Equine Hindlimb Review

Thursday, March 14, 2024 9:29 AM

Hindlimbs Clinical Impt :

Condition Description Pic

Upward fixation of patella - Involuntary catching of patella over medial ridge of femoral trochlea

- Hindlimb will be state of extension

- Cannot walk properly

- Tx: Medial patellar desmotomy -> Sx cutting of medial patellar lg (last resort)

Common Jt Capsule: Bog Spavin - Accum of synovial fluid in Dorsal Pouch of Tarsocrural Jt.

- Proximal end is thin and often becomes distended with synovial fluid

- Chronic distension of Tibiotarsal Jts with dorsomedial hock swelling

Curb - Inflammation and thickening of Long Plantar Lg

- Convexity at level Prox Tarsometatarsal Jt.

Capped Hock - Formation of false Calcaneal bursa at Pt of Calcanean Tuberosity

○ Bursitis at Pt of Hock -> Accum of SQ fluid -> False Bursa

- Or Inflammation Calcaneal bursa

○ Subcutaneous or Subtendinous bursas

Trochanteric Bursitis Inflammation of Trochanteric Bursa

(Whorlbone Lameness) - Bursa btw greater trochanter and aponeurotic attachment of Acc Gluteal M.

Damage to Femoral Nerve - Inability to extend the stifle Jt.

- Lack of Wt bearing

- Over flexion of stifle & hock

- Loss of sensation to medial leg (mid-thigh to hock)

- Paralysis of quads:

○ Inability to fix stifle

○ Inability to bear wt

○ Atrophy of quadriceps

○ Inability to extend stifle

○ Flexion of stifle with automatic flex of fetlock & hock

○ Absence of patella reflex

○ Loss of sensation to medial leg (mid-thigh to hock)

Damage to Peroneus Tertius Clinical Signs:

- Over extension of hock

- Lack of hock flexion with forward mov

- Stifle flexion independent of hock flexion

- Abnormal jerky flexing of hock

- Laxity of common calcaneal tendon

- If flexion of the stifle but extension of hock then -> Damage of Peroneus Tertius M.

- Diagnosis:

○ Manual Extension of hock with simultaneous Flexion of stifle

§ Impossible in normal horse

○ In normal horse -> Stifle flex = Hock flex

Damage to Peroneus Tertius & Hock drops to the ground

Superficial Digital Tendon
Damage to Obturator Nerve Not well protected

Compressed during pelvic during pelvic facture or foaling

Damage -> Inability to adduct the limb = Abduction of limb

Damage to Common Peroneal N. - Hock will be over extended and digits knuckled (flexed)

- Pelvis Limb lameness

- Shorter stride

- Superficial sensation reduced/absent at Cr. Lat limb

○ Lack of inv to Cr. Lat M.

▪ Gaskin

▪ Hock

▪ Metatarsal Regions

Lack of Tibial M. Reflex - Lesions of Sciatic or Peroneal N.

Tibial N. Injury - Clinical Signs:

○ Over extension of Digit and Over flexion of Hock

○ Pelvic limb lameness

○ Loss of superficial sensation of plantarolateral limb

▪ Gaskin, Hock, Metatarsal Regions

○ Atrophy of gastrocnemius M.

Hindlimb Jts:

Name Type of Jt. Bones Involved Impt Structures & Jt Capsule Ligaments Unique
Hip/ Coxofemoral Jt. Synovial, composite - Femur head Capacious Jt. Capsule: Transverse acetabular Lg: Rare luxation at hip Jt due to
strong connection btw femur
- Ilium - Acetabulum - Holds articular surfaces together - Bridges acetabular notch head and acetabulum

- Pubis
Luxation prevented by: NO collateral Lgs
- Ischium
1. Deep acetabular cavity - Adjacent M. stabilize Jt.
- Femur head
2. Labrum acetabulare 1. Lg of Femur head

Ball & Socket 3. Acc Lg (Ex of Prepubic T) 2. Acc Lg

Spheroidal Jt. 4. Strong Femur Head Lg a. Unique to horse

b. Ext of prepubic

tendon

- Org:

○ Prepubic tendon

○ AKA: Cr. Pubic Lg

- Path:

○ Cr. Ventral Pubis along groove

○ Thru acetab notch

- Ins:

○ Fovea capitis

- Act:

○ Ins of

§ Abd Ms.

§ Linea Alba

§ Pectineus

○ Limits rotation and abduction of hip

jt.

○ Stability of jt.

○ Only kick backwards

Stifle/ Genual Jt. Synovial Jt. Distal Femur Jt. Capsule Patellar Ligaments Largest single Jt.

Condylar Jt. Proximal Tibia - Femoropatellar (A): 1. Medial, Middle (intermediate) , & Lateral Freq injured and Tx

Compound Jt.: Patella ○ Btw trochlea of femur and patella - Cont. of quad femoris
Contains IMPT parts of stay
- Femoropatellar - Med(B) & Lat(C) femorotibial: - Tendons of Ins of quad femoris M. apparatus of HL such as:

○ Gliding ○ Btw femur condyle and tibia condyles - Attach patella to tibial tuberosity - Patellar Lock

- Femorotibial - Communications: • If Patella above medial ridge than in state of - Reciprocal Apparatus
extension
○ Condylar ○ B & C: NONE

○ A & C: Only 25% of pop.

○ A & B: 100% comm

▪ At distal medial ridge of Trochlea

Femoropatellar Jt:

- Trochlea is asymmetric

- Trochlea medial/lateral ridge sep by groove

- Med ridge more dev and larger than Lat ridge

- Palpable cart in Med ridge

○ IMPT in Patellar Lock

- Cr. Ventral: LARGE gliding surface

- Cr. Dorsal: SHORT rest surface

- Patella gliding against trochlear

• In contact with gliding surface

• Standing extension -> contraction of

quads -> move patella Cr. and Dorsal with
medial rotation and goes above Medial
Ridge -> Patella in contact with med ridge
of trochlear -> …

• Patellar Lock

○ Used to when horse is standing when

patellar is contacting resting surface

○ Locked in state of extension

Patella:

- Largest Ses body

- Part of Quad femoris tendon of insertion

- Medial aspect expanded by Fibrocart.

○ Parapatellar Fibrocart.

- Articular surface:

○ Distal:

▪ Short Resting surface

○ Proximal:

▪ Long Gliding surface

▪ Contact with trochlear gliding surface

- Action:

○ Provides large gliding surface for quads

over femur trochlea in flex & extend

○ Protects quad insertion tendon from friction

Tarsus / Hock Jt. Synovial compound Jt Tarsals B. 3 Row 1. Tarsocrural Jt. Long Plantar Lg: - Reciprocal Apparatus

Hinge (Ginglymus) Jt Prox row a. Most MOV - Org: ○ Flex hock -> Flex stifle

- Calcaneus b. Most DEV ○ Plantar surface of Calcaneus

- Talus c. AKA: Tibiotarsal Jt. - Ins:

Middle Row d. BTW Cochlea of tibia & Trochlea of talus ○ Plantar 4th Tarsal and 4th Metatarsal

- Central - Act:
e. Trochlea oblique & lat
- T4 ○ Counteracts pull of Common Calcaneal
- STR8 & Vert in other Spp
Tendon under forward mov
Distal Row
- Allows HL to have outward rotation
during flexion ○ Stabilizes Calcaneus under force of
- T1 + T2 common calcaneal tendon during
(fused) forward mov
§ AVOIDs contact with Ca. Thorax
- T3, T4 - Curb:
Has 4 pouches:
○ Inflame of long plantar Lg -> Convexity
- Dorsomedial pouch

- Medioplantar pouch
Accessory Lg of DDF (Inferior Check Lg):
- Dorsolateral pouch
○ Distal Ext of Plantar Jt. Capsule
- Laterolplantar pouch
○ Joins tendon of Deep Digital Flexor

2. Prox intertarsal Jt. ○ NOT always present

a. Almost NO mov
Cunean Tendon:
- HIGH impact, LOW Mov Jt.
- Tendon of Cr. Tibial M. divides into:
b. Location:
○ Dorsal limb Ins ->Mt 3
- BTW Talus and Calcaneus
○ Medial limb Ins -> Tarsal 1, 2 FUSED
c. Contains:
▪ Cunean tendon
- Prox -> Central Tarsal Bone
○ Cunean bursa (Location IMPT)
- Distal -> Fourth Tarsal Bone
▪ Under Cunean Tendon over
3. Distal intertarsal Jt.
Medial Collateral Lg of Hock
a. Almost NO mov

- HIGH impact, LOW Mov Jt. ▪ AKA: Subtendinous

b. Location:
Calcaneal Bursal:
- BTW Central Tarsal & 4th Tarsal B.
- Subcutaneous bursa
c. Contains:
○ Btw skin and SDFT
- Prox/Lat -> 1st & 2nd Tarsal FUSED

- Distal -> 3rd Tarsal

- Subtendinous bursa
4. Tarsometatarsal Jt. ○ Btw SDFT and calcanean tuberosity
○ Ca
a. Almost NO mov

- HIGH impact, LOW Mov Jt.

Tendon Sheath:
b. Location:
- ALL tendons EXPECT SDFT passing over
- BTW distal row of Tarsal & Metatarsal hock are covered by tendon sheaths

○ Due to short seg of SDFT

Synovial Sac Communication:
- SDFT instead has bursa to reduce friction
- Tibiotarsal/Tarsocrual & Prox Intertarsal COMM

- Distal intertarsal & Tarsometarsal NO COMM

Common Jt. Capsule:

- Distal end of tibia to articular surf of Metatarsal

- Deep surface attaches to component bones

- Plantar and Dorsal surfaces thick partly

cartilaginous on plantar surface

- Inj into Dorsal Pouch for:

○ Tarsocrual Jt. & Prox Intertarsal Jt.

- Bog Spavin -> Accum of fluid = Bulges out

Metatarsophalangeal

Fetlock Jt. HL
Proximal
interphalangeal

Pastern. Jt HL
Distal
interphalangeal

Coffin Jt. HL

Pics:

Structure Pic
Hip Jt.

Stifle Jt.

Tarsal Jt.

Long Plantar Lg

Accessory Lg DDF

Cunean Bursa

Red:
- Sub Cut Bursa

Purple:

- Sub Ten Bursa

Arthrocentesis:

Region Arthrocentesis Location

Lateral femorotibial Jt. Ca edge of: Lat Patellar Lg

RED OR

In BTW: Tendon of Org of Long Digital Extensor and Lateral Collateral Lg

Medial Femorotibial Cavity In BTW Medial Patellar Lg and Medial Collateral Lg

GREEN
Femoropatellar Jt Cavity Ca. edge of: Lateral Patellar Lg close to patella itself

OR
BLUE BTW Patellar Lgs on Cr surface of Jt.

Patellar Lock:

Function Key in stay apparatus of HL and reduces fatigue when standing for long periods

ONLY occurs when Wt bearing on ONE limb

Muscle activity non-existent

Mech 1. Quadriceps femoris M. moves patella prox over medial ridge of trochlea on which the Parapatellar Lg rests

2. Medial trochlear ridge now protrudes thru loop formed by Medial and Middle Patellar Lg and Patellar Fibrocart

3. Stifle locked in Extension -> Hock also in Extension due to Reciprocal Apparatus

Hindlimb Myology:

Muscle Chart:

Muscle Location/ Function Innervation Unique/Impt Structures Pic

Gluteal M. Top of hindquarter -> Croup/Rump Cr. Gluteal N. Trochanteric Bursa

VERY well developed - Synovial bursa located btw:

Muscles: ○ Cr. Part of greater trochanter aponeurotic

attachment of Acc Gluteal M.
1. Superficial Gluteal M
- Bursa become inflamed ->
○ V-shaped
○ Trochanteric bursitis (Whorlbone lameness)
○ Cr. And Ca. parts

○ INS:

§ 3rd trochanter and a Synovial bursa

btw tendon and 3 trochanter

○ Absent in Ruminants

§ Gluteobiceps M.

2. Middle Gluteal

○ MAJOR Extensor Hip Jt.

○ Retractor & Abductor of limb

○ Blends with longissimus lumborum

○ IMPT in rearing

○ Accessory Gluteal

§ Part of middle gluteal

Quadriceps 4 heads Femoral N. Damage to Femoral N.:
Femoris
Location: - Inability to extend the stifle Jt.

- Forms bulk of M. Cr. to Femur - Lack of Wt bearing

- Over flexion of stifle & hock

Function:

- Strongest and most IMPT M. of Stifle Jt.

- Extension of Stifle Jt.

- Standing on HL

Cr. Lat Group Function: Common

peroneal N.
- Extensor of digits

- Flexors of hock

Muscles:

- Cranial Tibial

○ ONLY flex hock

- Long digital extensor

- Latera digital extensor

- Peroneus Tertious M.

○ Unique in horse
Ca. Med Group Function: Tibial N.

- Flexors of digits

- Extensors of hock

Muscles:

- Gastronemius

- DDF

○ Tendinous

- SDF

○ Tendinous

- Soleus
Cr Tibial M. First M. in contact with Tibia Common
peroneal N.
Org:

- Prox extremity Tibia

At level of tarsus/hock JT. emerges btw mid of

peroneus tertius M. and bifurcates into:

- Medial and Lateral (Dorsal) branches

- Medial branch stronger and passes over

medial branch of peroneus tertius M.

- Medial Tendon of INS = Cunean Tendon

- Synovial bursa lies in btw tendon and

fused first and second tarsal bone

Peroneus COMPELTELY Tendinous Common Rupture of Peroneus Tertius tendon occurs secondary
Tertius peroneal N. too hyper or overextension of hock jt.
AKA: Third Fibular M.
Clinical Signs:
Absent in Carnivores
- Over extension of hock
Superficial to Cr. Tibial M.
- Lack of hock flexion with forward mov
Bifurcates at Hock Jt. into 2 branches
- Stifle flexion independent of hock flexion
- Medial and Lateral branches
- Abnormal jerky flexing of hock
- Cr. Tibial pass thru Peroneus Tertius
- Laxity of common calcaneal tendon
Org:
- If flexion of the stifle but extension of hock then ->
- Extensor fossa of femur Damage of Peroneus Tertius M.

Ins: - Diagnosis:

- Med branch -> 3 MT, Central Tarsal, 3 Tarsal ○ Manual Extension of hock with simultaneous
flexion of stifle
○ Passes parallel to Lat Cr. Tibial M.
§ Impossible in normal horse

- Lat branch -> Calcaneus & 4th Tarsal bone ○ In normal horse -> Stifle flex = Hock flex

Action:

- IMPT in Reciprocal Apparatus

○ Simultaneous Stifle and Hock Jt. Flexion

- ONLY affect on hock

Muscles are tendinous in nature aid in:

- WT bearing with less M. activity, support Jts, and prevent overextension of JTs.

Ex:

- Peroneus Tertius
- SDF
- DDF
- Interosseus M.

Stay Apparatus & Reciprocal Apparatus:

Stay Apparatus Reciprocal Apparatus

- Equine pelvis limb supp the Ca. end of trunk that rest on Femur Location:

○ Spans from stifle to hock Jt.

- Vertical line dropped from center of support passes
Function:
○ Ca to stifle
○ Ensures simultaneous reciprocal mov at both stifle and hock Jts.
○ Cr. to hock, fetlock, pastern Jt.
▪ Stifle flexes = Hock flexes
○ Intersects hoof
○ Stifle/Hock are married: When Stifle extends -> Hock also extends
- Distal Part of passive stay app below hock common to both FL and HL
○ As stifle goes so does hock -> Behaves like pulley
○ SDFT, Interosseous M., SES Lgs

Function:

○ Tendinous-Ligamentous support Mech

○ Prevents M. fatigue during prolonged standing & prevents jerky involuntary mov at affected Jts.

○ Assist in bearing wt while standing with minimal M. exertion

○ ONLY used in limb that is actively bearing wt

○ Stay Apparatus in both HL & FL but Reciprocal App ONLY in HL

Collapse of HL caused by:

○ If bony column not supported

○ Flexion of Stifle & Hock Jt.

○ Overextension of Fetlock and Pastern Jt.

- Collapse prevented by -> Reciprocal Apparatus

Structures:

1. Peroneus Tertius M.

○ Location: Cranially

○ Entirely Tendinous

○ Org: Extensor Fossa of Femur

○ Ins:

▪ Cr. Surface of Prox End of MT 3, 3rd tarsal, Talus, 4th tarsal, & Calcaneus

○ Function:

▪ Contraction = Flex hock

2. Superficial Digital Flexor M.

○ Location: Caudally

○ Almost ALL tendinous

○ Org: Supracondylar Fossa of femur

○ Ins: Tuber Calcaneum (Calcaneus) and 1st, and 2nd phalanges

○ Function:

▪ Contraction = Extends Hock

○ Attachment of SDFT on tuber calcanei is comparable in function with Acc Lg of SDF

in FL

○ When wt bearing helps assist the interosseous in supporting the Fetlock Jt.

LLOs:

5. Recall what muscle is present in the equine and absent in carnivores.

a. Peroneus Tertious/Third Fibular M.

8. Describe the topography of the cranial tibial m. in relation to the peroneus tertious m.

a. Found underneath Peroneus Tertious M.

b. Lateral branch of Cr. Tibial parallel to Medial Branch of Peroneus Tertious

Equine Nerves and Blood Vessels:

LLOs:

1. Explain the major hindlimb nerves and the consequences (muscle paralysis, limb posture) of
paralysis of the obturator, femoral, common peroneal and tibial n.

Main N. of Hindlimb:

Dorsal Innervation in HL:

- Independent branches in dorsal limb as compared to FL with dorsal branches of palmar N.

Nerve Function Branches Clinical Signs

Femoral (L4-L6) INV Quadricep Femoris Saphenous N. -> inn skin over media aspect of limb - Paralysis of quads:
from thigh to fetlock over Sartorius M.
- Primary extensor of stifle jt. ○ inability to fix stifle

○ Inability to bear wt

○ Atrophy of quadriceps

○ Inability to extend stifle

○ Flexion of stifle with automatic flex of fetlock & hock

○ Absence of patella reflex

○ Loss of sensation to medial leg (mid-thigh to hock)

Obturator (L4-L6) On medial aspect of shaft of ileum Not well protected

Travels thru obturator foramen Compressed during pelvic during pelvic facture or foaling

INV Medial Thigh M. (Adductor Ms.) Damage -> Inability to adduct the limb = Abduction of limb

- Pectineus - Severity of lesions depend on:

- Gracilis ○ Wt of animal

- Adductor ○ Terrain

- External obturator ○ Extend of lesion

Sciatic (L6-S2) MAIN inn of distal limb 1. Common Peroneal N.
As
(Tibial + Common peroneal) - Travels btw biceps femoris & lateral head of
gastrocnemius M.

2. Tibial N.

- Travels btw 2 heads of gastrocnemius in

popliteal region
Common Peroneal N. - AKA: Fibular N. Divides at distal part of lateral stifle into: - Clinical Signs:

- Cr. Branch 1. Superficial peroneal N. ○ Hock will be over extended and digits knuckled
(flexed)
- Supplies: Cr. Lat Muscles 2. Deep peroneal N.
○ Pelvis Limb lameness
3. Lateral Sural N.
○ Shorter stride
- Skin on lat aspect of stifle and prox leg
○ Superficial sensation reduced/absent at Cr. Lat limb

▪ Lack of inv to Cr. Lat M.

□ Gaskin

□ Hock

□ Metatarsal Regions

○ Cr. Tibial M. reflex reduced/absent:

▪ LESIONS OF SCIATIC OR PERONEAL N.

Superficial Peroneal N. - AKA: Superficial Fibular BRANCH OF: Common Peroneal N.

- Location: Dorsolateral part of limb

○ Lies btw long & lateral digital

extensor tendons

○ Cont. distally to fetlock

- Supplies:

○ Latter M. & skin of lateral leg

Deep Peroneal N. - AKA: Fibular BRANCH OF: Common Peroneal N.

- Deep part of dorsal face of limb Terminal Branches at Metatarsal region:

- Branches to Cr. Lat M. group 1. Med. Dorsal Metatarsal N. (Dorsal MT 2)

○ Becomes sensory thereafter a. Gives off Med. Dorsal Digital N.

2. Lat. Dorsal Metatarsal N. (Dorsal MT 3)

a. Gives off Lat. Dorsal Digital N.

Med/Lat Metatarsal N. Supplies the skin and Jts. of distal BRANCH OF: Deep Peroneal N.
limb

Cont. on dorsal surface, at Fetlock branches into:

- Med/Lat dorsal Digital N.

Tibial N. - Ca. branch Caudal to calcaneus divides into: - Clinical Signs:

- Supplies: Ca. group of M. ○ Med and Lateral Plantar N. ○ Over extension of Digit and Over flexion of Hock

○ At level of hock becomes ○ Pelvic limb lameness

sensory - Medial gives up communication branch
○ Loss of superficial sensation of plantarolateral limb
- Palpated Cr. to common calcaneal - Lateral plantar gives of deep branch
tendon above hock ▪ Gaskin, Hock, Metatarsal Regions
- Name change at hock

○ Medial and Lateral plantar n. ○ Atrophy of gastrocnemius M.

§ Give of dorsal branches

Medial & Lateral Plantar N. Location: BRANCH OF: Tibial N.

- Superficially in Plantar grooves Medial Branch gives off:

along digital flexor tendons on
both sides - Communicating branch at mid metatarsus

Lateral Branch gives off:

- Medial and Lateral Plantar Metatarsal N.

Both Branches give off:

- Lat/Med Plantar Proper Digital N.

Medial & Lateral Metatarsal N. Supplies BRANCH OF: Deep Branch of Lat. Plantar N.

- Deep Plantar structures

- Interosseous M.

- Plantar pouch of fetlock

Med & Lat Plantar Proper Digital N. Supplies: BRANCH OF: Med/Lat Plantar N.

- Plantar Digit

- Dorsal branches innv dorsal digit

Nerve Pictures:

Sciatic N.

Common Peroneal N.

Deep peroneal

Tibial N.

Med & Lat Plantar N.

Med/Lat Metatarsal N.

Med & Lat Plantar Digital N.

Blood Vessels:

Artery Function Origin Branches

Femoral A. MAIN A. of HL Direct branch of Ex. Iliac A. 1. Saphenous MAJOR branch

2. Popliteal A direct cont. of Femoral A. at level of stifle

3. Ca. Femoral A. last branch of Femoral A. -> becomes Popliteal A.

Saphenous A. Courses distally and superficially on medial and ca. aspect of limb Femoral A. - Lateral and Medial Plantar Arteries

Sigmoid Anastomosis with Ca. Tibial A.

Lat/Med Plantar A. Located superficially in plantar grooves along digital flexor tendons Saphenous A. - Deep Plantar Arch
Deep Plantar Arch Distal to hock region - Lateral & Medial Plantar Metatarsal A.

Formed by:

- Perforating Tarsal A and Lat/Med Plantar A.

Lat/Med Plantar Merge with dorsal digital metatarsal arteries forming: Deep Plantar Arch
Metatarsal A.
- Superficial Plantar Arch
Popliteal A. Cont. of Femoral A. past Ca. aspect of stifle Jt. Femoral A. 1. Cranial Tibial A.

Travels btw heads of gastrocnemius M. 2. Caudal Tibial

Cr. Tibial A. - Pass thru interosseous space (btw fibula & tibia) Femoral A. - At prox hock -> Dorsal Pedal A.

Dorsal Pedal A. - Small segment on hock Cr. Tibial A. At Hock divides into:

1. Great Metatarsal A./ Dorsal Metatarsal A. III

2. Perforating Tarsal A.
Great Metatarsal A. - LARGEST A. in foot Dorsal Pedal A. Prox to fetlock Jt: divides into:

Dorsal Metatarsal A. III - Passes below lateral splint bone to plantar surface - Lateral & Medial Plantar Proper Digital A.
Lat/Med Plantar Proper Dorsal branches go to dorsal surface of P1 & P2 forming: Dorsal Metatarsal A. III
Digital A.
- Arterial Circle

Dorsal & Plantar branches anastomose within P3:

- Terminal Arch

Perforating Tarsal A. - Passes thru vascular canal of hock to plantar surface Dorsal Pedal A.

- Forms -> Deep Plantar Arch with -> Lat/Med Plantar A.

Ca. Tibial A. - Smaller than Cr. Tibial A. Popliteal A.

- Runs distally along with deep digital flexor M.

- Joins Saphenous A at Sigmoid Anastomosis

- Travel along plantar groove with plantar N.

- Runs on Ca. surface of tibia btw heads of DDF M. above hock

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Equine Hoof
Tuesday, March 19, 2024 8:01 AM

Hoof Clinical Impt:

Condition Description Pic

Corns - Bruising of Angle of Sole -> parts BTW Quarter and Bar

Cracks in Hoof Boundary btw Stratum Externum & Stratum Medium is predisposed to
fissures which can lead to cracks
White Line - Mixture of soft & hard coronary horn results in -> area of weakness

○ Direct shoe nails outwards to avoid soft horn

Laminitis - Affects ungulates, mostly horses/cattle

- Cause:

○ Sep btw Dermal (Sensitive) & Epidermal (Insensitive) laminae

- Clinical Signs:

○ Foot tenderness progressing to inability to walk

○ Bounding digital pulse

○ Increased temp of hooves

- Mech:

1. Inflame of laminae

2. Reduction in adherence btw epithelial cell & basement membrane

3. Failure of interdigitation of epidermal and dermal laminae btw

hoof wall and coffin bone

3 different class of coverings of distal phalanx:

Spp Distal Covering

Primates Nail (Unguis)
Carnivores Claw (Unguicula)
Ungulates Hoof (Ungula)

LLOs:

1. Explain the difference between the term “equine foot” and “ equine hoof”

Equine Hoof Equine Foot

- Horny enclosure of distal phalanx - Horny enclosure PLUS all of structures inside:

- Epidermal hoof ○ Distal middle phalanx

○ Distal interphalangeal Jt. & Lgs
○ Distal phalanx
○ Lat and Med ungular carts
○ Distal Ses Bone (Navicular)
○ Terminal Seg of DDFT
a.
○ Navicular (podotrochlear) bursa
○ BVs & Ns.
○ Common Digital Extensor Tendon FL
○ Long Digital Extensor Tendon HL

• Subcutaneous Tissue

○ Underneath Dermis

1. Describe the topographical regions of the hoof wall.

Structure Description
Toe - Most dorsal part

- Thickness: GREATEST

- Demarcated by 2 lines drawn from frog apex at 40° angle to sole margin
Quarter - Either side of toe (medial & lateral) , follows toe palmarly & plantarly to widest part of hoof

- WIDEST aspect of hoof wall

○ Lateral quarter THICKER than Medial quarter

- Thickness: Mod Thick

Heel - Most palmar part of wall

- Rounded back part of hoof

- Thickness: LEAST Thick

Bar - Section of heel that reflects upon itself and continues forward on side of the Frog

- Function:

○ Stability for heels

- Separated from Frog by -> Paracuneal Grooves

2. Describe the anatomical features of the hoof including the features of its sole surface and recall their function were applicable.

Structure Description Pics

Sole - Space btw hoof wall and frog Corns:

- Sole horn SOFTER than wall horn (epidermis)

- Orientation: Concave

- Angles of sole -> parts BTW Quarter and Bar

○ Bruising here -> Corns

Frog: Function: Frog Stay:

- MOST IMPT -> Shock absorber

○ Ground contact -> Disperses pressure

- Bears Wt.

- Venous Drainage of equine foot

Location:

- Wedge shaped structure BTW heels

Impt Structures:

- Apex: Dorsal, forward pt. towards toe

- Base: Ca. aspect btw hoof bars

- Crura: 2 Limbs (Med/Lat)

- Central Groove/Cleft: BTW bases

- Paraconal/Collateral Groove: BTW Bar & Frog

- Frog Stay:

○ Internal spine formed by reflection of central groove

Bulbs of Heel - Frog base as it cont. prox with bulbs of heel

- Divided into Lat and Medial part

a.
○ Sep by Groove-Intratoric Fossa

Digital Cushion Function:

- Helps Frog with Shock absorption

Location:

- Above frog crura

Composition:

- Foal: Fibro-fatty

- Adult: Fibrocartilaginous

Characteristics:

- VERY Elastic

- Wedge shaped

- VERY FEW BVs and Ns.

Hoof Capsule - Similar to -> fingernail

Function:

- Encloses 3rd phalanx at extremity of digit

Characteristics:

- Formed by -> Epithelial Dermis (Corium)

- LACKS BVs & N. -> NON-innervated

IMPT Structures:

- Cornet/Coronary Band:

• Demarcation btw haired skin and hoof

3. Explain and describe the dermis and epidermis of the hoof and note their respective layers.

3 Layers of the Hoof:

Layer Description
Epidermis - AKA: Horn

- Hoof capsule, outermost skin layer

- Consist of -> multi-layered cell sheets becoming flattened & packed with protein keratin near skin surface

- Prod by -> Dermis

- Insensitive -> NON-innervated

- NO BVs

Structure, Wall Substance:

○ Tubules extending proximo-distally & held together by amorphous Intertubular horny material
Dermis - AKA: Corium

- Soft, Sensitive -> Innervated

- BVs present

- Function:

○ Each segment of Dermis produces a epidermis layer

Subcutaneous Tissue - Underneath the Dermis

- Digital and Coronary cushions

3 Layers of the Epidermis

Layer Description Pics

Stratum Externum - Very thin, tubular horny covering

- Similar to cuticle

- Two Parts:

1. Periople (prox part)

▪ Function:

□ fluid reservoir keeps underlying coronary horn moist

▪ Narrow band of soft, rubbery horn

▪ Extend onto heel bulbs

▪ Bends with Frog dermis

2. Stratum Tectorium

▪ Wall covering

▪ Imperious to water, smooth, glossy

▪ Parallel, prox-distal lines:

□ Growth of horny tubules

▪ Horizontal, smooth ridges:

□ Hoof growth
Stratum Medium - VERY THICK

- AKA: Coronary Epidermis

- Location:

○ Begins at coronary groove

○ Prox opening accommodates papillae of underling dermis

- Prod by:

○ Coronary Dermis

- Makes up majority of hoof wall

- Consist of:

○ Horny tissue arranged in -> prox-distal tubercule embedded in

Intertubular Horn

- Pigmented
Stratum Internum - NON-Pigmented

- Inner surface of hoof wall

- Epidermal Laminae/ Insensitive Laminae divided into 2 parts:

○ Primary Laminae: Keratinized

○ Secondary Laminae: Non-keratinized

- Form laminae of bar caudally

Layers of the Dermis

Layer Description Pics

Dermis - HIGHLY Vascular and SENSITIVE

- AKA: Corium

- Location:

○ Underlies Epidermis & Hoof Capsule

- Function:

○ Attaches hoof wall to internal foot structures

▪ STRONG connection

○ Prod parts of hoof wall thru dermal papillae

▪ Expect laminar dermis

○ Provides nourishment to hoof wall

- Dermal Papillae:

○ Majority of dermis has papilla

○ Dorsal aspect of distal phalanx covered by dermal lamina

○ Covers entire surface of distal dermis

○ ASA: Sensitive Lamina

- 5 Areas of Dermis:

a. Perioplic Dermis

b. Coronary Dermis

c. Laminar Dermis

d. Frog Dermis

e. Sole Dermis

Perioplic Dermis - Produces:

○ Periople + Stratum Tectorium = Stratum externum

- Narrow, pale

- Location:

○ At coronet below periople

○ Broadens out & joins bulbs of heel

○ Blends with frog dermis

Coronary Dermis - Produces:

○ Majority of hoof wall = Stratum medium

- THICK

- Location:

○ Coronary groove, distal to perioplic dermis

- Covers extensor tendon & Cart. of P3 via SQ tissue of coronary cushion

- Pigmented in dark hoofs

- Numerous papilla, fit into holes in strata medium & internum of

coronary groove

Laminar Dermis - Consist of:

○ Primary Laminae /Dermal Laminae: Keratinized

○ Secondary Laminae: Non-Keratinized

- Colorless

- STRONG connection with Epidermal laminae (Wall & Bars)

- Deep part of dermal laminae blends with periosteum of P3

○ Pressure from P2 directed away from sole to wall

Sole Dermis - Produces:

○ Sole epidermis

- Location:

○ Direct contact with sole surface of P3

○ Attached to under surface of p3

- Pigmented

- Numerous Papillae

- NO subcutis

Frog Dermis - Produces:

○ Frog epidermis

- Papillae:

○ Densely covered with plump papillae

○ Shorter than sole papillae

○ Spiral orientation

- Pigmented

- Numerous Papillae

- NO subcutis

White Line:

Appearance - Thin, Soft, pale horn

Location - Junction of Hoof wall (hard coronary horn) & Sole (soft coronary horn)
Prod by - Terminal papillae
Clinical IMPT - Mixture of soft & hard coronary horn results in -> area of weakness

○ Direct shoe nails outwards to avoid soft horn

How are Epidermis & Dermis Connected:

1. All segments of Hoof Dermis interdigitate with inner layers of Epidermis

2. Dermis forms Papillae & Epidermis arranged in Tubules embedded in Intertubular horn

3. Dermis arranged in laminae -> Dermal Laminae forms Laminar Dermis

4. Epidermis forms Horny Laminae/Epidermal Laminae

5. Epidermal Laminae and Laminar Dermis interdigitate

Ruminant & Pig Head Review
Wednesday, March 20, 2024 9:29 AM

Ruminant & Pig Head Clinical Impt:

Condition Description
Infectious Sinusitis - Possible sequela of dehorning procedure in horned ruminants (Ox & Goat) due to extension of Ca. Frontal sinus into horn core

- In sheep most commonly due to Oestrid Fly Invasion

- Initially, discharge clear & mucoid later -> mucopurulent & freq. tinged with blood

Tx:

○ Sx puncture of site rostral to horn or medial to mid orbital rim avoiding injury to Frontal V.

○ Antiparasitic drug: Use of ivermectin & closantel

Oestrid Fly invasion - Oestrid flies inf of sinuses of sheep -> Clear/mucoid mucopurulent bloody tinged nasal discharge

○ Most common clinical impt of sinuses of sheep

Pig Slaughter - Brain WELL PROTECTED -> 5cm below skin & protected by 2 plates of bones -> Impt in humane slaughtering

○ Humane slaughter -> Electrocution or Co2 gas

▪ Gun:

§ Draw diagonal line connecting eyes with bases of opp. ear

§ Large pigs: Shoot thru occipital bone from behind

Enucleation Maxillary sinus extends into lacrimal bulla -> Lacrimal Bulla VERY thin -> vulnerable to damage during radical enucleation -> Lacrimal bulla rupture

-> Exposure of Maxillary Sinus

- Enucleation carried out due to advanced Bovine Eye Cancer (malignant squamous cell carcinoma)
Atrophic Rhinitis Nasal conchae deformation in young pigs
Pharyngeal diverticulum Present in pharyngeal M. dorsal to entrance of esophagus -> Caution when giving med thru syringe -> If ruptured and med is deposited in neck tissue = Damaging effect
in Pigs
Larynx of Pig Obtuse angle can causes impediments to intubation for inhalation anesthesia
Orbital venous sinus Impt in thermoregulation of brain temp via conveying cool blood from nasal cavity

- Punctured at -> medial angle of eye btw globe and 3rd eyelid for research
Pig Ears External surface displays only veins -> convenient for IV inj -> lateral auricular vein is used for venipuncture
Lingual Fossa Potential site of infection due to epithelium being delicate within fossa easily pricked by sharp particles
Broken Gum Condition in sheep due to very rough wear and tooth loss -> Freq reason for culling
Ruminant Tongue
Inflammation of Medial - Inflammation of Media Retropharyngeal LN -> Respiratory distress (Dyspnea) & Problematic Deglutition/Dysphagia (Diff swallowing)
Retropharyngeal LN

Paranasal Sinus of Bovine Skull:

- Bilateral symmetrical membrane-lined air -filled diverticula from nasal cavity which invaginate adjacent bones

- Air-filled spaces in bones that surround nasal cavity

Frontal sinus Sep by Oblique Septum into:

- Rostral Frontal sinus

○ 2 or sometime 3 small rostral compartments

○ Little clinical impt

- Ca. Frontal sinus

○ Send diverticulum into cornual process of horn

○ Extends into horn core

○ Caution during dehorning -> Septic conditions to avoid Infectious Sinusitis

- Drainage:
-
○ Trephining Ca. to oblique septum

Frontal Sinus of Small Ruminant and Pigs:

Small Ruminant - Frontal sinus -> NO Ca. or Rostral section

○ ONLY have Lat & Medial compartments

- Lateral section -> Largest mimics Ca. sinus in Cattle

○ Extension into horn core

○ Caution during dehorning of ox & goat -> Septic conditions to avoid Infectious Sinusitis

- Most common clinical impt of sinuses of sheep -> Oestrid Fly invasion
Pig - Frontal sinus excavates entire dorsal surface of skull Ca. to nasal bone

- Sinus spreads inner and outer plates of Cr. Roof wide apart -> Loss of contact btw external form and Cr. Cavity

- HUGE sinus compared to other spp

- Brain WELL PROTECTED -> 5cm below skin & protected by 2 plates of bones -> Impt in humane slaughtering

○ Humane slaughter -> Electrocution or Co2 gas

▪ Gun:

§ Draw diagonal line connecting eyes with bases of opp. ear

§ Large pigs: Shoot thru occipital bone from behind

Maxillary Sinus of Ox

Maxillary sinus - Ox NOT divided into Rostral & Ca. compartment

- - Clinical Impt -> extends into lacrimal bulla under eye -> Caution during Enucleation

- Site of sinus drainage

Nasal Cavity:

Nasal Cavity Dorsal & Ventral nasal conchae divided nasal cavity
Dorsal Concha Thick plate projecting from dorsolateral wall of cavity
Ventral Concha Upper and lower scrolls arising from lateral plate
Clinical Impt Knowledge of normal conformation of conchae necessary due to nasal deformities that develops in young pigs -> atrophic rhinitis

Pharynx and Larynx of Pig:

Pharynx - Pharyngeal diverticulum -> burrows into pharyngeal muscles dorsal to entrance of esophagus

○ If pierced and med admin -> serious problem

- Length

○ Piglet: 1 cm long

○ Adult: 3-4 cm long

- Practical impt:

○ Vulnerable to injury pig dosed with syringe -> if ruptured and med is deposited in neck tissue = Damaging effect

○ Location:

§ Piglet of 4 wks diverticulum level: rostral part of base of ear -> intended site of deposition: oropharynx at level of lateral angle of eye

□ Diff btw two level only 2.5 cm -> Extreme care needed
Larynx - Has lateral ventricles and forms an obtuse angle with trachea

- Obtuse angle can causes impediments to intubation for inhalation anesthesia

Upper Lips of Ruminants:

Cow - Modified skin around nostril extends to margin of upper lip forms -> Nasolabial Plate

- Surface marked by fine grooves outline pattern unique to animal used for identification -> nose printing

- Lips are THICK & Immobile, Insensitive, MINMAL role in prehension of food

- Large and overlaps lower lips to front and sides when at rest

Small Ruminants - Planum nasale : narrow specialized skin around nostrils

• Has philtrum (deep groove) extends to nostrils

Pigs - Modified area is called Planum Rostrale -> forms rostrum or snout

- Fused centrally with upper lip and bears short tactile hairs

- Nose printing

- Snout:

○ Disklike, Mobile tip of muzzle that is incorporates middle part of upper lip & perforated by rounded nostrils

○ Supported by small rostral bone -> Os rostri located at end of nasal septum

○ Gives attachment to -> Levator labii superioris M. -> Mov of snout

○ Upper lip notched to accommodate projecting canine tooth

Eyes, Ears, & Tongue of Pig:

Eyes - Small eyes deeply placed and uniquely among domestic spp lack tapetum lucidum and are thus NOT reflective of light

- Lacrimal gland is associated with third eyelid located at -> ventromedial angle of orbit

- Lacrimal gland with retrobulbar M. engulfed by -> orbital venous sinus -> Impt in thermoregulation of brain temp thru conveying cool blood from nasal cavity

○ Orbital venous sinus may be punctured at -> medial angle of eye btw globe and 3rd eyelid for research
Ears - Oval and attached to high Ca. part of head

- Clinical impt - > External surface displays only veins -> convenient for IV inj -> lateral auricular vein is used for venipuncture

Tongue - Pointed tongue occupies floor

- Newborn tongue fringed with -> lacelike marginal papillae which persist for first 2-3 wks -> Help with suckling

Mouth of Ruminants:

Vestibule of mouth - Limits: Area btw cheek and margin of jaws

- Roomy the inner surface of lips and cheeks bears large backward-pointing papillae that are more prominent towards the corners of the mouth

Mouth Cavity Proper - Long and narrow, and largely occupied by tongue

- Dorsal aspect -> Hard palate is sculpted by dozen or more transverse ridges (rugae) that progressively decreases in prominence and fade out at back of mouth
Lips of small ruminants - Much more MOBILE than cattle

- Role: PRIMARY prehension organ -> able to crop pasture closely

Tongue of Ruminants - Role: Principal organ of prehension

- Ca. part of tongue is raised to form -> Torus linguae that is marked off in front by -> transverse lingual fossa where food can collect

- Lingual Fossa is potential portal for infection due to epithelium being delicate within fossa easily pricked by sharp particles

- Backward pointing papillae give surface a roughness concentrated over dorsum and towards apex

- Mechanical Papillae:

○ Filiform papillae -> Apex of tongue

○ Conical lenticular -> Torus linguae

- Sensory Papillae (Taste buds)

○ Fungiform -> Apex of tongue

○ Vallate -> Root of tongue

Ruminant Dentation:

Dental formula - IO/4, CO/O, P3/3, M3/3 = 32

○ NO incisors in upper dental arcade

○ NO canine in upper or lower dental arcade

Special Features ○ Incisor teeth are - > Brachydont type

○ Both Incisors and Canine are absent in upper jaw replaced by -> Dental Pad (Pulvinus dentalis) -> CT with thick cornified epithelial, antagonist to lower incisors
Incisors ○ Lower canines have been incorporated into row incisors and functionally become -> Fourth Incisor (I4)

○ I1-I4 incisors are also known as

§ Central (I1), first intermediate (I2), second intermediate (I3), and corner incisors (I4)
Molars/Premolar - Molars/Premolars: Selenodont Type -> Crescent/Semi-Lunar Occlusal Surface

○ Appearance: Low crowns, Crescent shaped cusps when view from above

Upper Premolars - Cheek Teeth: Hypsodont type

○ Cont. to grow after eruption

- Increase in size from rostral to caudal -> each upper premolar have 1 infundibular which is semilunar or crescent shaped

- Each tooth consist of: 3 roots and 1 column

Upper Molars - Each tooth consist of: 3 roots and 2 columns

- Two infundibular per tooth

Lower Molars - Each tooth consist of: 2 roots and 2 columns

- Each lower molar has 2 semilunar infundibular

- EXPECTION: Lower Molar 3

○ 3 Roots and 3 Columns (2 large rostral columns, 1 small Ca. Column)

Dentition of Small Ruminants:

Structure - Same structure as Ox

Clinical IMPT Teeth of sheep are often exposed to very rough weak and tooth loss -> Broken Gum -> Common culling reason

Aging of Ruminant Dentition

Determined by - Eruption date

○ Influenced by breeds, reflect differences in general rate not very accurate

- Wear of incisors

○ Most accurate -> Depends on nature of fodder

Wear Factors - Lingual edge

○ Edge of occlusal surface facing tongue -> Most useful in aging

○ Originally Jagged but becomes smooth when tooth is worn down

- Aging:

○ 6 years: Smoothing of Lingual Edge at I1

○ 7 years: Smoothing of Lingual Edge at I2

○ 8 years: Smoothing of Lingual Edge at I3

○ 9 years: Smoothing of Lingual Edge at I4

Eruption Dates

GOAT

Eruption Dates

BOVINE

Pig Dentition:

Gen Info Most complete dentation of any domestic animal

Dental Formula

Canine Boars tusks grow thru out life -> Sows ceases after 2 years
Cheek Teeth Crowns increase in both length & width

Occlusal surfaces of molars show many irregularities -> ideal for crushing food
Deciduous incisors Needle teeth

Commonly taken off within hours of birth to prevent injury to the mother's teat

Salivary Glands:

Gen Info Cattle prod as much as 100 L a day

Function - Contributes to fermentation medium within fore-chambers of stomach

- Helps to buffer fatty acids prod

- Interference with normal stomach flow results in depletion of electrolytes that are normal reabsorbed & recycled
Groups 1. Large discrete glands

- Parotid

- Mandibular (Largest) -> Prod mixed secretion when animal is feeding/remastication, high in dry fodder

- Sublingual Glands

2. Minor salivary glands

- Buccal glands

○ Ventral, Dorsal, & middle layers

Sublingual Location:

- Floor of mouth, underneath sublingual fold btw body of mandible and tongue

Parts:

- Poly-stomatic

○ Ducts drain thru small opening beside the frenulum

- Mono-stomatic

○ Ducts drain beside or into sublingual caruncle together with mandibular gland

Lymph Nodes

Lymph Nodes Location Area Drained

Parotid LN - On Masseter M. close to Temporomandibular Jt. - Skin of head

- Covered by parotid gland - Temporomandibular Jt.

- Upper Jaw

- Masticatory M.

- Orbit

- Nasal cavity

- Hard palate

- External ear
Mandibular LN - Intermandibular space - Overlaps territory of parotid & medial retropharyngeal

- Ca. angle of jaw - Afferents

○ Come from skin and underling structures of ventral part of head, mouth
and apex of tongue

- Efferents:

○ Goes to Lateral retropharyngeal LN

Medial Retropharyngeal l LN - BTW Pharynx and M. below Cr. Base - Deeper structures of head

- Ruminant: Single - Nasal cavities

- Pigs: Several - Oral cavities

- Pharynx

- Larynx

- Cranium

- Jaw Muscles

- Ventral to upper end of neck

Lateral Retropharyngeal
IN - Below wing of atlas - Master LN

- Single on either side - Collecting center of entire head

○ All LN of head drain into here

- Outflows into tracheal duct -> Joins thoracic duct or another V. at Thoracic inlet

LN Clinical Impt:

- Inflammation of Media Retropharyngeal LN -> Respiratory distress (Dyspnea) & Problematic Deglutition/Dysphagia (Diff swallowing)

Dehorning:

SPP Nerves Location Blocked

Large Ruminants 1. Cornual Nerve (Main N. of horn) - Emerge from temporal fossa - Mid-way btw orbit & horn

- Superficial mid-way btw base of orbit and horn

2. Cornual Nerve (Infratrochlear Branch) - On surface of dorsal rim of orbit close medial cantus of eye - Independently:

○ Rim of orbit

- In combo with Cornual N.

○ Vertical line of infiltration

3. Frontal Nerve - Over rim of orbit Over rim of orbit toward horn
- Best to do a vertical block to block all 3 nerves

Small Ruminants 1. Cornual N. (Zygomatic Temporal Branch) - Ca. border of base of zygomatic process of frontal bone - Block at pt. of location
2. Cornual N. (Infratrochlear Branch) - Dorsal border of orbit over medial canthus of eye - Block at pt. of location
3. Great Auricular N. - From C2 spinal nerve
- Best to combo with sedation as blocks will not fully block pain
Ruminant & Pig Neck
Tuesday, March 26, 2024 9:29 AM

Clinical Impt:

Structure Clinical Relevance

External Jugular V. - Intravenous inj in large animals

- Diff in sheep due to lack ventral boundary causing increased movement of vein
Esophagus - Knowledge of location impt in confirmation of position of passage of stomach tube in case of bloat as
result of blockage
Esophageal 1. Pharyngoesophageal Junction btw pharynx & esophagus
obstruction sites
2. Thoracic inlet

3. Region Cr. to base of hear

- Most common sites:

○ BTW Pharynx and Esophagus

○ Thoracic inlet

○ Esophageal Hiatus

Vascular Ring Due to crowding of structures:

Disease
- Esophagus

- Trachea

- Large blood vessels

General Structures of Neck

Structure Description
Dewlap Pendulous skin along ventral aspect of neck in ox

- Well dev in brahman cattle

Tassels / Waddles Paired skin appendages seen in goats

Elastic Nuchal Lg ABSENT IN PIG

Consist of 2 parts:

- Funicular part:

○ Runs btw occipital bone and highest spines of withers

○ Passes caudally attaches to sides of first few thoracic spines

○ Rhomboideus & Trapezius M. cover this part in horse

- Laminar part:

○ Divided into:

§ Cr. Paired part extending btw funicular part and 2nd-4th Cervical bones

§ Unpaired part extends from spinous process of T1 spinous process of C5-C7

Myology of the Neck

Structure Description
Rhomboideus M. Ruminant & Horse:

- Both have Rhomboideus Cervicis BUT Capitis part ABSENT in Ruminants

Hump of thicken Rhomboideus Cervicis M. present in Zebu (Brahman Spp) at junction of neck & shoulder

Pig:

- Rhomboideus Capitis well dev

Sternocephalicus M. Horse:

- ONLY Sternomandibularis part

Sheep & Pig:

- ONLY Sternomastoideus part

- NO Ventral boundary of Jugular Groove -> Lots of movement of Jugular vein

Ox & Goat:

- BOTH Sternomandibularis AND Sternomastoideus

Brachiocephalicus M. 2 subdivisions sep by tendinous intersection:

- Cleidobrachialis

- Cleidocephalicus, can be further divided into:

○ Cleidooccipitalis

○ Cleidomastoideus

Ruminants & Pigs:

- Have BOTH Cleidooccipitalis (1) & Cleidomastoideus (2)

Horse:

- ONLY Cleidomastoideus

Subclavius M. Horse & Pig:

- Muscle well Dev

Ox & Sheep:

- Vestigial (rudimentary) and consist of narrow band of M. extending from 1st costal cartilage to deep
face of Brachiocephalicus M.

Goat

- Better dev than sheep

Visceral Space of Neck

Visceral Space Boundaries:

- Ventrally:

○ Strap M. : Sternohyoideus & Sternothyroideus

- Laterally:

○ Omohyoideus & Sternocephalicus

- Dorsally:

○ Longus coli & Longus Capitis

Structures within Visceral Space:

- Thymus gland

- Trachea

- Upper esophagus

Thyroid Gland Location:

- Ca. to larynx on sides of tranches, seen laterally over cricoid cart

- Only ONE gland but divided into two lobes

○ Lobes connected ventrally via isthmus

App:

- Bilobed, red-brown

- Large & lobulated in younger animals

SPP Diff:

- Bovine:

○ Lobulated & Flattened

○ Extends from larynx to pericardium

○ Identifiable even in adult

- Sheep & Goat:

○ Lobes are Elliptical in shape similar to horse

- Pig:

○ Two lobes fused ventral to trachea

○ Located near thoracic inlet

- Horse:

○ Atrophies withing 1st few months

- Ruminant:

○ 2 cervical lobes linked by intermediate lobe to thoracic lobe in ventral mediastinum

○ Located Ventrolateral to trachea

Carotid Sheath Contents:

- Common carotid A.

- Vagosympathetic Trunk

- Internal Jugular V.

Spp diff:

- Internal Jugular V. NOT present in horse

External Jug V. Clinical IMPT:

- Intravenous inj in large animals

- Diff in sheep due to lack ventral boundary causing increased movement of vein

Location:

- Ungulates: Lies in muscular jugular groove

Boundaries of Jugular Groove

- Ox & Goat:

○ Dorsal: Cleidomastoideus

○ Ventral: Sternomandibularis

○ Medially & Cranially: Sternomastoideus

- Sheep:

○ Dorsally: Cleidomastoideus

○ Ventrally: NO VENTRAL BOUNRDARY

○ Cranially: NO M. Border
Deep Cervical LNs Associated with trachea

Function:

- Drain structures within the cervical visceral space

Categorized in 3 groups:

- Cr. & Middle groups (Absent in small ruminants)

○ Lies craniodorsal to thyroid gland

- Ca. group (Absent in dog)

○ Present all domestic animals near thoracic inlet

Superficial Cervical LNs Location:

- Craniodorsal to Shoulder Jt. Underneath -> Brachiocephalicus & Omotransversarius M.

- Developed in ALL domestic SPP -> Palatable

Spp Diff:

- 3 groups in Pig:

○ Dorsal, middle, & ventral

Esophagus Location:

- Left side of trachea in cervical region

Clinical relevance:

- Position impt for confirmation of position of passage of stomach tube in case of bloat as result of
blockage

Curved path by esophagus:

- Trajectory esophagus manifests a series of flexions

○ 1st flexion (dorsal curvature):

§ At junction btw pharynx and esophagus

§ NOT permanent -> flexion obliterated when head lowered for grazing

○ 2nd flexion (ventral curvature):

§ At thoracic inlet

§ NOT permanent -> flexion obliterated when head lowered for grazing

○ 3rd flexion (dorsal curvature, permanent flexion):

§ In middle of the thoracic cavity over base of heart btw tracheal bifurcation

Sites of esophageal obstruction:

- Pharyngoesophageal Junction btw pharynx and esophagus

- At thoracic inlet

- Region cranial to base of heart

- Most common sites:

○ BTW Pharynx and Esophagus

○ Thoracic inlet

○ Esophageal Hiatus
Ruminant & Pig Thorax
Wednesday, March 27, 2024 9:34 AM

Clinical Impt:

Structure Clinical Relevance

Heart Area Lateral wall covered by forelimb (triceps brachii)

Standing Ox/Horse limit of the heart is at -> olecranon is about level of -> 5th costochondral junction

Heart auscultation req stethoscope head positioned btw limb and trunk moving forelimb as far cranially as possible

Pleural Reflection Cr. Dorsal Puncture: Thoracic cavity

Ca. Ventral Puncture: Abdominal cavity

Mediastinum pleura Thin & fenestrated mediastinum -> risk of air/inflammatory fluid rupturing pleural cavity

- High risk in -> Horse

- Unilateral pneumothorax could become bilateral and fatal

Hardware Disease Ca part meets diaphragm in sagittal plane bisecting reticulum when projected into Abd -> Exposes pleural sacs to penetration

- Hardware disease: Foreign body penetration of pleural sacs

Cupula Pleura The apex of right pleural sac is pushed pasted the first rib -> Exposure to injury at base of neck
Tracheal bronchus R Cr. Lobes in Pig & Ruminant ventilated by Tracheal bronchus -> Predisposed lobe to infection & inhalation pneumonias

- Tracheal Bronchus -> ONLY in Pig & Ruminants

Cardiac Notch The Left cardiac notch is easier to access as it has a wider area and it in DIRECT contact with thoracic wall

- The Left Cardiac notch extends from -> 3rd to 5th ICS

Thoracocentesis Function:

- Withdrawal of fluid

- Pts of access to thoracic cavity

Best performed in standing position directly dorsal to costochondral junction at:

○ Right: 6th or 7th ICS

○ Left: 5th intercostal space

Ca. Mediastinal LN - Most IMPT LN in Ruminants

§ Location -> BTW esophagus & aorta

- Clinical Impt:

○ Inf can cause compression of esophagus -> Bloat

○ Enlargement -> damage vagal trunk -> Interfere with norm GI motility

○ In Bovine tuberculosis (TB) or lymphadenitis enlarged LN compresses esophagus -> Chocking or Damage to vagal trunks
Tracheobronchial LN Location:

- Bifurcation of trachea:

Clinical Impt:

- Compromised in lung inf, can spread inf to lung

Lymphadenitis Inflammation of Lymph Node

Enlarged LN Ex:
- Left tracheobronchial LN -> puts pressure on L Recurrent Laryngeal N. -> Pressure on aorta -> Laryngeal hemiplegia -> Roaring

Ruminant Thoracic Cavity:

- Smaller than Equine

- Abd cavity makes an incursion into thorax, thus, reducing volume of thorax

Pleural Reflection:

Spp Description
Ox - Involves Ca. reflection of costal pleura onto diaphragm forming a traceable line

- Limits:

○ 8th Costochondral Junction to Angle of last rib (13th) just below edge of the Iliocostalis M.

▪ Pass thru middle of the 11th Rib

- Steeper in Cow than Horse

Sheep - Curves gently

- Limits:

• 9th Costochondral Junction to middle of last rib then to Cr. Border of transverse process of L1
Goat - Gentle Curve

- Limits:

• 6th Costochondral Junction to level of ventral border of last rib

Mediastinum Pleura:

Spp Description
Ox/Goat - Thick and intact, non-fenestrated
Horse - Fenestrated MUCH thinner

- More Delicate
Sheep - Display occasional opening

Lungs:

Predisposing Factors - In ALL spp the R lung is larger

- Bovine:

○ R Lung predisposed to Dz due to asymmetry causing disposition of pleural sacs leading to …

▪ Deviation in BOTH Cr./Ca mediastinum far to left

○ This deviation results in:

▪ Ca part meets diaphragm in sagittal plane bisecting reticulum when projected into Abd ->Exposes pleural sacs

□ Hardware disease: Foreign body penetration of pleural sacs

- Bovine & Sheep:

○ The apex of right pleural sac is pushed pasted the first rib -> Cupula Pleura -> Exposure to injury at base of neck
Ruminants - BOTH Cr. (Left & Right) Lobes are subdivided into Cr. And Ca. parts

○ Cranio-Cranial & Caudo-Cranial Lobes (R & L)

Pigs - ONLY Left Cr. Lobes is divided

○ Cranio-Cranial & Caudo-Cranial Lobe (L)

Clinical IMPT R Cr. Lobes in Pig & Ruminant ventilated by Tracheal bronchus -> Predisposed lobe to infection & inhalation pneumonias

- Tracheal Bronchus -> ONLY in Pig & Ruminants

Lobulation Bovine:

- Intralobular lobulation clearly evident

Goat & Pig:

- Less conspicuous

Sheep:

- Hardly detectable
Cardiac Notch Ruminants:

- Left:

○ Extends from 3rd to 5th ICS

○ Heart DIRECTLY in contact with thoracic wall -> Easier to access

- Right

○ BTW 3rd & 4th ICS under cover of arm

Lung Field Cr. Lung Field:

- Cr to thoracic limb in 1st to 3rd ICS

- Less impt

Ca. Lung Field:

- Cranial: Tricipital line (4)

- Dorsal: Epaxial M. (5)

Basal Border of Lung:

- Btw 3-4 cm above actual border of lung which is too thin & straight

- Tissue of lungs thins out as you approach the basal border -> Won't be able to hear anything

Blood Vessels of Thorax

Azygous Vein Left Azygous Vein

- Fully Dev in -> Ruminants & Pigs

- Drains: Thoracic wall & Cr. Lumbar area

- Enters -> Right Atrium at coronary sinus

- Both L and R Veins present in ALL spp but one vein dev full while other regresses

SPP diff:

- Ruminants: ONLY Left Azygous V.

- Horse: ONLY R Azygous Vein

Heart:

Position ALL spp: 2-5 ICS

Orientation Ruminant:

- Ventrally-Placed

Pig & Dog:

- Obliquely placed
Myocardium Myocardium of Atria and Ventricle separated by -> Fibrous plate -> serves as electrical insulator

- Fibrous plate is perforated by 5 ostia which accommodate the 4 heart values and AV bundle of Purkinje fibers

○ Aortic value
○ Pulmonary Value
○ Bicuspid Value
○ Mitral value

AV bundle transmits electrical impulse thru -> Purkinje fibers

Fibrous plate (Fibrocart) function:

- provides firm support for attachment of valves

- forms fibrous ring (Annuli Fibrosis) around atrioventricular and arterial openings

Rings surround aorta contain 2 cartilages = Cartilago cordis -> become ossified = Ossa Cordis (splanchnic bone) with age in Ox

- Splanchnic bone = soft tissue bone

Grooves (Sulci) Ox:

Interventricular grooves:

- Left Lateral Aspect: Paraconal interventricular groove

- Right Ca. Aspect: Subsinuosal interventricular groove

Groove on Ca. surface of Left Ventricle:

- Intermediate Groove

Pericardium Ruminant & Horse:

- Attached to sternum via 2 separate Sternopericardiac Lgs

Pericardiocentesis Fluid can collect in pericardial cavity due to a puncture of diaphragm by foreign object

Drain fluid from heart at:

- Left 4th ICS at level of costochondral junction

Auscultation Pulmonary Valve:

- Left Low 3rd ICS

Aortic Valve:

- Left High 4th ICS

Mitral Valve (Left AV Valve)

- Horse: Left Low 5th ICS

- Ox: Left Low 4th ICS

Tricuspid Valve (Right AV Valve)

- Right Low 3rd or 4th ICS

Impt Vessels Ascending Aorta:

- Ruminants & Horse:

○ 1 Major A. runs cranially -> Brachiocephalic Trunk = Common Trunk

Coronary Arteries:

- Blood supply to heart

Spp Diff:

- Ruminants & Dogs:

○ Left Coronary A. larger than Right

- Horses & Pigs:

○ Right Coronary A. larger than Left

Thoracic Lymph nodes:

Mediastinal Lymph Nodes Divided into:

- Cranial mediastinal LN

- Middle mediastinal LN

- Caudal mediastinal LN

Cr. Mediastinal LN Location:

- ALL spp around trachea, esophagus, & large BV of heart

Large in OX
Middle Mediastinal LN Location:

- Base of heart at aortic arch, trachea, esophagus

ABESNT in -> Pig

Ca. Mediastinal LN - Ruminants: Single & LARGE

○ Ca. Mediastinal LN most IMPT

§ Location -> BTW esophagus & aorta

- Clinical Impt:

○ Inf can cause compression of esophagus -> Bloat

○ Enlargement -> damage vagal trunk -> Interfere with norm GI motility

○ In Bovine tuberculosis (TB) or lymphadenitis enlarged LN compresses esophagus -> Chocking or Damage to vagal trunks

Tracheobronchial LN Location:

- Bifurcation of trachea:

Clinical Impt:

- Compromised in lung inf, can spread inf to lung

Dorsal thoracic LN - Intercostal LN -> Constant in OX
Thoracic Aortic LN - Location varies btw spp but located near thoracic aorta
Ventral thoracic LNs - Cranial sternal LN -> Manubrium of sternum are in ALL spp

- Caudal sternal LN -> Ca. part of sternum in -> ALL Ruminants, INCONSTANT in -> Pigs
Bronchial LNs Left tracheobronchial LN (3):

- Present in ALL SPP

- Location:

○ BTW aortic arch & pulmonary A. Cr. to Left bronchus

Right tracheobronchial LN (5):

- Present in OX but ABSENT in Sheep

Middle tracheobronchial LN (4):

- Location:

○ Dorsocaudal to trachea bifurcation

- Inconstant in -> OX

- ABSENT in -> Sheep

Cranial Tracheobronchial (6):

- Location:

○ Cr to tracheal bronchus

- Present in ONLY -> Ruminants & Pig that have Tracheal Bronchus

- Compromised to inf

Lymphadenitis Inflammation of Lymph Node

Enlarged LN Ex:
- Left tracheobronchial LN -> puts pressure on L Recurrent Laryngeal N. -> Pressure on aorta -> Laryngeal hemiplegia -> Roaring
LN IMPT in meat inspect - Left and (+/- Right), Middle & Cr. Tracheobronchial LN

- Pulmonary LN

- Cranial, Middle, & Caudal Mediastinal LN

- Thoracic Aortic LN