CONVERSATION He’s travelling in Thailand.

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PRONUNCIATION Intonation in statements

Improve your country

Improve your life
PRONUNCIATION Intonation in statements

Improve your country

Improve your life
PRONUNCIATION Intonation in statements

Improve your country

Improve your life
 GRAMMAR FOCUS

Improve your life

Improve your country
 GRAMMAR FOCUS

Improve your life

Improve your country
 GRAMMAR FOCUS

Improve your life

Improve your country
 DISCUSSION
writing a blog
learning to drive
going to college
travelling around the world
playing in a band
What are you doing these days?
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playing on a team
learning a foreign language
raising a child
renovating the house
working in another country
 CONVERSATION
I didn’t know that.

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13%
25%
38%
50%
63%
75%
88%
GRAMMAR FOCUS

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 GRAMMAR FOCUS

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 GRAMMAR FOCUS

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 WRITING An email to an online friend

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(1) A person in Myanmar generates _____ kg of waste per day. (1) 0.56
(2) Municipal solid waste is composed mainly of organic (2) plastic

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materials, _____, paper and others.
(3) Waste management is typically a full _____ service in (3) public
Myanmar.
(4) Waste collection coverage is about 53% in Yangon, and (4) 84
_____% in Mandalay.
(5) The most generated waste product in Myanmar is _____ (5) organic
waste.
What type of waste is being disposed of the most?

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• ORGANIC WASTE?
• PAPER WASTE?
• PLASTIC WASTE?
• OTHER WASTE?
HY?
nd W
A
 Improve your country
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Municipal solid waste generation,
composition, and collection
The actual amount of waste generated by households and industry is not
known. There is no regular waste sampling and analysis carried out, and
there is insufficient information on the exact waste collection coverage in

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different geographical areas. In Mandalay, information from the weighbridge
at the controlled waste dumpsite that covers three townships suggests it
receives 980 tons of waste per day and that the average waste generation is
0.8 kg per person per day. This waste is collected after the informal sector
has taken out the recyclable materials. Based on international experience,
the waste generation rate in rural areas is probably about 0.4 kg per person
per day (50 percent of urban waste generation). This would result in a
national average of 0.56 kg per person per day (60 percent rural areas and 40
percent urban areas) and follows internationally observed ranges for a lower-
middle-income country averaging at 0.53 kg per person per day (Kaza et al.
2018).
At a national level for Myanmar, 0.56 kg per person per day results in a
nationally generated waste quantity of 10.5 million tons of municipal waste
per year (or 28,850 tons per day).1 Out of this, 4,160 tons per day is estimated
for Yangon (5.2 million people) and 1,120 tons per day for Mandalay (1.4

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million people)(Central Statistics Organization 2016). In addition, solid waste
is rapidly increasing, and both the Yangon City Development Committee
(YCDC) and Mandalay City Development Committee (MCDC) have prioritized
solid waste management as a result.
Municipal solid waste is composed mainly of organic materials (77 percent),
while the remainder comprises plastic (13 percent), paper (7 percent), and
others (3 percent). This has been confirmed by observation and evaluation of
the waste composition of Yangon and Mandalay (IGES and CCTE 2016). The
large organic fraction provides opportunities for reducing the wastes going to
the dumpsites.
1 Based on 51.5 million people × 0.56 × 0.365= 10.5 million tons of municipal waste per year
or 28,850 tons per day.
Based on the analysis of the landfill waste disposal data, it could be
concluded that the waste collection coverage is about 53 percent in Yangon

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and 84 percent in Mandalay. Public cleanliness and insufficient waste
collection are some of the main problems in municipal waste management
due to the (a) limited public awareness of cleanliness; (b) lack of sufficient
containers, especially for households, and as a result households put their
waste in small (shopping) bags outside; (c) inadequately organized street
cleaning as pushcart operators are acting both as street sweepers and waste
collectors; and (d) the income from solid waste management services is
insufficient to cover the costs of solid waste collection and disposal.
1) What is the estimated daily waste generation rate per person in Mandalay?
(a) 0.8 kg, (b) 0.4 kg, (c) 0.53 kg, (d) 0.56 kg
2) What percentage of municipal solid waste is composed of plastic?
(a) 7%, (b) 13%, (c) 3%, (d) 77%

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3) According to the paragraph, what is the estimated national daily waste
generation quantity for Myanmar?
(a) 28,850 tons, (b) 10.5 million tons, (c) 1,120 tons, (d) 4,160 tons
4) What percentage of waste collection coverage is reported in Yangon
according to the analysis?
(a) 60%, (b) 84%, (c) 40%, (d) 53%
5) What are some of the main problems identified in municipal waste
management in the paragraph?
(a) Efficient street cleaning and high public awareness
(b) Excessive income and proper organization
(c) Lack of awareness and insufficient containers
(d) Excessive waste collection and lack of street sweepers