Chemistry Short Definitions Book PDF

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‫ارگآپوکوکیئیھبوسٹفاکیپںیماتکباچےئیہوتںیمہ جرکںیایامہریوبیاسٹیئوزٹرکںی۔امہراسیفکبرگوپوجانئرکںی۔رکشہی‬ ‫‪Page 1‬‬
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1. Acid:-compound that gives off H+ ions in solution.
2. Acidic:-describes a solution with a high concentration of H+ ions.
3. Anion:-ions with a negative charge.
4. Anode:-the electrode where electrons are lost (oxidized) in redox reactions.
5. Atmospheres:-common units for measuring pressure.
6. Atom:-the smallest object that retains properties of an element. Composed

of electrons and a nucleus (containing protons and neutrons).
7. Atomic number:-number of protons in an element.
8. Avogadro's number:-number representing the number of molecules in (1)

mole: 6.022 * 10 to the 23 power.
9. Base:-substance which gives off hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution
10. Basic:-having the characteristics of a base

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‫ارگآپوکوکیئیھبوسٹفاکیپںیماتکباچےئیہوتںیمہ جرکںیایامہریوبیاسٹیئوزٹرکںی۔امہراسیفکبرگوپوجانئرکںی۔رکشہی‬ Page 2
11. Bohr's atom:-He made significant contributions to the atom. He

understood the line spectra--the reason why only certain wavelengths are
emitted when atoms jump down levels.
12. Buffer solutions:-solutions that resist change in their ph, even when
small amounts of acid or base are added
13. Catalyst:-substances that speed up a chemical process without actually

changing the products of reactions
14. Cathode:-electrode where electrons have gained (reduction) in redox

reactions
15. Cations:-ion with positive charge
16. Central atom:-in a Lewis structure, usually the atom that is the least
electronegative
17. Charge:-describes an object's ability to repel or attract other objects.

Protons have a positive ...while electrons have a negative... Like ...repel each
other, while opposites attract.
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18. Chemical changes:-processes or events that have altered the
fundamental structure of something.
19. Chemical equation:-an expression of a fundamental change in the

chemical substance
20. Colligative properties:-properties of a solution that depend only on the

number of particles dissolved in it, not the properties of the particles
themselves. The main ones are boiling point elevation and freezing point
depression.
21. Combustion:-when substances combine with oxygen and release

energy
22. Compound:-two or more atoms joined together chemically, with

covalent or ionic bonds
23. Concentration:-the amount of a substance in a specified space
24. Conjugate acid:-a substance which can lose H+ ion to form a base
25. Conjugate base:-a substance which can gain H+ ion to form an acid
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26. Covalent bonds:-when two atoms share at least one pair of electrons
27. Decay:-change of an element into a different element, usually with

some other particle(s) of energy emitted
28. Density:-mass per unit volume of a substance
29. Dipole-dipole forces:-intermolecular forces that exist between polar

molecules. Active only when the molecules are close together. The strengths
of intermolecular attractions increase when polarity increases
30. Dispersion forces (London dispersion forces):-dispersion is an

intermolecular attraction force that exists between all molecules. These
forces are the result of the movement of electrons which cause slight polar
moments. Generally very weak, when their molecular mass increases, so
does their strength
31. Dissociation:-breaking down of a compound into its components to

form ions from an ionic substance
32. Double bond:-when an atom is bonded to another atom by two sets of

electron pairs
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33. Effusion:-movement of gas molecules through a small opening
34. Electrochemical cell:-gives an electric current with a steady voltage as a

result of an electron transfer reaction
35. Electrodes:-device that moves electrons into or out of a solution by

conduction
36. Electrolysis:-changing the chemical structure of a compound using

electrical energy
37. Electromagnetic spectrum:-complete range of wavelengths which light

can have. These include infrared, ultraviolet and all other types of radiation
as well as visible light
38. Electrong:-one of the parts of an atom having a negative charge.

Indivisible particle with a charge of -1
39. Electronegativity:-measure of a substance's ability to attract electrons
40. Electrostatic forces:-forces between charged objects
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41. Element:-substance consisting of only one type of atom
42. Empirical formula:-formula showing the simplest ratio of elements in a

compound
43. Endothermic:-process that absorbs heat from its surroundings as the

reaction proceeds
44. Energy:-ability to do work
45. Enthalpy:-change in heat at constant pressure
46. Entropy:-measure of the disorder of a system
47. Equilibrium:-when the reactants and products are in a constant ratio.

The forward reaction and the reverse reactions occur at the same rate when
a system is in this state
48. Equilibrium constant:-value that expresses how far the reaction

proceeds before reaching equilibrium. A small number means that
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equilibrium is towards the reactants side while a large number means that
the equilibrium is towards the product side
49. Equilibrium expression:-the expression giving the ratio between the

products and reactants. It is equal to the concentration of each product
raised to its coefficient in a balanced chemical equation and multiplied
together, divided by the concentration of the product of reactants to the
power of their coefficients
50. Equivalence point:-occurs when the moles of acid equal the moles of
base in a solution
51. Exothermic:-process that gives off heat to the environment
52. Frequency:-number of events in a given unit of time. When describing a

moving wave, means the number of peaks which would pass a stationary
point in a given amount of time
53. Geiger counter:-instrument that measures radiation output
54. Gibb's free energy:-the energy of a system that is available to do work

at a constant temperature and pressure
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55. Graham's law:-the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to
the square root of its molar mass
56. Half life:-the amount of time it takes for half an initial amount to
disintegrate
57. Heisenberg uncertainty principle:-the principle states that it is not

possible to know a particle's location and momentum precisely at any time
58. Hydrogen bonding:-strong type of intermolecular dipole-dipole

attraction. Occurs between hydrogen and F, O or N
59. Hydrolysis:-the reactions of cations with water to produce a weak base

or of anions to produce a weak acid
60. Ideal gas law: = n
61. Intermolecular forces:-forces between molecules
62. Intramolecular forces:-forces within molecules. Forces caused by the

attraction and repulsion of charged particles
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63. Ion:-removing or adding electrons to an atom creates an ... (a charged
object very similar to an attom)
64. Ionic bond:-when two oppositely charged atoms share at least one pair
of electrons but the electrons spend more time near one of the atoms than
the other
65. Ionization energy:-energy required to remove an electron from a

specific atom
66. Isotopes:-elements with the same number of protons but have

different numbers of neutrons, and thus different masses
67. Kelvin:-The SI unit of temperature. It is temperature in degrees Celsius

plus 273.15
68. Kinetic energy:-energy an object has because of its mass and velocity.
Objects that are not moving do not have this.
69. Le Chatlier's Principle:-states that a system at equilibrium will oppose

any change in the equilibrium conditions
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70. Lewis structures:-a way of representing molecular structures based on
valence electrons
71. Limiting reagent:-the reactant that will be exhausted first
72. Mass number:-the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
73. Mixture:-composed of two or more substances, but each keeps its

original properties
74. Molality:-the number of moles of solute (the material dissolved) per

kilogram of solvent (what the solute is dissolved in)
75. Molar:-a term expressing molarity, the number of moles of solute per
liters of solution
76. Molarity:-the number of moles of solute (the material dissolved) per

liter of solution. Used to express the concentration of a solution
77. Mole:-a collection of 6.022 * 10 to the 23 power number of objects.

Usually used to mean molecules
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78. Molecular formula:-shows the number of atoms of each element
present in a molecule
79. Molecular geometry (VSEPR):-shape of a molecule, based on the

relative position of the atoms
80. Molecular mass:-the combined mass (as given on the periodic table) of
all the elements in a compound
81. Molecule:-two or more atoms chemically combined
82. Mole fraction:-the number of moles of a particular substance expressed

as a fraction of the total number of moles
83. Neutral:-an object that does not have a positive or negative charge
84. Neutron:-a particle found in the nucleus of an atom. It is almost

identical in mass to a proton, but carries no electrical charge
85. Nm:-abbreviation for nanometers. A nanometer is equal to 10 to the -9

power meters
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86. Nucleus:-the central part of an atom that contains the protons and
neutrons. Plural=nuclei
87. Octet:-In Lewis structures, the goal is to make almost all atoms have
this structure. This means they will have access to (8) electrons regularly,
even if they do have to share some of them
88. Orbitals:-an energy state in the atomic model which describes where an
element will likely be
89. Oxidation number:-a number assigned to each atom to help keep track
of the electrons during a redox-reaction
90. Oxidation-reduction-reaction:-a reactions involving the transfer of

electrons
91. Parent isotopes:-an element that undergoes nuclear decay
92. Partial pressure:-the pressure exerted by a certain gas in a mixture
93. Particle:-small portion of matter
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94. Percent composition:-expresses the mass ratio between different
elements in a compound
95. Periodic table:-grouping of the known elements by their number of

protons. There are many other trends such as size of elements and
electronegativity that are easily expressed in terms of the periodic table
96. Ph:-measures the acidity of a solution. It is the negative log of the

concentration of the hydrogen ions in a substance
97. Photon:-massless packet of energy, which behaves like both a wave and
a particle
98. Physical property:-a property that can be measured without changing

the chemical composition of a substance
99. Planck:-What is h ?
100. Planck:-He contributed to the understanding of the
101. Poh:-Measures the basicity of a solution. It is the negative log of the

concentration of the hydroxide ions
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102. Polar molecules:-Molecule with a partial charge
103. Potential energy:-The energy an object has because of its composition

or position
104. Pressure:-Force per unit area
105. Principal quantum number (n):-The number related to the amount of

energy an electron has and therefore describing which shell the electron is in
106. Products:-The compounds that are formed when a reaction goes to

completion
107. Proportion:-An equality between two ratios
108. Proton:-Particle found in a nucleus with a positive charge. Number of

these gives the atomic number
109. Quantum:-Something that comes in discrete units
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110. Quantum numbers:-Set of numbers used to completely describe an
electron
111. Radiant energy:-Energy which is transmitted away from its source, for
example, energy that is emitted when electrons transition down one level to
another
112. Radiation:-Energy in the form of photons
113. Radioactive:-Substance containing an element which decays
114. Ratio:-The relative size of two quantities expressed as the quotient of

one divided by the other; a:b or a/b
115. Reactants:-Substances initially present in a chemical reaction
116. Reduction reaction:-A reaction in which a substance gains at least one

electron
117. Salts:-Ionic compounds that can be formed by replacing one or more of

the hydrogen ions of an acid with another positive ion
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118. Shells (orbitals):-Where the electrons generally are; they are composed
of four types of sub...; s, p, d and f
119. Single bond:-When an electron pair is shared by two atoms
120. SI Unit:-Standards for Systeme International d'Unites, an international

system which establishes a uniform set of measurement units
121. Solute:-The substance (solid, liquid or gas) dissolved in a solution, for

example, the salt in saltwater
122. Solution:-Mixture of a solid and a liquid where the solid never settles
out, for example, saltwater
123. Solvent:-Liquid in which something is dissolved, for example the water

in saltwater
124. Specific heat:-The amount of heat it takes for a substance to be raised

by one degree Celsius
125. Spontaneous reaction:-A reaction that will proceed without any outside
energy
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126. States of matter:-Solid, liquid, gas and plasma. Plasma is a "soup" of

disassociated nuclei and electrons, normally found only in stellar objects
127. Stoichiometry:-The study of the relationships between amounts of

products and reactants
128. STP:-Standard Temperature and Pressure. 0 degrees Celsius and 1 atm
129. Subshell (suborbital):-One part of a level, each of which can hold

different numbers of electrons
130. Thermodynamics:-The study of temperature, pressure, volume and

energy flow in chemical reactions
131. Titration:-The process used to take a solution of unknown

concentration with a solution of a known concentration for the purpose of
finding out more about the unknown solution
132. Valence electrons:-The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
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133. Van der Waals equations:-An equation for non-ideal gases that
accounts for intermolecular attraction and the volumes occupied by gas
molecules
134. Velocity:-Speed of an object; the change in position over time
135. Volume:-Measures the size of an object using length measurements in

three dimensions
136. Wave:-A signal which propagates through space
137. Wavelength:-On a periodic curve, the length between two consecutive

troughs (low points) or peaks (high points)
138. Weak acid:-Substances capable of donating hydrogen but do not

completely ionize in solution
139. Weak bases:-Substances capable of accepting hydrogen but do not

completely ionize in solution
140. Work:- Expression of the movement of an object against some force
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‫‪For More Books Visit:‬‬ ‫‪www.solvemcqs.blogspot.

2. Acidic:-describes a solution with a high concentration of H+ ions.

3. Anion:-ions with a negative charge.

4. Anode:-the electrode where electrons are lost (oxidized) in redox reactions.

5. Atmospheres:-common units for measuring pressure.

6. Atom:-the smallest object that retains properties of an element. Composed

7. Atomic number:-number of protons in an element.

8. Avogadro's number:-number representing the number of molecules in (1)

9. Base:-substance which gives off hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution

10. Basic:-having the characteristics of a base

11. Bohr's atom:-He made significant contributions to the atom. He

13. Catalyst:-substances that speed up a chemical process without actually

14. Cathode:-electrode where electrons have gained (reduction) in redox

15. Cations:-ion with positive charge

17. Charge:-describes an object's ability to repel or attract other objects.

19. Chemical equation:-an expression of a fundamental change in the

20. Colligative properties:-properties of a solution that depend only on the

21. Combustion:-when substances combine with oxygen and release

22. Compound:-two or more atoms joined together chemically, with

23. Concentration:-the amount of a substance in a specified space

27. Decay:-change of an element into a different element, usually with

28. Density:-mass per unit volume of a substance

29. Dipole-dipole forces:-intermolecular forces that exist between polar

30. Dispersion forces (London dispersion forces):-dispersion is an

31. Dissociation:-breaking down of a compound into its components to

32. Double bond:-when an atom is bonded to another atom by two sets of

33. Effusion:-movement of gas molecules through a small opening

34. Electrochemical cell:-gives an electric current with a steady voltage as a

35. Electrodes:-device that moves electrons into or out of a solution by

36. Electrolysis:-changing the chemical structure of a compound using

37. Electromagnetic spectrum:-complete range of wavelengths which light

38. Electrong:-one of the parts of an atom having a negative charge.

39. Electronegativity:-measure of a substance's ability to attract electrons

40. Electrostatic forces:-forces between charged objects

41. Element:-substance consisting of only one type of atom

42. Empirical formula:-formula showing the simplest ratio of elements in a

43. Endothermic:-process that absorbs heat from its surroundings as the

44. Energy:-ability to do work

45. Enthalpy:-change in heat at constant pressure

46. Entropy:-measure of the disorder of a system

47. Equilibrium:-when the reactants and products are in a constant ratio.

48. Equilibrium constant:-value that expresses how far the reaction

49. Equilibrium expression:-the expression giving the ratio between the

51. Exothermic:-process that gives off heat to the environment

52. Frequency:-number of events in a given unit of time. When describing a

53. Geiger counter:-instrument that measures radiation output

54. Gibb's free energy:-the energy of a system that is available to do work

57. Heisenberg uncertainty principle:-the principle states that it is not

58. Hydrogen bonding:-strong type of intermolecular dipole-dipole

59. Hydrolysis:-the reactions of cations with water to produce a weak base

60. Ideal gas law: = n

61. Intermolecular forces:-forces between molecules

62. Intramolecular forces:-forces within molecules. Forces caused by the

65. Ionization energy:-energy required to remove an electron from a

66. Isotopes:-elements with the same number of protons but have

67. Kelvin:-The SI unit of temperature. It is temperature in degrees Celsius

69. Le Chatlier's Principle:-states that a system at equilibrium will oppose

71. Limiting reagent:-the reactant that will be exhausted first

72. Mass number:-the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

73. Mixture:-composed of two or more substances, but each keeps its

74. Molality:-the number of moles of solute (the material dissolved) per

76. Molarity:-the number of moles of solute (the material dissolved) per

77. Mole:-a collection of 6.022 * 10 to the 23 power number of objects.

79. Molecular geometry (VSEPR):-shape of a molecule, based on the