Classic Higher Mathematics 339

338 Chapter Nine: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions

320
2* +2. 2"
=
or, 8.
L.H.S a-". b'P, P- or, 10.
2*= 320 abc k". k. k*=k**y*z Now, L.H.S = m(n - 2) +n(m - 2)
=
1
(xy . (xy°-*P.(xyp-9 320 Given that abc m n - 2m+mn-2n
= x . yP= Dq-), xP. y-1)(r-p), xp-4, or, 2-10 or, k**y*= K° 2 mn-2 (m+n)
- 1) (p-4)
or, X * y + z = 0 2mn 2mn [putting mtn= mn]
x . x*. yP-pr*q*. y-P-t*P, or, 2 - 2
x yPqr9+9
x+y+z Lproved] = 0 R.H.S
yPP9**9r-pq-r*p*pr p+q
5
5 7. Given that, a a " = (a"n m(n-2)+ n(m -
2) =
0 [proved]
x°-r*r
Required solution x or, a " =amn
y or, m tn=mn
.I 3. (1) Va) VaVa
1=R.H.S [Showed] Solution ofexercise-9.1(2)
4. (1) 4-3*i=3***-2x-
-VVa)a7 G.
or, 4+2-' =3**i+3*-i Prove that, \ a where m, p e Z and
n|3. Prove
that, (ab)" =a"b", where Z, n N
or, (2)* +22*.2 = 3*. 32+3".3T
-VaVa.*3 1.
EN.
Solution: Let, x
m e e
Solution: Let, an = x
or,2+2 Now, L.H.S = (ab)"
- a ya or, (a")n=x
(ab)"[ : n-x]
-r -Vaha and,

a"
a "

X".
y

.(1)
=a.b = a".bn
- = ýaa = a 7 or, (a =y 4. Show that,
=R.H.S [proved]
or, a = y"
or, (a"P = y
=
(a *)12= Ans.
a
or, (x"P= y" [from (i) a" = x']
(2) -11-(1-x'y'}lT' or, x=y"
-11 or, (x°=y
or, x =y Solution:
- a"
mp
('x=a" and y =a"] [proved] LHS-- s+
or, 2x = 3
2. Prove that,
\a""-awhere m, ne Z, m+0,|
--
'.x

#0.
Solution: ---b
= R.H.S [showed)
let, amX (b) L.H.S=ta'+1
Required solution:x=5
(2) 9*=3**I -1 . a = x"..
************
a a 2
or, (35)**=3** and, a =y
a+2+a-1
or, 3 = 3** or, a = ymm +
or, 4x =x+1
or, 4x x = |
or, 3x =I
-T-t-1}-* or,
x"=(y"" [from equation (1)]
or, x=y
Ans. x* or, x= y
.x3
i. Required solution, x=3 Let. Va 6- Fe =k x-fmdy- X =a and y = a
(3) 2 * + 2 * *
or,.
= 320
+2. 2' = 320
--k
Then, a = k", b =k',c =k*
Proved] a2+a 2+1
340 Classic HigherMathematics Chapter Nine: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions 341
Ans) 4b+c"++*++
ab+1 ab-1
(+1) Ans.
a a a
-
a2+a 2-1 =R.H.S (Showed) bc a1,b
5. Simplify:
- 9/
(1) (ab + (ab +a
1X
b
b{a-b) ya-b
afa+b) Ja
b{va-b} ya-b
-
Ans.
avat+ b a 6. Show that,
bya +b) (ya-b) ya-b (1) Ifx a*"b°, y = a'* Pb', z = aP* "b', then
a brc* a'c*
x y z * = 1.
= x xx
(2) If aP=b, b=c and c'= a, then pqr=1.
41+a+a T+b+6a -bya x b* 3) Ifa'-P a'=qand a* =(p'q), then xyz= 1.
Solution:
1+CPa+CPB bva-b) a-)+bab'c)+¢d-b) 1) aGiven,
PA
x =a bP 6
a ya-byva X
Z= aPb
beva-b) ab-afe+ b'c-ab+a'c?- b' L.H.S. = x y P : z P -
(5) abc
Jaoa-b).e
bfVa-b) (Ans.)
(Ans.)
A
= (a "b°)*(a"Pb")-P-(aP""b)P
(6)
(6) b - a (b+a
ab-fp
a-b
abc= x=1 Putting value of x, y, z
= a*-.bP-P-a*pXr-P).4r-P.apkp-9).Pr-qr
Solution:
=a
.a-.aP-.bP-Pr br-qp bPr-
( a-b +r-p° +p-9.Pq- pr+qr-9P* pr-gr
Fa
at bXa-b)a+b
b) =1.1=1 =R.H.S (Showed)
(2) Given, a=b
c a
Here, aP = b
= xa=x! or, (cP= b [: c'=a]
or, cP = b
x (Ans.)
or, (b
bP= b [: b=a]
bl=a]
( 1+a+a +be+6a *b-a
Pqr (Showed)
(3) Given that, a* = p
a
a= (p' q*
las Here,
a* (p'q)*
a-b
or, a= {(a" (a'}*
or, a(a", a*"*
or, a (a* * *y2
a"
- - or, a a 2 * y z
or, 2= 2xyz
or, 1 = xyz [dividing by 21
xyz=1 [showed]
 per Nine: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions 34
7. (1) If xya+ yb+ zc =0 and a =
be, then or, x= a+ b+a-b*3 {(a + b) (a- bu a'+ 3a [taking square root)
show that, ax +
by'+ cz' 3axyz. =
x
or,
(2) If x =
(a + b)3 +
(a -
b)3 and a -
b=c.|
Lx= (a+b?+(a-b [: a20 so, taking only positive value]
or, 3a +9a =8 [Showed]
then show that, x* -3cx 2a =
0 or, x =2a+ 3x (a- b3 (5) Given, that, a =b
+x+ +*+*T+
(3) Ifa= 2+2 then show that, 2a- 6a=5
(4) If a+2 33 +3 3 and a 2 0, then show
or, x= 2a+ 3x (c) [a* - b=
or, x= 2 a + 3x. c
-- + T= 1 R.H.Ss =
or, x* = 2a +3cx
that,3a+9a =8
x-3cx -2a= 0 [showed]
(5) If a = b, then show that,
(showed]
(3) Given that, a =
23+ 23
-- 8. (1) If a = b, b' = c and c* = 1, then find the
value of xyz.
(2) If x* =y° = z and xyz = 1, then find the
[cubing both sides] value of ab + be + ca.
(6) Ifb 1 +33+33, then show that, b°
-3 -.)-3.2.)
=
-6b-4=0 (3) If 9"= 27", then find the value of
(7) Ifa
+b+c=0,then show that, +T or, a' 2 +2 + 3.23 alr a-g,i =a +(b
Solution:
|(1) Given that, a* = b
or, a = 2 + 5 + 3 . 2°.a b'=c
Solution
=+b3 = R.H.S [Showed] Here c= 1
c=1
or, a'-23.1.a (6) Given that b= 1+33+33 or, (b = 1[: b=c]
(1) Given that, xiya
+y6+zie =o or, a= 2 +5+3a or,b-1 =33+3
or, b = 11
or, (a I : a* =b]
or,xia y6--z or, (b-1-(35+35Cubing both sidel or, a 1
or, or, a = a° [. a'= 1]
[cubing both sides] or, 2a 5 +6a
or, '363b-1 -+3.G+3 Xyz= 0
Ans. 0
.. 2a- 6a 5 [showed]
=
i.G3 |(2) Given that, x* = y*
4) Given that, a?+2 = 33+ or, b'-3b+3b-I =9+3. 3isiai+3$)+ x= ya
GG+»6)-- ?e or, (a2'= [cubingboth sides] or, b-3b+3b-1 12+3.3 3 (b-1)
Again, z'=y°
or, x'a
+y'b+3xyiab.z)--z or, (a +3. (a*). 2 +3. a.2 +2 or, b- 3b +3b- 1 =
12 +3.3 (b- 1) . Z=yo
or, b-3b+3b 1 =12+9(b-1) .'.
Now, xyz= 1|
or, x'a +yb - 3xyz Vabc = - z'c
G.G3-sisi3.)| or, b-3b +3b - 1 = 12+9b-9
or, b- 3b +3b -1-3-9b
or, b - 3 b - 6b - 4 = 0 (Showed)
=0 or, y.y. y=1
or, a'+6a+12a+8-3+3?-3'*3i.a+2 (7) Given that +1 c =|
or, x'a +y'b +z'c
=3xyz Vabc
a + b+c=0 Or,ya
y
ra+2 =3a,sj LH.S +I +T+ or, y
be+ac +ab
ac
or, ax'+ by+ cz'
3xyzýa.a [(: be a
=
=
a+6a+ 12a + bc+ ca Ta =0
or, ax by+cz' 3xyza =

or, 8 =
9+3(a +2) ac
x+x+1x+x+1 ..bc + ca + ab = 0
ax +by' +cz'= 3axyz [Showed] or, a+6a' + 12a +8 =9++3a +6
Ans. 0
(2) Given that, (3) Given that, 9 = (27Y
x =(a +b) 3 + (a -
b)3 or, a+6a + 12a- 3a'=9++6-8 1++7*++* or, (3)=(3*Y
or, 3 3 P
or, x l(a +b}3
=
+ (a -
b}3/ [cubing both sides] or, a +6a' +9a 7+ =
[a+btc=0.. btcs-a]| or, 2x = 3y
or, x=(a +b3 -\(a b3 +3(a +b) 3 -
or, (a'+2.a'3a +
(3a)* - 3 9 1+x+XTt++ +1+
(a-b l(a +bya+ (a- b}| or, (a3a)- Ans.
 344 Classic Higher Mathenmatics
Chapter Nine: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions 345
9. Solve
or, 5
or, 5" = 5
(1) 3*+ 273*= 36 X=I
(1, 1) ngarithm origna m
Logarif arithm
wo Greek Word Logos and arithmas. Logos means discussion and arithmas
Required solution: (X, y)
(2) 5+3=8, 5 ' + 3 '=2 =
(3) 4 =16*y,3*2y 9211 =
16 ..1) s number. hat is discussion about special number.
(3) 4 =
(4) 22x*.2+' =8,2**2.2*2= 16 3x = 9** . . . . . inition: If a
is positive but not equal to 1. then Graphs of Exponential. Logarithmic and AbsoIute
Solution: = From, equation (1)
we get, logb means a D . X Calied the S
logarithm ofb Value Function.
(1) 34 +27** 36
++ (3*'50 b a s e a.
4 ( to
the
Observe that, by definition a b : =log, b Observe the following three tables of corresponding
4-2=42x*2y
or, 3.3+33 * = 36 or, 3y-2 2 x + 2y r example l o g :6 4 = 6 because 2" = 64 and log.64 es o X and y
64 ble | I:
or, (3*)*3+3* 3-36 =0 or, 2x + 2y-3y
+ 2 0 - 2 because 8
=
or, 9.3)+27-(3*)-36 0 or, 2x-y+ 2=0 ..(11) the same number nas different
or, 9a+ 27a- 36 =0 [3*= a] different bases.
logarithm with
From, equation (11) we get, respect
to
Table 2:x
log, b >a'
or, 27a +9as-36 =0 3or, 3 * 2 = 342 Conversly, if x b
162s
=
=
or, 3a + a - 4 0 [Dividing by 9 both sides] 42
tnthis case the number b is the anti
logarithm of x
or, 3a'-3 +a-I =0 or, X+ 2)y
=
4x + 2 with respect to base a and we write b = anti log,x Tablex
2|34S|67 8 9 10
or, 3(a -1)+as-1 =0 or, 4x+ 2 - x - 2y = 0 v 24816 32 64128 256s12 1024
or, 3(a-1Ma +a+ 1) +(a- 1a + 1) =0
a =n, so a is the
antilogarithm of n,
log a
n
=
In table 1. We notice that as x takes
or, 3x - 2y +2 =0. V)
that is a anti
log n. on the values
or, (a- 1)(3a + 3a+ 3+a+ 1)=0 Multiplying equation (i1) by 2 and equation (iv Note: Since x is positive for every x E ... 2, corresponding values
3. the are of y
or, (a - 1)3a* + 4a +4) = 0 R, no such that the
by I we gel, difference between two succeeding
a - 1 =0 or, 3a +4a +4 =0 negative number nas a logarntnm wtn respect to any values is the same, viz. 2. This means that the sIx
l1 3x -2y +2 -0 base. Since a= l, we have log,I =0.
a-1=0then, a =
4X-2y +4=0_ other points (-2, 4). (-1, -2), ..... (2, 4), (3, 6). lie on a
or, 3" = On the hand, every real number
x. positive or straight line. So Table l describes a linear function.
Or, 3=3o (subtracting) - x -
2=0 negative, is the
logarithm or Some
positive number. In table 2 we notice that as takes on the values
or, -x=2 viz. of a b, say. We then isb say the
antilogarithm 2, 3, 4, 5, the corresponding values of y are0,the
I,
=
.. 0 'x-2
Again, 3a+4a+ 4 0 then, Putting value of x in equation (ii) we get, of a to 0;the base a
and write b anti log,
=
x
Ifa> >l and respective square of 0, 1, 2.3. 4. 5.
-4t4-4:3.4 2(-2)-y +2=0 a
b:0 logaritim otb with base
a Thus table I represent the equation y 2x
0 can be denoted by log,b
or,-4-y +2
=
2 3 Thus, Table 2 lists the values of the exponential
b x if and only ifa'
There fore log
=
or,-y 4 2 b =
function y =x*.
EVl6-48 (a) log. =x
or, a =
or, - y=2 Similarly, Table 3 lists the values of the exponential
432
or, y 2 (b)a=bb functiony =2.
or,, a = - y-2 Laws oflogarithms: For exponentials function
Required solution (x, y) = (-2, -2) 1. log, a l and log, I =0 f (x) a' is defined for all
=
Here, real number x when, a>0 and a 1
32 Imaginary.
So, it is not
acceptable.(4) 2* .2 2. log, (M x N) = log, M + log. N
The functions.
=
Required solution: x=0. ) y 2', 10', x, e are exponential
=
2**.2*2= 16. M
(2) 5* +3=8.. (1) 3.logN log, M - log.N functi
S + 3 ' =2..... (ii) From e
22x*13yi
ge 4. log (M)" = N log. M
Write the exponential function
From, equation (11) we get,
5"5. "+ 3.37' =2 or, 2x + 1 +3y + 1 =3 5. log, M
Work Solution: described in following in table 1.
log, M log, b
=
value of cross pair (x, y) can be described by y = 2".
*
or, 2x +3y =3 -2 roof of these laws will be found in General Here 2 is fixed Positive real number and value of y
. 2x + 3y =1 .
111) Mathematics. be got for different value ofx.
cantable
From (1 we get,
3S
or, 15
-2 2x2yt2=24 Xponential,
Functions
Logarithmic and Absolute Value In by y = 2. value of cross pair (x, y)
3x. Here 3 is a positive
can
real
be described
number and
or, x +2 +y+2=4
or, 3 5+5 3 30. (i) oen a positive real number a # 1, the function fx)above value of y are for different value of x.
or, x * y = 4 - 4
Multiplying equation (ii) by 1 and equation (i)|
by 3
Or, X * y =0 s called the exponential function to the base a.ntable 5. value ofcross pair (x. y) can be described
3.5+5 3=30
we ge, or, y - X ....(IV) unction f (x) = log," is called the logarithmicby =*. Here 4is a tixed positive real number and
Putting value of y from equation (iv) in equation Onto the base a. The function defined by f («)|above value oty isditferent for different values of x.
3.5*+33=24 (111) we get,
tha n table4 byvalue
y =xof+3.
diterent
that {x} called
the absolute value function. We recall cross pair (x, y) can be
2x +3(-x) =1| described
ifx20,
=
x
2.3=6 (subtracting) or, 2x - 3x = 1 | In al
hm to the base
base 10 are eresa tixed positive number and real above
Used erical work, logarithm for
these are common logarithms. In all value ory difterent different vales ofx.
1s
or, 3= or,X =I
or, 3"=3 X-1 deetical work, the base is an irrational number ape aue orcross pair(x, y) can be described
Putting value of x in (iv) we get, noted
led by
by e.
e. It
It is
is defined as the
the sum of theinfiniteby y Here is fixed positive real number. The
defined as sum or nc
y
Putting value of y in equation (i) we get,
y-(-1) value of y is for different value of x.
y |In table 6. value or cross pair (x, y) can be described
S+3'8 ls va
:.
Required solution: (x, y) (-1, =
1) by y 5x. The value of y is different for different
or, 5°= 8-3 S approximately 2.71. value of x.
 359
ClassicHigher Mathematics Chapter Nine: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions
358
XOX and y-axis
(4) Let, y Mx) = ewhere, 2 <e<3 we list the Let, x-axis be along be
YOY' and O be origin. 1aking the onglength
of five
value ofx and yto draw thegraph. mall square as unit along X-axis and
one Smal
x-3 -21 squares as unit along Y-axis we plot the n l
(-2, 0.11), (- 1, 0.33), (0, 1), (1, 3). points on squared paper,
we draw the X-axis along
y 20.087.4 2.71136|14 draw thegraph by free hand.
(2,9) and XOX and y-axis along YOY'. Taking
the length
of each small square as unit along x axis and ten
The given function 1s detined for all real
plot the
axXiS we
values small squares as unit along y
-
of x.
function D= R
points (0.5,-7), (1, 0), (2, 0.7), (3, 1.1), (4, 1.4),
(5, 1.6), (10, 2.3), (12, 2.48) we draw the graph
.. Domain of
when x co thenf(x) > 0 of y = loge x with free hand.
and, if value of X increaSes, JX) is
near
infinity
.. Range of function R,= (0, »)
Work:
Sketch the graph of y =
logiox using values ofx
andy from these data.
x0.5 1 2 3 4 10
Solution ofexercise-9,.2 (2
Which is the simplest form of the
1. expression
Let x-axis is along XOX' and y-axis along YOY'|2.

y-0.3
lo sketch

0.3 0.5|0.6 0.711

the graph or y = logex, make a table

2) log (ab)log log (be) log(+log

like it was done for (A) using values of x and y,
(ca) log(-o
and O be origin. Taking the length of five small (1) 0 (2) 1 (3)
squares as unit along x-axis and one small and then sketch the graph.
square as unit along x-axis we plot the points (-Solution: (3) a (4) x
logabx log/be loEa8 x
2. If a, b, p> 0 and a # 1, b#1 then
3, 20.08), (-2, 7.4). (-1, 2.71), (0, 1). (1, 0.36),|1. Given table i. log.P logsP
xlog,b 4) log.log. log, la )=b
(2,.14) we draw the graph by free hand. x5 2 3 45 1012 |Solution:
Again the given function is defined for all real y 3 00.3 0.50 0.7 1 10 ii. logaya xlogVbx logeVc's value is 2
value of x. HH
iii. x ° = y°E*
) LHS-log+log( log
Domain of function, D= R Which combination ofthesestatements is correct?
when x o then f(x) >0 (1) i and ii (2) ii and ii
=
log a"- log b" +
log b- logc" + log.c"
(3) i and iii logka
and, when toward in infinity (4) i, ii and iii =0
Answer questions 3 -5 when X, y, Z # 0 and a" =| = R.H.S [Showed
Range of function, R=(0, co)
(5) Let, y =f(x) = 3
3. Which is correct ?
we list the value of x and y to draw the graph of
(2) LH.S Ioge(ab) log(+ loge (be) log
given function. (1) a =b (2) a=c
2 log& (ca) log
| 0.11 0.33 (3) a=c
=
(log.a + log.b) (loga- logb) +(log.b +
4. Which of the following is equal to ac. logc) (log.b- logkc) +(logkC+ logka)
LIHH

(logkf1ogka),
(loga)-(log.b) + (log1b) - (logc)*
(1) b.b (2) ,
+(logkc)-(logia)*
=0
- R.H.S [Showed]
zth (3) b* y (4) bY 2
XOX'
of
and y-axis along YOY'. Taking the d ten 5. Ifb= ac, which one is correct ? (3) L.H.S= logab* log&E°* loEE
each small square as unit along X-axis the log aVb x los/givox log/[Va}
Small squares as unit along y-axis we
points (0.5, - 3), (1, 0), (2, 0.3), (3, 0.5),rao
5, 0.7), (10, 1), (12, 1.07), and draw tne 2
=2
logvbx 2l0g pve 2log va x
by free hand of y = logio X.
Given function y= 6. Show that,
( -8
losvbx (los 6 Ve xlos ava)
: loge Xx and
To draw the graph we list the valucoT2
() log l o o 0
8
log aVbx log pVa
x51|2 3 4 510
y F0.7 0 0.7 1.11.4 .6|2.
 360 Classic Higher MathematicsS
Chapter Nine: Exponential & Logarithmic 361
8 log avNa
. logb° = x(bc - ab) **********""***** {11)
iag. a *7
Functions
=
p (y
-7)...0)
and, x or, x V
Again logb
1
=8 - b or, x =
8 R.H.S [Showed] or, loga x(a - b) z-x 2
or, c log = xc (a - b)
or, log.b P(Z- x) Here. x = is not acceptable as for negative
(4) L.H.S = log loga log. la"
logc= x (ca - b c ) .
multiplying both sidesby c
.ii)
or, (z+ +**) logk =p (z-x) (7+xy x')
zx
+
value of x there is no value of log x.
loga loga log,(a)" Adding equation (1), (1) and (ii) we get,
multiplying both sides by (z zx+x*)] +
a.b **= p{z -x) . . .
(a log.a + logk b + lo8k x (ab ca)+x .x= (Showed]
= log.log. log a (bc ab) + x
(ca - be)
and, =
and,x-yP X-yx-1
log, log. (a)" x 1 [loga = 1]
b
log (a. b c)=x (ab -ca +be-ab + ca- bc) (4) L.H.S
4) =
=
log,
log+
loga (a) log,a
or,
or, log. (a b°c) = x. 0 or, log&c =p{x-y) -1
or, (x +xy
or, logk (a" b° c°) =0 *y) log c px-y) (x*+ xy log x-=D
loga (a).1
=b loga or, log (a'b'c) = log. 1 [ : log k ' = 0] [multiplying both sides by (x*+ xy +y)
y)]| + log (xk-i)«-V«-1,
b.1 = b
a b c* =1 (Showed) log.c =p (x -Y).. ) multiplying numerator and denominator by x - - 1 )
=R. H.S Showed] log,b_lo Adding equ (1). (11) and (i1i) we get
let, S = log, = x - I
7. (1) Ir _ogkb_log, c. show that abes
() y - Z Z-xX-y =p log.a y * 7 + log,b7 *zx*x x* - (Vx* - )
a-b nen
lao
1elog
a Then, OLa
Then, y-Z p logc*+xy *y p (y z)+p(7 -x)
= -
log,4 -i
a lOg _
O then show that
=
log -( 1) -
Z-X
(1) ab*** ¢** = 1
X-y or, loga =p(y-z) p(x- y
or, log (a y* . b*a**.c-y- log,
log X -Ix-12
or, y + z) logia = p (y + z) (y -z)
(2) a T.b * a * . n 2 = x*+1
1. multiplyng by (y * z) both sidel
P ?+?-x'+x-y)
(3) 1f t), then show that x = S
or, log.a *=p (y" -z)..1) or, log (a *.b*a**¢*y*Y)=pxo log, Yx-1
logX=2
Again =p or, log. (a *y*7.b*a**.*xy*)=0o
or, log& (a *y*7.bF *a *y log (x-Vx-1
(4) Show that, logk 21og(x or, log.b = p ( z - x)
x+-1 or, (z+ x) logibp (z+x) (z-x) l o g I [log.l = 0]|
2log (x - Vx* - 1)
x-1) multiplying both sides by (z + x)] ayz*7.T*a*x. x *xy +y R.H.S [Showed]
(5) If ab" =
a**b", then show that log
or, log.c *=
p (z"- x")... (11) (Showed)
(5) Given that, a- *b" a**b =
x
l D a
log a and,X-y =p (3) Given that, Og+X)_,
logx
(6) Ifxy-' =p, xy>-' =q, xy*' =r, then show or, log.c =p(x-y) or, logk (1 +x) 2
or,,b**
log,x
=
that, (b-c)log.p + (c-a) logg+(a- b) logr| Or, (X *Y) logc p (x + y) (z-x) pr,
= 0
or, log(1 +x)= logX
multiplying both sides by (x +y or, a
or, 1+x =x* [eliminating log from both sides
(7) If Ogk (ab)_ be log, (bc) logc*
.
calog (ca) =p (x* -y)....(1) or, X"- x = 1 |
Or,
b+c C+a Adding equation (i), (ii) and (i1i) we get, ,
then show that a = b' = c* loga""* +log,b"* + logkç* p (y;Z or,(x)-2.x.
P(z- x*)+ p(x-y) or, log =
log.a'[taking log in both sides
I Z ) _YZ+x-y) z{X+y-2| or, log(a"+ log,b**+ log*)=py-7),
logx logky logk Z
then show that, x" y" =y¥z=z'x or, log(a7 b * * ) . c * * = ( , 4
or, 2x
log -2 loga
Solution: x*+ x-y) or, x log loga [dividing both sides by 2]
(1) Let,bOEk2_log,b log.c or, log& (a"*. b**. c*}) =
px0
-c Ca a b or, logk (a "*. b°**. c**) =0
Then, 0ta
or, loge (ab"*.¢**y) = log, 1 [logk 1 =0 slog log.a (Showed]
X
a*.b**,c**Y =1[Showed
b -c
or, loga =x (b- c) (2) Let, E _logb-loge_P - (6) Given that, xy
or, log xy' log.p [taking loga in both sides]
=

=Fp
or, a logka xa(b - c) [multiplying both sides by a] y-z Z-X X-Y . logix + logk y* = logip
.. logka"=x (ab ca)... logx + (a 1)logy= logp. -
..
-
..(1) Then, Z =p Again y ()
Again, c -a x
or, x t or, log xy' loguq [taking log in both =
or, loga P(y-z)
=
or, logX + side]
logy logq
or, logb x(c - a) or,
ymultiplying
+yz +z)loga= p(y -2)0+yz +7
both sides by (y* + yz*a
log t (-)lOgA= logi . )
or, blog,b =xb (c- a) [multiplying by b both sides]| 2 Again xy
or, log xy -' =
logr [taking log in both sides]
 Classic Higher Mathematics
362 Chapter Nine: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions 363
p(ab +bct ca)
or, logkx+ logy*'=log1r or, (loga + log1b + logc) =
abc (iv) x (y+z-X_YZ+X=)_ZXty-2-p
(8) Let, l o g X pzlog,x tpxlog,z
log y or, 2y s
*(C-1) logKy logkr..(11) [dividing both sides by2 log
=
or, logkX
Now L.H.S
(b-c) logkP+(c a) log9+(a- log1r
b) Now substracting (i) from (iv) we get by2 Then,
X (y-
logx
2--p or, 2xyz = plog& x* +plog z
(b-c) {logsx + (a- 1) logAy} +(c - a) {log1x (loga +
logb + logic)-(log1a
+
log.b) or, x(y * Z-x) =p logu x or, 2xyz p(log x* +log z)
+(b-Dlogky +(a-b) {logx +(c- logy|
1) p(ab +be+ ca) pla b)
putting the value from eqn (1), (11) and
(i1)J abc
abc or. y +z -
x
=* X ()
or. =log, x log z +
(b-c) logx +(b-c) (a- 1) logy +(c-a) logx or. log.a + log1b + logC- loga - log,b
+(C-a)b-1)l0gy+(a-b)logx +(a-b)(C-1)logy
pab +bc + ca)-pca +be Again, Y(ZX ) P P
= log. (x z). (vi)
+ (a-b) logx +(5-c)
(-clogx +(Ca) logx abc log
Again substracting (ii) from (iv) we get
(a-1)logy+(c-a) (6-1)logy +(C-1) logY| p(ab +bc+ ca-ca- bc)
or, y(z * X - y) p log.y
(b-c+C-a+ a- b) logx +(ab -b-ac *C =2OA,Plog X
b) logy or, log1c abc . z + X - y= p logkY x+y+z x -y +z
-
ab +a + ac bc +
+bc- c a
..(11)
-
Y
-
* * * * *
=0x logy +0 x loguyy pab P log2_plog2
=0+0
or, logC abc
and z(x*y2-p
log z
=
0 R.H.S [Showed] or, logc
or, Z ( x * y - z) = p log, z
22 ogL Plogy
loL(Ca) FP
=
or,
(71 et ab logi(ab)_ belogi(be)_ca
b+c c+a Xy-z= Plogz y
a or, c logc =p (i1)
ab a+b
logi(ab) logc=p. (v) or, 2z = OX * pxlog, y
then, *p Again, subtracting (ii) from (iv) we get Adding equation (1). (11) and (i1) we get.
or, ab log (ab) = p (a + b) (loga + log.b + logic) -(log1b+ log1c) y + z - x + z+ x + - y + x +y -z or, 2xyz =
plog& x+ plog y*
Pla*t p(ab +bC+ ca)_plb+9 p log, x p logY p log 2 or. 2xyz =
p(log x +loga y)
or, log(ab) =
ab abc 2xyz
or, = log, x + log« y
pla+ b) or, ( l o g a + log,b + log.c - logic - logia)
+z =lXo g plog.y plog,z P
loga+ log1b= ab . Or, X *y .
p{ab +bct ca)- p(ab +ca) l o g (x". y). (V11)
Again,
be log(bc)-p
b+c
abc ..(iv) P
P(ab + bc +ca-ab-ca) Subtracting (i) from (iv) we get, Now comparing equ (v) (vi) and (vii) we get,
or, bc loga (bc) = p (b + c ) log (y". ? ) = log.(x. z ) = loge ( x . y )
or, log.a abc
(x +y + z) - (y + z - x )
=Rlo*c)
=POgX P logY p log 2 p log x [eliminating loga]
Or, log (bc) bc
or, logkaabc
pbe x'y'-y't -z'x* [Showed]
Sketch the graphs:
logb+logc = bc
()
*********
or, (x+y +z - y - z + x) =PO , PIOS&Y
Or, loga = a (1)y 3°(2) y
-
5) y 3 ' (6) y =3
= -
3* 3)y 3* -
()y-- 3*'
and
and Ca10gC3)=
c+a or, a loga = p
p log 2 PiO Solution:
or, ca l o g (ca) = p(c + a)
log.a =p.. (vi) (1) Given function y - 3*
PCa2
Again substracting (iii) from (iv) we get, or, 2x =OAY p log 2
or, log (ca) =
ca (loga+ log,b + log.c) - (logic + logia) To draw the graph we list the value of xand y
O
pc+a) Plab +bct ca) ple * or, 2x =PaOgk YF py log, 2 0.11 0.33
logic + log.a = * .
(ii) abc
aC 9
ca or, 2xyz = plog. y + plog. z
Adding equation (i), (ii) and (iii) we get, or, log.a + log.b + log.c - log1a - log1c
loga+log.b + l o g b + l o g C + logc + logia or, 2xyz = p(loga y* + log z')
P(ab+ bc +ca)-p(bc A
pla + b) Pb +c) PC +a) abe 2xZ
Or,D log. y° + log1 z
ab bc ca
or, log,b = Plab + bc + ca- bc-ab)
or, 2(log.a+ logeb + log.c) abc
pca +be+píab +ca) +p{bc t ab)| pca
log
P (.2).. (V)
abc or, logb abc
Again Substracting (ii) from (iv) we get
or, 2(logia + log.b + log1c)
- p(ca +bc +ab +ca +bc +ab)| or, log.b = **Ytz-z-N+y=plOg, PlogY , plo2
abc
or, b
Pab + 2bc t 2ca) log.b =p log x
Or, 2(log.a + log1b + log,c) =
abc logb=p. . (vii) wC
bc t ca) NOW comparing eqn. (v), (vi) and (vii)
logc) =2p[ab+ log.c log.a" logb or, 2y =Plog,s , p log,2
= =
or, (log.a + log.b +
2abc
a=b°=c [eliminating loga] [Showc
 Classic Higher Mathematics Chapter Nine: Exponential & Logarithmic FunctionsS 365
364 mall square as unit along y-axis we plot
five small squares as unit along x-axis ane the|
On squared paper, we draw x-axis along XOX| small square as unit along
y-axis we ni Onhe noints (- 2, 2/), (- ,9), (0, 3), (1,
and y-axis along YOY". Taking the length of e 0.33) and draw the graph by free hand.
1), -
(2,|
1), (0, 3), (1, 9)., (2.27)
points (-2, 0.33), ( free
five small squares along x axis and three small and draw the graph by
hand. function y =3*-1
squares as unit along y-axis, we plot the points(4) Given function: y*
(Given
To draw the grapn we Iist the value of x and y
-2, 0.11), (-1, 0.33), (0, 1), (1, 3), (2, 9), and To draw the graph We list the value ofx and y - 1
draw the graph with free hand. -1 0 1T 1 2
y 0.33 0.11 0.33
(2) Given function: y =-3*
Todraw the graph we list the value of Xand y
-9-27
X 0
-0.33 - -9
H Y'
On squared paper we draw x-axis along AOX
and y-axis alongYOY. Taking the length of
five
small squares as unit along x-axis and one
small square as3),unit
points(- 2, -
along y-axis we plot the
(-1, - 1), (0, 0), (1, 0.5), (2,
0.75) and draw the graph by free hand.
rom graph it is seen that,
HH when, x = 0 then y = I - 2 " = 1- 1 = 0 so the
graph will pass through point (0, 0)
when x o then y |
when x t h e n y>o
On squared paper we draw x-axis along
On squared paper we draw x-axis along XOX XOX'| .'. Domain D,= (-o, o)
and y-axis along YOY. Taking the length
and y-axis along YOY. Taking the length of of| Range, R,= (1, co) -
five small squares as unit along x-axis and one fivesmall squares as unit along x-axis and one (2) Given function y logio x
small square as unit along y-axis we plot
On squared paper, we draw x-axis along XOX|
small square as unit along y-axis we plot the the X10P
.. Inverse function of given function is x = 10
and y-axis along YOY'. Taking the length of|
points (-2, - 0.33), (- 1 , - 1), (0, -3), (1,-9).
points (- 1, 0.11), (0, 0.33), (1, 1), (2, 3) and
five small square as unit along x-axis and three draw the graph by free hand. To draw the graph we list the value of x and y
small squares as unit along y-axis we plot the| (2,- 27) and draw the graph by free hand. 9. Write down the inverse function i each case, A 0.51 2|3 4 5 101
ponts ( - 1 , - 0.33), (0, - 1). ( 1 , - 3 ) , (2, - 9 ) and (5) Given function: y = 37**
mention the domain and range and sketch
the| y-0.3 0 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 1
draw the graph by free hand. To draw the graph we list the value of x and y graph:
(3) Given function: y =3*** 2 x, x>0
To draw the graph we list the value of x and y_ 0.33 (1)y=1-2" (2) y
Solution:
=
log10 x (3) y =
033 (1) Given function: y = 1-2*
or, 2 =1 -y
or, 1 -y = 2-*
or, log (I -y)= -x
or,x =
log (1 - y)
or, x - log (1 -
y)
Or, log
X 1- log: -y) [log:1 0
=
(1 =
or, x los()
or,f 6)-log() Let, X-axis be along XOX' and y-axis be
YOY and O be origin. Taking length ofalong each
)-log( small square as unit along x-axis and ten
small
araw the graph welistthe value of x and y squares as unit along y-axis we plot the
On squared paper we draw x-axis along
XOX
(0.5, 0.3). (1, 0), (2, 0.3), (3, 0.5), (4, points
0.6),
0.7). (10, 1) and draw the graph by free hand. (5,
On squared paper we draw X-axis along XOX| and y-axis along YOY'. Taking the leng 0.75
and y-axis along YOY". Taking the length of| five small
squares as unit along X-axi
n d one
0 0.5
 Classic Higher Mathematics
366 Chapter Nine: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions 367
As, logarithm is defined only for real positive11, Determine x ) = In i + function's don
numbers and undefined at zero.
function's domain nge: with in limit
-
5 SxSS
value of f (x) is| To draw the graph we list the value of x and y.
. Domain, D,= (0, o) and range. sitive for both positive and negative value of|
Again from graph it is seen that, Solution:
Since logarithm is defined only for real
Ifx 0 then f =
(0) 0 . So Range of function, 4
when x 0then y > positive R [0, 5] Let x-axis be along XOX' and y-axis be along
numbers Graph of f (x)
=
]x|: YOY' and O be origin in a squared paper.
. Range. R=(-o,) to draw separate graph for two parts.
0 if . We have In
(3) Given function, y =x*
let, y = fx) = x*
.
T-X part 0 x S S ,J x ) = X, and in p a r t 5 Sx so Taking the length of four small squares as unit in
both axex we plot the points (-2, 0). (-1, 0), (0,
or, xVy (x > 0 negative value is not acceptable) 1 x>0 and 1 +x>0
- Ax)= -x graph.
or, (i) 1 - x <0 and 1 +x <0... i) 0), (1, 2), (2, 4) and draw the graph.
) In part 0 S x SS, Joining the points (0, 0).|
f=y or, 1> x and x - |
X
f()VX or, x < l and x > | (1, 1). (2, 3, (4, 4). (5, 5) by
2).
line we get the graph of that part.
3), straight|(3) Given function. fx) =
x wnen x
To draw the graph we list the value of x and y_ X>-1 and 1 x <
O when x = 0
or, (ii) In part - $S x S 0 Joining the points ( - 5 , 5).,|
_ . Domain = {x:x >-1}n{x < 1} Here x) has image for all real value of x so
y (-4,4. 3 , 3), (- 2, 2) and (- 1, 1) by| domain is set of all real number R.
=
(-1, co)n-o, 1) straight line we get the graph of that part. Domain, D=R
when 0
(11)1<x and x <-1
x
then f(x)=0
x - 1 and x > 1
Domain = {x : x<-1}n{x:x> 1}
when x>0 then fx) ==1
when x < 0 then fx) = = - 1
Domain of given function, 1. 0.1} where
D= union of domain of (i) and (ii) So, Range of function, R {-
only three elements are present.
=
- 1 , 1)UØ
=-1, 1) Graph of tunction
x 0
Range:y (n j+ when
Let y =x) x
=
0 when x =0
or, ei+% To drawthe graph we listthe value of xand y.
or, 1-x =e+xe" X 3 -2 -11
or, xe' + e =1 -x (2)Within limit 2 s x$2 for all real value
-
of x.| - 1 I-10
Let, x-axis be along XOX' and y-axis be along fx) has image.
YOY and O be origin. Taking length of smal or, xe+x=l-e
or,x(e +1)=1-e Domain of function, D,= [-2, 2] when x
. =
0
square as unit along x-axis and ten small squares
as unit along y-axis we plot the points (1, 1),
(2,| thenf(0) =0+|0|=0
4), 3, 9), (4, 2), (4, 16) and draw the graph by Or,x1+e when x - 2
free hanG 1-e thenf-2)=-2 +|-2|
As y-x* x>0 except 0 the function is defined
for all real values.
x1+ e 2+2
value of x is real for all real values of y. when x 2 then f(2) =2 +|2|=4
. Domain, Dy=(0, o) and Range of given function is Ry= R
So
Range of function, R, [0, 5] =
Range, R=(0, o) Graph of function:
10. Determine Ax) =
In(x -
2) function's domain Sketch the graph mentioning domain and range:
D, and range R (1) Sx) x| when 5 SxSS
= -
(2) x)=x + x| when, - 2 s x s 2
Solution:
We know, logarithm is defined only for positive
real number.
(3) x)=
when x#0
Ax)= Cn (x-2) value of it will be real if when x =0 Let, on squared graph paper, X-axiS be along
XOX' and y-axis be
x -2>0=x>2 Solution: along YOY and
O be origin.
Taking the length of three small squares as unit
. Domain D,=
{x:x>2} =(2, co) (1) Sx) = x| when- 5 <x<S we plot the
Again, let y=j(x) Un (x 2)
= -
points -3, -1), -2, -1). (-I, -),
or, e = X-2 (0,0). (1. 1), (2, 2). (3, 3) and
draw the graph.
or, X - 2 = e
={X,0sxss 13. Given, 2**.2= 64 (i) and 6'. 72.. (ii)
X, 5 S
xS0
-
e +2
or, X
e is real for all real value of y Domain: here within limit 5 S xS5or (1) Convert (1) and (ii) into linear equation of x
real values of the function fx) has imag and y.
. Range, R=R x
(2) Solve the equations and verify them.
Ans: Dy=(2, o) and R=R Domain of function D=[-5, 5]
J)=x +|x| when -2sxs2
368
Classic Higher Mathematics Chapter Nine: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions 369
Let, x ER and x2 e R
(3) Should x and y be lengths of two adjacent|14. Given y and ofthe f
range or, 9.3)+27(3*-36-0
sides of a quadrilateral and the angle included (1) Mention the domain the function, and function Then, (x1) = logx or, 9a+27a -360 [3*=a]
(2) Draw the graph ot menn
them be 90°, state whether the quadrilateral| its salient features. and (x2) log1 X2 or, 27a +9a-36=0
would be a rectangle or a square; find its or, log?XI| log2X2 or, 3a t a - 4 = 0 [Dividing by 9 both sides]
State whether the given function has
(3) inverse or, X X2
area and the lengths of the diagonals. function. f so, is it one an or, 3a'-3+a- 1 =0
one? Inverse function is one one. or, 3(a - 1 ) + a *- 1 = 0
Sketch thee graph of the inverse function,
Solution: We have to draw the graph of inverse
function or, 3(a- 1)(a +a + 1) +(a-1(a + 1) =0
(1) Given that, 2 . 2 - ' = 64 ... .. (i)
Solution: that is, y = 10g?x g r a p h is enough.
or, (a- 1)(3a; +3a +3+a+l)=0
(1) Given that, y
=
2 With respect to line or, (a- 1(3a* + 4a +4)=0
When x = 0 then y =2" 1 =
y x reflection of
and 6 = 72 . . (i) exponential function in a-1 = 0 or, 3 a + 4a + 4 0
Again, for any negative value ot X, the value of logarithm function is a-1=0 then, a
determined
=
which is similar with
From (i) we get y goes very near to Zero but not Zero that is. respect to line or,
yX or, 3= 3o
2 - =2 - ,y-0. Similarly as xincreases towards Again, 2= I So, y = log, = 0
or, 2x +y - 1 =6 right (up) and y tends to infinity. So, when x * - then y - 0
x = 0
2x +y =7 That is x * - 0 , y* o y = log2X line is: Again, 3a +4a+4 0then,
Again, from (ii) we get, So, Domain, D = (--0, )
and Range, Ry= (0, 0o)
a=
6*Y- =72 x3
Given function y =
2*
or, 6*-?= 216 (2) or, a = -416-48
or, 6 *i=6' To draw the graph welistthe value of xand y.
or, x +y-2=3
Or, a =
X+yS
x+y=5 Here, V-32 Imaginary. So, it is not acceptable.
The simplified equations are,
2x + y = 7
.
Required solution:x =0.
X+y =5 (3) Given, f{x) = 3x*2
(2) From (a) we get S(x) = 27*!
2x +y=7 ...(11)
x+y =5 .. (iv) and q(x)
Subtracting (iv) from (ii) we get, t(x)
3 x *3
2x+y-x-y =7-5
x2
Putting the value of x in (iv) we get
15. f(x) =3** and g(x) 27* =
= 3x*3-x-1|
(1) Find the domain of f(x) 9(x) =3**
2+y =5 (2) If f(x) + g(x) = 36 then find the value of x. Let, q(x) y
or, y = 5-2
y 3**1
or, y =3
3) If, q(x) then draw the graph
of q(x)
=
Required solution:(x,y) =(2,3) To draw the graph we list the value of x and y.
Verification: ifx = 2, y =3 in equation (ii)
L.H.S 2x 2+3 7 R. H.S
Let, x-axis be along XOX' and y-axis be along
YOY ando be origin. Taking the length ot four Solution:
and determine domain and range. Io 05 .5
small squares as unit along both axes we plot tne () Given, f(x) 32** =
Again in equation (iv) L.H.S=2+3=5 =R.H.S
points(-3, 0.125), (- 2, 0.25), (-1, 0.5). (0, , When x= 0, f{x) = 3* = 9
The required value is correct. ,2), (2, 4) and draw the graph of y =
2° by rec
ror
any
(3) Here, the corresponding sides are not equal. And
hand negative value of x, the value of t{x)|
included angle is 90°. So the quadrilateral Boes very near to zero but not zero, that is,
is Characteristics of graph y = 2*
X-o, y 0.
rectangle. The graph is not passing through origin (0,
Area of rectangle = xy
The graph is upward. The value or 2 Similarly as x increase to words right so, y
tenus
to infinity.
=2 x3 sq. unit increase with the value of
xX.
=
6 sq. unit (ii) If x - o then, y = 2*-0 That is, x 0o, y00.
and (3) Given that y = 2* So, domain, Df=
length of diagonal of rectangle
=Vx* + y
or, x = log2y
Ans. Df= (-o,0) (-o,0)
We know, if y = f(x) then f (y) =x 2)
=V2+3 f(y)= log:y Given,
Or 39x)+g(x)
=
36
+27** 36
y4 +9-V3
=
= . x)= log2X J***+27x*|=
Ans. 6 sq. unit, V13 unit. Inverse function of given function, or, 32x+2,
x ) = log2x Or334 36
36
or, (3*)33 +3%.33-36 0 On graph paper, we draw x-axis
along XOX
 Classic Higher Mathematics Chapter Nine: Exponential&Logarithmic Functions 371
370 =3. for all
when, x 0 then y 22. Ifa>0 then, xe Rwhich one is correct? 37. log. y=x if and only
and y-axis along YOY". Taking squares
10 small when x , y
0
a " <0 &a'>0 a =y a 1
as unit along x
axis and 2 small squares
as
unit andwhen x > -
0o, y-> as0 none ax none
along y axis we plot the points. (0,
3), (1, 9), (0,| Domain Df= (-0,co) 23. a 0 and a * 1 then for every y>0 if unique x|38. logs ?
and draw the (0, »)
5), 5.2) (-0.5, 1.7) and (- 1, 1)
Rf=
Range, ERisspecified then which one is correct?
2
graph with free hand.
From graph it is seen that,
a*y ay 5
ay
24. Ifx <y then for a>1 which one is correct? 39. What will be the magnitude of log 644°?
A
Multiple Choice Questions 4
a a a 3
of- 27? a' a
SimpleMultipleChoice:
1 2 . What is the qubic root a+a
25. Ifx<y, so for 0 <a<l which one is correct? 4
-3 a>a aa' 40. What will be the magnitude of logio1000?
1. In a" symbol a is known a s - 9
Base Exponent number
I t willbe a complex of 0? a2 a aS a 10
Power a and b 13. What will be the n" root 3 5
2. In a symbol m is known as
2 26. Ifa- b=c and abc -1, then x+y+z= ? 41. ifa 1 then a'- a so, log,a =?
Base logarithm -4 0
14. Every positive real number has a unique -2 0
orderT exponent d a
denotes the set of natural numbers? positive root. By which symbol this unique
3. Which one
root is denoted?
42. Iflogbxlog,a =1 then log p =
?
N positive 27. Ifa° =
b' then what ill be the magnitude of logb" JOgb
4. Ifa e R then a' =?
R
Vn logb loga
log P log a
ya a l l ofthem
15. Ifa> 0 then which relation is correctforn eN?
b-1 43. log px log ,q x
log,r xlog.b -
none loga logb
log.b
5. Ifa e N and n e N then a"*' = ? yn>0 Vn0
Va20
( - ) (.i.bi)-
a+b a-b
What will be the magnitude of
O loga
a+a a". a a>0 1 a
16. Ifa <0 and n e N, n>1 and n is odd then a=? 50. log.(abc) logs(abc) "log.(abc)
a"-a
aP,
be the
a =q and ofaf =
(p x
q then what will 0
6. If a EN and m, n e N then a". a"=? magnitude xyz?
-Vla 2
a-n
0 |45. What is the value of e ofe based logarithm?
tVlal a"
-1
2.7182.... 2.628.
am* a+a T7.
1 a >0 and a #1 then a' =
a' if and only I1 31.Who invented the
general logarithms?
2.1282...
46. If 10" and =
>
2.6182..
0 then what is the
7. Which one is known as functional law of x= y Xy y y
Henry Brigs John nephiere general
x>y x y logarithm
exponents? 18. I f a > 0, b > 0 and x * 0 then a = b° i l and De Morgan John william xlogioy y=logioX
a' a ama".a" S4.
a> 0 and
a # 1 if a"= y
called-of y then x is x log y y=log x
a.a = am*n a". a a
onlyif- elogarithm base 47. Who is the inventor of normal logarithm?
a>b 233, Exponent none a Nepiar Henry
8. If a, b eNand n eN then (a. b)" =? a bb a<b If a> 0 so for all x e R O Brigshian nonne
a.b (a+ b" 19. Which one is correct? Which one is correct? 48. By which symbol nornmal
logarithm log.y is
a>l expressed?
n(ab) 42 V4=2 4. Ir
9.
0
tny logy
V27--3 none If' a> 0
and a # 1 then for every
positive y we
9. Ifa e
R and m, n eN then (a")" =? 20. If a> 0 and=where m, p e Z anu n,9¬
unique x e R then which one is correct? none
49. is natural number and n is a real
an a" a aa. a
where 1 s
a
number
N,n>1,q>1 then- 35. Which quantity m < 10 so what is the
amn am-n
scientific
10. Ifn e N, n>1 and a e R then x will be called| Only
has loga sitive
?
notation?
a-ya Va-a negative Only positive a=nx 10" & a m x 10"
the nth root of a, i f
36
positive
none
and negative a = m + 10"
a n x=1 a-a none f a>and a #10 for
a 10"
x=a 21. Which and y > 0 then unique a 50.
one is correct? sed logarithm ofy which one is correct? If a> 0 and a =
m x 10° then log a =?
11. 2 and-2 are the-root of 16.
3V 11.665 5 =2.236 loga a log a
n+logm n-log m
qubic root square root 3450= 11.6639 all loga y
4 root o'th root of them y log a log m loSm