inlet temperature and flowrate.
FIND: (a) Effect of tube length on outlet temperature, (b) Recommended tube length and the effect of
variations in the flowrate.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible conduction
resistance in soil, (4) Incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation, (5) Fluid properties
correspond to those of water.
PROPERTIES: Table A.6 (assume Tm = 277 K): cp = 4206 J/kg⋅K, m = 1560 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2, k = 0.577
W/m⋅K, Pr = 11.44.
 π Di m = 4 ( 0.03kg s ) π ( 0.025 m )1560
ANALYSIS: (a) For the prescribed conditions, ReD = 4m
×10−6 N ⋅ s m 2 = 980 and the flow is laminar. With Pr > 5, Eq. 8.57 may be used to determine the
average convection coefficient, with Eq. 8.56 defining the Graetz number:
0.0668 ( D L ) ReD Pr
=
Nu D 3.66 +
1 + 0.04 ( D L ) ReD Pr 
2/3
With Ts used in lieu of T∞, Eq. 8.45b may be used to determine Tm,o,
Ts − Tm,o  L 
= exp  − 
Ts − Tm,i   ′ 
 mcp R tot 
where R ′tot accounts for the convection and tube wall conduction resistances,
R ′tot = R ′cnv + R ′cnd = (1 π Di h ) + ln ( Do Di ) 2π k t

and
Do = Di + 2t = 41mm .
Using the Correlations and Properties Toolpads of IHT, the following results were obtained for the effect
of the tube length L on Tm,o.
Continued...
10

8
0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Tube length, L(m)
mdot = 0.015 kg/s

mdot = 0.030 kg/s
mdot = 0.045 kg/s
 = 0.030 kg/s, the

The longer the tube the larger the rate of heat extraction from the soil, and for m
temperature rise of ∆T = (Tm,o - Tm,i) ≈ 7°C is well below the maximum possible value of ∆Tmax = 10°C.
(b) The length should be at least 50 m long. If the flowrate were reduced by 50% ( m = 0.015 kg/s), the
corresponding temperature rise would be close to ∆Tmax and L = 50 m would be close to optimal.
However, for the nominal flowrate and a 50% increase from the nominal, the length should exceed 50 m
to recover more heat and provide a heat pump inlet temperature which is closer to the maximum possible
value.
COMMENTS: In practice, the tube surface temperature would be less than 10°C (if the temperature of
the soil well removed from the tube were at 10°C), thereby reducing the heat extraction rate and Tm,o.
PROBLEM 8.61
KNOWN: Flow rate and inlet temperature of air passing through a rectangular duct of prescribed
dimensions and surface heat flux.
FIND: Air and duct surface temperatures at outlet.
SCHEMATIC:
∙
m=4×10 -4kg/s
Tm,i=293K =500W/m2
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Uniform surface heat flux, (3) Constant properties,
(4) Atmospheric pressure, (3) Fully developed conditions at duct exit, (6) Ideal gas with negligible
viscous dissipation and pressure variation.
( )
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air Tm ≈ 300K, 1 atm : cp = 1007 J/kg⋅K, m = 184.6 × 10 N⋅s/m ,
-7 2
k = 0.0263 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.707.

ANALYSIS: For this uniform heat flux condition, the heat rate is
s q′′s  2 ( L × W ) + 2 ( L × H ) 
q= q′′s A=
=q 500 W/m2  2 (1m × 0.016m ) + 2 (1m ×=

0.004m ) 20 W.
From an overall energy balance
q 20 W
Tm,o =Tm,i +
 cp
= 293K +
−4
= 343 K. <
m 4 ×10 kg/s ×1007 J/kg ⋅ K
The surface temperature at the outlet may be determined from Newton’s law of cooling, where
=
Ts,o Tm,o + q′′/h.
From Eqs. 8.66 and 8.1
4 A c 4 ( 0.016m × 0.004m )
=
Dh = = 0.0064 m
P 2 ( 0.016m + 0.004m )
ρ u m Dh m
 Dh 4 × 10−4 kg/s ( 0.0064m )
= = = = 2170.
( )
Re D
m Ac m 64 × 10−6m2 184.6 × 10−7 N ⋅ s/m2
Hence the flow is laminar, and from Table 8.1

k 0.0263 W/m ⋅ K
=h = 5.33 = 5.33 22 W/m 2 ⋅ K
Dh 0.0064 m
500 W/m 2
Ts,o =+
343 K =
365 K. <
22 W/m 2 ⋅ K
COMMENTS: The calculations should be repeated with properties evaluated at T m = 318 K. The
change in Tm,o would be negligible, and Ts,o would decrease slightly.
PROBLEM 8.62
KNOWN: Inlet temperature and mass flow rate of air flow. Geometry and dimensions of channels
through a mold. Mold temperature.
FIND: (a) Rate of heat transfer to the air for case A, (b) Rate of heat transfer to the air for case B,
and (c) pressure drop for both cases.
SCHEMATIC: Air, Tm = 25°C
a
D = 10 mm
 30 × 10-6 kg/s
=
m m 30 × 10-6 kg/s
=
(in total in all
Mold, Ts = 50°C 6 channels)
Case A Case B
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Flow is hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed, (2) Mold
temperature is uniform. (3) Narrow fins between channels in case B are at the mold temperature.
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (T ≈ 310 K assumed, 1atm): ρ = 1.128 kg/m3, cp = 1007 J/kg∙K, μ =
189.3 × 10-7 N∙s/m2, k = 0.027 W/m∙K.
ANALYSIS:
(a) The Reynolds number is
4m  4 × 30 × 10-6 kg/s
Re D = = = 202
πDμ π × 0.01 m × 189.3 × 10-7 N ⋅ s/m 2
Thus, the flow is laminar. Since it has also been assumed that the flow is fully developed and the
mold temperature is uniform, the Nusselt number is
NuD = 3.66
Thus h = NuDk/D = 3.66 × 0.027 W/m∙K/0.01 m = 9.88 W/m2∙K.

The outlet temperature can be found from Equation 8.41b,
PL
Tm,o = Ts + (Tm,i - Ts ) exp( - h)

m cp
 π × 0.01 m × 0.1 m × 9.88 W/m 2 ⋅ K 
= 50°C + (25°C - 50°C) exp  - 
 30 × 10-6 kg/s × 1007 J/kg ⋅ K 

= 41.0°C
Thus
 p (Tm,o - Tm,i ) = 30 × 10-6 kg/s × 1007 J/kg ⋅ K × (41.0°C - 25°C) = 0.485 W
q = mc <
(b) We first determine the dimensions of the triangular channels from the requirement that the total
area is the same as case A.
Continued…
πD 2 /4 = 6a 2 /2
π π
a = ( )1/2 D = ( )1/2 × 10 mm = 5.1 mm
12 12
and the flowrate in one channel is 5 × 10-6 kg/s.
The hydraulic diameter is Dh = 4Ac/P = 4(a2/2)/3a = 2a/3 = 3.4mm.
4m  4 × 5 × 10-6 kg/s
Re D = = = 98.6
π Dh μ π × 0.0034 m × 189.3 × 10-7 N ⋅ s/m 2
so the flow is laminar. From Table 8.1, the Nusselt number is NuD = 2.49, so
h = NuDk/Dh = 2.49 × 0.027 W/m∙K/0.0034 m = 19.7 W/m2∙K.
The outlet temperature is

PL
Tm,o = Ts + (Tm,i - Ts ) exp( - h)
 cp
m
 3 × 0.0051 m × 0.1 m × 19.7 W/m 2 ⋅ K 
= 50°C + (25°C - 50°C) exp  - 
 5 × 10-6 kg/s × 1007 J/kg ⋅ K
 
= 49.9°C
Then using the total flowrate to account for all six channels,
 p (Tm,o - Tm,i ) = 30 × 10-6 kg/s × 1007 J/kg ⋅ K × (49.9°C - 25°C) = 0.753 W
q = mc <
(c) The friction factor for case A is f = 64/ReD = 64/202 = 0.317. The pressure drop is, from Equation
8.22a,
ρu 2m
Δp = f L
2D

with um = m/ρA c = 30 × 10 kg/s/(1.128 kg/m × π (0.01 m) /4) = 0.339 m/s. Thus
-6 3 2
1.128 kg/m3 × (0.339 m/s) 2

Δp = 0.317 ×
2 × 0.01 m
× 0.1 m = 0.205 Pa <
For Case B, from Table 8.1, f = 53/ReD = 53/98.6 = 0.538, and um = 0.339 m/s as in Case A. Thus
ρu 2m 1.128 kg/m3 × (0.339 m/s) 2
Δp = f
2D h
L= 0.538 ×
2 × 0.0034 m
× 0.1 m = 1.02 Pa <
COMMENTS: (1) Segmenting the channel into six smaller sections increases the heat transfer by
55%, but at the expense of almost a five-fold increase in the pressure drop. (2) For the circular duct,
the hydrodynamic entry length, is xfd,h = 0.05 ReD D = 0.1 m, so it is not fully developed as assumed.
For the triangular duct, xfd,h = 0.05 ReD Dh = 0.02 m, so the assumption is more appropriate. The
thermal development length is shorter, since Pr = 0.7.
PROBLEM 8.63
KNOWN: Dimensions, surface temperature and thermal conductivity of a cold plate. Velocity, inlet
temperature, and properties of coolant.
FIND: (a) Model for determining the heat rate q and outlet temperature, T m,o , (b) Values of q and T m,o
for prescribed conditions.
SCHEMATIC:
dissipation, (3) Constant properties, (4) Symmetry about the midplane (horizontal) of the cold plate and
the midplane (vertical) of each cooling channel, (5) Negligible heat transfer at sidewalls of cold plate, (6)
One-dimensional conduction from outer surface of cold plate to base surface of channel and within the
channel side walls, which act as extended surfaces.
PROPERTIES: Water (prescribed): ρ = 984 kg/m3, c p = 4184 J/kg⋅K, m = 489 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2, k = 0.65
W/m⋅K, Pr = 3.15.
ANALYSIS: (a) The outlet temperature, T m,o , may be determined from the energy balance prescribed by
Eq. 8.45b,
Ts − Tm,o  1 
= exp  − 
Ts − Tm,i  m  1cp R tot 
 
where m  1 = ρu m A c is the flowrate for a single channel and R tot is the total resistance to heat transfer
between the cold plate surface and the coolant for a particular channel. This resistance may be
determined from the symmetrical section shown schematically, which represents one-half of the cell
associated with a full channel. With the number of channels (and cells) corresponding to N = W/S, there
are 2N = 2(W/S) symmetrical sections, and the total resistance R tot of a cell is one-half that of a
symmetrical section. Hence, R tot = R ss /2, where the resistance of the symmetrical section includes the
effect of conduction through the outer wall of the cold plate and convection from the inner surfaces.
Hence,
=R ss
(H − h) 2 + 1
k cp ( SW ) ho hA t
where A t = A f + A b = 2(h/2 × W) + (w × W), h is the average convection coefficient for the channel
flow, and h o is the overall surface efficiency.
A
1 − f (1 − f )
ηη
o=
At
Continued...
The efficiency h f corresponds to that of a straight, rectangular fin with an adiabatic tip, Eq. 3.92, and L c
= w/2. With D h= 4A c P= 4w 2 4w= w= 0.006 m , Re D = ρ u m D h m = 984 kg/m3 × 2 m/s × 0.006
h
m/489 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2 = 24,150 and the channel flow is turbulent. Assuming fully-developed flow
throughout the channel, the Dittus-Boelter correlation, Eq. 8.60, may therefore be used to evaluate h ,
where
Nu D ≈ Nu D,fd = 0.023Re4D/ 5 Pr 0.4
The total heat rate for the cold plate may be expressed as
=q Nq
=  1cp Tm,o − Tm,i
1 Nm ( )
(b) For the prescribed conditions,
2
=m u m A c 984 kg m3 ( 2 m s )( 0.006
 1 ρ= = m) 0.0708 kg s
4/5 0.4
=Nu D 0.023
= ( 24,150 ) ( 3.15 ) 116.8
h=
116.8 k D h = 12, 650 W m 2 ⋅ K
116.8 ( 0.65 W m ⋅ K ) ( 0.006 m ) =
Af =2(h 2× W) = 6 10−4 m 2
2 ( 0.003 m × 0.1m ) =×
At = 6 10−4 m 2 + ( 0.006 m × 0.1m ) =

A f + A b =× 1.2 × 10−3 m 2
( )1/ 2
With m = hPf k cp A cf=  h ( 2δ + 2W ) k cp ( δ W ) 
1/ 2
= [12,650 W/m2⋅K(0.008 + 0.200)m/400
W/m⋅K(0.004 × 0.100)m2]1/2 = 128.2 m-1.
tanh m ( h 2 ) tanh (128.2 × 0.003) 0.366
= hf = = = 0.952
m ( h 2) 128.2 × 0.003 0.385
1 − 0.5 (1 − 0.952 ) =
ηo = 0.976
( 0.010 − 0.006 ) m 2 1
=R ss +
400 W m ⋅ K ( 0.01m × 0.1m ) 0.976
(12650 W m2 ⋅ K )1.2 ×10−3 m2
R ss = ( 0.005 + 0.0675 ) K W = 0.0725 K W
With R tot = R ss /2 = 0.0362 K/W,
Ts − Tm,o  1 
= exp  − =0.911
Ts − Tm,i  0.0708 kg s × 4184 J kg ⋅ K × 0.0362 K W 
Tm,o =− ( )
360 K − 0.911( 360 − 300 ) K =
Ts 0.911 Ts − Tm,i = 305.3 K <
The total heat rate is
q= (
 1c p Tm,o − Tm,i =×
Nm )
10 0.0708 kg s × 4184 J kg ⋅ K ( 305.3 − 300 ) K =
15, 700 W <
COMMENTS: (1) The prescribed properties correspond to a value of Tm which significantly exceeds
that obtained from the foregoing solution ( Tm = 302.6 K). Hence, the calculations should be repeated
using more appropriate thermophysical properties. (2) From Eq. 3.90, the effectiveness of the extended
surface is
=ε R=
t,b R t,f ( hδ W )−1 ( hA
= f hf )
−1
( A f hf (
δ W ) = 6 × 10
−4 2
m × 0.954 ) ( 0.004 m × 0.10 m ) = 1.43.
Hence, the ribs are only marginally effective in enhancing heat transfer to the coolant.
PROBLEM 8.64
KNOWN: Temperature, pressure and flow rate of air entering a rectangular duct of prescribed
dimensions and surface temperature.
FIND: Air outlet temperature and duct heat transfer rate.
SCHEMATIC:
Ts=430K W=0.16m
m=0.09kg/s H=0.080m
Tm,i=310K
p=1atm
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Uniform surface
temperature, (4) Fully developed flow throughout, (5) Ideal gas with negligible viscous dissipation
and pressure variation.
-7
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (assume T m ≈ 325K, 1 atm): c p = 1008 J/kg⋅K, m = 196.4 × 10
2
N⋅s/m , k = 0.0282 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.707.
ANALYSIS: From Eqs. 8.66 and 8.1,
2
4 Ac 4 × ( 0.16 × 0.080 ) m
Dh
= = = 0.1067 m
P 2 ( 0.16 + 0.080 ) m
ρ u m Dh  Dh
m 0.09 kg/s ( 0.1067m )
Re D
= = = = 38,190.
m Ac m ( 0.16m × 0.080m )196.4 × 10−7 N ⋅ s/m2
Hence the flow is turbulent, and from Eq. 8.60
k 4/5 Pr 0.4 0.0282 W/m ⋅ K 0.023 38,190 4 / 5 =
=h 0.023 Re
= D ( ) ( 0.707 )0.4 24.5 W/m2 ⋅ K.
Dh 0.1067 m
From Eq. 8.41b, with P = 2(W + H),
 PL 
( )
Tm,o =Ts − Ts − Tm,i exp  −
 m  cp 
h
 
(
 2 ( 0.16m + 0.08m ) 2m 24.5W/m2 ⋅ K
Tm,o = 430 K − ( 430 − 310 ) K exp  −
) 
 0.09 kg/s × 1008 J/kg ⋅ K 
 
Tm,o = 337.4 K <

and from Eq. 8.34
= ( )
 c p Tm,o − Tm,i= 0.09 kg/s × 1008 J/kg ⋅ K ( 337.4 − 310 ) K
q m = 2486 W. <
COMMENTS: (1) The calculations may be checked by determining q from Eqs. 8.43 and 8.44. We
106 C and q = 2487 W.
obtain ∆Tm =
(2) The average mean temperature is Tm = 324 K. The properties were evaluated at an appropriate
temperature.
PROBLEM 8.65
KNOWN: Dimensions of semi-circular copper tubes in contact at plane surfaces. Thermal contact
resistance. Tube flow conditions.
FIND: (a) Heat rate per unit tube length, and (b) The effect on the heat rate when the fluids are ethylene
glycol, the exchanger tube is fabricated from an aluminum alloy, or the exchanger tube thickness is
increased.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Adiabatic outer surface, (4)
Fully developed flow, (5) Negligible heat loss to surroundings.
PROPERTIES: Table A.1, Copper (T ≈ 300 K): k = 400 W/m⋅K; Water (given): m = 800 × 10-6
kg/s⋅m, k = 0.625 W/m⋅K, Pr = 5.35.
ANALYSIS: (a,b) Heat transfer from the hot to cold fluids is enhanced by conduction through the semi-
circular portions of the tube walls. The walls may be approximated as straight fins with an insulated tip,
and the thermal circuit is shown below.
Note that, since each semi-circular surface is insulated on one side, surfaces may be combined to yield a
single fin of thickness 2t with convection on both sides. Also, due to the equivalent geometry and the
assumption of constant properties, there is symmetry on opposite sides of the contact resistance. From
the thermal circuit, the heat rate is
Th,m − Tc,m
q′ = (1)
R ′tot
For flow through the semi-circular tube,
r u m Dh mD
 h 4mA c 4m  4m
Re=
D = = = = (2)
m A c m A c Pm Pm ( 2ri + π ri ) m
4 × 0.2 kg s
ReD = 9725
( 2 + π ) 0.02 m × 800 ×10−6 kg s ⋅ m
the flow is turbulent. Using the Gnielinski correlation, since Re D < 10,000
(f / 8)(ReD − 1000) Pr
=Nu D = 69.9 (3)
1 + 12.7(f / 8)1/ 2 (Pr 2 / 3 − 1)
Continued...
where f = (0.79ln(Re D )-1.64)-2 = 0.0317
=Dh =
4A c 4 π ri 2
2
(
=
2π )
0.02
= m 0.0244 m (4)
P (π + 2 ) ri π + 2
k 0.625
=h Nu
= D 69.9= 1790 W m 2 ⋅ K . (5)
Dh 0.0244
Find now values for the thermal resistance of the circuit.
1 1
R ′conv
= = = 0.0140 m ⋅ K W (6)
2 ⋅K
2ri h ( 0.04 m ) 1790 W m
qb 1
R ′fin
= = (7)
q′f ( hP′kA′c )1/ 2 tanh ( hP kAc ) L
= ri 2 π ( 0.01m
L π= = ) 0.0314 m A c =2t ⋅1m =0.006 m 2 P ≈ 2.1 m (8,9,10)
( )
1/ 2
′c )1/ 2
( hP′kA= 1790 W m 2 ⋅ K × 2 m m × 400 W m ⋅ K × 0.006 m 2=
s 92.7 W K ⋅ m
( )
1/ 2 1/ 2
( hP kA
= c) L 1790 W m 2 ⋅ K × 2 m 400 W m ⋅ K × 0.006 m 2 0.0314 m 1.21
=
1
R ′fin
= = 0.0129 m ⋅ K W (11)
92.7 W m ⋅ K ( 0.838 )
t 0.003m
R ′cond = = =1.875 ×10−4 m ⋅ K W (12)
2kri 2 ( 400 W m ⋅ K )( 0.02 m )
R ′′t,c 10−5 m 2 ⋅ K W
R ′t,c = = 2.5 10−4 m ⋅ K W
=× (13)
2ri 2 ( 0.02 m )
The equivalent resistance of the parallel circuit is
(
R ′eq= R ′fin conv ()
−1 + R ′−1 −1= 77.6 W m ⋅ K + 71.5 W m ⋅ K −1= 6.70 × 10−3 m ⋅ K W (14)
)
Hence
(
R ′tot =2 R ′eq + R ′cond + R ′t,c ) (15)
R ′tot
 ( )
=  2 6.70 ×10−3 + 1.875 ×10−4 + 2.50 ×10−4  m ⋅ K W

= 0.0140 m ⋅ K W
=q′
( 330 − 290 ) K
= 2850 W m . <
0.0140 m ⋅ K W
(c) Using the IHT Workspace with the foregoing equations, analyses were performed and the results
summarized in the table below. The “Conditions” are described below; the “Change” is relative to the
base case condition.
Continued …
Condition* R ′conv × 10
4
R ′fin × 104 R ′cond × 104 R ′tot × 104 R ′eq × 104 q′ Change
(m⋅K/W) (m⋅K/W) (m⋅K/W) (m⋅K/W) (m⋅K/W) (W/m) (%)
Base case 140 129 1.88 140 67.0 2850 --
Ethylene glycol 6550 4210 1.88 5130 2560 77.9 -97
Aluminum alloy 140 171 4.24 165 76.9 2430 -15
Thicker tube 140 120 2.50 136 64.4 2930 +2.8
*Conditions: change from base case

Base case - water, copper (k = 400 W/m⋅K), t = 3 mm
Ethylene glycol - ethylene glycol instead of water, Re D = 727, laminar, Nu D = 3.66 estimated
Aluminum alloy - alloy (k = 177 W/m⋅K) instead of copper
Thicker tube - t = 4 mm instead of 3 mm
As expected, using ethylene glycol as the working fluid would decrease the heat rate, especially because
the flow becomes laminar. Note that R ′conv is the dominate resistance since the convection coefficient
is considerably reduced compared to that with water. Using aluminum alloy, rather than copper, as the
tube material reduces the heat rate by 14%. Conduction-convection (fin) in the tube wall is important as
can be seen by examining the change in R ′fin relative to the base condition. Increasing the tube wall
thickness for the copper tube exchanger from 3 to 4 mm had only a marginal positive effect on the heat
rate.
COMMENTS: A more accurate calculation would account for the absence of symmetry about the
contact plane. Evaluation of water properties at T h,m = 330 K and T c,m = 290 K yields h h = 1930 W/m2⋅K
and h c = 1470 W/m2⋅K.
PROBLEM 8.66
KNOWN: Rectangular channel with constant surface temperature. Aspect ratio.
FIND: Which aspect ratio channel provides the largest heat transfer rate. Whether this is greater than,
equal to, or less than the heat transfer rate for a circular tube.
SCHEMATIC:
a
b
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) Incompressible flow, (3) Laminar, (4) Fully-developed.
ANALYSIS: The heat transfer rate is given
= by qs mc
 p (Tm ,o − Tm ,i ), where from Eq. 8.41b with
constant heat transfer coefficient,
  hPL  
Tm ,o − Tm ,i = (Ts − Tm ,i ) 1 − exp  −  
 mc
   p  
Thus, the heat transfer rate increases with increasing values of
hPL NukPL NukP 2 L

= =
mc
 p mc
 p Dh 4mc
 p Ac
For fixed mass flow rate and length, and assuming the same properties, the relevant parameter that
determines the heat transfer rate is therefore NuP 2 Ac . For a rectangular channel, P 2 Ac =
4(1 + b / a )2 (b / a ), whereas for a circular tube, P 2 Ac = 4π . The table below
4( a + b) 2 ab =
compares values of NuP 2 Ac for the three different aspect ratio rectangular channels and a circular
tube.
b/a Nu P2/A c NuP2/A c

1.0 2.98 16 47.7
1.43 3.08 16.5 50.9
2.0 3.39 18 61.0
Circular tube 3.66 12.6 46.0
The rectangular channel with b/a = 2.0 provides the largest heat transfer rate, which is larger than for a
circular tube. <
COMMENTS: The Nusselt numbers for the rectangular channel are all less than 3.66 for the circular
tube, but their convective heat transfer rates are larger than that of the circular tube because their P2/A c
values are larger.
PROBLEM 8.67
KNOWN: Coolant flowing through a rectangular channel (gallery) within the body of a mold.
FIND: Convection coefficient when the coolant is process water or ethylene glycol.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Gallery can be approximated as a rectangular channel with a uniform surface
temperature, (2) Fully developed flow conditions.
PROPERTIES: Table A.6, Water ( Tm = (140 + 15)°C/2 = 350 K): ρ = 974 kg/m3, µ = 365 × 10-6
N⋅s/m2, ν = µ/ρ = 3.749 × 10-7 m2/s, k = 0.668 W/m⋅K, Pr = 2.29; Table A.5, Ethylene glycol ( Tm = 350
K): ρ = 1079 kg/m3, ν = 3.17 × 10-6 m2/s, k = 0.261 W/m⋅K, Pr = 34.6.
ANALYSIS: The characteristic length of the channel, the hydraulic diameter, Eq. 8.66, is
D h = 4A c P where A c is the cross-sectional flow area and P is the wetted perimeter. For our channel,
4 ( a × b ) 4 × 0.090 m × 0.0095 m
=Dh = = 0.0172 m
2 (a + b) 2 ( 0.090 + 0.0095 ) m
For the water coolant, from the continuity equation, find the Reynolds number to characterize the flow

V 1.3 ×10−3 m3 s
u=m = = 1.52 m s
A c 0.090 m × 0.0095 m
u m D h 1.52 m s × 0.0172 m
ReDh
= = = 69, 736
ν 3.749 ×10−7 m 2 s
Since the flow is turbulent, and assuming fully developed conditions, use the Dittus-Boelter correlation,
Eq. 8.60, to estimate the convection coefficient,
hD h
Nu= Dh = = 0.023Re0.8 Dh Pr 0.4 0.023
= ( 69, 736 )0.8 ( 2.29 )0.4 240
k
hw
=
0.668 W m ⋅ K
0.0172 m
=× 240 9326 W m 2 ⋅ K <
Repeating the calculations using properties for the ethylene glycol coolant, find
ReDh = 8, 247 Nu Dh = 128 =h eg 1957 W m 2 ⋅ K <
Continued...
COMMENTS: (1) The convection coefficient for the water coolant is more than 4 times greater than
that with the ethylene glycol coolant. The corrosion protection afforded by the latter coolant greatly
compromises the thermal performance of the gallery. In such situations, it is useful to explore a
compromise between corrosion protection and thermal performance by using an aqueous solution of
ethylene glycol (50%-50%, for example).
(2) Recognize that for the ethylene glycol coolant calculation the Reynolds number is slightly below the
lower limit of applicability of the Dittus-Boelter correlation, and the Gnielinski correlation would be
more accurate.
PROBLEM 8.68
KNOWN: Dimensions and surface temperature of large and small rectangular channels. Mass flow rate
and mean temperature of ethylene glycol.
FIND: Heat transfer rate per unit channel length for one large channel and a pair of smaller channels.
Pressure gradient for both configurations.
SCHEMATIC:
Ts = 67°C Configuration A
Interface Aligned slots
Ethylene glycol
2a = 20 mm b Tm = 27°C
= 30 mm m• = 0.1 kg/s
Configuration B
Ts = 67°C Non-aligned slots
Ethylene glycol
Tm = 27°C
m• = 0.05 kg/s
a = 10 mm
b
negligible viscous dissipation, (4) Fully developed.
PROPERTIES: Table A-5, Ethylene glycol, (T m = 300 K): m = 0.0157 N⋅s/m2, ρ = 1114 kg/m3, c p =
2415 J/kg⋅K, k = 0.252 W/m⋅K, Pr = 151; Ethylene glycol, (T f = 320 K): m = 0.00757 N⋅s/m2, ρ = 1096
kg/m3, c p = 2505 J/kg⋅K, k = 0.258 W/m⋅K, Pr = 73.5.
ANALYSIS: Properties must be evaluated at Tm = 300 K for heat transfer quantities, and at T f =
0.5(Tm + Ts ) = 320 K for the friction coefficient and other hydrodynamic quantities (see Table 8.4
footnote). We begin with heat transfer quantities.
The hydraulic diameter is defined as Dh = 4 Ac / P. The Reynolds number can be written as:
ρ um Dh 4 ρ um Ac 4m
ReDh
= = =
m Pm Pm
where P is the perimeter of the channel. For Configuration A,
4 × 0.1 kg/s
=ReDh , A = 255
2(0.02 + 0.03)m × 0.0157 N ⋅ s/m 2
Continued…
Similarly, ReDh , B = 159. The flows are laminar and are assumed to be fully developed since the channels
are “long.” In Table 8.1, with an aspect ratio of b/2a = 1.5 for Configuration A, using linear interpolation
for the Nusselt number gives:
1.5 − 1.43
3.08 + ( 3.39 − 3.08 )
NuDh , A = =3.12
2.0 − 1.43
is Dh 4=
With b/a = 3 for Configuration B, Nu Dh , B = 3.96. The hydraulic diameter= Ac / P 24 and
15 mm for Configurations A and B respectively. Therefore,
hA =
NuDh , A k / Dh , A = 32.7 W/m 2 ⋅ K
3.12 × 0.252 W/m ⋅ K / 0.024 m =
and hB 66.5 W/m 2 ⋅ K. The heat transfer rate per unit length can then be found:
=
q′A hA PA (Ts −=
= Tm ) 32.7 W/m 2 ⋅ K × 2(0.02 + 0.03)m × (67 − 27)
= K 131 W/m <
And similarly, qB′ = 426 W/m for two smaller channels. <
Now to calculate the pressure gradient, the properties should be evaluated at T f = 320 K. The Reynolds
to ReDh , A 528,
numbers change= = 8.1, ( fReDh ) A 59.4,
ReDh , B 330. From Table= = ( fReDh ) B 69.0.
The pressure gradient can be found from Equation 8.16, and can be rewritten in terms of the mass flow
rate:
dp ρ um2 ( fReDh ) ρ um2 m P m 2 P ( fReDh ) m mP

 2
= f= = ( fReDh ) =
dx 2 Dh ReDh 2 Dh 4m ρ Ac2 2 ⋅ 4 Ac 32 ρ Ac3
For Configuration A,
dp (59.4) 0.00757 N ⋅ s/m 2 0.1 kg/s × (0.1 m) 2

= 59.3 Pa/m <
dx A 32 1096 kg/m3 (0.02 m × 0.03 m)3
And for Configuration B,
dp (69.0) 0.00757 N ⋅ s/m 2 0.05 kg/s × (0.08 m) 2

= 177 Pa/m <
dx B 32 1096 kg/m3 (0.01 m × 0.03 m)3
COMMENTS: (1) Smaller dimensions enhance heat transfer but also increase pressure drop and
consequently the required pumping power. This is a general trend that exists over essentially all types of
flows. (2) The viscosity of ethylene glycol varies significantly between 300 and 320 K and the pressure
drop would have been quite different if the 300 K property values had been used instead of the values at
320 K. This suggests that the results may not be very accurate since the use of properties evaluated at a
single temperature is inherently an approximation.
PROBLEM 8.69
KNOWN: Printed-circuit board (PCB) with uniform temperature T s cooled by laminar, fully
developed flow in a parallel-plate channel. The air flow with an inlet temperature of T m,i is driven by
a pressure difference, Dp.
( )
FIND: The average heat removal rate per unit area, qs′′ W / m 2 , from the PCB.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Laminar, fully developed flow, (2) Upper and lower walls of the channel are
insulated and of infinite extent in the transverse direction, (3) PCB has uniform surface temperature,
(4) Constant properties, (5) Ideal gas with negligible viscous dissipation.
3
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (T m = 293 K, 1 atm): ρ = 1.192 kg/m , c p = 1007 J/kg⋅K, ν = 1.531
-5 2
× 10 m /s, k = 0.0258 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.709.
ANALYSIS: The energy equations for determining the heat rate from one surface of the board are
Eqs. 8.34 and 8.41b
= ( = qs′′ As
 cp Tm,o − Tm,i
q m ) (1)
Ts − Tm,o  P Lh 
= exp  − h  (2)
 
where A s = Lw and P = w, since heat transfer is only from one surface, where w is the width in the
transverse direction. For the fully developed flow condition, the velocity is estimated from the
friction pressure drop relation, Eq. 8.22a,
Dp = ( )
f ρ u 2m / 2 ( L / D h ) (3)
where the hydraulic diameter for the channel cross section is

4 Ac 4(w a)
Dh
= = = 2a a << w
P 2(w + a)
The friction factor f from Table 8.1 for the cross section b/a = ∞ is
f ⋅ ReDh =
96 (4)
ReDh = u m D h / ν (5)
Continued …
and the flow rate through one channel is
=m A c u m ρ ( wa ) u m
 ρ= (6)
For fully developed laminar flow from Table 8.1.
Nu D h=
= D h / k 4.86 (7)
Substituting Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eq. (3) and solving for u m yields
u m = DpD h2 / 48νρL = 2N / m 2 × (0.01m) 2 / 48 × 1.531 × 10−5 m 2 / s × 1.192kg / m3 × 0.15m = 1.52m / s

−5 2
Re u m D
= = h / ν 1.52m / s × 0.01m /1.531 × 10 =m / s 994
 / w = ρu m a = 1.192kg/m3× 1.52
Thus the flow is laminar, as assumed. From Eqs. (6), (7), and (2), m
m/s × 0.005 m = 0.00907 kg/s∙m. h = Nu D k / D h = 4.86 × 0.0258 W/m∙K/0.01m = 12.5 W/m2∙K. T m,o
 /w)c p ) = 65°C - 45°Cexp(-0.15m × 12.5W/m2∙K/0.00907kg/s∙m× 1007
= T s - (T s – T m,i )exp(-L h /( m
J/kg∙K) = 28.4°C.
From Eq. (1)
"
m
=q' c p (Tm,o=
− Tm,i ) 0.00907kg / m ⋅ s × 1007J / kg ⋅ K × (28.4 =
− 20)°C 76.5W / m
w <
2
q" q=
= '/ L 510W / m
COMMENTS: (1) The thermophysical properties of the air are evaluated at the average mean
temperature, T m = (T m,i + T m,o )/2.
(2) The fully developed flow length, x fd,t , for the channel follows from Eq. 8.23,
x fd,t
= D h × 0.05 ReDh Pr
x fd,t =
2 × 0.010 m × 0.05 × 7954 × 0.709 =
5.6 m
Since L << x fd,t , we conclude that the flow is not likely to be fully developed.
PROBLEM 8.70
KNOWN: Surface thermal conditions and diameters associated with a concentric tube
annulus. Water flow rate and inlet temperature.
FIND: (a) Length required to achieve desired outlet temperature, (b) Heat flux from inner
tube at outlet.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Fully developed conditions throughout, (3)
Adiabatic outer surface, (4) Uniform temperature at inner surface, (5) Constant properties, (6)
Water is incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation.
-6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water ( Tm = 320K ) : c p = 4180 J/kg⋅K, m = 577 × 10 N⋅s/m ,
k = 0.640 W/m⋅K, Pr = 3.77.
ANALYSIS: (a) From Eq. 8.41a,
 cp DTo
m  cp
m Ts − Tm,o
L= − n = − n .
Ph DTi p Di h Ts − Tm,i
ρ u m Dh  ( D o − Di )
m 4m 
With=
ReD = =
m
( )
(π /4 ) Do2 − Di2 m π ( Do + Di ) m
4 × 0.02 kg/s
=ReD = 353
π ( 0.125m ) 577 ×10−6 N ⋅ s/m 2
the flow is laminar. Hence, from Eq. 8.69 and Table 8.2,
k 0.64 W/m ⋅ K
h h=
= i Nu=
i = 63 W/m 2 ⋅ K
7.37
Dh ( 0.100 − 0.025) m

0.02 kg/s ( 4180 J/kg ⋅ K ) (100 − 75 ) C
and L=
− n 19.7 m.
= <
π ( 0.025m ) 63 W/m 2 ⋅ K (100 − 20 ) C
(b) From Eq. 8.67
W
( )
q′′i ( L ) = h i Ts,i − Tm,o = 63
2
(100 − 75) C=1575 W/m2 . <
m .K
COMMENTS: The total heat rate to the water is
( ) ( )
 cp Tm,o − Tm,i= 0.02 kg/s × 4180 J/kg ⋅ K 55C= 4598 W.
q m
=
PROBLEM 8.71
KNOWN: Surface thermal conditions and diameters associated with a concentric tube
annulus. Water flow rate and inlet temperature.
FIND: Length required to achieve desired outlet temperature.
SCHEMATIC:
∙
m=0.35kg/s
Tm,i=20°C
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Fully developed conditions throughout, (3)
Adiabatic outer surface, (4) Uniform temperature at inner surface, (5) Constant properties, (6)
Incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation.
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water ( Tm = 320K ) : cp = 4180 J/kg⋅K, m = 577 × 10 N⋅s/m ,
-6 2
k = 0.640 W/m⋅K, Pr = 3.77.

ANALYSIS: From Eq. 8.41a,
 cp DTo
m  cp
m Ts − Tm,o
L=
− n =
− n .
Ph DTi p Di h Ts − Tm,i
With
ρ u m Dh  ( D o − Di )
m 4m 
= = =
( )
ReD
m (π /4 ) Do2 − Di2 m π ( Do + Di ) m
4 × 0.35 kg/s
=Re D = 6179
π ( 0.125m ) 577 × 10−6 N ⋅ s/m2
and the flow is turbulent. Hence, from Eq. 8.60,
k k
=h = Nu D 0.023 Re4/5
D Pr 0.4
Dh Dh
0.640 W/m ⋅ K
=h 0.023 ( 6179 )4 / 5=
( 3.77 )0.4 360 W/m2 ⋅ K
0.075 m
and hence the required length is

0.35 kg/s ( 4180 J/kg ⋅ K ) (100 − 75) C =
L=
− n 60.2 m. <
π ( 0.025m ) 360 W/m2 ⋅ K (100 − 20 ) C
COMMENTS: (1) Increasing m  by a factor of 17.5 increases ReD accordingly, and the flow
is turbulent. However, h increases by a factor of only 5.7 from the result of Problem 8.70, in
which case the tube length must be a factor of 3 larger than that of Problem 8.70. (2) The
Gnielinski correlation would be more accurate than the Dittus-Boelter correlation for the low
(but turbulent) conditions suggested by the value of the Reynolds number.
PROBLEM 8.72
KNOWN: Inner and outer tube surface conditions for an annulus.
FIND: (a) Velocity profile, (b) Temperature profile and expression for inner surface Nusselt number.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Laminar, fully developed flow, (3) Uniform heat
flux at inner surface, (4) Adiabatic outer surface, (5) Constant properties, (6) Applicability of Eq.
8.34.
ANALYSIS: (a) From Section 8.1.3, the general solution to Eq. 8.12, which also applies to annular
flow as represented in Figure 8.11, is
1 dp r 2
( r )   + C1 n r + C2 .
u=
µ  dx  4
Applying the boundary conditions,
2
1  dp  ri
u ( ri )= 0 0= + C1 nri + C2
µ  dx  4
1  dp  ro2
u ( ro ) = 0 0= + C1 nro + C2 .
µ  dx  4
Hence,
2
1  dp   ro2 ri 
−
µ  dx   4 4  2
1  dp  ro2 1  dp   ro2 ri  n ro
C1 =   C =− − −
2     
n ri / ro µ  dx  4 µ  dx  4 4  n ( ri / ro )
 
and the velocity distribution is
1  dp   r2 r2 
 r 2 r 2  1  dp  n r
u (r)
=  − o +    o − i 
µ  dx   4 4  µ  dx 
 
 4 4  n ( ri / ro )
 
2
1  dp   ro2 ri  n ro
−    − 
µ  dx  4 4 n ( ri / ro )
 
2
ro2  dp   2 ( ri / ro ) − 1

u (r) =
−   1 − ( r/ro ) + n ( r/ro )  . (1) <
4µ  dx   n ( ri / ro ) 
 
(b) For fully developed conditions with uniform surface heat flux,
=v 0 ∂=
T/∂ x dT
=m / dx const.
Continued …
Hence, from Eq. 8.48, which also applies for annular flow,
1 ∂  ∂ T  u dTm
r =
r ∂ r  ∂ r  α dx
Substituting the velocity distribution, with
2
ro2  dp  ( ri / ro ) − 1
C1 = −   C2 = (2)
4µ  dx  n ( ri / ro )
1 ∂  ∂ T  C1 dTm  2
it follows that r =  1 − ( r/ro ) + C2 n ( r/ro )  .
r ∂ r  ∂ r  α dx  
∂ T C1 dTm  r3 r
r
= ∫  r − + C2 rn  dr + C3
∂ r α dx  ro2 ro 

∂ T C dTm  r r3 r r r  C
= 1  − + C 2  n −   + 3
∂ r α dx  2 4ro2  2 ro 4   r
and the temperature distribution is
C1 dTm  r 2 r4  r2 r r 2 
T (r)
=  − + C2  n −   + C3 nr + C4 .
 4
(3) <
α dx  4 16 ro2 ro 4  
  
From the requirement that q′′o = 0, it follows that ∂ T/∂ r ) = 0. Hence,
ro
C1 dTm  ro ro  r  C
 − + C2  − o   + 3 =
0
α dx  2 4  4  ro
C1 dTm ro2
=C3 ( C2 − 1) . (4) <
α dx 4
From the condition that T(r i ) = T s,i , it follows that
 2 ri4  r2 ri2  
C1 dTm  ri r
C4 =Ts,i −

−
2
i i
+ C2  n −   + C3 nri . (5) <
α dx 4 16 ro  4 ro 4  
  
From Eqs. 8.67 and 8.69, the inner surface Nusselt number is
hi Dh q′′i D h
Nu i
= =
k (
k Ts,i − Tm )
where D h = 2(r o - r i ). To obtain a workable form of Nu i , the mean temperature T m must be
evaluated. This may be done by substituting Eqs. (1) and (3) into Eq. 8.26 and evaluating u m by
substituting Eq. (1) into Eq. 8.8. Since the integrations are long and tedious, they are not provided.
COMMENTS: From an energy balance performed for a differential control volume in the annular
(
region, dTm / dx 2ri q′′i / r c p u m ro2 − ri2 .
= )
PROBLEM 8.73
KNOWN: Dimensions and surface thermal conditions for a concentric tube annulus. Water flow
rate and inlet temperature.
FIND: (a) Tube length required to achieve desired outlet temperature, (b) Inner tube surface
temperature at outlet.
SCHEMATIC:
=3000W/m
∙
m=0.03kg/s
Tm,i=25°C
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Uniform heat flux at inner surface, (3) Adiabatic
outer surface, (4) Fully developed flow at exit, (5) Constant properties, (6) Incompressible liquid with
( )
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water Tm = 328K : c p = 4183 J/kg⋅K; (T m,o = 358K): m = 332 ×
-6 2
10 N⋅s/m , k = 0.673 W/m⋅K, Pr = 2.07.
ANALYSIS: (a) From the overall energy balance, Eq. 8.34,
′i L m
q q=
= (
 cp Tm,o − Tm,i )
=L
m
=
(
 c p Tm,o − Tm,i )
( 0.03 kg/s ) 4183 J/kg
= 2.51 m.

⋅ K ( 85 − 25) C
<
q′i 3000 W/m
(b) From Eqs. 8.1 and 8.5,
ρ u m Dh m  Dh  ( D o − Di )
m 4m 
ReD
= = = =
m Ac m
( )
(π /4 ) Do2 − Di2 m π ( Do + Di ) m
4 × 0.03 kg/s
=Re D = 1534.
π ( 0.075 m ) 332 × 10−6 kg/s ⋅ m
Hence the flow is laminar, and with D i /D o = 0.5, it follows from Eq. 8.72 and Table 8.3
Nu
= i Nu
= ii 6.24
k 0.673 W/m ⋅ K
= h i 6.24
= 6.24 = 168 W/m 2 ⋅ K.
Dh 0.025 m
From Eq. 8.67,
q′′ q ′ / π Di
Ts,i ( L )= Tm,o + i = Tm,o + i
hi hi
3000 W/m
85 C +
Ts,i ( L ) =
2
313 C.
= <
π ( 0.025m ) 168 W/m ⋅ K
COMMENTS: Unless the water is pressurized, local boiling would occur at the tube surface,
causing h i to be larger.
PROBLEM 8.74
KNOWN: A concentric tube arrangement for removing heat generated from a biochemical reaction
in a settling tank. Water is supplied to the annular region at rate of 0.2 kg/s.
FIND: (a) The inlet temperature of the supply water that will provide for an average tank surface
temperature of 37°C; assume and then justify fully developed flow and thermal conditions; and (b)
Sketch the water and surface temperatures along the flow direction for two cases: the fully developed
conditions of part (a), and when entrance effects are important. Comment on the features of the
temperature distributions, with particular attention to the longitudinal gradient on the tank surface.
What change to the system or operating conditions would you make to reduce the gradient?
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Fully developed flow and thermal conditions, (2) Inner annulus surface has
uniform heat flux, while outer surface is insulated, (3) Constant properties, (4) Incompressible liquid
with negligible viscous dissipation.
3
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water (Tm = 304 K): ρ = 995.6 kg/m , cp = 4178 J/kg⋅K, ν = 7.987 ×
-7 2
10 m /s, k = 0.618 W/m⋅K, Pr = 5.39.
ANALYSIS: (a) The overall energy balance on the fluid passing through the concentric tube is
=  cp Tm,i − Tm,o
q m ( ) (1)
and from an energy balance on the reaction tank,
q=  π D 2 / 4) / L =
q( 1×105 W / m3 (π (0.08m)2 / 4) ×1m = 503W. (2)
i
The convection rate equation applied to the inner surface As,i is
= m ) h iπ Di L(Ts − Tm )
q h i As,i (Ts − T= (3)
where Ts is the average inner surface temperature and

=
Tm ( Tm,i + Tm,o ) / 2. (4)
To estimate h, begin by characterizing the flow with

u m Dh /ν
ReDh = Dh =
D o − Di m ρ Ac u m
 =
( )
A c π Do2 − Di4 / 4. Substituting numerical values find
where=
ReDh = 1779
Assuming fully developed conditions for laminar flow through an annulus, it follows from Table 8.3
and Eq. 8.72 with Di/Do = 0.8,
=
Nu i h=
i D h / k 5.58 =hi 172 W / m 2 ⋅ K
Continued …
Using Eq. (3) with h i , and Ts= 37°C, and q from Eq. (2), find
T=
m 25.4°C
From Eqs. (1) and (4), calculate
Tm,i =
25.1°C Tm,o =
25.7°C <
For this annulus, the thermal entry length from Eq. 8.23 is
= D h × 0.05 ReDh Pr
x fd,t
x fd,t= ( 0.100 − 0.080 ) m × 0.05 ×1779 × 5.39= 9.59 m

Since L = 1 m, we conclude that entry length effects are significant, and the fully developed flow
assumption is approximate.
(b) Since the fluid is being heated by flow over a surface with uniform heat flux, the mean fluid
temperature, Tm(x), will increase linearly with longitudinal distance x. Assuming fully developed
conditions, the surface temperature Ts(x) will likewise increase linearly with distance as shown in the
schematic below. Note that the longitudinal temperature difference is about 0.6°C, and that the inlet
mean temperature is 25.1°C.
Considering now entrance length effects, the convection coefficient is no longer uniform, and will be
largest near the entrance, and larger than for the fully developed flow everywhere. Hence, we expect
the surface temperature near the entrance to be closer to the mean fluid temperature than elsewhere.
We also expect the average mean temperature of the fluid will be higher so that the average surface
temperature, Ts , remains at 37°C. However, the rise in temperature of the fluid (Tm,o – Tm,i) will
remain the same, about 0.6°C, since the heat removal rate is the same. Increasing the flow rate will
tend to minimize the longitudinal gradient by reducing (Tm,o – Tm,i) and increasing h(x). The graph
below illustrates the distinctive features of the fully developed flow and entrance length effects.
COMMENTS: The thermophysical properties required in the convection correlation and the energy
equations should be evaluated at Tm = (Tm,i + Tm,o)/2 ≈ 298 K.
PROBLEM 8.75
KNOWN: Dimensions and thermal conductivity of plastic pipe. Volumetric flow rate and
temperature of inlet air. Enhancement of inner convection coefficient and friction factor associated
with coiled spring. Thermal resistance of coating on outer surface.
FIND: (a) Air outlet temperature and fan power requirement without coating and coiled spring, (b)
Effect of coiled spring on air outlet temperature and fan power, (c) Effect of coating on outlet
temperature.
SCHEMATIC:
Water Thin film
Too = 17oC Rt,c = 0.050 m2-K/W
Do = 0.17 m Tm,o
Di = 0.15 m
Vi = 0.025 m3/s
Air Plastic pipe
Tm,i = 29oC
k = 0.15 W/m-K
Coiled spring
hcp = 2hi, fcp = 1.5f L = 15 m
ho = 1500 W/m2-K
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) Negligible heat transfer from air in vertical pipe sections, (3)
Air is ideal gas with negligible viscous dissipation and pressure variation, (4) Smooth interior surface
without spring, (5) Negligible coating thickness, (6) Constant properties.
3
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (T m,i = 29°C): ρ i = 1.155 kg/m . Air ( Tm ≈ 25°C): c p = 1007
-7 2
J/kg⋅K, m = 183.6 × 10 N⋅s/m , k a = 0.0261 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.707.
ANALYSIS: (a) From Eq. (8.45a),
T∞ − Tm,o  UA 
= exp  − s
T∞ − Tm,i   
 m cp 
where, from Eqs. (3.36) and (3.37),
1 ln ( Do / Di ) l
( UAs )−1 =
R tot = +
hπD L 2π L k
+
h oπ Do L
i i
With m ∀ = 0.0289 kg / s =
∀ = ρi ∀ and Re D 4m
= / π Di m 13, 350, the pipe flow is turbulent. With L/D i =
i
100, we may assume fully developed flow throughout the pipe, and from Eq. (8.60),
ka 4 / 5 0.3 0.0261W / m ⋅ K 4/5 0.3
=hi 0.023 Re
= D Pr 0.023 (13, 350 ) ( 0.707 )
= 7.20 W / m 2 ⋅ K
Di 0.15m
 1 ln ( 0.17 / 0.15 ) l K
Hence, R=
tot  + + 
 7.20 × π × 0.15 ×15 2π ×15 × 0.15 1500 × π × 0.17 ×15  W
R tot = ( 0.0196 + 0.0089 + 0.0001) K / W = 0.0286 K / W
−1
Hence, UA
= s R=
tot 35.0 W / K and
 UAs   
( )
Tm,o = T∞ + Tm,i − T∞ exp  −
  = 17°C + (12°C ) exp  −
35.0 W / K
 = 20.6°C <
 m c p   0.0289 kg / s × 1007 J / kg ⋅ K 
Continued …
From Eq. (8.21), f = [0.790ln(Re D ) – 1.64]– 2 = 0.0291. Hence, from Eqs. (8.22a) and (8.22b), with
∀ /A =
u m,i =
∀i c 1.415 m / s,
ρi u 2m,i 1.155kg / m3 (1.415m / s )

2
P≈f ∀
L∀ i 0.0291 = 15m × 0.025m3 / s 0.084 W <
2 Di 2 ( 0.15m )
2
(b) With h cp = 2h i = 14.4 W/m ⋅K, the inner convection resistance is reduced from 0.0196 K/W to
0.0098 K/W and hence the total resistance from 0.0286 K/W to 0.0188 K/W. It follows that
UA s = 53.2 W / K and
Tm,o
= 18.9°C <
With f cp = 1.5f,
P = 0.126 W <
(c) With the coating of organic matter, there is an additional thermal resistance of the form R t,c =
R ′′t,c / (π D o L=
) ( 0.05 m 2
)
⋅ K / W / (π × 0.17m × 15m=
) 0.0062 K / W. The total resistance is then R tot =
0.0348 K/W and UA s = 28.7 W / K. Hence,
Tm,o
= 21.5°C <
COMMENTS: (1) The fan power requirement is small, and the process is economical, with or
without the coiled spring. (2) Heat transfer enhancement associated with the coiled spring is
manifested by a 34% reduction in the total thermal resistance and a 1.7°C reduction in the outlet
temperature. (3) Fouling of the outer surface increases the total resistance by 22% and the outlet
temperature by 0.9°C. The penalty is not severe but could be ameliorated by periodic cleaning of the
surface.
PROBLEM 8.76
KNOWN: Inlet and desired outlet temperature of a pharmaceutical fluid flowing in a straight
tube or coiled tube of known diameter. Inlet velocity and tube surface temperature.
FIND: (a) Length of straight tube needed to achieve the desired outlet temperature, (b) Length of
coiled tube to achieve the desired outlet temperature, (c) Pressure drops associated with the
straight and coiled tubes, (d) Steam condensation rate.
SCHEMATIC:
Ls
Tm,o = 75°C
um = 0.2 m/s D = 12.7 mm

Tm,i = 25°C
Ts = 100°C
(a) Fluid properties
Fluid properties
S = 25 mm
 = kg/m33
1000kg/m
= 1000
ccpp = 4000 J/kg·K
= 4000 J/kg·K
 ==2× x 10-3-5 kg/s·m
kg/s·m
kk = 0.8
0.8 W/m·K
W/m·K
D = 12.7 mm
Pr 10
Pr = 10
C = 100 mm
um = 0.2 m/s
Tm,o = 75°C
Tm,i = 25°C
Lcl
(b)
.
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Constant properties, (2) Incompressible liquid and negligible viscous
dissipation, (3) Steady-state conditions, (4) fully developed hydrodynamic conditions at the
entrance.
PROPERTIES: Steam (Table A.6): hfg (T = 100°C) = 2257 kJ/kg. Pharmaceutical (given):  =
1000 kg/m3, cp = 4000 J/kg·K,  = 2  10-3 kg/s·m, k = 0.80 W/m·K, Pr = 10.
ANALYSIS:
(a) From Problem 8.21, ReD = umD/1270 and the flow is laminar for both cases. Hence,
augmentation is expected to occur in the coiled tube. For the straight tube case a, the Hausen
correlation is written as
hD 0.0668 × (D/Ls ) ReD Pr
Nu D = = 3.66 + 2/3
k 1 + 0.04  D/Ls  Re D Pr 
which may be rearranged to yield
Continued…
 
k 0.0668 (D/Ls ) ReD Pr 
h = 3.66 + 2/3 
D
 1 + 0.04 
  D/L s  Re Pr
D   
 
0.80 W/mK  0.0668(12.7 × 10-3 m Ls ) × 1270 × 10 
h= 3.66 + 2/3 
(1)
12.7 × 10-3 m 

 
1 + 0.04  12.7 × 10-3 m/Ls × 1270 × 10  
  
 = 0.0253 kg/s and the tube perimeter is

From Problem 8.21 m
P = πD = π × 12.7 × 10-3 m = 39.9 × 10-3 m
Equation 8.41b may be written

100°C - 75°C  39.9 × 10-3m × Ls 
= exp   × h (2)
100°C - 25°C  0.0253 kg/s × 4000 J/kg  K 
 
Equations (1) and (2) may be solved simultaneously to yield
Ls = 9.77 m, ( h = 286 W/m2·K) <

(b) For the coiled tube,
Re D (D/C)1/2 = 1270 × (12.7/100)1/2  452.6
Therefore, C/D = 100/12.7 = 7.87 > 3, Equation 8.77 yields
 957(C/D)   957 × (100/12.7) 

a = 1 +  = 1 +  = 1.0005
 Re D Pr  
2
12702 × 10 

0.477 0.477
b=1+ =1+ = 1.0477
Pr 10
Therefore Equation 8.76 becomes
1/ 3
 3
 1270 × (12.7/100)1/2 
3/2 
 4.343 
Nu D =  3.66 + + 1.158 ×    = 22.18
 1.0005   1.0477  
 
Therefore,
k 0.80 W/m  K
h = Nu D = 22.18 × -3
= 1397 W/m 2  K
D 12.7 × 10 m
Equation 8.41b may be written
Continued…
100°C - 75°C  3.99 × 10-3m × Lc 

= exp   × 1397 W/m 2  K 
100°C - 25°C  0.0253 kg/s × 4000 J/kg  K 
 
or Lc = 2.00 m
Lc 2.00 m
The number of coil turns is N = = = 6.4
πC π × 100 × 10-3 m
The coil length is Lcl = NS = 6.4 × 25 × 10-3 m = 159 × 10-3 m = 159 mm <
(c) The flow is hydrodynamically fully-developed in the straight tube. From Equations 8.19 and
8.22a,
64 ρu 2m 64 1000 kg/m3 × (0.2 m/s) 2
Δps = Ls = × × 9.77 m = 775 N/m 2 <
Re D 2D 1270 2 × 12.7 × 10-3 m
For the coiled tube, Equation 8.75b is
7.2 7.2 12.7 0.25
f= 0.5
(D/C)0.25 = 0.5
×( ) = 0.121
Re D 1270 100
2
ρu m 1000 kg/m3 × (0.2 m/s) 2
Δpc = f
2D
Lc = 0.121 × -3
× 2.00 m = 379 N/m 2 <
2 × 12.7 × 10 m
 st , is
(d) The steam condensation rate, m
 st h fg = mc
m  p (Tm,o - Tm,i ) = u m ρAcp (Tm,o - Tm,i )
or
0.2 m/s × 1000 kg/m3 × π × (12.7 × 10-3 m)2 × 4000 J/kg  K × (75  25)°C
 st =
m
4 × 2257 × 103 J/kg
 st = 2.25 × 10-3 kg/s

m <
COMMENTS: (1) For the straight tube, xfd,t = 0.05ReDPrD = 0.05  1270  10  12.710-3 m =
8m. The value of the entrance length for the coiled tube will be 20 to 50 percent shorter than for
the straight tube or between approximately 4 and 6 m. The flow in the coiled tube is not fully
developed, and actual heat transfer rates will exceed those predicted using Equation 8.76. (2) The
coiled tube requires (2/9.77)  100 = 20 percent of the tube length relative to the straight tube
case. (3) The coil length is (0.159/9.77)  100 = 1.6 percent that of the straight tube. (4) The
pressure drop in the coiled tube is (379/775)  100 = 48 percent that of the straight tube. (5) The
coiled tube will induce secondary flow in the pharmaceutical, thereby reducing radial temperature
gradients in the liquid.
PROBLEM 8.77
KNOWN: Laminar flow within a tube of diameter Do. Inner rod diameter, Di. Mean fluid
temperature, Tm, and tube wall temperature, Ts,o.
FIND: Ratio of heat transfer from the fluid to the tube wall for D i /D o = 0, 0.10, 0.25 and 0.50.
SCHEMATIC:
Rod
Di
• Ts,o Tube
Tm,m Do
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Fully developed, laminar flow, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible
conduction in the rod.
ANALYSIS: A control volume analysis about the inner rod reveals that there is no heat transfer to
or from the rod. Hence, it acts as an insulated surface. Equation 8.68 may be written for the tube
where, from Equation 8.70 h o = Nu o k/D h = Nu o k/(D o – D i ). Hence,
Nuo k (Ts ,o − Tm )
qo′′ = (1)
Do (1 − Di / Do )
Without the rod, D i /D o = 0 and Nu o = 3.66, yielding
Nuo k (Ts ,o − Tm ) 3.66k (Ts ,o − Tm )

=qo′′,wo = (2)
Do Do
Nuo
Hence, qo′′ / qo′′,wo =
3.66(1 − Di / Do )
From Table 8.2,
D i /D o Nu o qo′′ / qo′′,wo <

0 3.66 1
0.10 4.11 1.25
0.25 4.23 1.54
0.50 4.43 2.42
COMMENTS: (1) The proposed scheme enhances the heat transfer between the fluid and the tube
wall, (2) The fluid temperature will change as the fluid flows in the axial direction. If the rod is of
relatively high thermal conductivity compared to the fluid, the rod will be at a nearly uniform
temperature. Hence, the rod could no longer be considered an insulated surface, since it would cool the
fluid in upstream locations, and heat the fluid further downstream for the case where the fluid enters
the annular region at a temperature higher than that of the tube wall.
PROBLEM 8.78
KNOWN: Tubing with ethylene glycol welded to transformer to remove dissipated power.
Maximum allowable coolant temperature rise of 6°C.
FIND: Required coolant flow rate, tube length and lateral spacing of turns.
SCHEMATIC:
Transformer, 1000 W
Ethylene glycol, Tm,i = 24°C
S
H = 500 mm
D = 20 mm
Dt = 230
mm Ts = 47°C
dissipation, (3) Steady-state conditions, (4) Negligible tube wall thermal resistance, (5) Fully-
developed flow, (6) All heat dissipated by transformer is transferred to ethylene glycol.
PROPERTIES: Table A.5, ethylene glycol: ( Tm = 300 K, assumed): k = 0.252 W/m⋅K, c p =

2415 J/kg⋅K, µ f = 1.57 × 10-2 N⋅s/m2, Pr = 1151.
ANALYSIS: From an overall energy balance, the required flow rate is

 p (Tm,o - Tm,i ) or m
q = mc  = q/cp (Tm,o - Tm,i )
 = 1000 W/ ( 2415 J/kg ⋅ K × 6K )
m
 = 6.90 × 10-2 kg/s
m <
From Equation 8.41a the length of tubing may be determined,
 p  Ts - Tm,o 
mc
L= - ln  
Ph  Ts - Tm,i 
where P = πD. For the tube flow, find

4m 4 × 6.90 × 10-2 kg/s
Re D = = = 279.8
πDμ π × 0.020 m × 1.57 × 10-2 N ⋅ S/m 2
C/D = (D t + D) = 250/20 = 12.5; Re D (D/C)1/2 = 279.8 × (20/250)1/2= 79.1
Equation 8.77 yields
Continued…
 957 × (250/20) 
a = 1 +  = 1.0001
 (279.8) 2 × 1151 
0.477
b=1+ = 1.0004
1151
Therefore, Equation 8.76 is

 3 3/2 1/3
 4.343   279.8 × (20/250)1/2 
Nu D =  3.66 + + 1.158   
 1.0001   1.0004  
 
= 10.99
k
h = h = Nu D =10.99 × 252 × 10-3 W/m ⋅ K/20 × 10-3 m = 138.5 W/m 2 ⋅ K
D
Equation 8.41a becomes
6.90 × 10-2 kg/s × 2415 J/kg ⋅ K  (47 - 30)°C 

L=
- ln  =5.79 m <
π × 0.02 m × 138.5 W/m 2 ⋅ K  (47 - 24)°C 
The number of turns of the tubing, N, is N = L/πD = 5.79 m/ π(0.25 m) = 7.37 and hence the
spacing, S, is
S = H/N = 500 mm/7.37 = 67.8 mm <
COMMENT: (1) Coiling the tube results in a convective heat transfer coefficient that is
10.99/3.66 = 3 times larger than the fully-developed value for a straight tube. (2) For a straight
tube, the thermal entrance length is x fd,t = 0.05Re D PrD = 0.05 × 279.8 × 1151 × 0.02 m = 322 m.
The flow will not be fully-developed, and care must be taken when using the predictions.
PROBLEM 8.79
KNOWN: Geometry and dimensions of a tube with straight and coiled sections. Temperature and
convection coefficient of coolant flowing outside the tube. Inlet temperature, mass flow rate, and
properties of pharmaceutical fluid in tube.
FIND: (a) Outlet temperature of pharmaceutical, (b) Outlet temperature with inner heat transfer
coefficient doubled in straight sections, (c) Effect of left- or right-handed spiral.
SCHEMATIC: Pharmaceutical
Tm,i = 90°C
 = 0.005 kg/s T
m
m,o
D = 10 mm
L = 250 mm
Coolant
ho = 500 W/m2
To = 20°C
C = 75 mm
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Tube wall thermal resistance is negligible. (2) Flow is fully-developed in
coiled section. (3) Flow in last straight section is unaffected by swirl introduced in coiled section. (4)
PROPERTIES: Pharmaceutical fluid (given): ρ = 1200 kg/m3, μ = 4 × 10-3 N∙s/m2, c p = 2000

J/kg∙K, k = 0.5 W/m∙K, Pr = μc p /k = 16.
ANALYSIS:
(a) The Reynolds number is
4m 4 × 0.005 kg/s
Re D = = = 159
πDμ π × 0.01 m × 4 × 10-3 N ⋅ s/m 2
Thus the flow is laminar.
1st Straight Section. The development length in the straight section is

x fd,h = 0.05 Re D D = 0.05 × 159 × 0.01 m = 0.08 m
x fd,t = x fd,h ⋅ Pr = 0.08 m × 16 = 1.3 m
The flow is thermally developing. With Pr > 5, we can use Equation 8.57 with Equation 8.56,
0.0668 (D/L) Re D Pr
Nu D = 3.66 + 2/3
= 7.29
1 + 0.04 [ (D/L) Re D Pr ]
Thus h i = Nu D k/D = 7.29 × 0.5 W/m ⋅ K/0.01 m = 365 W/m 2 ⋅ K .

Continued…
The mean temperature at the end of the first straight section can be found from Equation 8.45a,
 UAs 
Tm,o1 = T∞ + (Tm,i - T∞ ) exp  -
  p 
 mc 
-1 -1
where U = [1/h i + 1/h o ] = 1/365 W/m 2 ⋅ K + 1/500 W/m 2 ⋅ K  = 211 W/m 2 ⋅ K .
 
2
 211 W/m ⋅ K × π × 0.01 m × 0.25 m 
Thus Tm,o1 = 20°C + (90°C - 20°C) exp  -  = 79.3°C
 0.005 kg/s × 2000 J/kg ⋅ K 
Coiled Section. The critical Reynolds number in the coiled section is given by Equation 8.74,
Re D,C,h = Re D,C 1 + 12(D/C)0.5 
 
where Re D,C = 2300. Since this must be greater than 2300, the flow in the coiled section, with Re D =
159, is still laminar. The length of the coiled section is 6.5 π C = 6.5 π (0.075 m) = 1.53 m. Since
development lengths are 20 to 50% shorter in coiled tubes than in straight tubes the flow can be
approximated as fully developed. The Nusselt number is given by Equation 8.76, with
 957 (C/D)   957 (75 mm/10 mm) 
a = 1 + 2  = 1 +  = 1.018
 Re D Pr   (159) 2 × 16 
and b = 1 + 0.477/Pr = 1+ 0.477/16 = 1.030. Note that Re D (D/C)1/2 = 58, therefore the criteria for
using Equations 8.76 and 8.77 are satisfied. Thus assuming μ s = μ,
3/21/3
 3
 Re D (D/C)1/2  
  4.343 
Nu D =  3.66 + + 1.158   
 a  
 b  

3/2 1/3
 3
 159 (10 mm/75 mm)1/2  
  4.343 
=  3.66 + + 1.158    = 9.96
 1.018  
 1.030  

and h i = Nu D k/D = 498 W/m2∙K.

-1
U = [1/h i + 1/h o ]
-1
Then = 1/498 W/m 2 ⋅ K + 1/500 W/m 2 ⋅ K  = 250 W/m 2 ⋅ K .
 
The outlet temperature of the coiled section can be found from Equation 8.45a, with
A s = (π D)(6.5 π C) = 0.048 m2, and the inlet temperature is the outlet temperature of the straight
section:
 UAs 
Tm,o2 = T∞ + (Tm,o1 - T∞ ) exp  - 
 mc
 p 
 250 W/m 2 ⋅ K × 0.048 m 2 
Tm,o2 = 20°C + (79.3°C - 20°C) exp  - = 37.9°C
 0.005 kg/s × 2000 J/kg ⋅ K 
 
Continued…
2nd Straight Section. The overall heat transfer coefficient would be the same as in the 1st straight
section. The outlet temperature can be calculated from Equation 8.45a with the inlet temperature
equal to the outlet temperature of the coiled section.
 UAs 
Tm,o3 = T∞ + (Tm,o2 - T∞ ) exp  - 
 mc p
 
 211 W/m 2 ⋅ K × π × 0.01 m × 0.25 m 2 
Tm,o3 = 20°C + (37.9°C - 20°C) exp  - 
 0.005 kg/s × 2000 J/kg ⋅ K
 
T m,o3 = 35.1°C <
(b) Repeating the calculations with h i in the straight sections doubled, in the 1st straight section:
-1
U = 1/730 W/m 2 ⋅ K + 1/500 W/m 2 ⋅ K  = 297 W/m 2 ⋅ K
 
T m,o1 = 75.4°C
In the coiled section, U is unchanged, and

T m,o2 = 36.7°C
In the 2nd straight section, U = 297 W/m2∙K and

T m,o3 = 33.2°C <
(c) Yes, the orientation of the springs could have an effect, because they introduce swirl that interacts
with the swirl introduced in the coiled section. However, the effect is probably small.
COMMENTS: The analysis is only approximate. In particular, the flow in the last section would be
affected by the swirl introduced in the coiled section, which would in turn affect the heat transfer.
PROBLEM 8.80
KNOWN: Pressurized water inlet temperature and total mass flow rate for mold cooling and
heating. Water channel dimensions for conventional and conformally-cooled mold. Initial hot and
cold mold temperatures, mold dimensions and mold properties.
FIND: (a) Initial heating rate of a cold (100°C) mold, initial cooling rate of a hot (200°C) mold
for straight water channels with D = 50 mm, (b) Initial heating rate of a cold (100°C) mold, initial
cooling rate of a hot (200°C) mold for a conformally-cooled mold with water channels of
diameter D = 50 mm, (c) Surface areas of cooling/heating channels for both molds and
determination of which mold will enable production of more parts per day.
SCHEMATIC:
60 mm
Heating water
r = 7800 kg/m3
c = 450 J/kg·K D = 5 mm
 = 0.01 kg/s
m 20 mm
Tm,i = 275°C M = 5 passages
(a) Conventional mold (top half is shown)
Cooling water
 = 0.01 kg/s
m 20 mm
N = 2 turns
Tm,i = 25°C
C = 50 mm
(b) Conformally-cooled mold (bottom half is shown)
dissipation, (3) Fully developed hydrodynamic conditions at the entrance, (4) Negligible part
mass, (5) Water sufficiently pressurized to prevent boiling, (6) Negligible heat transfer in short
straight sections of the channel for the conformally-cooled case.
PROPERTIES: Table A.6, water: ( Tm = 260°C, assumed): k = 0.6038 W/m⋅K, cp = 4989

J/kg⋅K, m = 103.1 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2, Pr = 0.853. ( Tm = 40°C, assumed): k = 0.6316 W/m⋅K, cp =
4179 J/kg⋅K, m = 656.6 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2, Pr = 4.344. (Ts = 200°C): ms = 133.9 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2.
Continued…
ANALYSIS: (a) Heating, T=

m 260°C. The Reynolds number is
=
Re
4m
=
 ( 4 × 0.01kg / s ) / 5 = 4940
πDm π × 5 × 10 3 m × 103.1 × 10−6 N ⋅ s / m 2
−
D
From the Gnielinski correlation, with f = (0.790lnReD – 1.64)-2 = (0.790ln4940 – 1.64)-2 = 38.8 ×
10-3,
Nu D =
( f / 8)( ReD − 1000 ) Pr =
(38.8 ×10 −3
)
/ 8 × ( 4940 − 1000 ) × 0.853
= 17.89
1 + 12.7(f / 8)
1/ 2
(Pr 2/3
− 1) 1 + 12.7(38.8 × 10−3 / 8)1/ 2 (0.8532 / 3 − 1)
Therefore, hD = NuDk/D = 17.89 × 0.6038 W/m∙K/5 × 10-3m = 2161 W/m2∙K. For P = πD = π × 5

 = 0.01 kg/s/5 = 0.002 kg/s, Equation 8.41b is
× 10-3 m = 15.7 × 10-3 m, L = 60 × 10-3 m, m
written
100 − Tm,o  15.7 × 10−3 m × 60 × 10−3 m × 2161W / m 2 ⋅ K 

= exp  − 
100 − 275  0.002kg / s × 4989J / kg ⋅ K
 
from which Tm,o = 243°C. Therefore,

=
q w mc p (Tm,o −
= Tm,i ) 0.002kg / s × 4989J / kg ⋅ K × (243°C − 275
= °C) 319W / channel and, for
the entire mold, qh = -qw × M × 2 = 319W × 5 × 2 = 3190 W <

Cooling, Tm= 40°C. The Reynolds number is
=
Re
4m
=
 ( 4 × 0.01kg / s ) / 5 = 776
πDm π × 5 × 10 3 m × 656.6 × 10−6 N ⋅ s / m 2
−
D
Using Equation 8.57,
0.0668(D / L) Re D Pr 0.0668(5 / 60) × 776 × 4.344

=
Nu D 3.66 + = 3.66 + =
10.57
1 + 0.04 [ (D / L) Re D Pr ] 1 + 0.04 [ (5 / 60) × 776 × 4.344]
2/3 2/3
Therefore, hD = NuDk/D = 10.57× 0.6316 W/m∙K/5 × 10-3m = 1335 W/m2∙K. Equation 8.41b
yields
200 − Tm,o  15.7 × 10−3 m × 60 × 10−3 m × 1335W / m 2 ⋅ K 
= exp  − 
100 − 25  0.002kg / s × 4179J / kg ⋅ K
 
from which Tm,o = 49.4°C. Therefore,

=
q w mc p (Tm,o −
= Tm,i ) 0.002kg / s × 4179J / kg ⋅ K × (49.4°C −=
25°C) 203.9W / channel and, for
the entire mold, qc = -qw × M × 2 = -203.9W × 5 × 2 = -2039 W <

Continued…
(b) Heating, T=
m 260°C. The critical Reynolds number is
Re D,c,h= Re D,c 1 + 12(D / C)0.5 =

 2300 × 1 + 12(5 / 50)0.5 =
 11030 . The actual
   
4m 4 × 0.01kg / s
=
Reynolds number is Re = = 24700 and the flow is
πDm π × 5 × 10 m × 103.1 × 10−6 N ⋅ s / m 2
−
D 3
turbulent. Using the Gnielinski correlation, with f = (0.790lnReD – 1.64)-2 = (0.790 ln24700 –
1.64)-2 = 24.8 × 10-3,
Nu D =
( f / 8)( ReD − 1000 ) Pr =
( 24.8 ×10 −3
)
/ 8 × ( 24700 − 1000 ) × 0.853
= 62.67
1 + 12.7(f / 8)
1/ 2
(Pr 2/3
− 1) 1 + 12.7(24.8 × 10−3 / 8)1/ 2 (0.8532 / 3 − 1)
Therefore, hD = NuDk/D = 62.67 × 0.6038 W/m∙K/5 × 10-3m = 7570 W/m2∙K. For P = 15.7 × 10-3
 =0.01 kg/s, Equation 8.41b is written as
m, L = 2πC = 2 × π × 50 × 10-3 m = 0.314 m, and m
100 − Tm,o  15.7 × 10−3 m × 0.314m × 7570W / m 2 ⋅ K 

= exp  − 
100 − 275  0.01kg / s × 4989J / kg ⋅ K
 
from which Tm,o = 182.8°C. Then, qh = 0.02 kg/s × 4989 J/kg∙K × (182.8°C - 275°C) = 9197 W <
Cooling, Tm= 40°C. The Reynolds number is
4m ( 4 × 0.01kg / s )
=
Re = = 3880
πDm π × 5 × 10 m × 656.6 × 10−6 N ⋅ s / m 2
−
D 3
Since ReD < ReD,c,h, the flow is laminar and ReD(D/C)1/2 = 3880 ×(5/50)1/2 = 1227. The values of a
and b for use in Equation 8.76 are
 1 + 957(C / D)   1 + 957 × (50 / 5)  0.477 0.477

=
a  =   =  146 × 10−3 ; b =
1+ =
−1 + =
1.11
 2   3880 × 4.344 
2 Pr 4.344
 Re D Pr 
Equation 8.76 is rearranged to yield
1/ 3
0.6316W / m ⋅ K 
3 3/ 2  0.14
4.343   1227   656 
=
hD −3
 3.66 + −3 
+ 1.158 ×     133.9=
 6794W / m 2 ⋅ K
5 × 10 m  146 × 10   1.11    
Equation 8.41b is written
Continued…
200 − Tm,o  15.7 × 10−3 m × 0.314m × 6794W / m 2 ⋅ K 

= exp  − 
100 − 25  0.01kg / s × 4179J / kg ⋅ K
 
from which Tm,o = 121.5°C. Therefore,
 p (Tm,o − Tm,i ) =0.02kg / s × 4179J / kg ⋅ K × (25°C − 121.5°C) =−8065W
q c =mc <
(c) For the conventional mold,
Acp = 2MπDL = 2 × 5 × π × 5 × 10-3 m × 60 × 10-3 m = 9.42 × 10-3 m2. For the conformally-
cooled mold, Acc = 2NπCπD = 2 × 2 × π2 × 50 × 10-3 m × 5 × 10-3 m = 9.87 × 10-3 m2.
The time rate of change of the mold temperature is
dT q q q
= = − −
=
dt VρC (60 × 10 m) × 40 × 10 m × 7800kg / m × 450J / kg ⋅ K 505.4W ⋅ s / K
3 2 3 3
The results are summarized in the following table.
Mold Type q (W) Flow Regime dT/dt (K/s)
Conventional heating 3190 turbulent 6.51

Conventional cooling -2039 laminar 4.03
Conformal heating 9197 turbulent 18.20
Conformal cooling -8065 laminar enhanced 15.96
The conformally-cooled mold will increase production by a factor of 3 to 4 times, using the same
cooling area.
COMMENTS: (1) The average mean temperature for heating is 258.8°C and 230°C for the
conventional and conformally-cooled molds, respectively. The assumed average mean
temperature (260°C) is very good for the conventional mold case. A more accurate solution
would be obtained by re-calculating the answer for the conformally-cooled case based upon a
better estimate of the average mean temperature. (2) The average mean temperature for cooling is
37.2°C and 73.3°C for the conventional and conformally-cooled molds, respectively. The
assumed average mean temperature for cooling (40°C) is very good for the conventional mold
case. A more accurate solution would be obtained by re-calculating the answer for the
conformally-cooled case based upon a better estimate of the average mean temperature. (3) The
conformally-cooled mold offers enhanced performance due to higher mean velocity in the case of
heating, and enhanced laminar flow due to curvature in the case of cooling. (4) Equation 8.76 has
been extended slightly beyond its range of recommended application. Care should be taken in
using the predictions.
PROBLEM 8.81
KNOWN: Inlet temperatures and flow rates of a pharmaceutical product and pressurized water,
tube diameter, coil diameter and number of coils.
FIND: (a) The outlet temperature of the pharmaceutical product, (b) The variation of the
pharmaceutical outlet temperature with the pressurized water flow rate.
SCHEMATIC:
Dr = 40 mm
C
Hot water Cold pharmaceutical
Tw,i = 127°C Tp,i = 25°C

um,w = 0.12 m/s um,p = 0.1 m/s
hw hp
D = 10 mm
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Constant properties and steady-state conditions, (2) Incompressible

liquid and negligible viscous dissipation, (3) Fully developed flow, (4) Negligible tube wall
thermal resistance, (5) Negligible heat loss to surroundings and ambient.
PROPERTIES: Table A.6, water: ( Tm = 380 K): k = 0.683 W/m⋅K, c p = 4226 J/kg⋅K, m = 260
× 10-6 N⋅s/m2, Pr = 1.61, ρ = 953.3 kg/m3. Pharmaceutical (given): k = 0.80 W/m⋅K, c p = 4000
J/kg⋅K, m = 2 × 10-3 kg/s⋅m, Pr = 10, ρ = 1000 kg/m3.
ANALYSIS: For the water,
ρu w πD 2 953.3kg / m3 × 0.12m / s × π × (0.01m) 2

=w
m = = 0.00899kg / s
4 4
w
4m 4 × 0.00899kg / s
Re=
D,w = = 4400
πDm π × 0.01m × 260 × 10−6 kg / s ⋅ m
For the pharmaceutical,
ρu m pD 2 1000kg / m3 × 0.10m / s × p × (0.01m) 2

=p
m = = 0.00785kg / s
4 4
Continued…
p
4m 4 × 0.00785kg / s
Re=
D,p = = 500
pDm p × 0.01m × 2 × 10−3 kg / s ⋅ m
The flow of the pharmaceutical is laminar (Re D,p < 2300). For the coiled tube, C = D r + 2(D/2) =
40 mm + 2 ×5 mm = 50 mm. Using Equation 8.74, Re D,c,h,w = 2300[1 + 12 × (10/50)0.5] = 14,640.
Therefore, the flow of the pressurized water is laminar (Re D,w = 4400 < 14,640).
For the pharmaceutical product, Re D,p (D/C)1/2 = 500 × (10/50)1/2 = 223, while for the water
Re D,w (D/C)1/2 = 4400 × (10/50)1/2 = 1967. For each tube, C/D = 50/10 = 5 > 3.
For the pharmaceutical product and water, the overall energy balances are
 p c p,p (Tp,o − Tp,i ) ; q = m

q= m  w c p,w (Tw,i − Tw,o ) (1,2)
For the pharmaceutical and water, Equation 8.42 is
Ts − Tp,o  pp DL  Ts − Tw,o  DL 
exp  −
= hp  ; exp  −
= hw  (3,4)
Ts − Tp,i  m  p c p,p  Ts − Tw,i  m  w c p,w 
   
Once we determine h p and h w , we may solve Equations (1) through (4) simultaneously for four
unknowns: q, T p,o , T w,o and T s . We will use Equation 8.76, but be aware that we are using the
correlation outside of its recommended range of applicability for the water. For the
pharmaceutical product, Equation 8.77 yields
 957 × (50 /10)  0.477

a=
1 + 2  =1.002 ; b = 1 + 1.048
=
 (500) × 10  10
Therefore, Equation 8.76 becomes
 3 3 / 2 1/ 3
 4.343   500(10 / 50)1/ 2 
Nu D,p = 3.66 + + 1.158    =16.03
 1.002   1.048  
 
Therefore, h p =
Nu D,p k p / D = 1283W / m 2 ⋅ K . For the pressurized
16.03 × 0.80W / m ⋅ K / 0.01m =
water, Equation 8.77 yields
 957 × (50 /10)  0.477

a=
1 + 2  =1.00 ; b = 1 + 1.296
=
 (4400) × 1.61  1.61
Continued…
Proceeding as before, we find=

Nu D,w 41.01,
= h w 2801W / m 2 ⋅ K . The tube length is L = N × π
× D r = 20 ×π × 0.05 m = 3.14 m. Substituting values into Equations (1) through (4) and solving
simultaneously yields
q = 1736 W, T p,o = 80.25°C, T w,o = 81.28°C, T s = 81.25°C <
(b) The dependence of the pharmaceutical outlet temperature on the water velocity is shown in
the graph below. Note that the pharmaceutical product’s outlet temperature can be controlled
accurately by modifying the water flow rate.
Temperature vs Water Velocity
100
95
Temperature (C)
90
85
80
75
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Water velocity (m/s)
Tp,o
Tw,o
Ts
COMMENTS: (1) The pharmaceutical outlet temperature will be relatively uniform

across the diameter of the tube due to mixing associated with secondary flow. (2)
Although we have applied Equation 8.76 outside of its range of general applicability, the
actual behavior is not expected to be significantly different than predicted. That is, we
would still expect the pharmaceutical outlet temperature to be highly controllable by
adjusting the water flow rate. Actual outlet temperatures could be easily measured and
the water flow rate adjusted to provide the desired thermal response. (3) The average
mean water temperature is Tm = (T w,i + T w,o )/2 = (127°C + 81.3°C)/2 = 104°C = 377 K.
The assumed mean temperature of 380 K is reasonable.
PROBLEM 8.82
KNOWN: Chip and cooling channel dimensions. Channel flowrate and inlet temperature. Chip
temperature.
FIND: Water outlet temperature and chip power.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation, (2) Uniform channel
surface temperature, (3) Tm = 300 K, (4) Fully developed flow.
-6
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water ( Tm = 300 K): c p = 4179 J/kg⋅K, m = 855 × 10 kg/s⋅m, k =
0.613 W/m⋅K, Pr = 5.83.
ANALYSIS: Using the hydraulic diameter, find the Reynolds number,
4 ( H × W ) 2 ( 50 × 200 ) m m 2 −6
Dh = = 10 m/m m= 8 ×10−5 m
2(H + W) 250 m m
ReD
=
ρ u m Dh m
= =
 1D h (
10−4 kg/s 8 ×10−5 m ) = 936.
m Ac m ( 50 × 200 )10−12 m2 ( )
855 ×10−6 kg/s ⋅ m
Hence, the flow is laminar and, from Table 8.1, Nu D = 4.44, so that
k 4.44 ( 0.613 W/m ⋅ K )
=h Nu
= D = 34, 022 W/m 2 ⋅ K.
Dh −
8 ×10 m5
-6 -4
With P = 2(H + W) = 2(250 mm) 10 m/mm = 5 ×10 m, Eq. 8.41b yields
Ts − Tm,o 350K − Tm,o  PL   5 ×10−6 m 2 × 34, 022 W/m 2 ⋅ K 

= exp  −
= exp  −
h = 
Ts − Tm,i 60 K     −4 
 m1 cp   10 kg/s × 4179 J/kg ⋅ K 
Tm,o =350K − 60 K exp ( −0.407 ) =310 K. <

Hence, from Eq. 8.34,
q=
m (
 c p Tm,o − Tm,i = ) (
 1c p Tm,o − Tm,i =×
Nm )
50 10−4 kg/s ( 4179 J/kg ⋅ K )( 20 K ) =
418 W. <
2
COMMENTS: (1) The chip heat flux of 418 W/cm is extremely large and the method provides a
very efficient means of heat removal from high power chips. However, clogging of the microchannels
is a potential problem which could seriously compromise reliability. (2) L/D h = 125 and 0.05 Re D Pr
= 272. Hence, fully developed conditions are not realized and h > 34,022. The actual power
dissipation is therefore greater than 418 W.
PROBLEM 8.83
KNOWN: Chip and cooling channel dimensions. Air flow rate and inlet temperature. Thermal and
momentum accommodation coefficients. Chip temperature. Nusselt number is affected due to
microscale effects in same proportion as for a uniform heat flux condition in a circular pipe.
FIND: Air outlet temperature and chip power.
SCHEMATIC:
Air: Tm,i = 290 K, m1=10-6 kg/s

•
αt = 0.8, αp = 0.9
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Incompressible fluid with negligible viscous dissipation, (2) Uniform channel
surface temperature, (3) Fully developed flow, (4) In accounting for microscale effects, D can be
replaced by Dh.
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air ( Tm = 300 K): cp = 1007 J/kg⋅K, m = 184.6 × 10-7 kg/s⋅m, k =
0.0263 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.707. Figure 2.8: Air: d = 0.372 × 10-9 m.
ANALYSIS: Using the hydraulic diameter, find the Reynolds number,
4( H ×W ) 2 ( 50 × 200 ) m m 2
Dh = = 10−6 m/m m= 8 × 10−5 m
2( H + W ) 250 m m
=
ReD
ρ um Dh m 1 Dh
= =
(
10−6 kg/s 8 × 10−5 m ) = 433
m Ac m ( 50 × 200 )10 −12
m 2
(184.6 ×10−7
)
kg/s ⋅ m
Hence, the flow is laminar and, from Table 8.1, NuD = 4.44 without taking microscale effects into
account.
Next, we consider microscale effects. The ideal gas constant, specific heat at constant volume, and
ratio of specific heats are:
R 8.315 kJ/kmol ⋅ K kJ
=
R = = 0.287 ;
M 28.97 kg/kmol kg ⋅ K
kJ kJ kJ c p 1.007
cv = c p − R = 1.007 − 0.287 = 0.720 ; g= = = 1.399
kg ⋅ K kg ⋅ K kg ⋅ K cv 0.720
From Equation 2.11 the mean free path of air is
k BT 1.381 × 10-23 J/K × 300 K

λmfp = = 66.5 × 10-9 m =
= 66.5 nm
2p d 2 p 2p ( 0.372 × 10 m ) (1.0133 × 10 N/m )
-9 2 5 2
Continued…
From Equation 8.78, the Nusselt number for constant heat flux in a circular pipe, accounting for
microscale effects, may be expressed as
hD 48
Nu=
D =
k 11 − 6ζ + ζ 2 + 48Γt
where
2 − α t 2γ  λmfp  2 − α p  λmfp  8Γ p
Γt =   , Γp =   ,ζ =
α t γ + 1  PrD  αp  D  1 + 8Γ p( )
Assuming D can be replaced by Dh, we find Γt =0.00206, Γ p =0.00102, ζ = 0.00806, and NuD =
4.34. The ratio of Nusselt number with and without microscale effects is:
Nu D ,micro 4.34
= = 0.995
Nu D ,no micro 4.36
For these particular conditions, the Nusselt number is not strongly affected by microscale phenomena.
The Nusselt number without microscale effects in the rectangular channel with constant wall
temperature was found in Table 8.1 to be NuD = 4.44. Therefore,
Nu D ,micro = 0.995 Nu D ,no micro = 0.995 × 4.44 = 4.42
k 4.42 ( 0.0263 W/m ⋅ K )

= h Nu= = 1450 W/m 2 ⋅ K
8 × 10−5 m
D
Dh
-6 -4
With P = 2(H + W) = 2(250 mm) 10 m/mm = 5 ×10 m, Eq. 8.41b yields
Ts − Tm ,o 350 K − Tm ,o  PL   5 × 10−4 m 2 × 1450 W/m 2 ⋅ K 

= =
exp  − h =
exp  − 
Ts − Tm ,i 60 K  m 1c p   10−6 kg/s × 1007 J/kg ⋅ K 
 
Tm ,o= 350 K − 60 K exp ( −721)= 350 K <

Hence, from Eq. 8.34,
q= p (Tm ,o − Tm ,i ) =
mc Nm 1c p (Tm ,o − Tm ,i ) =50 ×10−6 kg/s (1007 J/kg ⋅ K )( 60 K ) =3.0 W <
COMMENTS: (1) The chip heat flux of 3 W/cm2 is not very large. Under the specified conditions,
the heat transfer performance is sufficient to bring the air to the surface temperature by the end of the
channel, so poor heat transfer is not the issue. The problem is the low mass flow rate of air. A higher
mass flow rate could be used, provided pumping power does not become too large. (2) The
hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths are 0.05ReDDh = 1.7 mm and 0.05ReDDhPr = 1.2 mm. Hence,
the assumption of fully developed conditions is appropriate. (3) Microscale effects are modest and in
this case slightly decrease heat transfer. Microscale effects can either increase or decrease heat
transfer depending on the accommodation coefficients and tube diameter (see Problem 8.87).
PROBLEM 8.84
KNOWN: Flow of an ideal gas through a small diameter tube.

FIND: Expression for the transition density, below which microscale effects become important.
Value of the transition density for hydrogen, air and carbon dioxide.
SCHEMATIC:
8 mm
DD== 10
Air, Hydrogen,
or Carbon
Dioxide
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Constant properties, (2) Ideal gas.
PROPERTIES: Figure 2.8 and Table A.4 (p = 1 atm, T = 300 K) Air: M = 28.97 kmol/kg, d = 0.372
nm,  = 1.161 kg/m3, H2: M = 2.016 kmol/kg, d = 0.274 nm,  = 0.0808 kg/m3, CO2: M = 44.01
kmol/kg, d = 0.464 nm,  = 1.773 kg/m3.
ANALYSIS: From Eq. 2.11 the mean free path is
k BT
mfp 
2 d 2 p
and from the ideal gas equation of state, p = RT/M. Microscale effects become important at mfp/D 
0.01. Therefore,
mfp k BM 100k BM
 0.01  or  c = <
D 2 d 2  cR D 2 d 2R D
For air,
100k BM 100  1.381  1023 J/K  28.97 kmol/kg
 c ,Air =  = 0.979 kg/m3 <
2 d 2R D
 
2
2  0.372  10 m -9
 8315 J/kmol  K  8  10 m
-6
Repeating the calculation for hydrogen and CO2 yields
c,H2 = 0.125 kg/m3; c,CO2 = 0.955 kg/m3. <

The ratios of the transition to molecular density at p = 1 atm, T = 300 K, for the three gases are:
Gas________________Ratio______
Air 0.979/1.161 = 0.843
H2 0.125/0.0808 = 1.55
CO2 0.955/1.773 = 0.539
COMMENT: Microscale effects could be important, especially for hydrogen at atmospheric pressure
and T = 300 K.
PROBLEM 8.85
KNOWN: Chip and cooling channel dimensions. Channel flow rate and inlet temperature.
Temperature of chip at base of channel.
FIND: (a) Water outlet temperature and chip power, (b) Effect of channel width and pitch on power
dissipation.
SCHEMATIC:
S S
W δ/2 δ
H = 200 mm Ts = 350 K Ts
Silicon chip W/2 Silicon
m1 = 10-4 kg/s h kch = 140 W/m-K
Tm,i = 290 K L = 10 mm
Water
Water (b)
(a)
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation, (2) Flow may be
approximated as fully developed and channel walls as isothermal for purposes of estimating the
convection coefficient, (3) One-dimensional conduction along channel side walls, (4) Adiabatic
condition at end of side walls, (5) Heat dissipation is exclusively through fluid flow in channels, (6)
-6
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water ( Tm = 300K): c p = 4179 J/kg⋅K, m = 855 × 10 kg/s⋅m, k = 0.613
W/m⋅K, Pr = 5.83.
ANALYSIS: (a) The channel sidewalls act as fins, and a unit channel/sidewall combination is shown
in schematic (a), where the total number of unit cells corresponds to N = L/S. With N = 50 and L =
10 mm, S = 200 mm and δ = S – W = 150 mm. Alternatively, the unit cell may be represented in terms
of a single fin of thickness δ, as shown in schematic (b). The thermal resistance of the unit cell may
-1
be obtained from the expression for a fin array, Eq. (3.108), R t,o = (h o hA t ) , where A t = A f + A b =
-4 -4 -6 2
L (2 H + W) = 0.01m (4 × 10 + 0.5 × 10 ) m = 4.5 × 10 m . With D h = 4 (H × W)/2 (H + W) = 4
-4 -4 -4 -5
(2 × 10 m × 0.5 × 10 m)/2 (2.5 × 10 m) = 8 × 10 m, the Reynolds number is Re D = ρu m D h /m =
-4 -5 -4 -4 -6
 1 D h /A c m = 10 kg/s × 8 × 10 m/(2 × 10 m × 0.5 × 10 m) 855 × 10 kg/s⋅m = 936. Hence, the
m
flow is laminar, and assuming fully developed conditions throughout a channel with uniform surface
temperature, Table 8.1 yields Nu D = 4.44. Hence,
k 0.613 W / m ⋅ K × 4.44
=h = Nu D = 34, 022 W / m 2 ⋅ K
Dh −
8 ×10 m5
1/2 2 -4 1/2 -1
With m = (2h/k ch δ) = (68,044 W/m ⋅K/140 W/m⋅K × 1.5 × 10 m) = 1800 m and mH = 0.36,
the fin efficiency is
tanh mH 0.345
hf
= = = 0.958
mH 0.36
and the overall surface efficiency is
A 4.0 ×10−6
l − f (l − f ) =
ηη
o= l− ( l − 0.958) =
0.963
At 4.5 ×10−6
The thermal resistance of the unit cell is then
Continued …
( 0.963× 34, 022 W / m2 ⋅ K × 4.5 ×10−6 m2 )=

−1 −1
R=
t,o (ho h A t )= 6.78 K / W
The outlet temperature follows from Eq. (8.45b),

 l 
(
Tm,o =Ts − Ts − Tm,i exp  −
 m)  = 350K − ( 60K ) ×
 1 cp R t,o 
 
 1 
exp  − =
 10−4 kg / s × 4179 J / kg ⋅ K × 6.78 K / W 
307.8K <
 
The heat rate per channel is then
q=
1 m ( )
 1 cp Tm,o − Tm,i= 10−4 kg / s × 4179 J / kg ⋅ K (17.8K=) 7.46 W
and the chip power dissipation is
q=
Nq l =
50 × 7.46 W =
373 W <
(b) The foregoing result indicates significant heat transfer from the channel side walls due to the large
value of h f . If the pitch is reduced by a factor of 2 (S = 100 mm), we obtain
=S 100 m= m m, δ 50m=
m, W 50= m, N 100
= : q1 7.04=
W, q 704 W <
Hence, although there is a reduction in h f due to the reduction in δ (h f = 0.89) and therefore a slight
reduction in the value of q l , the effect is more than compensated by the increase in the number of
channels. Additional benefit may be derived by further reducing the pitch to whatever minimum
value of δ is imposed by manufacturing or structural limitations. There would also be an advantage to
increasing the channel hydraulic diameter and or flowrate, such that turbulent flow is achieved with a
correspondingly larger value of h.
COMMENTS: (1) Because electronic devices fail by contact with a polar fluid such as water, great
care would have to be taken to hermetically seal the devices from the coolant channels. In lieu of
water, a dielectric fluid could be used, thereby permitting contact between the fluid and the
electronics. However, all such fluids, such as air, are less effective as coolants. (2) With L/D h = 125
and L/D h ) fd ≈ 0.05 Re D Pr = 273, fully developed flow is not achieved and the value of h = h fd
underestimates the actual value of h in the channel. The coefficient is also underestimated by using a
Nusselt number that presumes heat transfer from all four (rather than three) surfaces of a channel.
PROBLEM 8.86
KNOWN: Temperature and pressure of a gas flowing in a circular tube.
FIND: The critical tube diameter, D c , below which incompressible turbulent flow cannot exist for (a)
air (b) CO 2 , and (c) He.
SCHEMATIC:
Air, CO2 or He
um
T = 300 K
D p = 1 atm
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Ideal gas behavior. (2) Fully-developed flow.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4 (T = 300 K): Air; c p = 1007 J/kg⋅K, µ = 184.6 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2. CO 2 ; c p =
851 J/kg⋅K, µ = 149 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2. He; c p = 5193 J/kg⋅K, µ = 199 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2 . Figure 2.8: Air; M =
28.97 kg/kmol. CO 2 ; M = 44.01 kg/kmol He; M = 4.003 kg/kmol.
ANALYSIS: The relationship Re D,c = u m D/ν ≈ 2300 may be plotted on a log-log scale, as shown in
the figure below. Laminar flow occurs to the left of the sloped line, while turbulent flow occurs to the
right of the line. The critical Mach number Ma c = u m /a ≈ 0.3 is drawn as the horizontal line that
separates regions of incompressible flow (below the line) and compressible flow (above the line). It is
evident that below a critical diameter, D c , turbulent incompressible flow and heat transfer cannot exist.
Compressible
Log um
Incompressible
Turbulent
Laminar
Dc Log D
(a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
ρ = p/RT (1)
and from Section 6.4.2 the speed of sound is
a = γ RT (2)
Continued…
where γ ≡ c p /c v is the ratio of specific heats. The mean velocity may be related to the Mach number,
Ma, and is
u=
m Ma ⋅ a (3)
Combining the preceding equations yields
Ma ⋅ p γ
Re = D (4)
µ RT
Specifying Re = Re c and Ma = Ma c leads to the following expression for the critical tube diameter
Rec RT µ
Dc = (5)
Mac γ p
For air, the ideal gas constant, specific heat at constant volume, and ratio of specific heats are
R
= = = 0.287 ;
kJ kJ kJ c 1.007
cv = c p − R = 1.007 − 0.287 = 0.720 ; g = p = = 1.399
kg ⋅ K kg ⋅ K kg ⋅ K cv 0.720
Therefore,
2300 287 J/kg ⋅ K × 300 K 184.6 × 10−7 N ⋅ s/m 2

Dc = × =346 × 10−6 m =0.346 mm <
0.3 1.399 1.0133 × 105 N/m 2
(b,c) The calculations may be repeated for CO 2 and He, yielding the following results.
Gas R (kJ/kg⋅K) c v (kJ/kg⋅K) γ D c (mm)
CO 2 0.189 0.662 1.285 0.237 <

He 2.077 3.116 1.667 0.920 <
COMMENTS: (1) Below the critical diameter, D c , the effects of compressibility must always be
accounted for if the flow is turbulent, and are often important if the flow is laminar. Because the
correlations of Chapter 8 do not account for the effects of compressibility, they may not be applied to
situations where turbulence exists and the tube diameter is less than D c . The correlations must be used
with caution if the flow is laminar and D < D c since compressibility effects might be important. (2)
The critical diameter is moderately dependent on the specific gas of interest, for the three gases
considered here.
PROBLEM 8.87
KNOWN: Temperature and pressure of air flowing in a circular tube of known diameter. Thermal
and momentum accommodation coefficients. Fully developed laminar flow with constant heat flux.
FIND: Graph of the Nusselt number versus tube diameter for 1 µm ≤ D ≤ 1 mm and (a) α t = 1, α p =
1, (b) α t = 0.1, α p = 0.1, (c) α t = 1, α p = 0.1 and (d) α t = 0.1, α p = 1.
SCHEMATIC:
Air Unknown material
um
T = 300 K
D p = 1 atm
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Ideal gas behavior. (2) Fully-developed laminar flow.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4 (T = 300 K): Air; c p = 1007 J/kg⋅K, Pr = 0.707. Figure 2.8: Air; M =
28.97 kg/kmol, d = 0.372 × 10-9 m.
ANALYSIS: The ideal gas constant, specific heat at constant volume, and ratio of specific heats are:
R
= = = 0.287 ;
kJ kJ kJ c 1.007
cv = c p − R = 1.007 − 0.287 = 0.720 ; g = p = = 1.399
kg ⋅ K kg ⋅ K kg ⋅ K cv 0.720
k BT 1.381 × 10-23 J/K × 300 K

λmfp = = 66.5 × 10-9 m =
= 66.5 nm
2p ( 0.372 × 10 m ) (1.0133 × 10 N/m )
2
2p d p2 -9 5 2
From Equation 8.78, the Nusselt number may be expressed as
hD 48
Nu=
D = (1)
k 11 − 6ζ + ζ 2 + 48Γt
where
2 − α t 2γ  λmfp  (2)
Γt =
α t γ + 1  PrD 
Continued…
2 − α p  λmfp 
Γp =
α p  D  (3)
8Γ p
ζ = (4)
(1 + 8Γ p )
Equations 1 through 4 may be combined to yield the following graph that shows the variation of the
Nusselt number over the tube diameter range 1 µm ≤ D ≤ 1000 µm.
alphat
alphat
alphat===10.1
alphap
alphap
alphap
alphap
===0.1
1=0.11
6
αt = 1, αp = 0.1
αt = 1, αp = 1
NuD
2 αt = 0.1, αp = 0.1
<
αt = 0.1, αp = 1
0
1 4 8 20 60 100 400 800
D mic ron
D, µm
Nu
The accommodation coefficients begin to influence the Nusselt number (and hence the convection heat
transfer coefficient) at diameters less than approximately 400 µm. <
The Nusselt number is least sensitive to changes in the tube diameter for α t = α p = 1. <
The Nusselt number can exceed 4.36 when the momentum accommodation coefficient is small and the
thermal accommodation coefficient is large. <
Small values of the thermal accommodation coefficient in conjunction with large values of the
momentum accommodation coefficient result in the most significant reductions in the Nusselt number.
<
The Nusselt number can increase or decrease relative to the value associated with conventional flows,
and the change in the Nusselt number can be quite large. Hence prediction of convection heat transfer
coefficients in nano- and some microscale devices involving gas flow is typically subject to a high
degree of uncertainty. <
Comment: Thermal accommodation coefficients can be of very small value, as discussed in Chapter
3.
PROBLEM 8.88
KNOWN: Temperature and pressure of a gas flowing in a circular tube of known diameter with
constant surface heat flux. Thermal and momentum accommodation coefficients. Fully developed
laminar flow.
FIND: Graph of the Nusselt number for tube diameters of 1 µm ≤ D ≤ 1 mm.
SCHEMATIC:
Air Steel
um
T = 350 K
D p = 1 atm
PROPERTIES: Table A.4 (T = 350 K): Air; c p = 1009 J/kg⋅K, k = 0.030 W/m∙K, Pr = 0.70. Figure
2.8: Air; M = 28.97 kg/kmol, d = 0.372 × 10-9 m.
R
= = = 0.287 ;
kJ kJ kJ c 1.009
cv = c p − R = 1.009 − 0.287 = 0.722 ; g = p = = 1.398
kg ⋅ K kg ⋅ K kg ⋅ K cv 0.722
k BT 1.381 × 10-23 J/K × 350 K

λmfp = = =77.6 × 10-9 m =77.6 nm
2p ( 0.372 × 10 m ) (1.0133 × 10 N/m )
2
2p d p2 -9 5 2
From Equation 8.78 the Nusselt number may be expressed as
hD 48
Nu=
D = (1)
k 11 − 6ζ + ζ 2 + 48Γt
where
Continued…
2 − α t 2γ  λmfp  2 − 0.92 2 × 1.398  77.6 × 10−9 m  152 × 10−9 m (2)

=Γt = ⋅  = 
α t γ + 1  PrD  0.92 1.398 + 1  0.700 D  D
2 − α p  λmfp  2 − 0.87  77.6 × 10−9 m  101 × 10−9 m

=
Γp = ⋅ = 
α p  D  0.87  D  D (3)
8Γ p
ζ = (4)
(1 + 8Γ p )
Equations 1 through 4 may be combined to yield the following graph that shows the variation of the
Nusselt number over the tube diameter range 1 µm ≤ D ≤ 1000 µm.
5
NuD = 4.36
4.5
NuD 4
3.5
<
3
1 4 8 20 60 100 400 800
Dmicron
D, µm
Nu
Nutrad
COMMENTS: (1) The Nusselt number begins to be affected by the tube dimension at a tube
diameter of D ≈ 100 µm. (2) Equation 8.78 is associated with constant heat flux conditions. We would
expect a similar reduction in Nusselt numbers for constant temperature wall conditions.
PROBLEM 8.89
KNOWN: Inner diameter of microscale tube, wall thickness of tube, temperature of water inside
the tube, and temperature of water in cross flow over the tube.
FIND: (a) Required tube length at ReD = 2000, (b) Water outlet temperature, (c) Pressure drop
associated with the flow of water inside the tube, (d) Height of water column needed to supply the
required inlet pressure and time needed to collect 0.1 liter of water. Discuss measurement of
outlet water temperature.
SCHEMATIC:
t = 1 mm
d = 50 mm
g Water
H
L .
m
Water
Tm,i = 300 K
Water Water
V = 2 m/s
T8 = 350 K

liquid and negligible viscous dissipation, (3) Negligible microscale or nanoscale effects.
PROPERTIES: Table A.6, water: ( Tm = 305 K): k = 0.620 W/m⋅K, cp = 4178 J/kg⋅K, m = 769
× 10-6 N⋅s/m2, Pr = 5.2, ρ = 995 kg/m3: ( T = 330 K): k = 0.650 W/m⋅K, cp = 4194 J/kg⋅K, m =
489 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2, Pr = 3.15, ρ = 984 kg/m3. Table A.3 glass: k = 1.4 W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) At ReD = 2000, Equation 8.3 yields xfd,h = 0.05ReDPrD = 0.05 × 2000 × 5.2 ×
50 × 10-6 m = 26 × 10-3 m. Therefore, L = 2xfd,h = 2 × 26 × 10-3 m = 52 × 10-6 m = 52 mm. <
(b) Equation 8.45a is
T∞ − Tm,o  UAs 
= exp  −  (1)
T∞ − Tm,i  mc p
 
where we will use U = Ui , As = As,i . Note that Re=

D  /(πDm) so that m
4m  Re D πDm / 4
=
 /(ρAc) =
= 2000 × π × 50 × 10-6 m × 769 × 10-6 N∙s/m2/4 = 60.4 × 10-6 kg/s. Therefore, um = m
60.4 × 10 kg/s × 4/ (995 kg/m × π × (50 × 10 m) ) = 31 m/s. From Equation 3.36,
-6 3 -6 2
Continued…
1
Ui = (2)
1 d / 2  (d / 2 + t)  d/2 1
+ ln   +
h i kg  d / 2  (d / 2 + t) h o
As,i = πdL = π × 50 × 10-6 m × 52 × 10-3 m = 8.17 × 10-6 m2. From Equation 8.57,
0.0668(50 × 10−6 / 53 × 10−3 ) × 2000 × 5.3

Nu D =
3.66 + 2/3
=
4.371
 −6 −3 
1 + 0.04 (50 × 10 / 53 × 10 ) × 2000 × 5.3
 
k
and h D ==
h i Nu D 4.371 × 0.620W / m ⋅ K / 50 × 10−6 m =
= 54.2 × 103 W / m 2 ⋅ K .
D
For the cross flow of water over the tube, ReD = VDρ/m = 2 m/s × (50 × 10-6 m + 2 × 1 × 10-3
m)(984 kg/m3)/489 × 10-6 N∙s/m2 = 8253. From Equation 7.54,
4/5
0.62(8253)1/ 2 (3.15)1/ 3   8253 5 / 8 
Nu D =
0.3 + 1 +    =
85.14
1 + (0.4 / 3.15) 2 / 3 
1/ 4
  282,000  
 
and
h D= h o= Nu D k /(d + 2t)= 85.14 × 0.65W / m ⋅ K /(50 × 10−6 m + 2 × 1 × 10−3 m)= 27.0 × 103 W / m 2 ⋅ K
Therefore,
1
Ui = =
11.7 × 103 W / m 2 ⋅ K
 1 −6 −6 −
50 × 10 m / 2  (50 × 10 m / 2 + 1 × 10 m) 
3 
 + ln  
 54.2 × 10 W / m ⋅ K 1.4W / m ⋅ K 
3
50 × 10−6 m / 2  
 
+ 50 × 10−6 m / 2 1 
×
 (50 × 10−6 m / 2 + 1 × 10−3 m) 27.0 × 103 W / m 2 ⋅ K 
 
Equation (1) becomes
350K − Tm,o  11.7 × 103 W / m 2 ⋅ K × 8.17 × 10−6 m 2 

= exp  − 
350K − 300K  60.4 × 10−6 kg / s ⋅ 4194J / kg ⋅ K
 
or, Tm,o = 316 K <

Continued…
(c) For laminar flow, Equation 8.19 yields f = 64/ReD = 64/2000 = 32 × 10-3. Equation 8.22a
yields
ρu 2m 32 × 10−3 × 995kg / m3 × (31m / s) 2 × 52 × 10−3 m

Dp= f L= −
= 15.9 × 106 Pa <
2D 2(50 × 10 m)
6
(d) The pressure generated by the water column must offset the pressure drop in the tube.
Therefore,
rgH =∆p or H =∆r

p / g =15.9 × 106 N / m 2 /(995kg / m3 × 9.8m / s 2 ) =1630m =1.63km <
The time required for a particular volume of water to flow through the system is
1m3
0.1 × × 995kg / m3
Vρ
=t = 1000ml = 1650s <
m 60.4 × 10−6 kg / s
COMMENTS: (1) Microscale experimentation is often very difficult to perform. In addition to

the difficulty in measuring the water outlet temperature, establishing a constant flow rate with
such a large inlet pressure would be very difficult. (2) Turbulent conditions in microscale systems
are rare in nature, and are difficult to achieve experimentally. (3) The glass tube wall is relatively
thick. Therefore, conduction in the axial direction is likely to be significant. (4) The average mean
water temperature inside the tube is Tm = (Tm,i + Tm,o)/2 = (300 K + 316 K)/2 = 308 K. The
assumed mean temperature of 305 K is good.
PROBLEM 8.90
KNOWN: Temperature and pressure of air flowing in a circular tube or between parallel plates.
Thermal and momentum accommodation coefficients.
FIND: Tube diameter D and plate spacing a that correspond to a 10 percent reduction in the Nusselt
number.
SCHEMATIC:
Air αt = 0.92, αp = 0.87 Air
um
D a
Tube Parallel plates

T = 350 K
p = 1 atm
PROPERTIES: Table A.4 (T = 350 K): Air; c p = 1009 J/kg⋅K, Pr = 0.70. Figure 2.8: Air; M = 28.97
kg/kmol, d = 0.372 × 10-9 m.
R
= = = 0.287 ;
kJ kJ kJ c 1.009
cv = c p − R = 1.009 − 0.287 = 0.722 ; g = p = = 1.398
kg ⋅ K kg ⋅ K kg ⋅ K cv 0.722
k BT 1.381 × 10-23 J/K × 350 K

λmfp = = =77.6 × 10-9 m =77.6 nm
2p ( 0.372 × 10-9 m ) (1.0133 × 105 N/m 2 )
2
2p d p2
From Equation 8.78 the Nusselt number for the tube may be expressed as
48
NuD = =0.9 × 4.36 =3.92 (1)
11 − 6ζ + ζ 2 + 48Γt
where
2 − α t 2γ  λmfp  2 − 0.92 2 × 1.398  77.6 × 10−9 m  152 × 10−9 m (2)

=Γt = ⋅  = 
α t γ + 1  PrD  0.92 1.398 + 1  0.700 D  D
Continued…
2 − α p  λmfp  2 − 0.87  77.6 × 10−9 m  101 × 10−9 m

=
Γp = ⋅ = 
α p  D  0.87  D  D (3)
8Γ p
ζ = (4)
(1 + 8Γ p )
Equations 1 through 4 may be solved by trial-and-error to yield D = 2.94 × 10-6 m = 2.94 µm. <
From Equation 8.79 the Nusselt number for the parallel plate configuration may be expressed as
140
NuD = =0.9 × 8.23 =7.41 (5)
17 − 6ζ + (2 / 3)ζ 2 + 70Γt
where
2 − α t 2γ  λmfp  2 − 0.92 2 × 1.398  77.6 × 10−9 m  152 × 10−9 m (6)

=Γt = ⋅  = 
α t γ + 1  PrDh  0.92 1.398 + 1  0.700 Dh  Dh
2 − α p  λmfp  2 − 0.87  77.6 × 10−9 m  101 × 10−9 m

=
Γp = ⋅ = 
α p  Dh  0.87  Dh  Dh (7)
6Γ p
ζ = (8)
(1 + 6Γ p )
Equations 5 through 8 may be solved by trial-and-error to yield D h = 3.97 × 10-6 m = 3.97 µm. The
plate spacing a = D h /2 = 3.97 µm/2 = 1.99 µm. <
COMMENTS: The tube diameter and plate spacing required to reduce the Nusselt number by 10
percent are quite small. In situations involving characteristic dimensions that are not extremely small,
the effect of the molecule-wall interaction can typically be neglected.
PROBLEM 8.91
KNOWN: Diameters and length of three microchannels machined in a copper block. Inlet
temperature of water flowing through the channels, copper block temperature, pressure difference
from inlet to outlet of the channels.
FIND: (a) Mass flow rate and outlet temperature in each channel, (b) Average flow rate through
each channel and average, mixed temperature of water collected from all three channels, (c)
Comparison between average flow rates and average heat transfer rates based upon experiment to
that calculated based upon a single microchannel diameter of 50 µm.
SCHEMATIC:
Tcu = 310 K
Copper block
. . . L = 20 mm
m1 m2 m3 Dp = 2.5x106 Pa
Water
Tm,i = 300 K
D1 = 45 µm
D2 = 50 µm D3 = 55 µm

liquid and negligible viscous dissipation, (3) Negligible microscale or nanoscale effects, (4)
Negligible entrance or exit losses in the microchannels, (5) Fully developed flow for purposes of
calculating the mass flow rate in each channel, (6) Isothermal copper block.
PROPERTIES: Table A.6, water: ( Tm = 305 K): k = 0.620 W/m⋅K, cp = 4178 J/kg⋅K, µ = 769
× 10-6 N⋅s/m2, ν = 7.728 × 10-7 m2/s, Pr = 5.2, ρ = 995 kg/m3.
ANALYSIS: (a) For the D = 50 µm channel, from Equation 8.22a,
Dp =fρu 2m L / 2D =f × 995kg / m3 × u 2m × 20 × 10−3 m /(2 × 50 × 10−6 m) (1)
where the friction factor may be evaluated using the Petukhov expression,
f = (0.790lnReD-1.64)-2 (2)
The Reynolds number may be expressed as
u m D u m × 50 × 10−6 m
=
Re = (3)
7.728 × 10−7 m 2 / s
D
ν
Continued…
Simultaneous solution of Equations (1) through (3) yields, for the D = 50 µm channel, ReD = 845,
um = 13.06 m/s. The mass flow rate is
 = ρu m πD 2 / 4 = 995kg / m3 × 13.06m / s × π × (50 × 10−6 m) 2 / 4 = 2.55 × 10−5 kg / s
m <
The thermal entrance length is xfd,t = 0.05ReDPrD = 0.05 × 845 × 5.2 × 50 × 10-6 m = 11.0× 10-3 m
= 11.0 mm. From the Hausen correlation,
0.0668 × (50 × 10−6 m / 20 × 10−3 m) × 845 × 5.2

Nu D =
3.66 + 2/3
=
4.27
 −6 −3 
1 + 0.04 × (50 × 10 m / 20 × 10 m) × 845 × 5.2
 
Hence,
Nu D k 4.27 × 0.62W / m ⋅ K
h= = −6
=
5.29 × 104 W / m 2 ⋅ K
D 50 × 10 m
From Equation 8.41b,
 PL 
Tm (x =L) =Ts − Ts − Tm,i  exp  − h
 mc p
 
 p × 50 × 10−6 m 
= 310K − [310K − 300K ] exp  − × 5.29 × 104 W / m 2 ⋅ K 
 2.55 × 10−5 kg / s × 4178J / kg ⋅ K 
 
= 307.9K= 34.9°C= Tm,o
<
Results for the three different channels are shown in the table below. <
D = 45 µm (case 1) D = 50 µm (case 2) D = 55 µm (case 3)
ReD 690 845 1012
um (m/s) 11.85 13.06 14.23
 (kg/s)
m 1.88 × 10-5 2.55 × 10-5 3.36 × 10-5
xfd,t (mm) 8.1 11.0 14.5
Nu D 4.12 4.27 4.44
h(W / m 2 ⋅ K) 5.68 × 104 5.29 × 104 5.01 × 104
Tm,o (K) 308.7 307.9 307.1

Continued…
(b) The average mass flow rate is
 =(m
m 1+m  3 ) / 3 = (1.88 × 10−5 + 2.55 × 10−5 + 3.36 × 10−5 )kg / s  / 3 =2.60 × 10−5 kg / s
2 +m <
 
The average, mixed outlet temperature is
T=
m,o  1Tm,o,1 + m
(m  2 Tm,o,2 + m
 3Tm,o,3 ) /(m
1+m
2 +m
 3)
(1.88 × 10−5 kg / s × 308.7K + 2.55 × 10−5 kg / s × 307.9K + 3.36 × 10−5 kg / s × 307.1K)
= 307.7K
(1.88 × 10−5 + 2.55 × 10−5 + 3.36 × 10−5 )kg / s
(c) Equation 8.41b may be re-arranged to
 p  Ts − Tm,o
mc  2.60 × 10−5 kg / s × 4178J / kg ⋅ K  310 − 307.7 
h=
− ln   =
− ln  =50,800W / m 2 ⋅ K
PL  Ts − Tm,L  p × 50 × 10 −6
m × 20 × 10 −3
m  310 − 300 
Thus, the inferred value of the mass flow rate is 2% greater than the predicted value for a 50 µm
diameter channel. The inferred value of the convection coefficient (50,800 W/m2∙K) is 4% less
than the predicted value for a 50 µm diameter channel. The experimenter must carefully assess
his or her claims since the differences are small and might be attributed to variations in the
channel dimensions that occur during their manufacture.
COMMENTS: (1) Experimentation at the microscale is challenging. Misinterpretation of the

experimental results might occur unless the experimental system is designed very carefully. For
example, the diameters of the channels might need to be measured after their manufacture. (2)
When boring holes, the hole diameter is always greater than the diameter of the tool. If the
experimentalist assumes that the actual hole size is the same as the tool size, what (inappropriate)
conclusions might he or she make regarding possible microscale fluid flow and heat transfer
effects when analyzing the measured results?
PROBLEM 8.92
KNOWN: Air flow through a plastic tube in which evaporation occurs.
FIND: Convection mass transfer coefficient, h m .
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Heat-mass

transfer analogy applicable, (4) Fully-developed flow and mass transfer conditions.
PROPERTIES: Plastic-air (given, 400K): Sc = ν/D AB = 2.0; Table A-4, Air (400K, 1 atm):
-6 2
ν = 26.41 × 10 m /s.
ANALYSIS: For fully-developed flow and thermal conditions with laminar flow and a
uniform surface temperature,
hD
Nu=
D = 3.66
k
This situation is analogous to the evaporation of plastic vapor into the air stream with the
inner surface remaining at a constant concentration of plastic vapor, C A,s , along the length of
the tube. Invoking the heat-mass transfer analogy,
hmD
Sh D
= = 3.66.
D AB
Recognizing that Sc = ν/D AB ,
ν  1 26.4 ×10−6 m 2 / s 1
hm =
3.66   3.66 ×
= ×
−3
2.42 ×10−2 m/s.
= <
Sc
  D 2.0 2 ×10 m
COMMENTS: (1) The heat-mass transfer analogy requires that the vapor (A) have a
negligible effect on the flow. Hence, the flow is that of air (B) and ν = ν B .
(2) Only the mixture property D AB is required to characterize the plastic vapor for this
evaporation process.
PROBLEM 8.93
KNOWN: Temperature and flow rate of dry air passing upward through a tube having a rippled water
film flowing downward on its inside surface. Temperature and thickness of film. Tube diameter.
Evaporation rate.
FIND: Percentage change in mass transfer coefficient relative to a smooth, stationary water film.
SCHEMATIC:
nA“ =
0.55 kg/h·m2
t = 1 mm
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Heat-mass analogy
applicable, (4) Air is saturated with water at the air-water interface, and (5) Negligible water vapor in the
air stream.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, Air (300 K, 1 atm): m = 184.6 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2; Table A.8, Water vapor-air
(300 K, 1atm): D AB = 0.26 × 10-4 m2/s × (300/298)3/2 = 0.263 × 10-4 m2/s. Table A.6, Saturated water (300
K): ρ g = 1/υ g = 1/39.13 m3/kg = 0.0256 kg/m3.
ANALYSIS: We begin by calculating the mass transfer coefficient from the measured evaporation rate:
n ′′A n ′′A ( 0.55 3600 ) kgs ⋅ m2

h m,meas
= = = = 5.98 ×10−3 m/s
( ρ A,s − ρ A,∞ ) ( ρ A,sat − ρ A,∞ ) (0.0256 − 0) kg m3
Next we calculate the mass transfer coefficient for evaporation of water into air for fully developed flow
with a smooth interface. The diameter of the air flow is reduced by the presence of the water film, that is,
D i = D – 2t = 28 mm. The Reynolds number is:
4m 4 × ( 3 3600 ) kg s
ReD
= = = 2050
π Di m π × 0.028m ×184.6 ×10−7 N s ⋅ m 2
The flow is laminar and the boundary condition is constant mass fraction. Invoking the heat-mass
analogy, Sh D = Nu D = 3.66 (from Equation 8.55), therefore
Continued…
D AB 0.263 ×10−4 m 2 s
hm = Sh D = × 3.66 = 3.43 ×10−3 m/s
Di 0.028m
The percentage change in the mass transfer coefficient is:
h m,meas − h m,smooth (5.98 ×10−3 − 3.43 ×10−3 ) m/s

= = 74% <
h m,smooth 3.43 ×10−3 m/s
COMMENTS: (1) The heat-mass analogy requires that the evaporation of water vapor have negligible
effect on the velocity boundary layer. (2) It is important to recognize that the vapor is species (A) and
the air species (B). Furthermore, the properties of the mixture of air and water vapor are approximated as
the properties of pure air, specifically m = m B .
PROBLEM 8.94
KNOWN: Temperature and flow rate of air in a tube with a naphthalene coated inner surface.
FIND: Convection mass transfer coefficient under fully developed conditions and velocity
and concentration entry lengths.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Heat and mass transfer analogy is applicable, (2) Uniform vapor
concentration along inner surface.
-7 2 -6
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (300 K, 1 atm): m = 184.6 × 10 N⋅s/m , ν = 15.89 × 10
2 -6 2
m /s; Table A-8, Naphthalene-air (300K, 1 atm): D AB = 6.2 × 10 m /s, Sc = ν/D AB = 2.56.
ANALYSIS: For air flow through the tube,
4m 4 × 0.04 kg/s
ReD
= = = 55,178.
π Dm π ( 0.05m ) 184.6 ×10−7 N ⋅ s/m 2
Hence the flow is turbulent and from Eq. 8.88,

4/5 0.4
=Sh D 0.023
= Re4/5
D Sc
0.4 0.023 55,178
( = ) ( 2.56 ) 208
D AB 6.2 × 10−6 m2 / s
=hm = Sh D = 208 0.026 m/s. <
D 0.05 m
From Eq. 8.4, it follows that
10D ≤ x fd,h ≈ x fd,c ≤ 60D
or
0.5 m ≤ x fd,h ≈ x fd,c ≤ 3 m. <
An entry length of 0.5 m is assumed.
COMMENTS: Note that the flow properties are taken to be those of the air, with the
contribution of the naphthalene vapor assumed to be negligible.
PROBLEM 8.95
KNOWN: Temperature, pressure, and flow rate of air passing through holes bored in a sublimating
solid. Diameter and length of holes. Solid density, molecular weight, vapor pressure, and diffusion
coefficient in air.
FIND: Local mass fluxes from the solid at x = 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 m. Estimated hole diameters after 30
minutes operation.
SCHEMATIC:
L = 0.5m
D = 10 mm DAB (p = 1 atm)
Solid (A)
MA = 95 kg/kmol = 2.5 × 10-5 m2/s
x ρ = 1500 kg/m3 pA,s = 10 mm Hg
Air (B)
T = 320K, p= 2 atm
m•
= 3 × 10-4 kg/s
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Heat-mass analogy
applicable, (4) Negligible concentration of sublimated vapor in the air (ρ A,m = 0), (5) Sublimated vapor
can be approximated as an ideal gas.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, Air (320 K, 2 atm): m = 194 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2, ν(2 atm) = ν(1 atm)(1/2) = 17.9
× 10-6/2 m2/s = 8.95× 10-6 m2/s. Sublimating solid (320 K, 2 atm): D AB (2 atm) = D AB (1 atm)(1/2) = 2.5 ×
10-5/2 m2/s = 1.25 × 10-5 m2/s.
ANALYSIS: The Reynolds number is:
4m 4 × 3 ×10−4 kg s
ReD
= = = 1970
π Dm π × 0.01 m ×194 ×10−7 N s ⋅ m 2
The flow is laminar. From Equation 8.3, the hydrodynamic entry length is:
xfd,h = 0.05 ReD D = 0.05 ×1970 × 0.01 m = 0.98 m
By analogy with Equation 8.23, the concentration entry length is:
xfd,t = 0.05 ReD DSc = 0.05 ×1970 × 0.01 m × 0.716 = 0.70 m
where Sc = ν/D AB = 8.95× 10-6 m2/s / 1.25 × 10-5 m2/s = 0.716. All three of the locations, x = 0.1, 0.25,
and 0.5 m are within the combined entry length. Since we are interested in finding the local mass fluxes,
we must use Figure 8.10a to find the Sherwood numbers. Here, the Schmidt number is 0.716, which is
close to the value of 0.7 for Figure 8.10a.
Continued…
The inverse Graetz numbers for the three locations are:
x/D x / 0.01 m
= 7.09 10−3 , 1.77 ×10−2 , 3.55 ×10−2 for x = 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 m
=×
ReD Sc 1970 × 0.716
The Sherwood numbers are roughly estimated from Figure 8.10a for the case of combined entry length
and constant surface temperature (analogous to constant surface concentration):
Sh D = 6, 5, 4 for x = 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 m
Then,
DAB 1.25 ×10−5 m 2 s

hm = ShD = 7.5 ×10−3 , 6.3 ×10−3 , 5.0 ×10−3 m/s for x = 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 m
ShD =
D 0.01 m
The saturation density of the solid can be found from its vapor pressure:
pA,sat MA 10 mm Hg × 95 kg/kmol
ρ A,s ρ=
= = = 0.0476 kg/m3
( 760 mm Hg/atm ) ( 0.082 m ⋅ atm/kmol ⋅ K ) 320 K
A,sat
ℜT 3
Then the mass fluxes at the three locations are:
nA′′ = hm ( ρ A, s − ρ A,m ) = hm ( ρ A,sat − 0) = 3.6 ×10−4 , 3.0 ×10−4 , 2.4 ×10−4 kg/s ⋅ m 2 <
The change in diameter can be estimated from the mass flux:
mass loss = change in mass as hole enlarges

π ( Dnew
2
− D2 )
nA′′ π DDt =ρ A
4
Dnew = D 2 + 4nA′′ DDt / ρ A = (0.01 m) 2 + 4nA′′ ( 0.01 m × (30 × 60) s /1500 kg/m3 )
= 0.0108, 0.0107, 0.0106 m for x = 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 m, respectively. <
COMMENTS: (1) The change in hole diameter is small relative to the diameter. If the change were
larger (for example, over a longer time period), it would be necessary to account for the change in mass
transfer coefficient and mass flux with time. (2) The assumption that ρ A,m = 0 can be checked.
Considering the furthest location, x = 0.5 m, the average mass transfer coefficient can be calculated from
Equation 8.58 (or estimated from Figure 8.10b) to be h m = 7.3 × 10-3 m/s. Then from Equation 8.86 we
find ρ A,m = 1.5 × 10-2 kg/m3. This is not truly negligible relative to ρ A,sat and it would be more accurate to
take ρ A,m into account in the equation for nA′′ above.
PROBLEM 8.96
KNOWN: Air flow over roughened section of tube constructed from naphthalene.
FIND: Mass and heat transfer convection coefficients associated with the roughened section;
contrast these results with those for a smooth section.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Heat-mass transfer analogy applicable, (3)
Negligible naphthalene vapor in airstream, ρ A,m = 0, (4) Constant properties, (5) Naphthalene vapor
behaves as perfect gas.
-6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (300K, 1 atm): ν = 15.89 × 10 m /s, k = 0.0263 W/m⋅K, Pr =
-5 2
0.707; Table A-8, Naphthalene-air mixture (300K, 1 atm): D AB = 0.62 × 10 m /s, Sc= ν B /D AB =
-4
2.563; Naphthalene (given, 300K): p sat,A = 1.31 × 10 bar, M A = 128.16 kg/kmol.
ANALYSIS: Using the rate equation with the experimentally observed sublimination rate of
naphthalene vapor, the average mass transfer coefficient for the section is
=  A / (π DL ) ρ A,s − ρ A,m
hm m ( )
ρ A,m 0 =
= ρ A,s ρ A,sat
= ( 300K ) M A Psat,A / ℜT
1.31×10−4 bar
r A,s =
128.16 kg/kmol × 6.731×10−4 kg/m3
=
8.314 ×10−2 m3 ⋅ bar/kmol ⋅ K × 300K
hm =
0.010 kg
3 × 3600 s ( )
/ (π × 0.075m × 0.150m ) 6.731×10−4 − 0 kg/m3 =3.89 ×10−2 m/s. <
Invoking the heat-mass transfer analogy, the associated heat transfer coefficient is
1/ 3 1/ 3
k  Pr  0.0263 W/m ⋅ K  0.707 
h=
hm   3.89 ×10−2 m/s
=   107 W/m 2 ⋅ K. <
=
D AB  Sc  0.62 ×10−5m 2 / s  2.563 
The corresponding convection coefficients for a smooth section can be estimated using the Dittus-
Boelter relation (the heating condition, n = 0.4, has been selected),
h=
k
0.023 Re 4/5 0.4
D Pr = ( 0.0263 W/m ⋅ K/0.075 m ) × 0.023 ( 35, 000 )4/5 ( 0.707
= )0.4 30 W/m2 ⋅ K <
D
Using the analogous mass transfer relation, Eq. 8.88,
( DAB / D ) 0.023 Re4/5

hm = D Sc
0.4
( )
0.62 × 10−5 m 2 / s/0.075 m × 0.023 ( 35, 000 )
=
4/5
( 2.563)0.4
-2
h m = 1.20 × 10 m/s <
COMMENTS: The effect of roughening is to increase the convection coefficients over the
corresponding value for the smooth condition; in this case, by a factor of approximately 3.5.
PROBLEM 8.97
KNOWN: Density and flow rate of gas through a tube with evaporation or sublimation at the tube
surface.
FIND: (a) Longitudinal distribution of mean vapor density, (b) Total rate of vapor transfer.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady, incompressible flow, (2) Flow rate is independent of x, (3) Negligible
chemical reactions, (4) Uniform perimeter P.
ANALYSIS: (a) Applying conservation of species to a differential control volume
 dρ A,m 
ρ A,m u m Ac + dn A=  ρ A,m + dx  u m A c
 dx 
or, with  ρ=
u m A c = m/ and dn A h m P dx ρ A,s − ρ A,m , ( )
 d ρ A,m
m
ρ
=
dx
(
dx h m P dx ρ A,s − ρ A,m . )
Separating variables and integrating,
ρ A,m d ρ A,m x ρ hm P ρP x
∫ρ =
∫ dx = ∫ h dx
A,mi ρ A,s − ρ A,m 0 m m 0 m
rrrr
A,s − A,m rr
Pxh m A,s − A,m ( x ) Px
(1) <
 
n =
− or exp  −
= hm  .
rrrr
A,s − A,m,i 
m A,s − A,m,i  
m 
(b) With ∆ρ A ≡ ρ A,s − ρ A,m ,

n A = ( m/ ( )
 ρ ) ρ A,m,o − ρ A,m,i = − ( m/
 ρ ) ∆ρ A,o − ∆ρ A,i ( )
and from Eq. (1) with

m ∆ρ A,o
− P L h m / n
=
ρ ∆ρ A,i
it follows that
∆ρ A,o − ∆ρ A,i
nA = hm P L . <
(
n ∆ρ A,o / ∆ρ A,i )
COMMENTS: Due to the addition of vapor, m  will actually increase with x. However, if the
specific humidity of the saturated gas-vapor mixture is small (as is usually the case), the change in m

will be small.
PROBLEM 8.98
KNOWN: Flow rate and temperature of air. Tube diameter and length. Presence of water film on
tube inner surface.
FIND: (a) Vapor density at tube outlet, (b) Evaporation rate.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady, incompressible flow, (2) Constant flow rate, (3) Isothermal system
(water film maintained at 25°C).
3 -7 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (1 atm, 298 K): ρ = 1.1707 kg/m , m = 183.6 × 10 N⋅s/m , ν =
-6 2 3
15.71 × 10 m /s; Table A-6, Water vapor (298 K): ρA,sat = 1/vg = (1/44.25 m /kg) = 0.0226
3 -6 2
kg/m ; Table A-8, Air-vapor (298 K): DAB = 26 × 10 m /s; Sc = ν/DAB = 0.60.
ANALYSIS: (a) We begin by determining the whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
4m 4 × 3 ×10−4 kg/s
=
ReD = = 2080.
π Dm −7
π ( 0.01 m )183.6 ×10 2 N ⋅ s/m
Flow is laminar and from Eq. 8.3 and the mass transfer analogy to Eq. 8.23,
xfd,h = 0.05ReDD = 0.05×2080×0.01 m = 1.04 m, xfd,c = xfd,hSc = 1.04 m × 0.60 = 0.62 m
Thus this is a combined entry length situation and the mass transfer analogy to the Baehr and Stephan
correlation, Eq. 8.58, is appropriate. By analogy to Eq. 8.56, Gzm,D = (D/L)ReDSc = (0.01 m/1 m)
×2080×0.60 = 12.5, and
3.66 −1
+ 0.0499Gz m,D tanh(Gz m,D )
−1/3 −2/3
hmD tanh[2.264Gz m,D + 1.7Gz m,D ]
=
Sh D =
−1/6
D AB tanh(2.432Sc1/6Gz m,D )
3.66
+ 0.0499 × 12.5 tanh(12.5−1 )
−1/3 −2/3
tanh[2.264 × 12.5 + 1.7 × 12.5 ]
= 4.79
tanh(2.432 × 0.601/6 × 12.5−1/6 )
Sh D D AB 4.79 × 26 × 10−6 m2 / s
=hm = = 0.0125 m/s
D 0.01 m
From Equation 8.86,

 p DL 
ρ A,m,o =ρ A,s − ( ρ A,s − ρ A,m,i ) exp  − ρ hm 
 
m 
where ρA,s = ρA,sat = 0.0226 kg/m3. Thus,
Continued …
ρ A,m,o = 0.0226 kg/m3
( )
 p 0.01 m × 1 m 
− 0.0226 kg/m3 − 0 exp  − × 1.1707 kg/m3 × 0.0125 m/s  <
 3 × 10−4 kg/s 
 
= 0.0177 kg/m 3
(b) The evaporation rate is

 3 × 10−4 kg/s
( m
) (
u m Ac ρ A,m,o − ρ A,m,i = ρ A,m,o =
nA =
ρ
) 3
0.0177
kg
3
4.54 × 10−6 kg/s.
= <
1.1707 kg/m m
PROBLEM 8.99
KNOWN: Flow rate and temperature of air in circular tube of prescribed diameter. Inner
tube surface is wetted and at same temperature as air. Flow is fully developed and inlet air is
dry.
FIND: Tube length required to reach 99% of saturation.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady, incompressible flow, (2) Constant flow rate.

3 -7 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (298 K, 1 atm): ρ = 1.17 kg/m , m = 183.6 × 10 N⋅s/m , ν
-6 2 3
= 15.71 × 10 m /s; Table A-6, Water vapor (298 K): ρ A,sat = 1/v g = (1/44.25 m /kg) =
3 -6 2
0.0226 kg/m ; Table A-8, Air-vapor (298 K): D AB = 26 × 10 m /s, Sc = ν/D AB = 0.60.
ANALYSIS: If ρ A,m,o = 0.99 ρ A,s , it follows from Equation 8.86 that

ρ A,s − 0.99 ρ A,s  p DLρ 
= 0.01
= exp  − hm .
ρ A,s  
m 
With
4m 4 ×10−3 kg/s
ReD =
= = 6935
π Dm π ( 0.01 m ) 183.6 ×10−7 N ⋅ s/m 2
the flow is turbulent and from Eq. 8.88

4/5 0.4
=Sh D 0.023
= Re4/5
D Sc
0.4 0.023 6935
( = ) ( 0.60 ) 22.2
Sh D D AB 22.2 × 26 × 10−6 m2 / s
=hm = = 0.0576 m/s.
D 0.01 m
Hence
 p × 0.01 m × L × 1.17 kg/m3 
0.01
= exp  − 0.0576 m/s 

 10−3 kg/s 

= exp ( −2.12 L )
0.01
L = 2.2 m. <
COMMENT: With Re D < 10,000, the mass transfer analog of the Gnielinski correlation would be
preferable.
PROBLEM 8.100
KNOWN: Tube length, diameter and temperature. Air temperature and velocity. Saturation
pressure of thin liquid film and properties of vapor.
FIND: (a) Partial pressure and mass fraction of vapor at tube exit, (b) Mass rate at which liquid is
removed from the tube.
SCHEMATIC:
D = 0.05 m
Dry air (B) pA,o, rA,m,o
um = 0.5 m/s
Tm = 300 K
L=5m
Volatile liquid (A)
pA,sat = 15 mm Hg, pA,i = 0
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) System is isothermal at 300K, (2) Steady, incompressible flow, (3) Perfect gas
behavior, (4) Mass flow rate is independent of x.
3 -6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (300 K, 1 atm): r = 1.16 kg/m , ν = 15.9 × 10 m /s. Prescribed,
-5 2
Vapor (300K): pA,sat = 15 mm Hg, M A = 70 kg/kmol, DAB = 10 m /s.
ANALYSIS: (a) With the vapor assumed to behave as an ideal gas, pA = CA ℜ T = rA ( ℜ / M A ) T,

and isothermal conditions, the vapor pressure at the outlet may be obtained from the expression
p A,sat − p A,o ρρ
A,s − A,m,o  ρp D L h m 
= = exp  − 
p A,sat − p A,i ρρ
A,s − A,m,i  
m 
−3
1.16 kg / m × 0.5 m / s × ( 0.05m ) / 4 =
1.14 × 10 kg / s. With ReD = um D/ν =
3 2
where m ρπ
 =u m Ac =
-6 2
0.5 m/s × 0.05m/15.9 × 10 m /s = 1570, the flow is laminar. From Eq. 8.3 and the mass transfer
analogy to Eq. 8.23, with Sc = ν/DAB = 1.59,
xfd,h = 0.05ReDD = 0.05×1570×0.05 m = 3.93 m, xfd,c = xfd,hSc = 3.93 m × 1.59 = 6.24 m
Thus this is a combined entry length situation and the mass transfer analogy to the Baehr and Stephan
correlation, Eq. 8.58, is appropriate. By analogy to Eq. 8.56, Gzm,D = (D/L)ReDSc = (0.05 m/5 m)
×1570×1.59 = 25.0, and
3.66
+ 0.0499Gz m,D tanh(Gz −m,D
1
)
−1/3 −2/3
hmD tanh[2.264Gz m,D + 1.7Gz m,D ]
=
Sh D =
−1/6
D AB tanh(2.432Sc1/6Gz m,D )
3.66
+ 0.0499 × 25.0 tanh(25.0−1 )
−1/3 −2/3
tanh[2.264 × 25.0 + 1.7 × 25.0 ]
= 5.41
tanh(2.432 × 1.59 × 25.0−1/6 )
1/6
Sh D D AB −5 2
10 m / s −3
hm = =
5.41 × =
1.08 × 10 m / s
D 0.05m
Hence, with pA,i = 0

Continued …
  ρp DL h m  
= p A,sat l − exp  −
p A,o = 15 mm Hg [1 −
  
m 
 1.16 kg / m3 × p × 0.05m × 5m × 1.08 × 10−3 m / s  
exp  −
 −3 kg / s
 =

8.7 mm Hg <
 1.14 × 10 
The corresponding mass density of the vapor is
p A,o M 8.7 mm Hg × 70 kg / kmol
ρ A,m,o =
= A
= 0.0326 kg / m3 <
ℜT
( )
( 760 mm Hg / atm ) 0.082 m ⋅ atm / kmol ⋅ K 300K
3
(b) The evaporation rate is

(
n A = u m A c ρρ ) −3 2 3 −5
A,m,o − A,m,i = 0.5m / s × 1.96 × 10 m × 0.0326 kg / m = 3.20 × 10 kg / s <
-5
COMMENTS: (1) Since the evaporation rate (nA = 3.2 × 10 kg/s) is much less than the air flow
-3
 = 1.14 × 10 kg/s), the assumption of a fixed flow rate is reasonable. (2) The evaporation
rate ( m
rate is also given by nA = hm p D L ∆ rA,lm = - hm p D L rA,m,o/ln [(pA,sat – pA,o)/pA,sat] = 3.22 ×
-5
10 kg/s, which agrees with the calculation of part (b).
PROBLEM 8.101
KNOWN: Air flow rate through trachea of diameter D and length L.
FIND: (a) Average mass transfer convection coefficient, h m , and (b) Rate of water loss per day
(liter/day).
SCHEMATIC:
Tm = 310 K
VB = 10 liter/min
rA,m,i = 0 Trachea
D = 20 mm
L = 125 mm Water (A)
rA,s (Ts)
Ts = 37oC
rA,m,o
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Trachea can be approximated as a smooth tube with uniform surface
temperature, (2) Laminar, fully developed flow, (3) Trachea inner surface is saturated with water at
body temperature, T s = 37°C, (4) Negligible water vapor in air at 310 K during inhalation, and (5)
Heat-mass analogy is applicable.
3 -5 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (310 K, 1 atm): r B = 1.128 kg/m , m = 1.893 × 10 N⋅s/m ; Table
3 3
A-6, Water (T s = 37°C = 310 K): r A,f = 993 kg/m , r A,g = 0.04361 kg/m ; Table A-8, Water-vapor
-4 3/2 -5 2
air (310 K, 1 atm): D AB = 0.26 × 10 (310/298) = 2.76 × 10 m /s.
ANALYSIS: (a) Begin by characterizing the air (B) flow in the trachea modeled as a smooth tube,
4m ∀ 4∀∀ρ
Re
= = B
D
π Dm π Dm
4 × 10 liter / min× 10−3 m3 / liter × 1min/ 60s × 1.128 kg / m3
Re D = 632
π × 0.020 m × 1.893 × 10−5 N ⋅ s / m 2
Hence, the flow is laminar, and for fully developed conditions and invoking the heat-mass analogy
Nu
= D Sh = D 3.66 =Sh h m D / D AB
h m = 3.66 D AB / D = 3.66 × 2.76 × 10−5 m 2 / s / 0.020 m = 0.0050 m / s <

(b) The species (A) transfer rate equation, Eq. 8.83, has the form
= n A h m As ∆ρ A, m
∆ρ A, m =
(
ρρρρ ) (
A,s − A,m,o − A,s − A,m,i )
(
m  ρρρρ )(
A,s − A,m,o / A,s − A,m,i )
where the mean outlet species density, r A,m,o , can be determined from Eq. 8.86
ρρA,s − A,m,o  h ρ PL 
= exp  − m 
ρρA,s − A,m,i  m 
∀ / ρ = u m A c = ∀B . Substituting numerical values with P = πD, find
where m
−6
ρ A,m,o
= 0.009233 n=A 1.54 × 10 kg / s
The volumetric rate of water loss on a daily basis, assuming a 12 hour inhalation period, is
 =
VA ( )
1.54 × 10−6 kg / s / 993 kg / m3 × 103 liter / m3 × ( 3600 s / h × 24 h / day )
 = 0.134 liter / day

VA <
PROBLEM 8.102
KNOWN: Air (species B) is in fully developed, laminar flow as it enters a circular tube wetted with
liquid A (water). Tube length and diameter. Flow rate of air and system temperature.
FIND: (a) Governing differential equation for species transfer, (b) Heat transfer analog and an
expression for Sh D , (c) General expression for r A,m,o , (d) Value of r A,m,o for prescribed conditions.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady, incompressible flow, (2) Flow rate is independent of x, (3) Laminar, fully
developed flow (hydrodynamically), (4) Isothermal conditions, (5) Dry air at inlet.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, Air (298 K, 1 atm): r = 1.1707 kg/m3, m = 183.6 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2, ν = 15.71 ×
10-6 m2/s; Table A.6, Water vapor (298 K): r A,sat = 1/v g = 0.0266 kg/m3; Table A.8, Air-vapor (298 K):
D AB = 26 × 10-6 m2/s, Sc = ν/D AB = 0.60.
ANALYSIS: (a) The governing differential equation may be inferred by analogy to Eq. 8.48. In this
case, the dependent variable is the vapor mass density, r A (x,r), and the diffusivity is D AB . It follows that
u
∂r A DAB ∂  ∂r A 
∂x
= r
r ∂r ∂r 
 <
The entrance condition is
r A ( 0, r ) = 0 <
and the boundary conditions are
r A ( ro , x ) = r A,s r A r = 0 is finite <
(b) The foregoing conditions are analogous to those of the thermal entry length condition associated with
Eq. 8.57. Invoking this analogy the average Sherwood number for laminar, fully developed flow is
0.0668 ( D L ) Re D Sc
Sh
= D 3.66 + 2/3
<
1 + 0.04 ( D L ) Re D Sc 
where the mass transfer analogy to Eq. 8.56 was used for the Graetz number.
(c) Applying conservation of species to the differential control volume,
 dρ A,m 
ρρ
A,m u m A c + dn A=  A,m + dx  u m A c
 dx 
 ρ and dn A h mπ Ddx ρρ
m
or, with u m A c = = A,s − A,m ( )
 dρ A,m
m
=
ρ dx
dx h mπ Ddx ρρ
A,s − A,m ( )
Continued...
ρ A,m dρ A,m x ρπ Dh m
∫ρA,m,i ρρ
A,s − A,m
=∫
o 
m
dx
or
ρρ
A,s − A,m (x)  ρp Dxh m (x) 
= exp  − 
ρρ
A,s − A,m,i  m 
at x = L,
ρρ
A,s − A,m,o
ρρ
 ρp DLh m 
= exp  −
m  <
A,s − A,m,i  
c h a f
 π Dm = 4 2.5 × 10 −4 kg s π 0.01 m 183.6 × 10 −7 N ⋅ s m 2 =
(d) For the prescribed conditions, Re D = 4m
1734 and (D/L)Re D Sc = (0.01 m/1 m)1734(0.6) = 10.4. Hence,
0.0668 (10.4 )
Sh D =
3.66 + 4.24
=
2/3
1 + 0.04 (10.4 )
Sh D ( D AB D ) =
hm = (
4.24 26 ×10−6 m 2 s 0.01m = )
0.011m s
Hence,
ρρ
A,s − A,m,o  1.1707 kg m3 × p × 0.01m ×1m × 0.011m s
exp  −
= =0.198
ρρ
A,s − A,m,i  2.5 × 10−4 kg s 
 
A,m,o = A,s − 0.198 ( A,s − A,m,i ) =0.0226 kg m (1 − 0.198 ) =0.0181kg m

ρρρρ 3 3 <
COMMENTS: Due to evaporation, m  actually increases with increasing x. However, the increase is
 is good.
small, and the assumption of fixed m

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PROBLEM 8.

From Eq. 8.5

u ( 0 ) = 0.020 m/s. <

ANALYSIS: In the clean condition, the Reynolds number is

4m 4 × 0.25 kg/s

( 0.790 ln(1.464 ×10 ) −=

ρ um2 993.8 kg/m3 × (0.356 m/s) 2

∀ = ∆p m∀ = 1.19 ×104 N/m 2 0.25 kg/s = 2.99 W

When the surface is fouled, the inner diameter is smaller, D foul = D – 2t = 30 mm – 4 mm = 26

4m 4 × 0.25 kg/s

 / ( ρπ D 2 / 4) = 0.474 m/s. The friction coefficient can be found from Equation

1 e / D 2.51   0.00769 2.51 

ρ um2 993.8 kg/m3 × (0.474 m/s) 2

∀ = ∆p m∀ = 3.31×104 N/m 2 0.25 kg/s = 8.32 W

ρ u m D 997 kg/m3 × 0.1 m/s × 0.30 m

=∆p 332 kg/s

∆p =0.0033 bar. <

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady, fully developed flow.

where the Reynolds number is

(a) Smooth surface: from Eqs. (3), (1) and (2),

p 0.01451( 997 kg m × 1m s 2 × 0.25 m )1000 m

deltap (bar) or P (kW)

Mean velocity, um (m/s)

Pressure drop, deltap (bar)

// Reynolds number and friction factor:

// Properties Tool - Water:

Flow rate (kg/s) Flow rate (kg/s)

// Reynolds number and friction factor

// Average velocity and flow rate

// Pressure drop and power

// Engine Oil property functions : From Table A.5

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Constant properties.

Liquid T(K) Table ρ(kg/m3) µ(N⋅s/m2) ν(m2/s) Pr

Oil 300 A.5 884 48.6 × 10-2 - 6400

NaK 366 A.7 849 - 5.797 × 10-7 0.019

ANALYSIS: (a) The mean velocity is given by

The thermal entrance length is

where, for the NaK, μ is found from the definition

(b) The mass flow rate is given by

The hydrodynamic entrance length is

The thermal entrance length is

Solving Equations (5), (7) and (8) yields <

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Laminar incompressible flow, (2) Constant properties.

Substituting the profiles and u m into Eq. (3), find

Radial coordinate, r/ro Radial coordinate, r/ro

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) Laminar, (3) Fully-developed.

ANALYSIS: (a) The thermal energy equation is given as

where u is given by Equation 8.15,

(b) Integrating the viscous dissipation term, we have

(c) Using the values from Problem 8.9,

SCHEMATIC: Constant heat flux or constant surface temperature

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Constant properties.

ANALYSIS (a) From Newton’s law of cooling,

and from an energy balance on the entire tube,

(b) From Eq. (8.41b)

which may be rearranged to yield

ANALYSIS: Properties must be evaluated=

(a) The Reynolds number is: