Special Topics Specific to

Field of Expertise

Prepared by: Group 6

Let’s take a look back:

What is a Mineral?
Mineral is a naturally occurring
inorganic solid with a definite chemical
composition and a crystalline structure.
Let’s take a look back:

Physical Properties of Minerals

Color Fracture
Streak Hardness
Luster Magnetism
Transparency Specific Gravity
Crystal Form Reaction to Acid
Cleavage
Let’s take a look back:

Chemical Properties of Minerals

It shows the presence and arrangement of atoms in
minerals. Using their chemical properties, minerals
are identified by how they react to certain
substances.
Silicates Sulfates Native Elements
Oxides Sulfides Halide Carbonates
Mineral Trivia!

Quartz is a mineral that has no cleavage at all but has

conchodial fracture.
Only two minerals on earth are magnetic; Magnetite
and Pyrrhotite.
Talc is a mineral that has perfect cleavage and a
greasy or soapy feel.
Hematite is the most important source of iron ore in
the world.
Mineral Trivia!

Galena is an important source of lead.

There are 92 naturally occurring elements on earth
but only eight elements make up 98% of the
minerals on the Earth’s crust.
As of December 2020, the International Mineralogical
Association had recognized 5,650 minerals. About 30 to
50 new minerals are described and one or two minerals are
discredited each year.
Activating Prior Knowledge:
Let’s take a look back:

Drill
 Can you name it?

Hint: It is a process in which one or more substances, the

reactants, are converted to one or more different substances,
the products.
Chemical Reaction
 Can you name it?

Hint: It is a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having

an orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition,
crystal form, and physical properties.

Minerals
 Can you name it?

Hint: A branch of natural science that deals principally with the

properties of substances, the changes they undergo, and the natural
laws that describe these changes.

Chemistry
The Chemistry of
Minerals
Objectives:

Review the physical and chemical

properties of minerals;
Describe the Basic Atomic Structure;
Describe Moles, Ions, Valence, and
Charge; and
Discuss the different types of
chemical bonding
Atom

Matter is made of
atoms. Atoms consist
of subatomic particles
—protons, neutrons,
and electrons. Atom is
the smallest particle
of a matter.
The Elements and
Periodic Table

Elements are ordered by increasing atomic number (the

number of protons in their atom nucleus), which
correlates with atomic weight and size. The elements
are in numbered periods (rows) and groups (columns)
based on the configuration of their electron orbitals.
The Elements and
Periodic Table

The chart contains 118 elements in all, but only

about 90 occur naturally. The other 20 or so (with
atomic numbers 104-118 and 99-103) elements
are artificial – they are synthesized in nuclear
reactors and some are radioactive with very short
lives.
Atomic Number
and Mass

The atomic number is the number of protons in its

nucleus. It is also equal to the number of
electrons orbiting the nucleus in neutral (non-
ionized) atoms and is close to the number of
electrons in most ions.
Atomic Number
and Mass

The atomic number is the number of protons in

the nucleus. The atomic mass is the number of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus, each with a
mass number of one.
Atomic Number
and Mass
Moles

a unit of measurement that is the amount of a

pure substance containing the same number of
chemical units (atoms, molecules etc.) as there
are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 (i.e.,
6.022 X 10²³).
Radio Active
Minerals

In 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered unstable isotopes and

radioactivity when he unintentionally experimented. He put some
radioactive samples in a drawer, along with a photographic plate,
and subsequently found that the plate had recorded the image of a
key that had been sitting on top of it. Although Becquerel didn’t
know it, X-rays given off by uranium-rich minerals had caused the
image.
Radio Active
Minerals

Marie and Pierre Curie and Ernest Rutherford determined that

some elements, termed radioisotopes, emit alpha (α) and beta
(β) particles, and gamma (γ) radiation as they decay to form
daughter isotopes. So, minerals are radioactive if they contain
radioisotopes, and the amount of radioactivity depends on
isotope concentration.
Periods

In atoms, electrons are in orbitals of different

energies around atomic nuclei. Electrons are
always moving, and orbitals are regions around a
nucleus where electrons are likely to be found.
Periods
The number refers to a specific electron shell and the letter to a subshell. S subshells
can hold up to 2 electrons, p subshells up to 6 electrons, d subshells up to 10
electrons, and f subshells up to 14 electrons.
Periods

Sodium has atomic number 11, so

a neutral atom has 11 protons
and 11 electrons. The electrons
fill the 1s, 2s, and 2p orbitals.
One additional electron is in the
3s orbital.
Ions, Valence,
and Charge

Atoms are somewhat unstable if valence electrons do not fill

outer shells. They are very stable when the outer shells are
fully occupied. So, atoms commonly give up, or borrow
electrons, producing ions, to obtain this stability. We call
electrons that contribute to chemical bonding valence
electrons. These electrons are generally in the outermost
electron shells.
Ions, Valence,
and Charge
Chemical
Bonding

Chemical bonding, any of the interactions that

account for the association of atoms into
molecules, ions, crystals, and other stable species
that make up the familiar substances of the
everyday world.
Types of Bonding
and its Properties

There are three major types of chemical bonds in

chemistry, which include:
• Ionic bond
• Covalent bond
• Metallic bond
Types of Bonding
and its Properties

With the help of these bonds, the constituents like

atoms and molecules can obtain a stable
electronic configuration, i.e., octet configuration.
Ionic Bond

An ionic bond is generated by the complete

transfer of valence electrons to achieve stability.
The production of two oppositely charged ions,
positively charged ions-cations and negatively
charged ions-anions, results from this bonding.
Ionic Bond
Covalent
Bond

A covalent bond is formed when the

electron pairs between atoms or
constituents are shared. These electron
pairs are said to be shared pairs or bonding
pairs.
Metallic
Bond

The collective sharing of a sea of

valence electrons amongst many
positively charged metal ions is referred to
as a metallic bond.
Factors influencing the
strength of a metallic bond

• The total number of delocalized electrons

• The magnitude of the metal cation’s
positive charge
• The cation’s ionic radius
Properties attributed by the
Metallic Bonding

Electrical Conductivity: This is the measure of

the capability of a substance to allow the flow of
charge through it.
Thermal Conductivity: Thermal conductivity
measures the ability of a substance to conduct
heat.
Properties attributed by the
Metallic Bonding

Malleability and Ductility: These two properties

are relatable. The sea of electrons in the metallic
link allows the lattice to deform.
Metallic Luster: The metal acquires a lustrous
metallic shine due to the emission of light caused
by the de-excitation of electrons.
Properties attributed by the
Metallic Bonding

High Melting and Boiling Points: The

attractive force between metal atoms is
relatively high due to intense metallic
bonding.
Qualitative Analysis
for Cations
Qualitative
Analysis

Qualitative Analysis is an approach used to identify

specific substances, typically ions, in a mixture. It
involves precipitation reaction to remove cations
sequentially from a mixture.
Qualitative
Analysis

Qualitative analysis is carried out through the

reactions which are easily perceptible to our senses
such as sight and smell. Such reactions involve: (a)
Formation of a precipitate (b) Change in colour (c)
Evolution of gas etc.
Common
Cations

A cation has a net positive electrical charge, which

means it has more protons than electrons.
• Calcium: Ca2+ Ammonium: ion NH4+
• Silver: Ag+ • Mercurous ion: Hg22+
• Aluminum: Al3+ • Ferrous Ion: Fe2+
• Hydronium ion: H3O+ • Ferric Ion: Fe 3+
Identifying
Cations
Qualitative Analysis
of Cations
Key Takeaways
The eight elements that make over 98% of the Earth's crust are
oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and
magnesium.
An atom is the smallest particle of matter.
Elements are ordered by increasing atomic number (the number of
protons in their atom nucleus), which correlates with atomic weight
and size.
The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus. The
atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus,
each with a mass number of one.
A mole is the amount of a pure substance containing the same number
of chemical units.
Minerals are radioactive if they contain radioisotopes, and the amount
of radioactivity depends on isotope concentration.
Chemical bonding, any of the interactions that account for the
association of atoms into molecules, ions, crystals, and other stable
species that make up the familiar substances of the everyday world.
Qualitative Analysis is an approach used to identify specific
substances, typically ions, in a mixture. It involves precipitation
reaction to remove cations sequentially from a mixture.
 THANK YOU!

Presented by:
Roda Rivero Darwin Prongo
Joel Teberio
Ayanna Tan Hanz Aj Telbe
Razel Villaluz Herro Tomanot
Presented to:
Engr. Edgar Gillo