HAND OUT 4

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (RRL)

RRL is the process of compiling, classifying and evaluating what other researchers have written
on a certain topic. Literature review is integral part of entire research process and makes valuable
contribution to every operational step.

Functions of Review of Literature and studies

 To provide justification of the study

 To identify gaps, problems and needs of the related studies
 To provide rationale of the study as well as the reasons of conducting the study.
 To have basis that will be used to support findings of the study

Sources of RRL may be through articles published in scholarly journals, laws and constitution,
books and other general reference materials. It may also include grey literature such as working
papers, conference proceedings and reports from seminars, manuscripts, monographs and
memoirs, official reports from the government as well as records of schools. To locate related
literature, common sources are libraries, government offices, electronic journals and corporations,
and international institutions.

BOOKS comprise a central part of any bibliography. Examine their content, if contents are not
found to be relevant to your topic, delete it from your reading list.

JOURNALS provide you with the most up-to-date information, even though there is a gap of two
to three years between the completion of a research project and the publication in a journal.

Citation-researches refer to another author’s work in his paper. He must cite his source by
providing the last name of the author and the year of publications. It is necessary to use wen the
researcher paraphrases statements of another researcher; summarizes the ideas of another
researcher; quoting what was written by another researcher and makes references to ideas or
theories of another researcher.

Characteristics of the Materials cited

Sarno (2010) enumerated the different characteristics of the literature and studies to be cite in the
present study:

 The materials must be as recent as possible, maybe 10 years back

 Materials must be as object and unbiased as possible
 Materials must be relevant to the study
  Coherence principle muse be observed in writing literature review.

Reference is an important part of a research paper. It must be consistent and easy to read across
different papers. Different subjects prefer to use different formats.

Referencing is a method used to demonstrate to the readers that you have conducted a thorough
and appropriate literature search and reading.

Different styles in citing related literature

APA (American Psychological Association)

APA is an author/date-based style. This means emphasis is placed on the author and the
date of a piece of work to uniquely identify it. Most of the education researches and social
sciences used APA referencing.

Author's name. Year of publication in parentheses. Title. Place of publication: publisher.

MLA (Modern Language Association)

MLA is most often applied by the arts and humanities, particularly in the USA. It is arguably
the most well used of all of the citation styles.
MLA: Author's name. Title. Place of publication: publisher, year.

Harvard
Harvard is very similar to APA. Where APA is primarily used in USA, Harvard referencing
is the most well used referencing style in UK and Australia, and is encouraged for used with the
humanities.

Vancouver
The Vancouver system is mainly used in medical and scientific papers.

Chicago and Turabian

These are two separate styles but are very similar just like Harvard and APA. These are
widely used for history and economics.

MLA
Gordin, Michael D. The Pseudoscience Wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and the Birth of the Modern
Fringe. Chicago: U Chicago P, 2012. Print.

APA
Gordin, M. D. (2012). The pseudoscience wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and the birth of the modern
fringe. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
In-Text Citation

Direct quotation – used quotation marks around the quote and include page number.
Example:
Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that “language involves attaching meaning to
symbols” (p.188)

Indirect quotation/paraphrasing – no quotation marks

Example:
According to (Samovar & Porter, 1997). Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to
be the origin of written language.

Ethical Standards In Literature Review

Ethics-norms for conduct that delineates the boundary between acceptable and unacceptable
behavior.
Republic Act No. 8293- Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines

Plagiarism-copying another’s work or borrowing someone else’s original ideas

-turning in someone else’s work as your own
-copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credits
-giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
-changing words but copying the sentence structures of a source without giving credits
To plagiarize-to steal and pass off ideas or words as one’s own
-to use another’s production without crediting the source
-to commit literary thefts
-to present as new and original ideas or product derived from an existing source

Reference:
Esther L. Baraceros (2016). Practical Research 2. Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI). 856 Nicanor
Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc,Manila
https://www.slideshare.net/RajendraPSharma/citation-and-referencing-in-research-work

Additional Readings
Reference: Bracero, Esther L..2016. Practical Research 2. Manila: Rex Bookstore. (Page 52-61)