Power generation from water pipeline

INDEX

Sr. no. Title Page no.

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Method of generation 3
1.2 History 5
1.3 Economics 6
1.4 Generating equipments 6
1.5 Environmental concern 8
1.6 Technologies 9
2 Literature revieve 15
Futue scope 18
3 Design and analysis 19
3.1 Generator 19
3.2 Step down transformer 19
3.3 Rectifier and filter 20
3.4 Mosfet 20
3.5 High frequency 21
3.6 Storage 21
3.7 Working 21
3.8 Therotical calculation 22
4 application 23
5 advantages 24
6 Conclusion 25
7 references 26

1. INTRODUCTION
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Today, not only do we need innovative energy generation techniques which are
environment friendly but also cost effective and easy to install. We have seen many small
turbine and rotor arrangements that are installed in rivers and dams that can drive motors to
generate energy. There are many ways in which this force of water can be used to generate
power. With the growing concern of a cleaner living environment, renewable energy has
generated a large interest and market. With a high potential energy stored in water towers
through the pressure caused by gravity, there is potential to capture that energy using an in-
line turbine generator. This project consists of taking a water delivery system, new designing
an optimal turbine-generator set-up specifically tailored to their parameters. By focusing on
towns with large water demands and high water towers we can optimize the electrical output
of our generators, and create a larger power output. With water coming from higher location,
the potential energy, and flow rates increase, thus increasing the amount of electricity made.
We plan to capture some of this untapped energy by converting the potential energy of the
water into electrical energy that would take the strain off of power plants and other power
sources. The major essential components required for this project are a proper turbine, and an
economical generator. The generator will be coupled to the turbine, used to convert the
mechanical energy from the water into electrical energy. There are several types of turbines,
and each is designed for specific parameters, so picking the proper class of turbine will be
crucial to the functionality of the design. Currently, this is an untouched, renewable energy
source, but with our generators installed and connected to town grids, the demand on power
plants will be reduced, thus, cutting down on pollution and energy costs, while generating
revenues. The objective of this project was to use the preexisting mechanical energy of
flowing water in town systems to create usable electrical power. The second stage will be put
forth in building a small working prototype that will demonstrate the design concept and
electronic aspect of the design.Our prototype consists of ideal transformer, hybrid board,
rectifier board, PIC controller board and DFIG generator. Input supply from ideal transformer
(15v0-15v) is send through rectifier board which converts ac to dc. The DC supply is sent
through hybrid board through which power can be captured from one or more turbines. The
power from turbines is convert into electrical energy and stored in battery for future use.
MOSFET is used as a voltage controlled device. The output from the hybrid board is sent to
pic controller board which monitors the voltage, current and power.

POWER GENERATION

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Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary
energy. For utilities in the electric power industry, it is the stage prior to
its delivery (transmission, distribution, etc.) to end users or its storage (using, for example,
the pumped-storage method).
Electricity is not freely available in nature, so it must be "produced" (that is, transforming
other forms of energy to electricity). Production is carried out in power stations (also called
"power plants"). Electricity is most often generated at a power plant
by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled
by combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of
flowing water and wind. Other energy sources include solar photovoltaics and geothermal
power.
Phasing out coal-fired power stations and eventually gas-fired power stations, or capturing
their greenhouse gas emissions, is an important part of the energy transformation required
to limit climate change. Vastly more solar powerand wind power is forecast to be required,
with electricity demand increasing strongly[4] with further electrification of transport, homes
and industry.

1.1. METHODS OF GENERATION

Several fundamental methods exist to convert other forms of energy into electrical energy.
Utility-scale generation is achieved by rotating electric generators or by photovoltaic systems.
A small proportion of electric power distributed by utilities is provided by batteries. Other
forms of electricity generation used in niche applications include the triboelectric effect,
the piezoelectric effect, the thermoelectric effect, and betavoltaics.
Generator

Fig. 1.1. wind Generator

Wind turbines usually provide electrical generation in conjunction with other methods of
producing power.

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Electric generators transform kinetic energy into electricity. This is the most used form
for generating electricity and is based on Faraday's law. It can be seen experimentally by
rotating a magnet within closed loops of conducting material (e.g. copper wire). Almost
all commercial electrical generation is done using electromagnetic induction, in
which mechanical energy forces a generator to rotate.
Electrochemistry

2.

Large dams, such as Hoover Dam in the United States, can provide large amounts
of hydroelectric power. It has an installed capacity of 2.07 GW.

Electrochemistry is the direct transformation of chemical energy into electricity, as in

a battery. Electrochemical electricity generation is important in portable and mobile
applications. Currently, most electrochemical power comes from batteries. [13] Primary cells,
such as the common zinc–carbon batteries, act as power sources directly, but secondary
cells (i.e. rechargeable batteries) are used for storage systems rather than primary generation
systems. Open electrochemical systems, known as fuel cells, can be used to extract power
either from natural fuels or from synthesized fuels. Osmotic power is a possibility at places
where salt and fresh water merge.
Photovoltaic effect
The photovoltaic effect is the transformation of light into electrical energy, as in solar
cells. Photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly to DC electricity. Power inverters can then
convert that to AC electricity if needed. Although sunlight is free and abundant, solar
power electricity is still usually more expensive to produce than large-scale mechanically
generated power due to the cost of the Low-efficiency silicon solar cells have been
decreasing in cost and multijunction cells with close to 30% conversion efficiency are now
commercially available. Over 40% efficiency has been demonstrated in experimental
systems.[14] Until recently, photovoltaics were most commonly used in remote sites where
there is no access to a commercial power grid, or as a supplemental electricity source for
individual homes and businesses. Recent advances in manufacturing efficiency and
photovoltaic technology, combined with subsidies driven by environmental concerns, have
dramatically accelerated the deployment of solar panels. Installed capacity is growing by
around 20% per year[15] led by increases in Germany, Japan, United States, China, and India.

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1.2. HISTORY
The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered in the 1820s and early
1830s by British scientist Michael Faraday. His method, still used today, is for electricity to
be generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or Faraday disc, between the poles of
a magnet. Central power stations became economically practical with the development
of alternating current (AC) power transmission, using power transformers to transmit power
at high voltage and with low loss.
Commercial electricity production started with the coupling of the dynamo to the hydraulic
turbine. The mechanical production of electric power began the Second Industrial
Revolution and made possible several inventions using electricity, with the major
contributors being Thomas Alva Edison and Nikola Tesla. Previously the only way to
produce electricity was by chemical reactions or using battery cells, and the only practical use
of electricity was for the telegraph.
Electricity generation at central power stations started in 1882, when a steam engine driving a
dynamo at Pearl Street Station produced a DC current that powered public lighting on Pearl
Street, New York. The new technology was quickly adopted by many cities around the world,
which adapted their gas-fueled street lights to electric power. Soon after electric lights would
be used in public buildings, in businesses, and to power public transport, such as trams and
trains.
The first power plants used water power or coal. [8] Today a variety of energy sources are
used, such as coal, nuclear, natural gas, hydroelectric, wind, and oil, as well as solar
energy, tidal power, and geothermal sources.
In the 1880s the popularity of electricity grew massively with the introduction of
the Incandescent light bulb. Although there are 22 recognised inventors of the light bulb prior
to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison, Edison and Swan's invention became by far the most
successful and popular of all. During the early years of the 19th century, massive jumps
in electrical sciences were made. And by the later 19th century the advancement of electrical
technology and engineering led to electricity being part of everyday life. With the
introduction of many electrical inventions and their implementation into everyday life, the
demand for electricity within homes grew dramatically. With this increase in demand, the
potential for profit was seen by many entrepreneurs who began investing into electrical
systems to eventually create the first electricity public utilities. This process in history is
often described as electrification.
The earliest distribution of electricity came from companies operating independently of one
another. A consumer would purchase electricity from a producer, and the producer would
distribute it through their own power grid. As technology improved so did the productivity
and efficiency of its generation. Inventions such as the steam turbine had a massive impact on
the efficiency of electrical generation but also the economics of generation as well. This
conversion ofheat energy into mechanical work was similar to that of steam engines, however
at a significantly larger scale and far more productively. The improvements of these large-

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scale generation plants were critical to the process of centralised generation as they would
become vital to the entire power system that we now use today.
Throughout the middle of the 20th century many utilities began merging their distribution
networks due to economic and efficiency benefits. Along with the invention of long-distance
power transmission, the coordination of power plants began to form. This system was then
secured by regional system operators to ensure stability and reliability. The electrification of
homes began in Northern Europe and in the Northern America in the 1920s in large cities and
urban areas. It wasn't until the 1930s that rural areas saw the large-scale establishment of
electrification.

1.3. ECONOMICS

The selection of electricity production modes and their economic viability varies in
accordance with demand and region. The economics vary considerably around the world,
resulting in widespread residential selling prices. Hydroelectric plants, nuclear power
plants, thermal power plants and renewable sources have their own pros and cons, and
selection is based upon the local power requirement and the fluctuations in demand. All
power grids have varying loads on them but the daily minimum [ is the base load, often
supplied by plants which run continuously. Nuclear, coal, oil, gas and some hydro plants can
supply base load. If well construction costs for natural gas are below $10 per MWh,
generating electricity from natural gas is cheaper than generating power by burning coal.

Nuclear power plants can produce a huge amount of power from a single unit. However,
nuclear disasters have raised concerns over the safety of nuclear power, and the capital cost
of nuclear plants is very high. Hydroelectric power plants are located in areas where the
potential energy from falling water can be harnessed for moving turbines and the generation
of power. It may not be an economically viable single source of production where the ability
to store the flow of water is limited and the load varies too much during the annual
production cycle.

Due to advances in technology, and with mass production, solar power and wind energy
experienced decreases in cost of production, and the energy is now usually cheaper than
fossil fuels.

1.4. GENERATING EQUIPMENTS

Electric generators were known in simple forms from the discovery of electromagnetic
induction in the 1830s. In general, some form of prime mover such as an engine or the
turbines described above, drives a rotating magnetic field past stationary coils of wire thereby

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turning mechanical energy into electricity. The only commercial scale electricity production
that does not employ a generator is solar PV.

Turbines

Fig.1.2. dam

Large dams such as Three Gorges Dam in China can provide large amounts
of hydroelectric power; it has a 22.5 GW capability.

Almost all commercial electrical power on Earth is generated with a turbine, driven by wind,
water, steam or burning gas. The turbine drives a generator, thus transforming its mechanical
energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction. There are many different methods
of developing mechanical energy, including heat engines, hydro, wind and tidal power. Most
electric generation is driven by heat engines. The combustion of fossil fuels supplies most of
the energy to these engines, with a significant fraction from nuclear fission and some
from renewable sources. The modern steam turbine (invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884)
currently generates about 80% of the electric power in the world using a variety of heat
sources. Turbine types include:

 Steam
o Water is boiled by coal burned in a thermal power plant. About 41% of all
electricity is generated this way.
o Nuclear fission heat created in a nuclear reactor creates steam. Less than 15%
of electricity is generated this way.
o Renewable energy. The steam is generated by biomass, solar thermal energy,
or geothermal power.
 Natural gas: turbines are driven directly by gases produced by combustion. Combined
cycle are driven by both steam and natural gas. They generate power by burning
natural gas in a gas turbine and use residual heat to generate steam. At least 20% of
the world's electricity is generated by natural gas.
 Water Energy is captured by a water turbine from the movement of water - from
falling water, the rise and fall of tides or ocean thermal currents (see ocean thermal
energy conversion). Currently, hydroelectric plants provide approximately 16% of the
world's electricity.

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 The windmill was a very early wind turbine. In 2018 around 5% of the world's
electricity was produced from wind.

Although turbines are most common in commercial power generation, smaller generators can
be powered by gasoline or diesel engines. These may used for backup generation or as a
prime source of power within isolated villages.

1.5. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

Variations between countries generating electrical power affect concerns about the
environment. In France only 10% of electricity is generated from fossil fuels, the US is
higher at 70% and China is at 80%. The cleanliness of electricity depends on its
source. Methane leaks (from natural gas to fuel gas-fired power plants) and carbon dioxide
emissions from fossil fuel-based electricity generation account for a significant portion of
world greenhouse gas emissions. In the United States, fossil fuel combustion for electric
power generation is responsible for 65% of all emissions of sulfur dioxide, the main
component of acid rain. Electricity generation is the fourth highest combined source
of NOx, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter in the US.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), low-carbon electricity generation needs
to account for 85% of global electrical output by 2040 in order to ward off the worst effects
of climate change. Like other organizations including the Energy Impact Center (EIC) and
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the IEA has called for the
expansion of nuclear and renewable energy to meet that objective. Some, like EIC founder
Bret Kugelmass, believe that nuclear power is the primary method
for decarbonizing electricity generation because it can also power direct air capture that
removes existing carbon emissions from the atmosphere. Nuclear power plants can also
create district heating and desalination projects, limiting carbon emissions and the need for
expanded electrical output.
A fundamental issue regarding centralised generation and the current electrical generation
methods in use today is the significant negative environmental effects that many of the
generation processes have. Processes such as coal and gas not only release carbon dioxide as
they combust, but their extraction from the ground also impacts the environment. Open pit
coal mines use large areas of land to extract coal and limit the potential for productive land
use after the excavation. Natural gas extraction releases large amounts of methane into the
atmosphere when extracted from the ground greatly increase global greenhouse gases.
Although nuclear power plants do not release carbon dioxide through electricity generation,
there are significant risks associated with nuclear waste and safety concerns associated with
the use of nuclear sources. This fear of nuclear power stems from large-scale nuclear
catastrophes such as the Chernobyl Disaster and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Both
tragedies led to significant casualties and the radioactive contamination of large areas.

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Per unit of electricity generated coal and gas-fired power life-cycle greenhouse gas
emissions are almost always at least ten times that of other generation methods.

1.6. TECHNOLOGIES

Centralised generation is electricity generation by large-scale centralised facilities, sent

through transmission lines to consumers. These facilities are usually located far away from
consumers and distribute the electricity through high voltage transmission lines to a
substation, where it is then distributed to consumers; the basic concept being that multi-
megawatt or gigawatt scale large stations create electricity for a large number of people. The
vast majority of electricity used is created from centralised generation. Most centralised
power generation comes from large power plants run by fossil fuels such as coal or natural
gas, though nuclear or large hydroelectricity plants are also commonly used. [36] Centralised
generation is fundamentally the opposite of distributed generation. Distributed generation is
the small-scale generation of electricity to smaller groups of consumers. This can also include
independently producing electricity by either solar or wind power. In recent years distributed
generation as has seen a spark in popularity due to its propensity to use renewable
energy generation methods such as rooftop solar.

Technologies

Centralised energy sources are large power plants that produce huge amounts of electricity to
a large number of consumers. Most power plants used in centralised generation are thermal
power plants meaning that they use a fuel to heat steam to produce a pressurised gas which in
turn spins a turbine and generates electricity. This is the traditional way of producing energy.
This process relies on several forms of technology to produce widespread electricity, these
being natural coal, gas and nuclear forms of thermal generation. More recently solar and wind
have become large scale.

Solar

Fig. 1.3. energy park

The 25.7 MW Lauingen Energy Park in Bavarian Swabia, Germany

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A photovoltaic power station, also known as a solar park, solar farm, or solar power plant, is
a large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic power system (PV system) designed for the supply
of merchant power. They are differentiated from most building-mounted and other
decentralised solar power because they supply power at the utility level, rather than to a local
user or users. The generic expression utility-scale solar is sometimes used to describe this
type of project.

The solar power source is via solar panels that convert light directly to electricity. However,
this differs from, and should not be confused with concentrated solar power, the other large-
scale solar generation technology, which uses heat to drive a variety of conventional
generator systems. Both approaches have their own advantages and disadvantages, but to
date, for a variety of reasons, photovoltaic technology has seen much wider use in the field.
As of 2019, concentrator systems represented about 3% of utility-scale solar power capacity.

In some countries, the nameplate capacity of a photovoltaic power stations is rated

in megawatt-peak (MWp), which refers to the solar array's theoretical maximum DC power
output. In other countries, the manufacturer gives the surface and the efficiency. However,
Canada, Japan, Spain and the United States often specify using the converted lower nominal
power output in MWAC, a measure directly comparable to other forms of power generation.
Most solar parks are developed at a scale of at least 1 MWp. As of 2018, the world's
largest operating photovoltaic power stations surpass 1 gigawatt. As at the end of 2019, about
9,000 plants with a combined capacity of over 220 GWAC were solar farms larger than
4 MWAC (utility scale).

Most of the existing large-scale photovoltaic power stations are owned and operated
by independent power producers, but the involvement of community and utility-owned
projects is increasing.[40] Previously almost all were supported at least in part by regulatory
incentives such as feed-in tariffs or tax credits, but as levelized costs fell significantly in the
2010s and grid parity has been reached in most markets, external incentives are usually not
needed.

Wind

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Fig.1.4. The San Gorgonio Pass wind farm in California, United States.

Fig. 1.5. The Gansu Wind Farm in China is the largest wind farm in the world, with a target
capacity of 20,000 MW by 2020.

A wind farm or wind park, also called a wind power station or wind power plant, [41] is a group
of wind turbines in the same location used to produce electricity. Wind farms vary in size
from a small number of turbines to several hundred wind turbines covering an extensive area.
Wind farms can be either onshore or offshore.

Many of the largest operational onshore wind farms are located in China, India, and the
United States. For example, the largest wind farm in the world, Gansu Wind Farm in China
had a capacity of over 6,000 MW by 2012,[42] with a goal of 20,000 MW[43] by 2020.[44] As of
December 2020, the 1218 MW Hornsea Wind Farm in the UK is the largest offshore wind
farm in the world.[45] Individual wind turbine designs continue to increase in power, resulting
in fewer turbines being needed for the same total output.

Because they require no fuel, wind farms have less impact on the environment than many
other forms of power generation and are often referred to as a good source of green energy.
Wind farms have, however, been criticised for their visual impact and impact on the
landscape. Typically they need to be spread over more land than other power stations and

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need to be built in wild and rural areas, which can lead to "industrialization of the
countryside", habitat loss, and a drop in tourism. Some critics claim that wind farms have
adverse health effects, but most researchers consider these claims to be pseudoscience
(see wind turbine syndrome). Wind farms can interfere with radar, although in most cases,
according to the US Department of Energy, "siting and other mitigations have resolved
conflicts and allowed wind projects to co-exist effectively with radar".[46]
Coal[edit]
This page is about the specifics of power stations which burn coal. To compare with power
stations which burn fuels such as natural gas see fossil fuel power station, and for information
common to all power stations which convert heat into electricity see thermal power station.

Fig. 1.6. Bełchatów Power Station in Bełchatów, Poland

Fig. 1.7. Frimmersdorf Power Station in Grevenbroich, Germany

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Fig. 1.8. Coal-fired power station diagram

Fig. 1.9. Share of electricity production from coal

A coal-fired power station or coal power plant is a thermal power station which burns coal to
generate electricity. Worldwide there are about 8,500 coal-fired power stations totaling over
2,000 gigawatts capacity. They generate about a third of the world's electricity,[47] but cause
many illnesses and early deaths, mainly from air pollution.[48][49]

A coal-fired power station is a type of fossil fuel power station. The coal is
usually pulverized and then burned in a pulverized coal-fired boiler. The furnace heat
converts boiler water to steam, which is then used to spin turbines that turn generators. Thus
chemical energy stored in coal is converted successively into thermal energy, mechanical
energy and, finally, electrical energy.

Coal-fired power stations emit over 10 Gt of carbon dioxide each year,[50] about one fifth of
world greenhouse gas emissions, so are the single largest cause of climate change.[51] More
than half of all the coal-fired electricity in the world is generated in China. [52] In 2020 the total
number of plants started falling[53][54] as they are being retired in Europe [55] and
America[56] although still being built in Asia, almost all in China. [57] Some remain profitable
because costs to other people due to the health and environmental impact of the coal
industry are not priced into the cost of generation, [58][59] but there is the risk newer plants may
become stranded assets.[60] The UN Secretary General has said that OECD countries
should stop generating electricity from coal by 2030, and the rest of the world by 2040.[61]

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Natural gas

Natural gas is ignited to create pressurised gas which is used to spin turbines to generate
electricity. Natural gas plants use a gas turbine where natural gas is added along with oxygen
which in turn combusts and expands through the turbine to force a generator to spin.

Natural gas power plants are more efficient than coal power generation, they however
contribute to climate change but not as highly as coal generation. Not only do they produce
carbon dioxide from the ignition of natural gas, but also the extraction of gas when mined
releases a significant amount of methane into the atmosphere

Nuclear

Nuclear power plants create electricity through steam turbines where the heat input is from
the process of nuclear fission. Currently, nuclear power produces 11% of all electricity in the
world. Most nuclear reactors use uranium as a source of fuel. In a process called nuclear
fission, energy, in the form of heat, is released when nuclear atoms are split. Electricity is
created through the use of a nuclear reactor where heat produced by nuclear fission is used to
produce steam which in turn spins turbines and powers the generators. Although there are
several types of nuclear reactors, all fundamentally use this process.

Normal emissions due to nuclear power plants are primarily waste heat and radioactive spent
fuel. In a reactor accident, significant amounts of radioisotopes can be released to the
environment, posing a long term hazard to life. This hazard has been a continuing concern of
environmentalists. Accidents such as the Three Mile Island accident, Chernobyl disaster and
the Fukushima nuclear disaster illustrate this problem.

2. LITERATURE REVIEVE

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In 2011, hydropower has replaced three billion tons of CO2ascompared to fossil fuels for
producing equal amount of electricity. In the External Eproject of the Paul Scherrer Institute
and the University of Stuttgart sponsored bythe European Commission, one calculation of
greenhouse gas-related and other ex-ternality correlation between energy sources can be
found. Europe has the leastproduction of greenhouse gases with the use of hydroelectricity.
Hydroelectricity'slow greenhouse gas e®ect is found mainly in temperate climates
(Nina,2018). Theabove study concerned local energy in Europe. Probably similar conditions
exist inNorth America and North Asia, all of which see a normal, natural freeze/thaw
cycle(with associated seasonal plant decline and re-growth).Hydroelectric energy is a
renewable energy. That means we cannot use it up.There are, however, only a limited number
of suitable dams where it is possible tobuild hydroelectric power plants and even fewer places
where such projects areviable. The generation of hydroelectric energy does not pollute itself.
The onlypollution which occurs is during the installation of these massive power
plants.Hydroelectricity is a very reliable energy (Xu,2000a,2000b). There are very
fewvariations in terms of having massive hydropower reserves using hydroelectricity asa
source of energy baseload. It is possible to generate electricity as long as there iswater in the
magazines. Hydroelectricity is much healthier than fossil fuels andnuclear energy, among
others. There is no fuel involved (other than water). Largereservoirs are often constructed on
the side of the dam for generating the electricityas well as providing water to surrounding
cities and towns. This reduces the con-struction cost for a separate water storage system
(Xuet al.,2018;Xu andDuan,2019).2. Literature ReviewPaish(2002) indicated the importance
of producing green energy for the environ-ment.Draguet al.(2003) identi ̄ ed small
hydropower systems for their economicand technical applicability.Marchettiniet al.(2007)
emphasized the development ofsuch a system which can help reduce environmental
degradation and would bebene ̄cial for the society. Several methods have been proposed by
the scienti ̄ccommunity to manage and monitor the sustainability of the environment.Gatteet
al.(2010) tried to ̄nd out the altitudes of many cities with respect toneighboring dams with
the help of Google Earth, and further proposed that byreducing the power of pumping, energy
can be saved in addition to microturbineenergy being generated.Minet al.(2011) reviewed the
potential of micro-hydro-power for its continual supply to society.Kanth and Ashwani(2012)
gave the452R. Suman et al.calculations for the potential energy harvested from
rainwater.Saket and Varshney(2012) analyzed the various heads and °ow rates of municipal
wastewater with thevarious generator combinations for power generation with its economics.
Ovyet al.(2012) design a hydro and wind couple turbine, but in this case with less water left

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inthe overhead tank power generation reduces.Martin and Shrivastava(2013) examined the
dissimilitude of corves of powerwith the head about power generation harvested from
rainwater in a building.Martin and Sharma(2014) discussed the energy/power generation
from harvestedrainwater. MATLAB/SIMULINK software was used to design and develop
thegeneration scheme of Pico turbine.McNabolaet al.(2014) reviewed the hydro
waterindustry for CO2emission and potential use of energy and underlined variouschallenges
with opportunities for the sector of micro hydropower.Liuet al.(2014)did the cost-bene ̄ t
analysis of green buildings for energy e±ciency technology ap-plication.Genget al.(2014)
observed the need for a system which can reduce thecost, adding value along with the
environmental improvements that lead to theprotection of the environment. Traditional
techniques for energy extraction havelimitations because of global warming to meet out the
increasing energy demandsacross the world.Liet al.(2014) analyzed the social human needs
for green buildingsto have ideas and planning for the same. His results give a basis for the
constructionof large green buildings.Khan and Badshah(2014) studied micropower
generationfrom sewerage water. Suggestions to increase the e±ciency of the turbine
werementioned.Sarkaret al.(2014) studied the possibilities of power generation using
greywaterof tall buildings.Yadav and Chauhan(2014) proposed a pico-hydro system
havingdirect water supply from a canal, which gave much-unpredicted values
withoutconsidering the frictional losses. Hydroelectric power stations capture the
energyreleased from falling waters. In the most simplistic terms, the water turbines
andgenerators convert the kinetic energy of falling waters/waterfalls into mechanicalenergy,
which can be converted into electrical energy. Hydroelectric power plants arecategorized
according to sizes as Micro, Mini, Small, and Large. One that generatesless than 100 kW of
electricity is a micro-sized plant and would typically be able topower one or two houses. The
mini facility is generating 100 kW to 1 MW of elec-tricity and can serve an isolated
community or a small factory. The small plantgenerates 1–30 MW for regional grid. Lastly, a
facility that generates more than30 MW of power is a large hydroelectric power plant.
Impounded type and diversiontype are two major types of hydroelectric. A massive
hydropower system which usesa dam to store river water in a reservoir is called
impoundment hydroelectric.Turbines and generators are used to produce electricity by
releasing water from thereservoir having high kinetic energy. Diversion type is another
common type ofhydroelectricity, also known as a run of the river. This is usually for small
scale ofhydroelectric production. It does not require the use of a dam as it is only taking
asmall portion of the river to run the turbine and produce the electricity—the river°ow as

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usual.Electricity Generation Through Water Supply Pipes in High Rise Buildings453Chang

and Lin(2015) used optimizing techniques to optimize the size of gen-erators like PV and
energy storage system. An algorithm named A-strong based onmetamodel was developed to
solve the proposed model.Lotfabadi(2015) discusseddi®erent designs and features of the
solar system for the implementation in high-risebuildings for the theoretical approach along
with the case study analysis.Ghoshet al.(2015) discussed the approximate energy generation
each month from waste-water in high-rise buildings.Robinson and Sanderford(2016)
evaluated the present-day demands to make green buildings to save or harvest the
energy.Almost 100% increase was recorded in 2009 by the International Energy
Agency(IEA) as global primary energy supply 6111 Mtoe to 12150 Mtoe since 1973.
Fossilfuel still dominated the global energy supply as it contributes about 80% of the totalin
2009 as compared to about 87% in 1973.

FUTURE SCOPE

This paper analyzed a successful utilization of hydro power. This pipeline power generation
is to overcome the existing model of hydro power generation. By considering the future
needs this project can be implemented in many ways. Some of them are listed below

1) Agricultural field:

This proposal can be implemented in agricultural areas. Since there is no cost for power
consumption during off peak hours a turbine can be fixed before the outlet of the water pipe.
During the time of water flow power can be generated which can be used for the domestic
purpose.

2) Buildings in urban cities:

In most of the urban cities many buildings has more than 20 floors. The pressure in the water
pipe is very high which flow from top to bottom. Usually the requirement of water is very
high in morning. At that time more power can be generated and it can be used for the later
use. This stored power can be utilized for the street lights, garden lights, in and around the
building.

3) Lake areas:

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Almost all the lake water is utilized for domestic needs. The water flow in this pipeline may
or may not be constant. Thereby fixing the turbines at the top of the pipe more power can be
generated and stored for the future use.

3. DESIGN, ANALYSIS, HARDWARE DESCRIPTION, AND

VALIDATION

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The system block diagram is shown in Fig1below.The A.C supply is stepped down using step
down transformer and it is then converted into D.C by rectifier. The harmonics are reduced
by the filter. MOSFET reduces the temperature rise in the battery where the power is stored
for future use
3.1.GENERATOR
In this design Doubly Fed Induction Generator is used. Doubly-fed electric machines are
electric generators that have windings on stationary and rotating parts, where both windings
transfer significant power between shaft and electrical system. The principle of the Doubly-
Fed Induction Generator (referred to as DFIG) is that rotor windings are connected to the grid
via slip rings and backto-back voltage source converters that control both the rotor and the
grid currents. Thus, rotor frequency can freely differ from the grid frequency (50 or 60 Hz).
By using the converter to control the rotor currents, it is possible to adjust the active and
reactive power fed to the grid from the stator and this is independent of the rotating speed of
the generator. In a conventional three-phase synchronous generator, with an external
mechanical source i.e., prime mover rotating the generator rotor, the magnetic field in the
generator rotor created by the dc current fed into the rotor winding rotates at the same speed
as the rotor. As a result, a continually changing magnetic flux passes through the stator
windings inducing an alternating voltage across the stator windings. Thus, the mechanical
power applied to the generator shaft by the prime mover is converted to electrical power in
the stator windings. In conventional induction generators, the relation between the rotor speed
and the frequency of the ac voltages induced across the stator windings of the generator is
expressed using the following equation

3.2. STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Step down transformers are designed to reduce electrical voltage. Their primary voltage is
greater than their secondary voltage. This kind of transformer "steps down" the voltage
applied to it. Step down transformers convert electrical voltage from one level or phase
configuration usually down to a lower level. They can include features for electrical isolation,
power distribution, and control and instrumentation applications. Step down transformers
typically rely on the principle of magnetic induction between coils to convert voltage and/or
current levels. Step down transformers are made from two or more coils of insulated wire
wound around a core made of iron. When voltage is applied to one coil it magnetizes the iron
core, which induces a voltage in the other coil. The turns ratio of the two sets of windings
determines the amount of voltage transformation.

3.3.RECTIFIER AND FILTER

In the power supply unit, rectification is normally achieved using a solid state diode. Diode
has the property that will let the electron flow easily in one direction at proper biasing
condition. As AC is applied to the diode, electrons only flow when the anode and cathode is
negative. Reversing the polarity of voltage will not permit electron flow. A commonly used

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circuit for supplying large amounts of DC power is the bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier of
four diodes (4*IN4007) are used to achieve full wave rectification. Two diodes will conduct
during the negative cycle and the other two will conduct during the positive half cycle. The
DC voltage appearing across the output terminals of the bridge rectifier will be somewhat lass
than 90% of the applied rms value. Normally one alteration of the input voltage will reverse
the polarities. Opposite ends of the transformer will therefore always be 180 deg out of phase
with each other. The capacitor-input filter, also called the pi filter due to its shape that looks
like the Greek letter , is a type of electronic filter. Filter circuits are used to remove unwanted
or undesired frequencies from a signal. A simple pi filter, containing a pair of capacitors, an
inductor, and a load. A typical capacitor input filter consists of a filter or reservoir capacitor
C1, connected across the rectifier output, an inductor L, in series and another filter or
smoothing capacitor, C2, connected across the load, RL. A filter of this sort is designed for
use at a particular frequency, generally fixed by the AC line frequency and rectifier
configuration. When used in this service, filter performance is often characterized by its
regulation and ripple.

3.4. MOSFET
The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET)
is a type of transistor used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. Although the
MOSFET is a four-terminal device with source (S), gate (G), drain (D), and body (B)
terminals,[1] the body (or substrate) of the MOSFET is often connected to the source
terminal, making it a threeterminal device like other field-effect transistors. Because these
two terminals are normally connected to each other (short-circuited) internally, only three
terminals appear in electrical diagrams. The MOSFET is by far the most common transistor
in both digital and analog circuits, though the bipolar junction transistor was at one time
much more common. The main advantage of a MOSFET over a regular transistor is that it
requires very little current to turn on (less than 1mA), while delivering a much higher current
to a load (10 to 50 times or more).

3.5. HIGH FREQUENCY SWITCHING

The DC-to-DC switching voltage converters (“switching regulators”) have become popular
for batterypowered applications because of their inherent higher efficiency compared to
linear regulators. This attribute allows batteries to last longer and circuits to stay cooler. Over
time, manufacturers have increased the frequency at which the regulator switches from a few
hundred kilohertz to three or four megahertz. The key benefit of operating at higher
frequency is that it allows the use of smaller external components, such as inductors and
capacitors, saving board space and component costs. Unfortunately, higherfrequency devices
are less efficient than their slowerswitching counterparts, forcing engineers to trade-off size

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and cost advantages against shorter battery life. However, a new generation of high-
frequency voltage regulators takes advantage of modern process technology to improve
performances

3.6. STORAGE

Lead Acid batteries have changed little since the 1880's although improvements in materials
and manufacturing methods continue to bring improvements in energy density, life and
reliability. All lead acid batteries consist of flat lead plates immersed in a pool of electrolyte.
Regular water addition is required for most types of lead acid batteries although low-
maintenance types come with excess electrolyte calculated to compensate for water loss
during a normal lifetime. Lead acid batteries usually consist of two 6-volt batteries in series,
or a single 12-volt battery. These batteries are constructed of several single cells connected in
series each cell produces approximately 2.1 volts. A six-volt battery has three single cells,
which when fully charged produce an output voltage of 6.3 volts. A twelve-volt battery has
six single cells in series producing a fully charged output voltage of 12.6 volts. A battery cell
consists of two lead plates a positive plate covered with a paste of lead dioxide and a negative
made of sponge lead, with an insulating material (separator) in between.

3.7. WORKING
The input AC supply from the step down transformer is converted to DC with the help of
rectifier circuit. The required DC is again sent to the bridge rectifier for high efficiency
and through electrolytic disc capacitor to reduce harmonics. The DC with reduced
harmonics is sent to voltage regulator. When the turbine is directly connected to the
battery, there is a sudden increase in temperature. In order to avoid this MOSFET is used.
MOSFET is a voltage control device and in order to find the current in MOSFET we use
a shunt resistor. Amplifier is used to amplify the low level signal. High frequency pulse
generator is send to the MOSFET. The pulse can be adjusted using trim potentiometer.
When the water pipe is coupled with boost up transformer the voltage get a boost up. The
turbine rotates due to the pressure in the water flow, which in turn produces power and
the power thus obtained is sent to the hybrid board. There mechanical energy is then
converted into electrical energy with the help of DFIG and monitored by using PIC. PIC
is an advanced micro controller in which analog to digital converter is in built. RS232 is a
standard communication protocol for linking computer and its peripheral devices to allow
serial data exchange.PIC has TTL logic gates where as computer accepts only CMOS. In
case of any abnormal voltage flow RESET button is pressed to make it in normal
condition. RS232 conveys the information from PIC to computer in such a way that the
computer can understand. Finally the flow of voltage, current and power is seen in
computer by which they can be monitored.

3.8. THEORETICAL CALCULATION

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The amount of power available depends on dynamic head, the amount of water flow and
efficiency of turbine/generator combination.
To get an idea about available power in watts, multiply the head in feet, times flow in
GPM times 0.18 times efficiency. The combined efficiency of the turbine and generator
40% to 80%.
To get rough idea use 0.50(representing 50%) as multiplier for efficiency.
Conside the duration of water flow is 8.2 litres/hour.
10ft* 100gpm*0.18*0.50eff
=90watts.
By using online calculator ,we can find power, energy output.
Enter a head pressure:1420.346 psi (dynamic [at design flow] 1km
=3281 ft Specific gravity of water
=1 FORMULA H
=2.31p/SG (3281*1)/2.31
=p
=1420.346 psi Enter a design flow:
130(US gallons per minutes(gpm)) Standard value 3 inch pipe is 130gpm(maximum flow
rate) Enter pipe distance:1 km(this is length from turbine to water supply)

3.9. OUTPUT
Estimated power output:38.4KW
3281 FT*0.18*0.50*130=38.4 KW
Estimated energy output:27633kwh

4. APPLICATION

 Can be used in villages to generate power

 This generated power can be used for street light
 This system also can be used in cities to generate power at high rate

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5. ADVANTAGES

 Green power generation

 No pollution while power is generated
 No cost of working
 Free energy generation

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6. CONCLUSION

The purpose of the project was to capture unused energy in the drinking water systems of
cities and towns and to turn that energy into useful electricity. Hydroelectric power is not a
new technology. However our plan was to use the same principle but on a smaller scale. The
water turbine project is using smaller turbines that will connect to water mains headed into
the cities and towns rather than the larger ones in dams. Through strategic placement of these
turbines, at the base of hills or large water towers, unused excess energy can be captured.In
the completion of our project, we built a small prototype that represents the main ideas
behind the project. Our prototype takes the energy of the flowing water coming out of the

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submersible pump and from its travel through our turbine is converts that kinetic energy into
electrical energy. Our prototype is not a scaled representation. However it displays the
functionality and feasibility of using a turbine to create electrical energy. Our prototype did
an excellent job of demonstrating this and proving that the energy flowing through water
mains can be captured. The successful completion of this water turbine project shows that
there is energy in our everyday lives that can be captured and used to our advantages. With
the forecast of energy becoming hard to find in the coming years, it is important that we do
what we can to be resourceful. This water turbine project is a perfect example. We are
capturing surplus energy that would otherwise be wasted and turning it into usable electrical
energy. The project is an excellent example of an interdisciplinary project involving
electromechanical engineering and renewable energy.

7. REFERENCES

1 B.Chitti Babu and K.B.Mohanty, Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Variable Speed
Wind Energy Conversion Systems- Modeling & Simulation, International Journal of
Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 1, February, 2010 , 1793- 8163

2 Ankit gupta,S.N.Singh and Dheeraj k.Khatod, Modeling and Simulation of Doubly Fed
Induction Generator Coupled With Wind Turbine-An Overview, Journal of Engineering,

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Power generation from water pipeline

Computers & Applied Sciences (JEC&AS) ISSN No: 2319-5606 Volume 2, No.8, August
2013

3 Harsh bhatt and soham jani, Energy Generation in Water Pipe Lines Savonius Water
Turbine Power, International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.12,
December2014 E-ISSN: 2321-9637.

4 Brian Davis,1 Chris Dorchester,2 Ted Geldmacher, 3 Tim William,4 Salah Badjou,
PhD,Inpipe water generator,2012 ASEE Northeast Section Conference University of
Massachuse

5 Chih-Yuan, Chang,Yen-Huai Ma,Yin-Song Hsu, SyRen Huang,Yao-Hua Liu,The

Feasibility of Applying Micro-hydroelectric Power Technology in Building Water Supply
Pipes, International Scientific Journal Environmental
Sciencehttp://environment.scientificjournal.com. Dipen N. Sinha;Power Generation in
Pipeline; Los Alamos National Laboratory August 12, 2005.

6 H. Zainuddin, M. S. Yahaya, J. M. Lazi, M. F. M. Basar and Z. Ibrahim, Design and

Development of Pico-hydro Generation System for Energy Storage Using Consuming Water
Distributed to Houses

7 Tejaswini Gharge, Supriya Shintre, Shruti Bhagwat, Rasikh Solkar, Dhanashree

Killedar,Mahesh Kulkarni Design, development of micro hydroturbine and performance
evaluation of energy generation for domestic application , IJRSET Volume 2, Issue

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