UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

MINISTRY OF HEALTH

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

KIGAMBONI CITY COLLEGE OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

ORDINARY DIPLOMA OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

RESEARCH REPORT

TITLE; IMPACT OF MALE PARTNER’S AWARENESS AND SUPPORT FOR

CONTRACEPTIVES ON FEMALE INTENT TO USE CONTRACEPTIVES AT
KIGAMBONI HEALTH CENTRE.

RESEARCHER: TARIQ MOHAMED KITOGO

REGISTRATION NO: NS.1049/0106/2015
SUPERVISOR: PAUL SAMBA

i
 Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... iii

OPERATION DEFINITIONS ..................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................. vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1
Background ................................................................................................................................. 1
Problem statement ....................................................................................................................... 3
Rationale of the study.................................................................................................................. 4
Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 5
Research questions ...................................................................................................................... 5
Research variables ....................................................................................................................... 5
Research hypothesis .................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 6
REVIEW SUMMARY OF RESEARCH WORKS. ................................................................... 11
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 19
Study design .............................................................................................................................. 19
Study area .................................................................................................................................. 19
Study population ....................................................................................................................... 19
Sampling procedures ................................................................................................................. 19
Sample size................................................................................................................................ 19
CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH FINDINGS ............................................................................ 20
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................... 28
Conclusion:................................................................................................................................ 28
Recommendation:...................................................................................................................... 28
REFERENCE .............................................................................................................................. 29
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................ 30

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this privilege to thanks God Almighty for keeping me well and healthier
during the whole process of preparing research report. Thanks to parents, relatives and friends
for their contribution during the whole process of preparing research more thanks to my young
brother Assa for providing me with peaceful environment during preparation of this research
report.

Grateful thanks to research supervisor Sir. Paul Samba for his closely monitoring to ensure
research report meets the required standards. Also my gratitude to Sir. Bonaventure Musibha as a
module facilitator for his persistent involvement in operational research training.

Thanks to all members who tried to contribute in one way or another for the successful of this
report.

iii
 OPERATION DEFINITIONS

 Family planning: “The ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain
their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births. It is
achieved through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary
infertility.” Wikipedia
 Adolescent: A man of age15-20
 Young adult: A man of age 21-30
 Middle adult: A man of age 31-59
 Traditional FP: methods not depending on the use of products or devices such as
periodic abstinence, rhythm and withdrawal.
 Modern FP method: contraception methods depending on the use of products,
devices or surgery, such as condoms, injections, IUD, pills, vaginal barrier,
diaphragms or caps and voluntary sterilization of a woman or her partner.

iv
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

FP Family planning.
RCH- Reproductive and child health.
STDs Sexual transmitted diseases.
TDHS- Tanzania demographic and health survey.
KICCOHAS Kigamboni city college of health and allied science.
DHS Demographic health survey.
WHO World health organization.
MDGS Millennium development goals.

NFPCIP National family planning coasted implementation programme

IUD Intra uterine device

OPD Outpatient department

MMR Maternal mortality rate

v
 ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Family planning contribute substantially in achieving the millennium

development goals. Recently, male involvement has gained considerable attention in family
planning programs but the implementation thereof remains a challenge.
Family planning is a very crucial area that needs continuous strengthening and improvement in
order to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Decision to use FP depends on a couple. In
Africa, Tanzania in particular, the decision depends mainly on women. If we have to improve
contraceptive prevalence rates, we need to look into male awareness and their participation in
family planning, available findings shows that majority of Tanzanian women participate
effectively in accessing family planning methods. In realizing this, efforts have been made to
include men as target groups in the national family planning program.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to assess male partner’s awareness and support for
contraceptive in female intent to use contraceptives for family planning.

METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted at Kigamboni health centre in Dar-es-salaam

region, by using quantitative descriptive technique which was conducted among males of the age
21-59 years from different areas of Dar-es-salaam attending OPD at Kigamboni health centre,
data was collected by using self-structured questionnaires which helped to evaluate the male’s
awareness and participation or support in family planning among a sample population.

vi
 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background
Family planning saves the lives of women, newborns, and adolescents and contributes to the
nation’s socioeconomic development. Family planning prevents maternal mortality, which is one
of the major concerns addressed by various global and national commitments and reflected in the
targets of the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Tanzania Vision 2025,
the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) II, and the Primary Health
Services Development Program, among others. Family planning reduces infant deaths from
AIDS by preventing unintended pregnancies and hence mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
Family planning also helps the government achieve national development goals because it can
contribute to the achievement of all of the MDGs, including reducing poverty and hunger,
promoting gender equity and empowering women, reducing child mortality, improving maternal
health, combating HIV/AIDS, and ensuring environmental sustainability.

In 2010, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW) launched the NFPCIP to guide all
stakeholders toward implementing strategic activities geared at achieving the national target of
60 percent contraceptive prevalence. This family planning target was in recognition of the
Government’s commitment to make quality family services increasingly more accessible to and
equitable for all people On July 11, 2012, his Excellency President Dr. Jakaya Kikwete attended
the high-profile London Summit on Family Planning and made six commitments expected to
double the number of family planning users by 2015. Also in 2012, the National Bureau of
Statistics (NBS) released the Tanzania Population and Housing Census Report, which showed
that since 2002, there has been a population increase of 10 million people—to a population of 44
million. Although the country is making progress in the right direction, enhanced and deliberate
efforts must be undertaken to accelerate progress to meet Tanzania’s family planning target by
2015. The unmet need for family planning, which had remained relatively constant for several
years, is now on the rise—from a contraceptive prevalence of 21.8 percent in 2004-2005 to one
of 25 percent in 2010.

1
However, according to the 2012 census report, the country’s rapid population growth may be
putting increasingly high pressure on resources such as land, and especially on public
expenditures for education, health, water, and sanitation (especially in urban areas). The lack of
adequate financial, human, and infrastructure resources greatly hampers optimum service
delivery.

Today FP services are available to all women and men who attend RCH clinics throughout the
country. Although FP enhances efforts to improve family health traditional beliefs, religious
barriers and lacks of male participation have weakened FP interventions.
Research has confirmed high "unmet need" for family planning in sub-Saharan Africa in terms
of the number of male who say they prefer to avoid unnecessary pregnancy but without use of
any contraceptive method.
Men can use FP methods as well as encourage their partners to use FP. Men can be more aware
of their partner’s needs and concerns for their family and better plan for their children’s future.
As family decision makers, they can influence effective participation towards FP.

2
Problem statement
Rapid and uncontrolled increase in population is one among the most serious problem facing
the developing countries including Tanzania. This has great consequence in distribution and
provision of social services including health services. Although FP helps to control a rapid
increase in population and ensures health of a family. However among other reasons, lack of
male awareness and participation has weakened FP interventions.
Generally fertility and family planning research and programs have ignored men’s roles in
FP. The focus has been on women, and services has been traditionally presented within
the context of maternal and child health.

In East and North Africa no significant difference in fertility desire was found. This shows
the importance of conducting research to know male’s awareness and participation
in FP. Male’s awareness and participation is found to be a good predictor of future practice
and continued use of FP. The studies done in the Philippines indicates that the continuation
rate among women whose husbands support their contraceptive practice is much higher than
those men’s who do not participate in FP. In Africa the study about male’s awareness and
participation in FP was done in Nigeria and Uganda and revealed that awareness of FP
methods among men was almost universal. However, this did not translate into actual use of
these methods or patronage of family planning services. In addition, male participation in FP
decision making was poor. In Tanzania many study has been done but the focus was on
assessing modern contraceptives use among married women. Therefore this study is going to
asses’ males’ awareness and participation in FP as this group seems to be ignored in FP
interventions for long time.

3
Rationale of the study

Increasing male’s awareness and participation to family planning is of crucial importance

especially in Africans’ societies. This is due to the fact that, most decisions that affect family
life are made by men. Men hold positions of leadership and influence from the family unit right
through the national level. Effective participation of men in FP will therefore not only simplify
the decision-making for FP matters among couples, but also will accelerate the understanding
and practice of FP interventions in general. Having realized that, programs to increase men's
awareness and participation to FP have recently expanded, especially through interventions to
increase awareness, create positive attitudes and facilitate participation in FP; this research will
help to provide an understanding of male’s awareness towards FP.

The study also will help to determine male’s participation in family planning in the studied area.
These findings will therefore be useful in evaluating the impacts of FP programs and campaigns
that have been done, hence help the government and other stakeholders to strengthen their
strategies and approaches in promoting FP.

4
Objectives
General objective

Assessing male’s awareness and participation in FP at Kigamboni health centre.

Specific objectives

i. To assess impact of male’s awareness towards family planning

method.
ii. To examine male’s participation in FP.

Research questions
i. What do males know about family planning methods?
ii. What is the level of male’s participation in family planning?

Research variables
Dependent variables: Assessment of male partner’s awareness and support on female intent to
use contraceptives.

Independent variables: (i) Age

(ii) Education

(iii) Occupation

(iv) Marital status

Research hypothesis
i. Men have rarely been involved in either receiving or providing information on
reproductive health.
ii. Men have been ignored or excluded in one way or the other from participating in many
FP programs as FP is viewed as woman’s affair.

5
 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

Overview

Family planning (FP) saves lives through planned management of pregnancy. Healthy mothers
produce healthy infants. Maternal mortality in developing countries was estimated in 1990 at
500,000 and infant and child mortality at 14 million. Empirical evidence shows that spacing
births 2 years apart reduces the risk of infant mortality. FP also gives women the option of
avoiding unwanted pregnancy, dangerous illegal abortions, and unhealthy childbearing
conditions. (Population Reference Bureau PRB. International Programs. Family planning
saves lives. Integration. 1992 Dec;(34):18-25. PMID: 12317826 Family.)

One approach for increasing uptake of contraceptives among women has been the inclusion of
men in family planning programming. The 1994 International Conference on Population and
Development in Cairo reinforced the need to engage men in family planning interventions and
acknowledge their role in reproductive health. Research suggests that although contraceptive
decision-making often occurs at the couple-level, men have considerable influence on these
decisions. For example, research in Ethiopia demonstrates that more than half of a sample of
married men reported joint decision-making on when to have another child and when to stop
child bearing, and the majority of respondents reported joint decision-making about the method
of contraceptive to use. Men’s key role in family planning decision-making is also supported by
research in other parts of Africa.

Furthermore, men’s knowledge of and involvement in family planning is a significant predictor

of uptake and use of contraception within couples. Moreover, the Malawi Male Motivator
intervention, a peer-delivered intervention targeting men to increase couples’ contraceptive
uptake, revealed significant increase in contraceptive use post-intervention. Additionally, ease
and frequency of communication about family planning within couples significantly predicts
contraceptive uptake, which is an indication that men influence contraceptive use and choice and
use of contraception is derived from joint decision-making.

6
Studies have found that often, ‘husband/partner is opposed’ is listed as one of the primary
reasons non-users report for not using contraception, and women’s lower uptake and
discontinuation of contraception is strongly influenced by their male partner’s lack of proper
knowledge about and resistance to the use of family planning methods. Additionally, women in
Zambia have reported covert contraceptive use due to husband disapproval of contraceptive use.
Even when controlling for women’s own fertility desires, men’s desires can be both a perceived
and actual barrier to family planning uptake.

Given the importance of men in family planning, some research has examined men’s
contraceptive knowledge (for example, Oyediran, Ishola, & Feyisetan, 2002, UBOS and ICF
International Inc., 2012); however, many of these studies generally use a simplistic measure of
contraceptive awareness (as opposed to knowledge about contraception). For example, research
with ever-married men in Nigeria demonstrated high levels of contraceptive knowledge
combined with high levels of usage. Yet, researchers in this study only assessed contraceptive
knowledge using “having heard of” a particular contraceptive method as an overall measure of
knowledge about modern contraception. Moreover, there were no measures to validate men’s
accuracy of knowledge. Similarly, the most recent DHS Report in Uganda reported high
awareness of modern contraceptive methods (~90% or higher) among men without an
assessment of how the methods are used or their potential side effects.

In-depth qualitative research exploring men’s knowledge about modern contraceptive methods
remains a nascent field. In Uganda, there is an emerging body of qualitative literature that
focuses on factors influencing men’s perceptions of contraceptive use. However, there is limited
research on men’s sources of knowledge regarding modern contraception. As a result, there is a
need for in-depth qualitative exploration of men’s knowledge and perceptions of modern
contraception, including sources of knowledge, how these methods are used, and knowledge
regarding potential side effects and benefits of particular methods.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4815-5

7
The 2002 Population and Housing Census showed that the Population of Tanzania Increased
from 23.1 million in 1988 to 34.4 million in 2002 with an average growth rate of 2.9% per
annum. In recognition of the FP importance, the WHO established a framework 2005-2014 for
accelerating action to reposition FP on national agenda and in reproductive health services. The
framework, developed by the WHO Regional Office for Africa, calls for increased efforts to
advocate the recognition of the pivotal role of males FP in achieving health and development
objectives at all levels, as targeted by MDGs 4, 5.

Male’s awareness

In most states, at least 90% of men are aware of any modern FP method that includes female
sterilization, male sterilization, and condoms. However, awareness of these methods is not very
widespread in a few states particularly developing countries. The condom is widely known
among men and at least 90 % of men know condoms worldwide. A study done in Kenya by
Fapohunda and Rutenberg, (https://doi.org/10.31899/rh1999.1007) found that family planning
awareness was high, but condoms and vasectomy were found to be stigmatized, and family
planning was considered women’s responsibility.

Noted that while African men are largely apathetic to FP, they are not necessarily
uninterested. Many African men want to participate more actively in deciding how many
children they should have and when to have them, but they lack sufficient information to do
so. Men’s opposition to family planning was not as wide spread as it was popularly believed.
Men have a major role in the decision to use FP methods and in determining the number of
children a couple should have although they do not encourage women to participate in
decision making about family size and share responsibility in women’s health. FP
associations recognized the importance of men's awareness in fertility decision making,
particularly in Africa.
To control fertility, the government of Tanzania had changed its population policy since early
1990s to allow sexually active persons to access modern family planning services. Despite all
these efforts, until the mid-2000s fertility rate and contraceptive prevalence were still at
unacceptable level.

8
Male’s participation

Since men predominantly make the decisions in the households, it is essential to promote FP
and reproductive health issues for the husbands. The consequences of these decisions being
made could be fatal and is associated with the high maternal mortality rate. Considering the
male’s important role in improving women’s quality of life, especially in reducing maternal
death, the WHO established policies to include men in promoting health care for their wives
and children, thus highlighted that men are encouraged to participate in making positive
decisions regarding FP, antenatal, antenatal care, and preparation of child birth, immunization,
and nutrition for their Children.
Male can actively participate in FP Programs by becoming contraceptive users.
However, over the years, men ‘participation in family planning has remained low. One of the
major barriers in increasing male participation in family planning in most of the developing
countries is that the program does not focus on the male, men’s obligation in FP and
reproductive health has not yet been considered by every local government, due to
decentralization of FP program management.
As a result, family planning providers are not afforded suitable access and facilities which
may encourage men to use men’s contraception. Across Tanzania, male participation in
reproductive and child health services is low, estimated at 5% and lower in rural areas. Barriers
said to inhibit male participation in these services include lack of information, and limited time
to spend at clinics. Other barriers often cited are social and religious norms that prohibit males
from attending female health services and the widespread attitude that female reproductive health
is not a male responsibility.
According to the TDHS 1996 the modern methods of FP have been more frequently used 23%
than traditional 15%. The modern methods commonly used by men’s is condoms 7% than
vasectomy while traditional methods frequently used is withdrawal 9% and the use of
contraception is higher for sexually active unmarried partners than currently couples. Men’s
participation is crucial to enabling millions of women to avoid unintended pregnancies.
Decision to use FP depends on a couple. In Africa, Tanzania in particular, the decision depends
mainly on men. If we have to improve contraceptive prevalence rates, we need to ensure active
of men participation in FP.

9
Men have limited knowledge about family planning, that family planning services do not
adequately meet the needs of men, and that spousal communication about family planning issues
is generally poor. However, almost all men approved of modern family planning and expressed
great interest in participating. The positive change of the beliefs and attitudes of men towards
family planning in the past years has not been recognized by family planning programme
managers, since available services are not in line with current public attitudes. A more couple-
oriented approach to family planning is needed. Measures could include, for example, recruiting
males as family planning providers, offering more family planning counselling for couples, and
promoting female-oriented methods with men and vice versa. (Male participation in family
planning, Angela kaida, et al. 2005.)
Family planning programmes in Tanzania date back to the 1950s. By the early 1990s, however,
only 5-10% of women of childbearing age used contraceptives in the country. Low contraceptive
prevalence in Tanzania is reportedly attributable to men's opposition to family planning,
(attitudes of men towards family planning in mbeya region, tanzania, Eleuther a. Mwageni, et al.
1998)
Research has indicated that gender dynamics—and in particular men's disapproval of family
planning—have had an influence on the low levels of contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa.
Limited evidence exists, however, on effective strategies to increase male approval. (Men's
Perspectives on Their Role in Family Planning in Nyanza Province, Kenya, Mellissa withers et
al.2015)
The use of any method of FP by women is often influenced by their husbands [7]. Men have
rarely been involved in either receiving or providing information on sexuality, reproductive
health, or birth spacing. They have also been ignored or excluded in one way or the other from
participating in many FP programmes as FP is viewed as a woman’s affair [8]. Traditionally,
men are the heads of households and decision makers in all issues in their respective households.
Men decide on FP and the number of children as well as how to use what is produced by the
family. Also, findings have shown that since men were the decision makers, they were expected
to initiate discussions on FP and the number of the children the couple want to have [8]. Men
were perceived as the sole providers for their family needs. Women were not considered decision
makers, but implementers of what had been decided (Male involvement in family planning:
challenges and way forward, Ademola Adelekan, et al. 2014)
10
 Unmet need for family planning exceeds 33% in Uganda. One approach to decreasing unmet
need is promoting male involvement in family planning. Male disapproval of use of family
planning by their female partners and misconceptions about side effects are barriers to family
planning globally and in Uganda in particular. Researchers have conducted a number of
qualitative studies in recent years to examine different aspects of family planning among
Ugandan men, (Knowledge and use of family planning among men in rural Uganda, alex
kayongo, et al.2018)

REVIEW SUMMARY OF RESEARCH WORKS.

REFERENCE OBJECTIVES METHODOLOGY PARTICIPANTS RESULTS

The role of men in To determine Across-sectional Rural and urban A high level of
family planning the role of men descriptive study men, both in awareness of family
decision-making in rural in family design was used for Osun State, planning among
and urban Nigeria, The planning documenting the South West both study groups
European Journal of decision-making challenges and way Nigeria. (98.3% rural and
Contraception & in both rural and forward to male 98.4% urban). Most
Reproductive Health urban areas of involvement in men in both groups
Care, Ernest O. Orji, Nigeria Family planning. believe that a
Professor Ebenezer O. decision about
Ojofeitimi & Babatunde family planning
A. Olanrewaju (2007) should be made
https://doi.org/10.1080/1 jointly by the
3625180600983108 spouses instead of
being the
prerogative of
either.
Male Involvement in To explore the The data were Married men The overall mean
Family Planning: challenges and derived from a cross- with atleast one knowledge score of
Challenges and Way determine way sectional household child and within the respondents was
Forward forward to male survey conducted in the age range of 10.1 ± 3.1 and
Ademola Adelekan, Et involvement in Ibadan and Kaduna 18–50 years only57.0% had a

11
al. Family Planning between September participated in good knowledge of
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155 and November 2012. the study Family Planning
/2014/416457
Factors associated with To determine The data were The sample There is
contraceptive ideation factors derived from a cross- included 2358 considerable
among urban men in influencing the sectional household men from both cluster-level
Nigeria readiness of survey conducted in cities. variability in
Stella Babalola, Bola urban Nigerian Ibadan and Kaduna ideation score. The
Kusemiju, Lisa Calhoun, men to adopt between September key correlates
Meghan Corroon, contraceptive and November 2012. included exposure
Bolanle Ajao methods. to family planning
https://doi.org/10.1016/j. promotion
ijgo.2015.05.006 campaigns,
education, age,
religion, marital
status, and
community norms.
Role of husband’s To examine the The dataset of A total of 50,495 The UMNFP was
attitude towards the role of the Pakistan married women considerably lower
usage of contraceptives husband’s Demographic and age 15–49 were among MWRA
for unmet need of family attitude towards Health Survey interviewed in between 40 years
planning among married the usage of 2017–18 is utilized 2017–18 [39]. and above compared
women of reproductive contraceptives to examine the role After removing to women 15–
age in Pakistan. for the unmet of the husband’s participants with 19 years. The odds
DOI need of family attitude towards the missing data, of UMNFP were
https://doi.org/10.1186/s planning usage of information on higher among
12905-021-01314-4 (UMNFP) contraceptives in 12,113 women women and men
among married UMNFP among was analyzed. who were educated
women of MWRA in Pakistan up to the primary
reproductive age level compared to
(MWRA) in those with no
12
 Pakistan. education

Spousal Communication, This paper Data for the study The primary The results show
Changes in Partner highlights the were obtained from a respondents are that men have a
Attitude, and relevance of survey carried out in 600 married men significant role to
Contraceptive Use spousal three states, Oyo, aged 15-59 years play in the adoption
Among the Yorubas of communication Osun, and Ondo, old while their of contraception.
Southwest Nigeria on males' mainly inhabited by wives constitute About 37% of the
Peter O Ogunjuyigbe, attitude towards the Yorubas. the secondary respondents
Ebenezer O Ojofeitimi,1 their partners' respondents. reported joint
and Ayotunde Liasu contraceptive decision making on
https://dx.doi.org/10.410 use when to have
3%2F0970-0218.51232 another child,
40.8% on whether
to stop having
children, and 44%
on what to do to
stop childbearing.

13
Influence of a husband’s To examine the This cross-sectional reproductive Seventy-four
healthcare decision influence of a study utilized the aged women (15 percent of the
making role on a husband/partner data from the 2011 - 49 years) in the women lived in
woman’s intention to use ’s healthcare Mozambique 2011 DHS § - rural areas. Eighty-
contraceptives among decision making Demographic and Mozambique six percent of the
Mozambican women power on a Health Survey (2011 women reported that
Ramos Mboane1 & woman’s MDHS). The data their
Madhav P Bhatta intention to use for the study was husband/partner was
DOI: contraceptives down loaded, with living with them.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s permission from the Overall, 39.3% of
12978-015-0010-2 Demographic and the women reported
Health Survey both she and her
website husband wanted the
same number of
children, while
reported that their
husband wanted
more children than
they did
Couple based family Measuring the A quasi- 811 married We obtained follow-
planning education: effect of a six- experimental couples in Jimma up data from 760
changes in male month-long research among 811 Zone out of 786 (96.7 %)
involvement and family planning married couples in couples who were
contraceptive use among education Jimma Zone, originally enrolled
married couples in program on southwest Ethiopia. in the survey.
Jimma Zone, Ethiopia male Findings were
Tizta Tilahun involvement in compared within
family planning, and between groups
1, as well as on before and after
Gily Coene2, couples’ intervention
Marleen Temmerman3 contraceptive surveys.
14
& practice.
Olivier Degomme3 DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1186/s
12889-015-2057-y

To investigate . Quantitative Married men, Quantitative surveys

A community-based, the knowledge, surveys including married women, were completed by
mixed-methods study of attitudes, and semi-structured religious leaders, 152 men; 99
the attitudes and extent of interviews were used community (65.1%) reported
behaviors of men involvement of to collect leaders, and that they would
regarding modern family men in family information. The family-planning accompany their
planning in Nigeria planning in qualitative providers wives to family-
Author links open Nigeria, and to components planning clinics in
overlay panel evaluate spousal constituted focus the future, 116
Godwin Akabaa communication group discussion (76.3%) reported
Nathaniel Ketarea regarding family sessions and in-depth approving of the use
Wilfred Tileb planning. interviews of modern
https://doi.org/10.1016/j. contraception by
ijgo.2016.04.009 their wives, and 132
(86.8%) reported
wanting to know
more about family
planning.
Contraceptive To examine Using in-depth Sample of 41 Men were less likely
knowledge, perceptions, knowledge and interviews (N = 41), respondents to report
and concerns among concerns this qualitative study included men contraceptive
men in Uganda regarding investigated major ranging from 20 knowledge from
Nityanjali modern sources of to 50 years of health care
Thummalachetty, Et AL. contraceptive knowledge about age, with a providers, mass
https://doi.org/10.1186/s methods among contraception and median age of media campaigns, or
15
12889-017-4815-5 Ugandan men. perceptions of 34 years. peers. Men’s
contraceptive side concerns about
effects among various
married Ugandan contraceptive
men methods were
broadly associated
with failure of the
method to work
properly, adverse
health effects on
women, and severe
adverse health
effects on children.
Family planning To determine This study was This study was Majority of the
practices of rural the knowledge conducted by conducted among respondents, 236
community dwellers in of family Convenience 291 rural women (78.9%) obtained
cross River State, planning among sampling method as determined by information about
Nigeria rural community where The using the family planning
dwellers in questionnaire Leshlie-Kish from health care
AJ Etokidem1, W Cross River contained both open- formula: providers, 122
Ndifon1, J Etowa2, EF State of Nigeria. ended and close- (40.8%) from
Asuquo ended questions n = z2pq/d2 television, 107
https://www.njcponline.c (semi-structured) (35.8%) from
om/text.asp?2017/20/6/7 was used. newspapers, 159
07/208951 (53.2%) from radio,
while 86 (28.7%)
obtained it from
training workshops
Determinants of male This study This study was The study About two-thirds of
participation in investigated the conducted in the included 615 the respondents
reproductive healthcare role of men in working areas of men aged 25- discussed
16
services: a cross- some selected urban and rural 45 years. reproductive health
sectional study reproductive implemented by issues with their
Md Shahjahan, Et Al. health issues, NGOs. The sample- wives and
DOI characterizing size was determined accompanied them
https://doi.org/10.1186/1 their scientifically. The to healthcare
742-4755-10-27 involvement, systematic sampling facilities.
including factors procedure was used
influencing their for selecting the
participation in sample.
FP
Exposure to family This study Evaluation data Men aged 15–59 The proportion of
planning messages and aimed to assess were used from the years who had men who reported
modern contraceptive whether men’s Measurement, no missing data use of modern
use among men in exposure to FP Learning & on any of the contraceptive
urban Kenya, Nigeria, demand- Evaluation project key variables: methods was 58 %
and Senegal: a cross- generation for the Urban 696 men in in Kenya, 43 % in
sectional study activities is Reproductive Kenya, 2311 in Nigeria, and 27 %
Chinelo C, Et al. associated with Health Initiative Nigeria, and in Senegal

https://doi.org/10.1186/ their reported (URHI) in select 1613 in Senegal

s12978-015-0056-1 use of modern cities

contraceptive
methods

Barriers to male This study A qualitative study selected men In general,

involvement in examines men using 18 focus aged 15–54 and knowledge of
contraceptive uptake and women’s group discussions women aged effective
and reproductive health perceptions with Open-ended 15–49 as well as contraceptive
services, Allen regarding question guides eight key methods was high.
Kabagenyi, At al. obstacles to were used informant
men’s support interviews

17
 and uptake of (KIIs) with
modern government and
contraceptives. community
leaders
Exploring contraception To explore and Focus group A total of 28 Both men and
myths and understand discussions (FGD) young women women participants
misconceptions among young people’s with vignette and and 30 young reported basic
young men and women knowledge of writing activities to men from Kwale awareness of
in Kwale County, modern explore key myths County, Kenya. contraceptives.
Kenya contraception and misconceptions Including 10
Jefferson Mwaisaka and to identify discussants aged
their key 18–24 per FGD,
concerns one FGD had 8
regarding these participants
methods.
Impact of male Male partners’ A cross-sectional Adult men Men’s awareness
partner’s awareness and awareness of, survey of 2468 attending a of, and support for,
support for and support for, pregnant women public primary use of modern
contraceptives on female and their male health clinic in contraceptives were
female intent to use contraceptive partners enrolled in cape town significantly
contraceptives in methods the Healthy associated with
southeast Nigeria. Beginning Initiative their female
Ezeanolue partners’ desire to
use contraception.

18
 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

Study design
This was a cross-sectional descriptive study which used quantitative approach through structured
questionnaire.

Study area
The study was conducted at Kigamboni health centre in Dar-es-salaam region Tanzania.

Study population
The study participants were males of age (21-59) years attending OPD at; Kigamboni health
centre.

Sampling procedures
Through random sampling procedures, male patients who were attending OPD at kigamboni
health centre were selected except for those patients with severe illness.

Sample size
The study involved a total of 51 males attending OPD at Kigamboni health Centre. This sample
size was obtained by using Slovin’s formula;

𝑵
𝒏=
𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐

Where,

n=sample size

N=study population

e=margin error

Given; N=58 e= 5% (0.05) n=?

Therefore, n=58/1+ 58* (0.052) n =51

Therefore the desirable sample size = 51

19
 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH FINDINGS

PART ONE: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATIONS

TABLE 01: AGE OF RESPONDENTS

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

21-30 31 61%
31-40 10 20%
41-50 8 15%
51-60 2 4%
TOTAL 51 100%

ILLUSTRATIONS: Age
of students
FIGURE 01
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60

FIGURE 02
21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60

4%
15%

20% 61%

20
INTERPRETATION:

From the illustrations above, Figure 01 and Figure 02 shows the frequency and percentage of
respondents respectively, based on their ages as categorized in group as follows; Age from 21-30
respondents were 31 which is equivalent to 61%, 31-40 responds were 10 which is equivalent to
20%, 41-50 responds were 8 which is equivalent to 15% and from 51-60 responds were 2 which
is equivalent to 4%.

TABLE 02: SHOW NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS BASED ON THEIR EDUCATION

STATUS

EDUCATION STATUS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

PRIMARY 19 37%
SECONDARY 15 30%
COLLEGE 17 33%
OTHERS 0 0%
NONE 0 0%

ILLUSTRATIOS:

FIGURE 03
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
PRIMARY SECONDARY COLLEGE OTHERS NONE

21
 FIGURE 04
PRIMARY SECONDARY COLLEGE OTHERS NONE

0%

33%
37%

30%

INTERPRETATION:

From the above illustrations, Figure 03 and Figure 04 shows the frequency and percentage of
respondents respectively, based on their education status categorized as follows; Respondents
with primary level of education were 19 which is equivalent to 37%, Respondents with
secondary level of education were 15 which is equivalent to 30%, Respondents with college
education were 17 which is equivalent to 33%, and Respondents with both OTHERS and NONE
status were not observed hence indicated by 0% each.

PART TWO: MALES AWARENESS ON FAMILY PLANNING.

TABLE 03: DO YOU KNOW ANY FAMILY PLANNING METHOD.

RESPONCE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

YES 41 80%
NO 10 20%
ILLUSTRATIONS:

FIGURE 05 FIGURE 06
50 YES NO
40

30 20%

20

10
80%
0
YES NO

22
INTERPRETATION:

From the above illustrations, Figure 05 and Figure 06 shows the frequency and percentage of
respondents respectively, based on their knowledge towards any family planning method. Total
respondents were 51, where 41(80%) respond with YES while 10(20%) responds with NO,
Hence this indicates that, majority of people knows about family planning methods.

TABLE 04: METHODS USED

METHOD FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Condoms 13 32%
Pills 8 19%
Implants 6 15%
Sterilization 5 12%
Others 9 22%

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 07 FIGURE 08
Condoms Pills Implants
Others Sterilization Others

Sterilization
22%
Implants 32%
FREQUENCY
Pills
12%

Condoms
15% 19%
0 5 10 15

INTERPRETATION:

From the above illustrations, Figure 07 and Figure 08 shows the frequency and percentage of
respondents respectively, based on the method of family planning they know, Total respondents
were 41, where 13(32%) knows about condoms, 8(19%) knows about pills, 6(15%) knows about
implants, 5(12%) knows about sterilization while 9(22%) knows about other methods,
specifically traditional methods which are withdrawal (3) and calendar method (6).

23
TABLE 05: BENEFITS OF USING FAMILY PLANNING METHODS

RESPONCE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

YES 41 80%
NO 0 0%
I DON’T KNOW 10 20%

ILLUSTRATIONS:

FIGURE 09 FIGURE 10
45 YES NO I DON’T KNOW
40
35
20%
30
25
0%
20
15
10
5
80%
0
YES NO I DON’T KNOW

INTERPRETATION:

From the above illustrations, Figure 09 and Figure 10 shows the frequency and percentage of
respondents respectively, based on benefits of using family planning methods which they know.
Total respondents were 51, where 41(80%) respondents were aware of atleast one benefit of
using family planning method, 10(20%) respondents they don’t know if there is benefits of using
family planning methods while there was no respondents with NO response.

TABLE 06: DISADVANTAGE OF USING FAMILY PLANNING METHOD

RESPONCE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

YES 23 45%
NO 5 10%
I DON’T KNOW 23 45%

24
ILLUSTRATIONS:

FIGURE 11 FIGURE 12
25 YES NO I DON’T KNOW

20

15

45% 45%
10

0 10%
YES NO I DON’T KNOW

INTERPRETATION

From the above illustrations, Figure 11 and Figure 12 shows the frequency and percentage of
respondents respectively, based on disadvantage of using family planning methods which they
know. Total respondents were 51, where 23(45%) respondents were aware of atleast one
disadvantage of using family planning method, 23(45%) respondents they don’t know if there is
benefits of using family planning methods while 5(10%) respondents think that there is no
disadvantage of using family planning method.

PART THREE: MALE PARTICIPATION IN FAMILY PLANNING

TABLE 07: DECISION WITH PARTNERS ON FAMILY PLANNING METHOD TO

USE

RESPONSE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

YES 32 63%
NO 19 37%
I DON’T KNOW 0 0%

25
ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 13 FIGURE 14
35
YES NO I DON’T KNOW
30
0%
25

20
37%
15

10
63%
5

0
YES NO I DON’T KNOW

INTERPRETATION

From the above illustrations, Figure 13 and Figure 14 shows the frequency and percentage of
respondents respectively, based on male participation on family planning by making decision
with their partners on the method of family planning to use. Total respondents were 51, where
32(63%) respondents decides with their partners on the methods to use in family planning,
19(37%) respondents, they do not decide with their partners on the methods to use in family
planning. There were no respondents with I DON’T KNOW response.

TABLE 08: ATTEENDING TO RCH CLINICS

RESPONCE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

YES 13 25%
NO 38 75%
I DON’T KNOW 0 0%

26
ILLUSTRATION:

FIGURE 15 FIGURE 16
40
YES NO I DON’T KNOW
35
30 0%
25 25%
20
15
10
5 75%
0
YES NO I DON’T KNOW

INTERPRETATION

From the above illustrations, Figure 15 and Figure 16 shows the frequency and percentage of
respondents respectively, based on male participation on family planning by attending to RCH
clinics with their partners. Total respondents were 51, where 13(25%) respondents attends to
RCH clinics with their partners, 38(75%) respondents, they do not attending to RCH clinics.
There were no respondents with I DON’T KNOW response.

27
 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion:
The majority of the respondents had never been involved themselves in FP with their wife and
this may be attributed to negative perceptions recorded among them. Community sensitization
programmes aimed at improving male involvement in FP should be provided by government
and non-governmental agencies. In addition there is need to engage community and opinion
leaders so that they can advocate for the use of FP methods in their community. Various
studies have shown that providing men within formation and involving them in counseling
sessions can help them to be more supportive of contraceptive use and more aware of the
concept of shared decision making.

Recommendation:
Close the knowledge-practice gap: As in so many population programs that seek to change
behavior, that is, there is a gap between knowledge and practice, between what people know
they should do and what they actually do.

Target messages to men: Special messages, targeted to men, should encourage them to be
responsible and caring, and to discuss FP with their partners. There is a need to target men as a
primary audience with family-planning messages that emphasize the economic benefit of
having fewer children, and create a new role model for men that portrays responsible men as
those who discuss family size and contraception with their partners. In future campaigns, care
should be taken to emphasize the need for the husband and the wife to share decisions.

Pay attention to education and services for young men: It is important to introduce family-
planning knowledge into the secondary schools and university as preparation for young people
for future responsible parenthood.

28
 REFERENCE
1. WHO 2009 -2012 Family and reproductive health

2. Kabarangira J (1995) A study of knowledge, attitudes and practices of married

3. Mungai P. (1996) Men’s knowledge, attitudes and practices in regard to family

planning.Z
4. National family planning guidelines and standards, 2013

5. Rosliza A.M M Majdah (2010) Male participation and sharing of responsibility in

strengthening family planning activities in Malaysia.

6. Rose E.J,Kinemo (year) abortion and family planning in Tanzania

7. Lalla Toure (1996) male involvement in family planning Africa

8. Nityanjali Thummalechetty (2017) Contraceptive knowledge, perception, and concerns

among men in Uganda

9. Population Reference Bureau PRB. International Programs. Family planning saves lives.
Integration. 1992 Dec;(34):18-25. PMID: 12317826 Family.

10. The role of men in family planning decision-making in rural and urban Nigeria, The
European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, Ernest O. Orji.

11. Male Involvement in Family Planning: Challenges and Way Forward AdemolaAdelekan,
PhilomenaOmoregie, and Elizabeth Edoni.

12. Factors associated with contraceptive ideation among urban men in Nigeria Stella
Babalola.

13. Spousal Communication, Changes in Partner Attitude, and Contraceptive Use Among the
Yorubas of Southwest Nigeria, Peter O Ogunjuyigbe.

14. Influence of a husband’s healthcare decision making role on a woman’s intention to use
contraceptives among Mozambican women, Ramos Mboane.

15. Couple based family planning education: changes in male involvement and contraceptive
use among married couples in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia, Tizta Tilahun

29
 APPENDICES

BUDJET

S/N CATEGORIES COST(Tsh)

1. Stationary 25,000/=
2. Transport 13000/=
3. Contingency 2,400/=
4. Communication 10000/=
5. TOTAL 50,400/=

WORK PLAN

ACTIVITY TO PERFORM APRIL MAY JUNE JULY

Concept and preparation of research proposal

Presentation of research proposal to supervisor

Ethical approval

Pre- test of questionnaire

Data collection

Data processing and Data analysis

Report writing

Submission of report

30
 QUESTIONAIRE TO ASSESS MALE AWARENESS AND PARTICIPATION IN
FAMILY PLANNING

Part I; personal particular.

1. Age……

2. Do you have a partner (a) YES (b) NO (c) I DON’KNOW

3. Education status

(a) None (b)Primary (c)Secondary (d)Collage (e) Other (specify)………………

4. Occupation (a) Civil servant (b) Self-employed (c) None

5. Religion (a) Muslims (b)Christian (c) Other (specify)…………………………

Part II. Male’s awareness on FP

6. Do you know any family planning methods?

(a)YES (b) NO ( )

7. If YES which one among the following

(a) Condoms (b) Pills (c) Implants (d) Sterilization ( )

(e) Others (specify)………………………………………………………………….

8. How do you get to know the family planning method mentioned in no 7 above?

(a) School (b) Seminar (c)Peer groups (d)Others (specify)…………( )

9. Do you think is there any benefits of using family planning method?

(a)YES (b) NO (c) I DON’T KNOW ( )

10. If YES which are they (mention two?)

(i)……………………………………………… (ii)……………………………………………..
31
11. Do you think is there any disadvantages of using family planning?

(a)YES (b) NO (c)I DON’T KNOW ( )

12. If YES what are they? Mention two

(i)…………………………………………………………………
(ii)………………………………………………………………..

Part III. Male’s participation in FP

13. Have you ever used any family planning method?

(a)YES (b)NO (c) I DON’T KNOW ( )

14. If YES which one? (Mention it)

……………………………………………………………………

15. Where do you get the method you mentioned?

(a)Reproductive health clinics (RCH) (b) Pharmacy ( )

(c)Others (specify)…………………………

16. Do you make decision with you partner before deciding the method of family Planning to
use? (a)YES (b)NO (c)I DON’T KNOW ( )

17. Have you ever gone together with your partner to RCH clinics?

(a)YES………. (b)NO………(c) I DON’T KNOW……….. ( )

18. Have you ever been counseled and get health education about family planning

together with your wife at RCH clinic?

(a)YES (b)NO

32