Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS:
Manual of Understanding
 I. Electrical Tools and Equipment

1. Adjustable Wrench
An adjustable spanner (UK, and most other English-speaking countries) or adjustable wrench (US
and Canada) is an open-end wrench with a movable jaw, allowing it to be used with different sizes of fastener
head (nut, bolt, etc.) rather than just one fastener size, as with a conventional fixed spanner. Several other names
are in use, including casually imprecise use of the US trademark crescent wrench. In various shapes and sizes
and are used for gripping, fastening, turning, tightening and loosening things like pipes, pipe fittings, nuts and
bolts.

It is used to loosen or tighten a nut or bolt. It has a "jaw" (the part where the nut or bolt fits), which
is of adjustable size. The adjustable wrench works by turning a screw, which is usually located at the bottom of
the head. While ordinary wrenches can only be used on a particular size nut, an adjustable wrench can be used
on a much wider variety of nut sizes [source: Comcast].

Figure 1.

2. Ammeter
Ammeter, instrument for measuring either direct or alternating electric current, in amperes. An
ammeter can measure a wide range of current values because at high values only a small portion of the current
is directed through the meter mechanism; a shunt in parallel with the meter carries the major portion.
 Figure 2.

How to use Ammeter

Current is the measure of the rate of electron “flow” in a circuit. It is measured in the unit of the Ampere,
simply called “Amp,” (A).

The most common way to measure current in a circuit is to break the circuit open and insert an “ammeter”
in series (in-line) with the circuit so that all electrons flowing through the circuit also have to go through the
meter.

Because measuring current in this manner requires the meter be made part of the circuit, it is a more
difficult type of measurement to make than either voltage or resistance.

Some digital meters, like the unit shown in the illustration, have a separate jack to insert the red test lead
plug when measuring current.

Other meters, like most inexpensive analog meters, use the same jacks for measuring voltage, resistance,
and current

3. Cable Ties
Cable Ties help organize wiring systems by grouping cables together. Specific application fields include
transportation, telecommunications, speaker wires, and home theater/equipment. They are constructed for
indoor and outdoor use and vary in composition.
1. Natural Cable Ties are usually constructed from 6.6 nylon grade. These ties are typically appropriate
for general purpose applications and are resistant to chemical, grease and oil-based products. All ties
 should meet a flammability resistance requirement, which is indicated by the manufacturer. Many of
these ties may be manually adjusted, and various pneumatic tools are available to help reduce
installation time. Higher temperature nylon generally includes nylon grade 4.6.
2. UV Protected Cable Ties are also known as black cable ties and are used for outdoor applications. Like
natural cable ties, they are resistant to oils and grease; they are different because they are resistant to
environmental contaminants. These cables are commonly used for applications that require a high
tensile holding strength and are often manufactured in nylon 12-grade material.
3. Stainless Steel Ties are typically suitable for applications that require a high level of protection against
corrosion and environmental conditions, which may cause typical nylon cables to disintegrate. They
are used for indoor, outdoor and underground applications. Manufacturers may offer black nylon
sleeves for added corrosion protection.

Figure 3.

4. Copper Wire
Copper wire is used in power generation, power transmission, power distribution, telecommunications,
electronics circuitry, and countless types of electrical equipment. Copper and its alloys are also used to make
electrical contacts. Electrical wiring in buildings is the most important market for the copper industry. Roughly
half of all copper mined is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors.
 Figure 4.

5. Crimper
A crimper, also known as a Bolt crimper, a crimping tool or a crimping pliers, is a tool used for crimping
connectors onto wires. The most common types look similar to a pair of pliers or diagonal cutters, but other
types exist, as do multi-function tools that combine crimping functions with those of a wire cutters and a wire
stripper. A screw cutter may be included as well. Crimpers for larger wires may consist of a die and anvil, where
the work piece is sandwiched between the two, then the die is truck with a hammer to form the crimp.

Ratcheting crimpers will not release the work piece until a threshold pressure is delivered, ensuring that the
work piece is not released until full compression is applied. A safety mechanism may enable the ratchet to be
released if the user determines that the tool is improperly applied to the work piece, or for some other reason
decides not to complete the crimp. Ratcheting crimpers may feature interchangeable dies, so that the same tool
(frame) can be used to crimp a wide variety of connectors.
Most crimpers are not electrically insulated, having at most a cushion grip for comfort. Crimpers with non-
matching jaws may feature color-coded handles to help the user determine how to orient the tool to the
workpiece.

Figure 5.

6. Current Clamp
A Current clamp, also known as Current probe, is a device with jaws which open to allow clamping around
an electrical conductor. This allows measurement of the current in a conductor without the need to make
physical contact with it, or to disconnect it for insertion through the probe. Current clamps are typically used
to read the magnitude of alternating current (AC) and, with additional instrumentation,
the phase and waveform can also be measured. Some clamp meters can measure currents of 1000 A and
more. Hall Effect and vane type clamps can also measure direct current (DC).

Figure 6.
Parts of a Current Clamp

1. Transformer Clamp - It senses the magnetic field of the current flowing through the conductor.
2. Clamp Opening Trigger - used to open/ close the clamps.
3. Power Switch - used to power on/ off the meter.
4. Back Light Button - used to light up the LCD display for easy reading of displayed value in dark places
or at night.
5. Hold Button - used to hold the last value on the display.
6. Negative/Ground Input Terminal - used to connect the negative/ ground jack of the meter cable.
7. Positive Input Terminal - used to connect the positive jack of the meter cable.
8. LCD Display - displays the measured value.
9. Functional Rotary Switch - used to select the type and range of current being measured.

7. Electric Drill
An electric drill is a drill which is driven by an electric motor. The invention of the electric drill is
credited to Arthur James Arnot and William Blanch Brain of Melbourne, Australia who patented the electric
drill in 1889 In 1895, the first portable handheld drill was created by brothers Wilhelm & Carl Fein of Stuttgart,
Germany. In 1917 the first trigger-switch, pistol-grip portable drill was patented by Black & Decker.
Drills vary widely in speed, power, and size. They are characteristically corded electrically driven devices, with
hand-operated types dramatically decreasing in popularity and cordless battery-powered ones proliferating.

Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction, machine tool fabrication, and
construction and utility projects. Specially designed versions are made for medicine, space, and miniature
application.
 Figure 7.

There are many types of drills: some are powered manually, others use electricity (electric drill) or compressed
air (pneumatic drill) as the motive power, and a minority are driven by an internal combustion engine (for
example, earth drilling augers). Drills with a percussive action (hammer drills) are mostly used in hard materials
such as masonry (brick, concrete and stone) or rock. Drilling rigs are used to bore holes in the earth to obtain
water or oil. Oil wells, water wells, or holes for geothermal heating are created with large drilling rigs. Some
types of hand-held drills are also used to drive screws and other fasteners. Some small appliances that have no
motor of their own may be drill-powered, such as small pumps, grinders, etc.

1. Hand
2. Manual
3. Bow - A simple rotational hand-operated tool of prehistoric origin.
4. Brace - A woodworker's brace has a ‘U’ formed wrench/outline that is utilized to transform the
hurl and drill into wood. The breadth handle of a brace gives more use which enables the brace to
create more torque than a hand drill. The scope handle of a brace causes it to produce more torque
than a hand drill, because of it having a more prominent separation from the focal point of
revolution so giving more use than the turning handle of a hand drill. Wood screw bits can be
utilized with a brace to drill vast distance across gaps.
5. Gimlet
6. Hand drill, also known as an "eggbeater" drill, or (especially in the UK) a wheel brace
7. Cranial drill is an instrument used throughout skull surgery
8. Breast, similar to an "eggbeater" drill, it has a flat chest piece instead of a handle
9. Push, which uses a spiral ratchet mechanism
10. Pin chuck, a small hand-held jeweler's drill

8. Electrical Tape
Electrical tape was created by the 3M Company in the 1940s. Though it can be made from a variety of
plastics, vinyl is most commonly used in its production because it has a greater stretching ability than its
counterparts. Consequently, electrical tape is more effective in maintaining good insulation for a long period of
time. Electrical tape also must hold a certification that it not burn when overheated.

 Reasons For Using Electrical Tape

Electrical tape has a twofold job to do. When wrapped around an electrical wire, its job is to stop electrical
current passing to or from another wire by mistake, as this could create a short which could lead to the circuit
breaker turning off and stopping electrical flow to the electrical device. Also, more dangerously, the short could
start an electrical fire. Electrical tape's second purpose is to stop any possible electrocution if the wire happens
to be live (hot) and is touched by someone.

 Application of Electrical Tape

Electrical tape is applied to bare wire by rolling the tape both around and along the wire in a coil like
fashion. No gaps should be present to ensure good insulation and to keep moisture or condensation from
reaching the wire. While wrapping the tape, it should be slightly pulled at the same time so its elastic property
is engaged. The tape's elasticity helps keep it tight and snug to the wire. However, if the tape is stretched too
much, its ability to hold to the wire will be greatly diminished.

 Color-Coded Electrical Tape

Black is the electrical tape color used most often, as it points to no particular color code. Black electrical
tape is also impervious to ultraviolet radiation, which can damage other colored tapes. As a result, black tape is
used on wires that will be in direct sunlight. Other colored tapes are used to indicate neutral wires (white or
light gray tape), grounding wires (green or yellow/green striped tape), or wires at both ends of a long conduit
for the sake of identification.

 Durability

If wrapped several times around two or more objects, electrical tape is very strong and is hard to break. It
also resists certain corrosive acids. It has a very long life before it loses its elasticity and needs to be replaced.
Even though it is strong, most electrical tape can be torn off the roll by hand, though some permanent
stretching around the break should be expected. Because of this, a knife or scissors cut is more desirable.

 Other Uses
Due to its durable properties, people use electrical tape for reasons other than electrical insulation: bandages
can temporarily be held in place by tape, drummers in bands tape their finger to help stop blisters, athletes use
tape to stop shin guards from slipping, actors mark stage floors with tape to help them recall stage positions,
and rugby players even pin back their ears to keep them being pulled by the opposition.

Figure 8.

9. Electrician Knife
Let’s briefly look at the cutting needs of an electrician. Knife uses will vary, but one task that every
electrician will have to perform is cutting wire insulation, as demonstrated in the video above.
Because the surface you’re cutting is small and moves easily—wires are meant to bend, after all—the chances
of blade slippage are high. This is an instance of when dexterity and tool safety are particularly important.
Electricians also use cutting tools in a variety of other circumstances, like getting through packaging and cutting
rubbery electrician’s tape. For this reason, electricians require a good all-around knife, just so long as it also
performs well as a wire skinning knife.

Figure 9.

10. Fish Tape

A fish tape is a tool used by electricians to route new wiring through walls and electrical conduit. Made of a
narrow band of spring steel, by careful manipulation, the tape can be guided through confined spaces such as
wall cavities. The goal is to push toward an area where guide string has been dropped inside the confined space
and to pull it through, so the guide string can then be used to pull through various types of wiring, such as
phone wire, network cables or speaker wire. Fish tape is designed to pull through guide string only. Using it to
directly pull the target wire can damage or warp the fish tape.
 Figure 10.

11. Flash Light

A flashlight is a small electric light which gets its power from batteries and which you can carry in
your hand. The source of the light often used to be an incandescent light bulb (lamp) but has been gradually
replaced by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) since the mid-2000s. A typical flashlight consists of the light source
mounted in a reflector, a transparent cover (sometimes combined with a lens) to protect the light source and
reflector, a battery, and a switch. These are supported and protected by a case
Parts of Flashlight

1. LED is the illuminant: it is the key to a flashlight function, the LED is the high efficiency (power
saving) and the long life is very long (the theoretical 5-10 million hours), the light bulb type flashlight
power consumption contrast fierce, However, color rendering is the best.
2. Light cup and lens: the light cup is the effect of converging light, divided into two kinds of smooth
and orange. The smooth surface of the glossy cup is good, and the orange surface is good. It is also
simpler than a smooth cup to get a full spot. The lens plays the role of maintaining the light cup and
the LED first and avoids the entry of dust, water vapor, and other debris. The quality of the lens
together also affects the light transmission rate. Light cups and lenses are the resolution factors for the
brightness of the flashlight. There are also lens-type flashlights, adjustable focus, and fixed-focus
WUYOU lenses.
3. Switch: This does not have to explain more, the channel of human-machine dialogue. Sub-button
switches, rotary switches, and electronic switches. The most used DIY is the push button switch, which
is divided into forward and reverse switches. The so-called forward switch is a tap-and-shoot, which is
also called a tactical switch (tactical flashlight). The light switch is not lit, and the reverse switch is only
 after the confirmation. The reverse switch is currently the most widely used; nowadays, the magnetic
ring dimmer switch is also popular, and this DIY comparison is difficult.
4. Wire: conductive effect, with high-temperature resistance and low resistance, is good, usually used is
high-temperature resistant silver plated wire.
5. The circuit: the circuit is also very important, is the condition that the LED can work smoothly, of
course, without the circuit LED can also work, but it will be unstable and simple damage. The circuit
and LED are the resolution factors for the innate brightness of the flashlight without thinking
about the battery.
6. LED insulation gasket: is placed between the LED and the light cup, to avoid the light cup pressed to
the LED or wire and short circuit. Since the light cups for high-power flashlights are all made of
aluminum, they will not be conductive.
7. Thermal grease silicone: is used on the touch surface of the LED and circuit compartment, to help the
LED heat can be smoothly transmitted. Silicone is sticky and can be used to fix LEDs. Silicone grease
is non-sticky but has good thermal conductivity.
8. Positive and negative springs or contacts: the first is the conductive function, said that the smaller the
internal resistance, the better the most used is the gold-plated small spring. Another important effect
is the shock absorption effect, avoiding the impact of the battery and the circuit, and the sensation of
the time can avoid the occurrence of bad touch and shifting. Due to the elastic nature of the spring.
9. Waterproof O ring: play a waterproof function.
10. Smooth silicone grease: used on the thread of the flashlight shell, to achieve a smooth effect, together
can also help waterproof. The quality of the silicone grease is good, otherwise, it will corrode the O
circle.

Figure 11.

12. Fuse Puller

A Fuse puller is a hand tool efficient for removal and replacement in fuse blocks and other fuse holders.
Some fuse panels may be hard to reach with your hands and fuse pullers are a great solution when you are
working with space constraints. The fuse puller is constructed of heavy-duty nylon. It is only to be used
when the associated circuit has been de-energized.
 Figure 12.

13. Gimlet
A gimlet is a hand tool for drilling small holes, mainly in wood, without splitting. It was defined in Joseph
Gwilt's Architecture (1859) as "a piece of steel of a semi-cylindrical form, hollow on one side, having a cross
handle at one end and a worm or screw at the other"
A gimlet is always a small tool. A similar tool of larger size is called an auger. The cutting action of the
gimlet is slightly different from an auger, however, as the end of the screw, and so the initial hole it makes, is
smaller; the cutting edges pare away the wood which is moved out by the spiral sides, falling out through the
entry hole. This also pulls the gimlet farther into the hole as it is turned; unlike a bradawl, pressure is not
required once the tip has been drawn in.
 The name "gimlet" comes from the Old French guinbelet, guimbelet, later guibelet, probably a diminutive
of the Anglo-French "wimble", a variation of "guimble", from the Middle Low German wiemel, cf. the
Scandinavian wammie, to bore or twist. Modern French uses the term vrille, also the French for a tendril.

Figure 13.

14. Hammer
This hammer is meant to drive heavy objects together or apart, such as spikes into utility poles, which
is where it got its name. A variant of this hammer is used by blacksmiths to hammer red-hot metal in order
to form it or by machinists to join large parts together. Due to the hammer’s weight, it is not easy to
control mid-swing. Therefore, this hammer is not meant for highly precise repetitive tasks. Likewise, due
to the weight of the hammer, it will damage just about anything that isn’t as hard as the hammerhead. Do
not use this hammer on surfaces or items you don’t want to break, mar, or dent.

Figure 14.
 15. Hole Saw
A hole saw (also styled hole saw), also known as a hole cutter, is a saw blade of annular (ring) shape, whose
annular kerf creates a hole in the workpiece without having to cut up the core material. It is used in a drill. Hole
saws typically have a pilot drill bit (arbor) at their center to keep the saw teeth from walking. The fact that a
hole saw creates the hole without needing to cut up the core often makes it preferable to twist drills or spade
drills for relatively large holes (especially those larger than 25 millimetres (1.0 inch)). The same hole can be
made faster and using less power.

The depth to which a hole saw can cut is limited by the depth of its cup-like shape. Most hole saws have
a fairly short aspect ratio of diameter to depth, and they are used to cut through relatively thin workpieces.
However, longer aspect ratios are available for applications that warrant them.

Cutting with a hole saw is analogous to some machining operations, called trepanning in the trade, that
swing a cutter analogous to a fly cutter in order to achieve a similar result of annular kerf and intact core.

Figure 15.

16. Insulated Gloves

A leather protective glove should always be worn over rubber insulating gloves to provide the needed
mechanical protection against cuts, abrasions and punctures. However there are some exceptions highlighted
in OSHA’s electrical protective equipment standard 1910.137 (c ) 2 (vii) (A) – (C). If the voltage is 250 volts
AC, or 375 volts DC, protector gloves need not be used with Class 00 gloves, under limited-use conditions,
when small equipment and parts manipulation necessitate unusually high finger dexterity. It also states that
protectors need not be used with Class 0 gloves under the same limited-use conditions. Persons inspecting
rubber insulating gloves used without protectors need to take extra care when visually examining them.
Employees using rubber insulating gloves under these conditions need to take additional caution when handling
sharp objects that could nick or cut the glove. Any other class of gloves may be used without protector gloves,
under the same limited-use conditions if the class of gloves is one class higher than that required for the voltage
involved. Rubber insulating gloves that have been used without protector gloves may not be reused until they
have been retested.

Figure 16.

17. Level
It is a horizontal plane or line with respect to the distance above or below a given point. Device
for establishing a horizontal plane. It consists of a small glass tube containing alcohol or similar liquid
and an air bubble; the tube is sealed and fixed horizontally in a wooden or metallic block or frame with
a smooth lower surface.
 Figure 17.

Parts of Level

1. Handle- Handles make the screeding level more ergonomic and easier to use. They generally come in
the form of slots within the tool rather than external add-ons (see below). This means they can last
longer and don’t interfere with the straightness of the tool.
2. End Caps-The screeding level is hollow, which makes it lighter, but this means that the ends are open
unless plastic end caps are used. These prevent debris getting inside the tool; which would make it dirty
and heavy.
3. Vials-Some screeding levels are equipped with vials similar to the ones usually found on spirit levels.
These are spirit-filled tubes, left partially unfilled in order to create a bubble which can be used to gauge
if a surface is level.

18. Long Nose

Needle-nose pliers are both cutting and holding pliers used by artisans, jewelry designers, electricians,
network engineers and other tradesmen to bend, re-position and snip wire. Their namesake long nose
gives excellent control while the cutting edge near the pliers' joint provides "one-tool" convenience.
 Figure 18.

Parts of Longnose Pliers

1. Nose or jaws: This is the working end of pliers and the part that varies most from type to type.
2. Fulcrum or pivot point: The fulcrum or pivot point is the center of the pliers where the jaws and
handles connect. The pivot point is what allows you to apply enough force for the jaws to perform
their function.
3. Cutters: This sharpened section of the pliers is located at the base of the jaws near the fulcrum of
the pliers. Cutters are used for cutting wire and cables and other materials.
4. Handles: This is the part you hold. Handles can be either straight or curved and are usually coated
with a material for better gripping, but they can be bare metal as well
19. Multimeter
A multimeter is the combination of a DC voltmeter, AC voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter. An un-
amplified analog multimeter combines a meter movement, range resistors and switches; VTVMs are amplified
analog meters and contain active circuitry.

For an analog meter movement, DC voltage is measured with a series resistor connected between the
meter movement and the circuit under test. A switch (usually rotary) allows greater resistance to be inserted in
series with the meter movement to read higher voltages. The product of the basic full-scale deflection current
of the movement, and the sum of the series resistance and the movement's own resistance, gives the full-scale
voltage of the range. As an example, a meter movement that required 1 mA for full-scale deflection, with an
internal resistance of 500 Ω, would, on a 10 V range of the multimeter, have 9,500 Ω of series resistance.
 For analog current ranges, matched low-resistance shunts are connected in parallel with the meter
movement to divert most of the current around the coil. Again for the case of a hypothetical 1 mA, 500 Ω
movement on a 1 a range, the shunt resistance would be just over 0.5 Ω.

Moving coil instruments can respond only to the average value of the current through them. To measure
alternating current, which changes up and down repeatedly, a rectifier is inserted in the circuit so that each
negative half cycle is inverted; the result is a varying and nonzero DC voltage whose maximum value will be
half the AC peak to peak voltage, assuming a symmetrical waveform. Since the rectified average value and
the root mean square (RMS) value of a waveform are only the same for a square wave, simple rectifier-type
circuits can only be calibrated for sinusoidal waveforms. Other wave shapes require a different calibration factor
to relate RMS and average value. This type of circuit usually has fairly limited frequency range. Since practical
rectifiers have non-zero voltage drop, accuracy and sensitivity is poor at low AC voltage values.

To measure resistance, switches arrange for a small battery within the instrument to pass a current through
the device under test and the meter coil. Since the current available depends on the state of charge of the battery
which changes over time, a multimeter usually has an adjustment for the ohm scale to zero it. In the usual
circuits found in analog multimeters, the meter deflection is inversely proportional to the resistance, so full-
scale will be 0 Ω, and higher resistance will correspond to smaller deflections. The ohms scale is compressed,
so resolution is better at lower resistance values.

Amplified instruments simplify the design of the series and shunt resistor networks. The internal resistance
of the coil is decoupled from the selection of the series and shunt range resistors; the series network thus
becomes a voltage divider. Where AC measurements are required, the rectifier can be placed after the amplifier
stage, improving precision at low range.

Digital instruments, which necessarily incorporate amplifiers, use the same principles as analog
instruments for resistance readings. For resistance measurements, usually a small constant current is passed
through the device under test and the digital multimeter reads the resultant voltage drop; this eliminates the
scale compression found in analog meters, but requires a source of precise current. An auto ranging digital
multimeter can automatically adjust the scaling network so the measurement circuits use the full precision of
the A/D converter.

In all types of multimeters, the quality of the switching elements is critical to stable and accurate
measurements. The best DMMs use gold plated contacts in their switches; less expensive meters use nickel
plating or none at all, relying on printed circuit board solder traces for the contacts. Accuracy and stability (e.g.,
temperature variation, or aging, or voltage/current history) of a meter's internal resistors (and other
components) is a limiting factor in long-term accuracy and precision of the instrument.
 Figure 19.

20. Nut Driver

A nut driver is a tool for tightening nuts and bolts. It essentially consists of a socket attached to a shaft
and cylindrical handle and is similar in appearance and use to a screwdriver. They generally have a hollow
shaft to accommodate a shank onto which a nut is threaded. They are typically used for
lower torque applications than wrenches or ratchets and are frequently used in the appliance
repair[1] and electronics industries.
Variations include T-shaped handles for providing the operator with a better grip, ratcheting handles,
sockets with recessed magnets for holding fasteners, and flex shafts for bending around obstructions.
A spinner handle is a shaft and handle with a drive fitting—most commonly ¼"—at the end for
attaching interchangeable sockets. This allows one to use a single handle with a number of sizes instead
of having a separate nut driver for each size. However, a spinner lacks the benefit of a hollow shaft; thus,
a common alternative system is a single handle with interchangeable shafts in each size.
 Figure 20.
21. Ohmmeter
Ohmmeter, instrument for measuring electrical resistance, which is expressed in ohms. In the simplest
ohmmeters, the resistance to be measured may be connected to the instrument in parallel or in series. If in
parallel (parallel ohmmeter), the instrument will draw more current as resistance increases. If in series (series
ohmmeter), current will decrease as resistance rises. Ratio meters measure the ratio of the voltage across the
resistance to the current flowing through it. For high resistances, the scale is usually graduated in megohms
(106 ohms), and the instrument is called a megohmmeter, or “megger.”

Figure 21.
 22. Pipe Cutter
A tool or machine for cutting pipe specifically: a hand tool comprising a grasping device and three sharp-
edged wheels forced inward by screw pressure that cut into the pipe as the tool is rotated.

Figure 22.

Parts of Pipe Cutter

1. Main body -The body of an adjustable pipe cutter is shaped so that a pipe can lie within it, against the
blade.
2. Wheel-The wheel of the adjustable pipe cutter is protected by the shell casing.
3. Pipe cutter rollers-The rollers are two round wheels which the pipe rests upon. They spin around as
the cutter is rotated so that the pipe is not caught up in the motion of the cutter and stays in the same
position
4. Handle- The handle on the adjustable pipe cutter is turned clockwise to move the cutting wheel to the
desired position.

23. Pipe Reamer

A reamer is a type of rotary cutting tool used in metalworking. Precision reamers are designed to enlarge
the size of a previously formed hole by a small amount but with a high degree of accuracy to leave smooth
sides. There are also non-precision reamers which are used for more basic enlargement of holes or for
removing burrs. The process of enlarging the hole is called reaming. There are many different types of reamer
and they may be designed for use as a hand tool or in a machine tool, such as a milling machine or drill press.
 Figure 23.

Steps in Using Pipe Reamer

 Step 1
Choose the appropriate diameter of reamer for your pipe or hole. Pipe reamers come in three different sizes
and should only be used for the holes that they neatly fit into. The sizes of pipe reamers include a 1/8-inch to
1-inch, 1/4-inch to 1 1/4-inch and a 1/4-inch to 2-inch diameter.

 Step 2

Fit the pipe reamer into the hole until it fills the hole. Pipe reamers are shaped like a spike or shank, so the tip
will have a smaller diameter than the base. Insert it into the hole until the reamer's diameter is flush with the
diameter of the pipe.

 Step 3
Depress the drill trigger or turn the T-handle clockwise to begin reaming the hole. Depending on the size of
the burr, this process may take a few minutes or longer.

24. Pipe Vise

This is a tool that is usually attached to a table and that has two flat parts that can be opened and closed
by a screw or lever in order to hold something (such as a piece of wood) very firmly. This tool commonly used
for holding pipe for threading, cutting, or reaming
 A vise (American English) or vice (Other English-speaking countries) is a mechanical apparatus used
to secure an object to allow work to be performed on it. Vises have two parallel jaws, one fixed and the
other movable, threaded in and out by a screw and lever.

Figure 24.

25. Portable Hand Drill

A drill or drilling machine is a tool primarily used for making round holes or driving fasteners. It is
fitted with a bit, either a drill or driver, depending on application, secured by a chuck. Some powered drills
also include a hammer function.
Drills vary widely in speed, power, and size. They are characteristically corded electrically driven
devices, with hand-operated types dramatically decreasing in popularity and cordless battery-powered ones
proliferating.
Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction, machine tool fabrication, and
construction and utility projects. Specially designed versions are made for medicine, space, and miniature
applications.
 Figure 25.

26. Power Saw

A circular saw is a power-saw using a toothed or abrasive disc or blade to cut different materials using
a rotary motion spinning around an arbor. A hole saw and ring saw also use a rotary motion but are
different from a circular saw. Circular saws may also be loosely used for the blade itself. Circular saws were
invented in the late 18th century and were in common use in sawmills in the United States by the middle
of the 19th century.
A circular saw is a tool for cutting many materials such as wood, masonry, plastic, or metal and may
be hand-held or mounted to a machine. In woodworking the term "circular saw" refers specifically to the
hand-held type and the table saw and chop saw are other common forms of circular saws. "Skilsaw" and
"Skil saw" have become generic trademarks for conventional hand-held circular saws. Circular saw blades
are specially designed for each particular material they are intended to cut and in cutting wood are
specifically designed for making rip-cuts, cross-cuts, or a combination of both. Circular saws are
commonly powered by electricity, but may be powered by a gasoline engine or a hydraulic motor which
allows it to be fastened to heavy equipment, eliminating the need for a separate energy source.
 Figure 26.

27. Push-Pull Rule

Push-Pull Tape. This familiar device is spring-loaded so that the tape retracts into its metal or plastic case
when not in use. It is also known as a flexible rule.

The push-pull tape comes in lengths from five or six feet up to twenty-five feet. It can also be purchased
in metric lengths. The blades (as the tapes themselves are formally known) come in hall- inch, three-quarter-
inch, and one-inch widths. Wider tapes are bulkier, but the wider they are, the farther you can extend them,
vertically or horizontally, without the supporting hand of an assistant at the other end. A practical size for most
home applications is three- quarters of an inch wide and twelve or sixteen feet long.

The hooked tip of the tape has a pair of rivets that fasten it to the blade. The tip slides back and forth a
fraction of an inch, compensating for the thickness of the tip when measuring inside or outside dimensions.

Many models come with a built-in locking mechanism that can be used to hold the blade in place,
preventing it from retracting until the brake is released. The tapes on some models come bearing not only
measurements (to sixteenths or thirty-seconds of an inch) but with stud markings at sixteen-inch intervals.
Some also have other information like nail sizes printed on the reverse side. Many models also come complete
with belt clip.
 Figure 27.

28. Pliers
Pliers are a hand tool used to hold objects firmly, possibly developed from tongs used to handle hot
metal in Bronze Age Europe. They are also useful for bending and compressing a wide range of materials.
Generally, pliers consist of a pair of metal first-class levers joined at a fulcrum positioned closer to one
end of the levers, creating short jaws on one side of the fulcrum, and longer handles on the other side.[1] This
arrangement creates a mechanical advantage, allowing the force of the hand's grip to be amplified and
focused on an object with precision. The jaws can also be used to manipulate objects too small or unwieldy
to be manipulated with the fingers.
Diagonal pliers, also called side cutters, are a similarly-shaped tool for cutting rather than holding,
using a pair of stout blades, similar to scissors except that the cutting surfaces meet parallel to each other
rather than overlapping. Ordinary (holding/squeezing) pliers may incorporate a small pair of such cutting
blades. Pincers are a similar tool with a different type of head used for cutting and pulling, rather than
squeezing. Tools designed for safely handling hot objects are usually called tongs. Special tools for
making crimp connections in electrical and electronic applications are often called crimping
pliers or crimpers; each type of connection uses its own dedicated tool.
 Figure 28.a Figure 28.b

29. Screwdriver
A screwdriver is a tool, manual or powered, used for screwing (installing) and unscrewing
(removing) screws. A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a shaft, ending in a tip the user puts into the
screw head before turning the handle. This form of screwdriver has been replaced in many workplaces and
homes with a more modern and versatile tool, a power drill, as they are quicker, easier, and also can drill holes.
The shaft is usually made of tough steel to resist bending or twisting. The tip may be hardened to resist wear,
treated with a dark tip coating for improved visual contrast between tip and screw—or ridged or treated for
additional 'grip'. Handles are typically wood, metal, or plastic and usually hexagonal, square, or oval in cross-
section to improve grip and prevent the tool from rolling when set down. Some manual screwdrivers have
interchangeable tips that fit into a socket on the end of the shaft and are held in mechanically or magnetically.
These often have a hollow handle that contains various types and sizes of tips, and a reversible ratchet action
that allows multiple full turns without repositioning the tip or the user's hand.
A screwdriver is classified by its tip, which is shaped to fit the driving surfaces—slots, grooves, recesses,
etc.—on the corresponding screw head. Proper use requires that the screwdriver's tip engage the head of a
screw of the same size and type designation as the screwdriver tip. Screwdriver tips are available in a wide
variety of types and sizes (List of screw drives). The two most common are the simple 'blade'-type for slotted
screws, and Phillips, generically called "cross-recess", "cross-head", or "cross-point".
A wide variety of power screwdrivers range from a simple 'stick'-type with batteries, a motor, and a tip
holder all inline, to powerful "pistol" type VSR (variable-speed reversible) cordless drills that also function as
screwdrivers. This is particularly useful as drilling a pilot hole before driving a screw is a common operation.
Special combination drill-driver bits and adapters let an operator rapidly alternate between the two. Variations
include impact drivers, which provide two types of 'hammering' force for improved performance in certain
situations, and "right-angle" drivers for use in tight spaces. Many options and enhancements, such as built-in
bubble levels, high/low gear selection, magnetic screw holders, adjustable-torque clutches, keyless chucks,
'gyroscopic' control, etc., are available.

Figure 29.
30. Soldering Iron
Metal workers, jewelers, electronics technicians and roofers are all familiar with solder, a metal alloy with
a low melting point that can be used to fuse two other pieces of metal. The soldering tools of choice for
melting solder in these trades are a soldering iron, a soldering gun and a soldering pencil. These are basically
handheld electric devices with pointed, heated tips. Plumbers also use solder to fuse copper pipes, but they
usually use a torch, which heats a wider area more quickly than a soldering iron.

 Soldering in the Roofing Trades

Roofers use solder to fuse galvanized metal for flashing. They also use it to fuse components of copper roofs.
Because accuracy is less important than it is in other trades, roofing soldering irons have broad tips that heat
up quickly and the ability to retain heat in windy conditions. To this end, they're often gas-assisted.
  Soldering Metal Gutters

If your home has metal gutters, the sections were joined by soldering. The tools and materials are similar to the
ones roofers use to join metal flashing pieces. The solder joint is leak-proof and permanent.

 Soldering Stained Glass and Mosaics

Stained glass workers have traditionally used lead solder, but these days’ lead-free solders are more common
for making stained glass windows and mosaic sculptures. The basic tool you need for this is a 100-watt soldering
iron. Other supplies include safety glasses, a glass cutter, pliers, a glass grinder, copper tape and a solid wood
work surface.

 Using Soldering Tools for Circuit Boards

Solder guarantees contact between two wires to establish electrical continuity. In addition, solder "locks" the
wiring down to the circuit board. Because solder joints are typically small, it's common to use a soldering pencil
hooked up to a power station that allows the user to control the temperature.

 Soldering for Electricians

Because it guarantees electrical continuity, electricians often use solder to splice wires when doing residential
or commercial wiring. The also sometimes use solder to fuse wires to electrical terminals inside electrical devices
or on control panels.

 Solder in Auto Repair

Solder isn't strong enough to make engine repairs but is used to fill irregular cavities, smooth rough
surfaces and tighten joints. It's also used to tin the edges of metal sheets, fill up holes and fuse metal panels
when doing auto body repair.

 Soldering Tools for Home Projects

Soldering pencils, guns and irons that are adequate for home use are made in abundance. Most are heated
electrically and have tips that can be used with a propane torch. The proper tool depends on the project,
but tasks like joining wires and circuit-board repairs may call for varying amounts of heat or more control.
As with other soldering projects, tool tips must be kept clean at all times.
  Soldering in the Jewelry Trades

Jewelers use soldering pens and soldering irons with interchangeable tips, and they also use accurate
torches that burn propane or butane. The solder has a high percentage of silver, and jewelers typically use
borax flux to reduce the metal oxides that form when you apply heat to metal. Flux is an important
component of any soldering job.

 Soldering Vacuum Tubes

Inexpensive vacuum switch tubes are soldered to form a sealant and to insulate housing parts in metal to
ceramic connections. For example, copper parts can be soft-soldered to ceramic without risking the tube.
Silver tin solder is placed on a pre-fab vacuum switch tube to form a corrugated ring with a cover that
forms a tight vacuum on the circuitry board to which the tube is attached.

 Uses of Soldering Tools in Plumbing

Plumbers use led-free solder to join copper plumbing pipes. Although they usually do this with a torch,
there are instances of working in tight quarters when a soldering iron is safer. They'll typically use a roofer's
soldering iron or a soldering gun, which heats up quickly when the trigger is depressed.

Figure 30.
 31. Tape Measure
Tape measure may be the carpenter’s best friend, but in dozens of other trades, too, the tape measure
can perform countless tasks. From dressmaking to dressing stone, all kinds of jobs are made possible by this
compact and convenient tool.

Tape measures come in a variety of lengths, ranging from a few feet to one hundred feet or more.
Depending upon the nature of your work, you may wish to carry a pocket-size model with you everywhere you
go, keep a long tape in your glove compartment to measure off building sites, or have several different models
available for various purposes. For most home applications, one of each of two kinds of tape measures will
help you accomplish what needs to be done.

Figure 31.

32. Tool Box

Tool boxes and Tool Cases are tool storage containers designed to organize and protect tools.
Toolboxes are made from metal or plastic and are easy to transport by hand or tool trolley around
workshops, workbenches and harsh environments. They come in various shapes and sizes depending
on the tools they are required to carry and protect. Most tool cases have a heavy-duty casing making
them durable for travel or for use in harsh environments but are also made from lightweight durable
materials such as aluminums or polypropylene. For storage purposes, some tool cases are stackable so
that they can save space. As a safety precaution, most tool cases have locks to prevent the contents
from being removed. Within the case itself, the tools are separated by drawers, dividers, pockets or
foam shadow boards.
 Figure 32.

33. Vernier Caliper

A Vernier caliper is an instrument for making very accurate linear measurements introduced in 1631
by Pierre Vernier of France. It utilizes two graduated scales: a main scale similar to that on a ruler and an
especially graduated auxiliary scale, the Vernier that slides parallel to the main scale and enables readings to be
made to a fraction of a division on the main scale. Vernier calipers are widely used in scientific laboratories and
in manufacturing for quality control measurements.

Figure 33.

Parts of a Vernier Caliper

1. Lower Jaws:
2. The upper jaws are the most prominent feature of a Vernier caliper. These jaws are designed to grip
objects firmly between them for measurement. One of the jaws is fixed and attached to the main scale
of the caliper while the other one is attached to the Vernier scale and is movable. The lower jaws allow
the Vernier caliper to measure outer dimensions of objects such as the length, width or diameter.
3. Upper Jaws:
 4. The upper jaws are smaller in size and are attached to the upper portion of the Vernier caliper. Similar
to the lower jaws, one of these jaws is fixed and the other is movable. The difference between them
and the lower jaws is that the upper jaws are used for measuring inside dimensions of hollow objects
such as inside diameters of pipes, lengths and widths of boxes etc. The jaws are placed inside the place
to be measured and then opened till they touch the edges and the reading is taken at that point.
5. Depth Rod:
6. The depth rod is another useful feature of the Vernier caliper which can be used to measure the depths
of holes or steps. The depth rod is a thin rod located at the end of the main scale. To measure with the
depth rod, the edge of the main scale is placed on the top surface of the hole and then the jaws are
opened. As the jaws are opened, the depth rod slides out with the main scale. The depth rod is extended
till it touches the bottom of the hole and the reading is taken as usual.
7. Main Scale:
8. The main scale is the large scale which runs along the body of the Vernier caliper. It is graduated either
in centimeters and millimeters or inches depending on the type of units it is built for. In SI units the
lowest graduation of the main scale is normally 1mm. The main scale is stationary.
9. Vernier Scale:
10. The Vernier scale is the defining component of the caliper and what gives it its name. The Vernier
caliper is a smaller scale attached to the main scale and can move along the main scale as the jaws are
opened or closed. The Vernier scale provides accuracy to the reading of the main scale by further
dividing the lowest reading of the main scale into increments. In a metric caliper, the Vernier scale is
divided into 50 increments each representing 0.02 mm.
11. Thumb Screw:
12. The thumb screw is located at the bottom of the Vernier scale. Its purpose is to provide a grip for the
user to slide the jaws easily and adjust the position of the jaws and depth rod while maintaining a firm
grip on the object.
13. Lock Screw:
14. The lock screw is used to fix the position of the jaws once the object is positioned properly so that
readings can be taken without the fear of spoiling the position.

34. Watt Meter

The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate of electrical energy)
in watts of any given circuit. Electromagnetic wattmeters are used for measurement of utility frequency and
audio frequency power; other types are required for radio frequency measurements.
A wattmeter reads the average value of the product v(t)i(t) = p(t), where v(t) is the voltage with reference
polarity in the ± terminal with respect to the other terminal of the potential (pressure) coil, and i(t) is the current
with reference direction flowing into the ± terminal of the current coil. The wattmeter reads P = (1/T) ∫0T v(t)i(t)
dt, which in sinusoidal steady-state reduces to Vrms Irms cos(φ), where T is the period of p(t) and φ is the angle
by which the current lags the voltage.
 Figure 34.

35. Wire Gauge

The common standard for the diameter (gauge) of round drawn wire is the American Wire Gauge
(AWG).As strands of wire are made, they are drawn through progressively smaller dies. This is true of all
wire. In fact, the AWG sizing system suggests this drawing procedure. For example, a size 22 AWG wire,
smaller than 20 AWG, is drawn, theoretically, through 22 progressively smaller dies. Larger wire is drawn
through fewer dies; hence, the lower-number “gauge.”

Figure 35.
Parts of Wire Gauge

 Gauge number

The gauge number refers to the size of the diameter cut-out next to it. The numbers on a wire gauge
vary depending on the type of gauge: on a British Standard Wire Gauge (SWG) type they range from 1 to 36,
and on an American Wire Gauge (AWG) type from 0 to 36

 Metric or Imperial number

The metric or imperial number can be found on the reverse side of the gauge. A British standard wire
gauge it has metric measurements ranging from 0.19mm to 7.62mm. The American wire gauge, on the other
hand, has inches on the reverse ranging from 0.005″ to 0.325″.

 Precise diameter cut-out

The horizontal gap at the outermost point is the diameter which is referred to by the gauge number.
This is where the wire is placed to determine its size.

 Circular run-through area

The circular section acts as a run through for wire that is capable of fitting through the gap. It allows
the wire to be easily removed after passing through the gap.

 Hole

The hole in the wire gauge enables you to hold onto the wire gauge easily by putting your thumb or fingers
through.

36. Wire Stripper

A wire stripper is a portable handheld tool used by workers, especially electricians, for removing the
protective coating of an electric wire in order to replace or repair the wire. It is also capable of stripping
the end portions of an electric wire in order to connect them to other wires or to terminals. A wire stripper
is often considered an important tool for professional electricians and other related person

Figure 36.
Conclusion

We use tools in our everyday life at home and every occupation uses tools as well. We use a comb for
our hair and a toothbrush for our teeth. A carpenter uses a hammer; an artist uses a pencil. Providing an
understanding of how to use the proper tool for a job is important in understanding and establishing skills for
ADL (activities of daily life).
Like any other repair or improvement project around the house, electrical work requires tools. For
most residential electrical projects, you'll use mostly basic hand tools you already own, such as a hammer, tape
measure, level, and screwdrivers. There are also some specialty electrical tools that come in handy from time to
time, and these are readily available at most home centers, hardware stores, electrical supply stores, and online
retailers. Thing like voltmeters, fish tape, and flashlights can come in handy when you are doing an at-home
project. As with any tool purchase, you'll get longer life and better performance from higher-quality tools. Better
electrical hand tools, such as wire cutters and linesman pliers, have insulated handles to help guard against
shock. Power tools are capable of performing many complex tasks that can't be performed with hand tools.
They make it easier for the workers to complete several difficult tasks in less time and with lesser effort. These
tools can go a long way when it comes to increasing the efficiency of workers by simplifying their work. They
have made tasks like repairing and building much easier, turning some of the most tedious projects into
something that only takes a short while to accomplish. With the creation and development of improved
electrical tools and equipment, building and repairing today has become more refined than ever before. There
are many different kinds of electrical tools available in the market today, all with the intention to make life more
convenient for its users. Having these invaluable tools at home and work would help you accomplish more
tasks, while also ensuring that you get the best results.
There is no doubt about the fact that electricity is an extremely powerful source of energy which is
used for powering machinery, lighting items, tools, devices and other products used by us in our day to day
lives. However, the same electricity can also be a huge health hazard which causes serious injuries and deaths.
This is why people who work in the electrical industry ought to develop electrical safety standards and use
electrical safety equipment in order to safeguard themselves from potential hazards when they are dealing with
electricity through the installation, operation or maintenance of electric currents. Electrical safety at home or at
work is something that is of immense importance in order to prevent disasters and mishaps. If you know that
you are going to be dealing with electricity then it makes sense for you to wear some electrical safety equipment
in order to protect yourself from electric shocks, which can be quite deadly! These protective items are
particularly useful for those who are in the commercial or industrial construction and maintenance industry.
Safety Procedures When Using Electrical Tools and Equipment. Tools are valuable items that make
work become quicker, simpler, and more convenient. They have made tasks like repairing and building much
easier, turning some of the most tedious projects into something that only takes a short while to accomplish.
Tools can go a long way when it comes to increasing the efficiency of workers by simplifying their work.
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