When you run a toy car it runs very slow in rough floor compared to smooth floor.

Why do you think so?

Yes, it is because of friction.

Friction affects the motion of an object.

What is motion? It means movement.

When can we say that an object is in motion? When the object changes it's position with respect to a
point of reference. You have learned that motion is evident if there is a change in position. If the object
changes it's position, there is also changes in the distance and displacement of an object.

Distance and displacement there are expressions in science that seem to have the same meaning.
Distance and terms are used in the study of motion. Distance is the total length owner by the moving
object while displacement includes both the length of the objects path from the starting position to it's
final position and the direction of the objects motion. Displacement is a vector quantity because it has
both the magnitude and direction while distance is a scalor quantity.

Speed velocity and acceleration the rate of the moving body is also very important in describing motion.
This is used in our everyday activity life like how long your car will take you to school or in going home.
There are three ways to describe it. It can be through speed, velocity and acceleration. These do not
mean the same because they are of different quantities.

Speed- refers to how fast the object is moving. It tells us the distance the object towards at a given time.

If the speed of the object is not changing time, it is called Constant speed.

Velocity- is the rate of charge of that objects position to a point of reference over time. It is the speed
and direction of motion.

Acceleration- occurs when velocity changest on time. If a jeepney travels in a hour straight line at a
constant speed at 60 kilometers per hour, there is no acceleration at all. It is because the velocity does
not change.

1. Motion- refers to the change in position of an object over time in relation to a reference point. It
involves concepts such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.

2. Distance- is the total length covered by the moving objects while displacement includes the length of
the objects path from the starting position to it's find position and the direction of the objects motion.

3.Speed (v)- is a scalar quantity it is the term used to describe the distance (d) travelled per unit time.

4. Velocity (v)- is a victor quantity that describes the displacement (d)

5. Acceleration (a)- is defined as the rate of change of velocity.

6. Distance (d)- refers to the length of the entire path that the object travelled

7. Displacement (d) refers to the shortest distance between the objects initial position and final position

8. if the object does not change in Position at a given time, intend then it is at rest or it's speed is zero or
not accelerating
9. In constant acceleration the velocity changes by a constant intend if time.

WAVE MOTION - A wave is a disturbance that can cause the molecules of matter to move back and forth
or up and down which results in the transfer of energy from one place to another.

Waves can be classified according to the motion of the particles of the medium.

A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the
direction of the wave’s motion.

A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of the
wave’s motion.

The highest point or the upward displacement of the wave is called the crest.

The trough is the lowest part of the downward displacement of the wave from its rest position.

One property of the wave is called the amplitude.

It refers to the maximum height of the wave from its point of equilibrium.

Wavelength is the distance covered between two successive points from one crest to another or from
one trough to another.

The higher the frequency of the wave the shorter the wavelength and the lower the frequency, the
longer the wavelength.

SOUND WAVE Sound is very important in our life because without sound we can’t communicate.

Musical sounds, the chirping of the birds, and the wind that whispers in our ears are only some of the
things that will help us feel relaxed.

We can’t hear all of these without sound.

What is sound? Sound is a form of energy transferred through waves and can be heard. It is produced by
a vibrating body.

It means produce through a back-and-forth movement of matter.

A sound wave is an example of a mechanical wave because it is transmitted through media like air,
water, or steel.

Sound travels the fastest on steel since it is solid and the molecules that the sound waves pass through
are closer to one another.

It travels the slowest on air since the molecules are farther away from each other compared to those
with solid and liquid.

How can the speed of sound be identified? The product of the wavelength (λ) and frequency (f) of the
wave is the velocity (v) of sound. Frequency refers to the number of vibrations per second and
wavelength.
1. A wave is a disturbance that moves from one place to another. It transfers energy without
transferring matter.

2. There are two types of wave motion: transverse waves and longitudinal waves depending on how the
particles move as energy transfers from one place to another. In longitudinal waves, the movement of
the particles is parallel to the direction of the wave propagation while in transverse waves the
movement of the particles is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

3. The highest point of the wave is called the crest. The trough is the lowest point of the wave from its
rest position. One property of the wave is called the amplitude. It refers to the maximum height of the
wave from its point of equilibrium. The product of the wavelength (λ) and frequency (f) of the wave is
called velocity (v). Frequency refers to the number of vibrations per second.

4. Sound is a form of energy transferred through waves. It is produced by a vibrating body. It means
produce through a back-and-forth movement of matter.

5. Sound is a mechanical wave because it needs a medium to propagate.

The product of the wavelength (λ) and frequency (f) of the wave is the velocity (v) of sound. Frequency
refers to the number of vibrations per second and wavelength is the distance covered between two
successive points like from one crest to another or from one trough to another.

Colors and Intensity of Light Visible light is the small part of the electromagnetic spectrum that human
eyes are sensitive to and can detect. White objects appear white because they reflect all colors. Black
objects absorb all colors, so no light is reflected. The shirt looks red because the shirt absorbs the other
colors and only reflects red waves. The blue shorts reflect blue and absorb green, yellow, and red. When
light leaves the prism and strikes a white screen, it separates into spectral colors.

Dispersion is the separation of white light by a prism into bands of colors – red, orange, yellow, green,
blue, and violet. The spectrum is due to the difference in the velocities and wavelength of the spectral
colors. One of the important properties of light is the wavelength because it determines the nature of
the light. Red light has a different wavelength to that of blue light and green light. In the spectrum of
light that we are familiar with, violet has the shortest wavelength while red has the longest.

The amplitude of a wave tells us about the intensity or brightness of the light relative to other light
waves of the same wavelength.

GENERALIZATION

1. The sun is the main source of light on earth. Light is a form of electromagnetic wave and it classified
into natural light which includes stars, moon, lightning, lightning, fireflies, glow worms, jellyfish,
viperfish, and bushfires, and noctilucent clouds and artificial sources of light are those created by
humans. These include electricity and fire. For centuries, humans created light by burning wood, gas, or
oil, and through illumination devices such as candles and gas lamps.

2. Light has low intensity if its wave has a lower amplitude and higher intensity if the amplitudes are
higher.

3. The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and their
respective wavelengths and photon energies. Generally, electromagnetic radiation is classified by
wavelength into radio waves, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. The
behavior of EM radiation depends on its wavelength. (Electromagnetic Spectrum, n.d.)

4. The wavelength of each wave of the spectrum is from the longer wavelength (radio wave) to the one
with the shortest wavelength (gamma ray).

5. The wave with the shortest wavelength has the highest frequency and energy while the wave with the
longest wavelength has the lowest frequency and lowest energy.

Heat is a form of energy that refers to the thermal energy that is ‘in transit’ or in the process of being
transferred. It is transferred to our surroundings every day. When the sun shines brightly, we feel hot.
Heat energy from the sun reaches the earth’s surface. Heat transfer is related to a change in
temperature or change in the relative hotness or coldness of an object. When something hot is placed
next to something cold, energy transfers from the hot object to the cold object until both eventually
come to the same temperature. Generally, energy transfers naturally from a body of high temperature
to a body of lower temperature. The energy transferred from one body to another because of a
temperature difference is called heat.

There are different modes of heat transfer. Heat can be transferred by conduction, convection, or
radiation. When you place a metal stick on the flame, after a while you can feel that the metal stick gets
hotter. This process of heat transfer is called conduction. The transfer of heat is by direct contact. Some
materials are good conductors of heat such as metals and aluminum. Materials such as rubber and cloth
are insulators, these are materials that are poor conductors of heat. Convection is another method of
heat transfer. It takes place in gases and liquids. Molecules with higher temperature rises. The water at
the bottom of the pot rises because it has a higher temperature than the water on the surface of the pot
that sinks. Heat energy can also travel in a space without contact between the heat source and the
heated object. If you stay under the heat of the sun, you can feel the heat through the method called
radiation.

1. Heat is a form of energy that refers to the thermal energy that is ‘in transit’ or in the process of being
transferred. It is transferred to our surroundings every day. When the sun shines brightly, we feel hot.
Heat energy from the sun reaches the earth’s surface.

2. When something hot is placed next to something cold, energy transfers from the hot object to the
cold object until both eventually come to the same temperature. Generally, energy transfers naturally
from a body of high temperature to a body of lower temperature.

3. There are different modes of heat transfer. Heat can be transferred by conduction, convection, or
radiation.

4. Convection takes place when there is a rising of molecules with higher temperatures and a sinking of
the ones with low temperatures. This may take place in liquids and gases.

5. Conduction is the transfer of heat from one body to another by direct contact.

6. In radiation, heat travels in the form of waves that are given off by hot objects.