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Composition and in vitro Fungitoxic Activity of 19

Essential Oils Against Two Post-Harvest Pathogens
a a b c
B. Chebli , M. Hmamouchi , M. Achouri & L. M. Idrissi Hassani
a
UFR, Substances Naturelles: Laboratoire de Chimie, Biochimie, Biologie et biologie
moléculaire Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, B.P 6388 Rabat Instituts, Rabat,
Morocco
b
Laboratoire de Mycologie Département de protection des plantes, IAV Hassan II
Complexe, d'Agadir, Morocco
c
Laboratoire de Symbiotes Racinaire et de Biochimie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences,
B.P./28, Agadir, Morocco
Published online: 28 Nov 2011.

To cite this article: B. Chebli , M. Hmamouchi , M. Achouri & L. M. Idrissi Hassani (2004): Composition and in vitro
Fungitoxic Activity of 19 Essential Oils Against Two Post-Harvest Pathogens, Journal of Essential Oil Research, 16:5,
507-511

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 J. Essent. Oil Res., 16, Pathogens
507-511 (September/October 2004)

Composition and in vitro Fungitoxic Activity of 19

Essential Oils Against Two Post-Harvest Pathogens

B. Chebli and M. Hmamouchi*

UFR, Substances Naturelles: Laboratoire de Chimie, Biochimie, Biologie et biologie moléculaire Faculté de Médecine et
de Pharmacie, B.P 6388 Rabat Instituts, Rabat, Morocco
M. Achouri
Laboratoire de Mycologie Département de protection des plantes, IAV Hassan II Complexe, d’Agadir, Morocco
L.M. Idrissi Hassani
Downloaded by [Universita degli Studi di Torino] at 08:09 13 June 2013

Laboratoire de Symbiotes Racinaire et de Biochimie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences B.P./ 28 Agadir, Morocco

Abstract
The fungitoxic activity against Botrytis cinerea and Phytophthora citrophthora of 19 essential oils distilled from
Moroccan medicinal plants is reported. The results of the in vitro trials showed strong activity by the oil of
Chrysanthemum viscidehirtum, which completely inhibited the growth of the two fungi at a concentration of 150
ppm. The fungitoxic activity was compared with procymidone for Botrytis cinerea and propamocarbe (HCl) for
Phytophthora citrophthora. Gas chromatographic analysis of the oil from C. viscidehirtum aerial parts showed that
it consisted mainly of β-farnesene (25.0%), limonene (21.8%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (7.4%). Analysis of
Aloysia triphylla oil revealed that its main components were limonene (10.1%), nerol (11.9%), geraniol (15.4%) and
spathulenol (13.1%).

Key Word Index

Chrysanthemum viscidehirtum, Asteraceae, Aloysia triphylla, Verbenaceae, essential oil composition, li-
monene, β-farnesene, nerol, geraniol, spathulenol, antifungal activity, Botrytis cinerea, Phythopthora citrophthora.

Introduction have been used. However, this can cause negative effects on
the environment and food safety (5). Furthermore, the use
Phytophthora citrophthora (Smith et Smith) Leonian is
of fungicides is more harmful in the post harvest period
the causal agent of the citrus trunk, root rot and the citrus
because of the short time between treatment and consump-
fruit brown rot. Fruits infected with P. citrophthora may not
tion. Markets in industrialized countries are desperately
show symptoms when inspected and graded in the packing-
looking for new products with less residue in order to comply
house; therefore, sound fruit can still develop disease in
with the food safety standards. Several studies on the anti-
containers during transit and storage. This may particularly
fungal activity of essential oils have been published (6-13).
be disastrous for citrus fruit export. Botrytis cinerea Pers: Fr
As part of the rejuvenation of the Moroccan aromatic plants
(grey mold rot) is a ubiquitous pathogen, which causes
used locally as remedies in folk medicine, we started a
severe damage to many fruits, vegetables, and ornamental
program aimed at the evaluation of the fungicidal and the
crops in pre- and post-harvest (1,2). Fruit crops are particu-
pharmacological properties of the volatile fraction from
larly susceptible to microbial infections in the post harvest
these plants in the hope of finding new natural biological
period due to their high nutrient and water content in
agents (14-20). Thus, this study evaluates several essential
addition to the loss of natural resistance that they had while
oils from Moroccan medicinal plants for their antifungal
attached to the tree (3). Failure to control the fungi can
activity in vitro against two-post harvest pathogens B. ci-
result in serious economic loss. Shortened crop production
nerea and P. citrophthora at lower concentrations.
cycle and increased growing pressure to meet the demand of
the rapidly expanding market of orchids have caused certain
Experimental
fungi to become more serious pathogens that are often
uncontrolled by commercial fungicides (4). Consequently, Plant collection and essential oil isolation: A number
more frequent applications and higher doses of fungicides of aromatic plants were collected in different regions of

*Address for correspondence Received: October 2002

Revised: August 2003
1041-2905/04/0005-0507$6.00/0—© 2004 Allured Publishing Corp. Accepted: August 2003

Vol. 16, September/October 2004 Journal of Essential Oil Research/507

 Chebli et al.

Table I. Chemical composition (%) of the two most active essential oils (Chrysanthemum viscidehirtum and Aloysia triphylla)

Chrysanthemum Aloysia Chrysanthemum Aloysia

Compound RI viscidehirtum triphylla Compound RI viscidehirtum triphylla

α-pinene 939 0.5 0.7 thymol 1290 0.3

sabinene 976 3.9 citronellyl acetate 1354 0.6
1-octen-3-ol 978 5.4 α-copaene 1376 0.9
β-pinene 980 0.6 geranyl acetate 1383 2.0
myrcene 991 0.8 β-bourbonene 1384 0.8
δ-3-carene 1011 0.9 β-elemene 1391 2.4
p-cymene 1023 0.9 β-farnesene 25.0
limonene 1030 21.8 10.1 α-humulene 1453 0.3
1,8-cineole 1033 6.1 geranyl propionate 1475 0.4
(Z)-β-ocimene 1040 0.2 ar-curcumene 1483 5.9
γ-terpinene 1062 0.5 0.5 δ-cadinene 1524 1.8
linalool 1098 1.2 0.6 α-agarofuran 1548 1.6
borneol 1165 0.9 (E)-nerolidol 1564 2.1
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terpinen-4-ol 1177 1.3 0.6 spathulenol 1576 1.3 13.1

α-terpineol 1182 0.8 1.2 caryophyllene oxide 1581 2.4 5.6
p-cymen-8-ol 1189 0.4 T-cadinol 1640 0.8
nerol 1228 11.9 T-muurolol 1641 1.4
geraniol 1255 3.1 15.4 α-cadinol 1653 1.5
linalyl acetate 1256 0.6 curcumenol 1726 1.3
(E)-cinnamaldehyde 1266 0.7
bornyl acetate 1285 0.4 Total 76.0 88.4

Morocco. They were taxonomically identified at the National
Scientific Institute of Rabat (Department of Plant Biology,
Laboratory of Botany). A voucher specimen of each sample
was deposited in the Herbarium of the Laboratory of Natural
Products (Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat). Each
plant used for essential oil isolation was separately air-dried
and ground. From the powder of each plant a sample of 200
g was subjected to water distillation for 2 h using a Clevenger-
type apparatus recommended by the French Pharmacopoeia
(21). The yields (w/w) were determined and reported in Table
I. The oils were analyzed using a Hewlett-Packard 5972 MS,
fitted with an HP 5890 Series II GC and controlled by a
G1034C Chemstation. A sample of 1 µL was injected under
the following conditions: DB-1 fused silica capillary column
(20 m x 0.20 mm, film thickness 0.2 µm); carrier gas helium
(0.6 mL/min); injector temperature 250°C; column tempera-
ture 50°-250°C at 3°C/min; MS electronic impact 70 eV. The
identification of the compounds was achieved by comparing
retention times and mass spectra with those of the published
standards (22,23).
Antifungal assay: Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) (Merck)
and V8 medium [PDA was used for Botrytis cinerea, V8
medium (Campbell Soup Co.) a juice mixture of eight veg-
etables plus agar was used for Phytophthora citrophthora]
were autoclaved and cooled in a water bath to 40°C, each oil
was added to sterilized water at a concentration of 1,000 ppm
and dissolved using an ultrasound homogenizer in ice bath.
In order to facilitate the oil dispersion, a surfactant (Tween
80) was used at a concentration of 0.2%. The oil prepared as
above was mixed with sterile molten PDA or V8 to obtain
final concentrations 0, 50, 150 and 250 ppm. The PDA or V8
containing the oil was then poured into Petri dishes (ª20 mL/
plate), which were then seeded with a 5 mm diameter
mycelial plug for each dish from the edge of seven-day-old
B. cinerea or P. citrophthora. Plates in three replicates were
used for each treatment. All plates were incubated in the
dark at 24°C for seven days at which time the growth of the
control reached the edge of the plate. Growth inhibition was
calculated as the percentage of inhibition of radial growth
relative to the control. The effect of the oils was compared
to that of the Procymidone a synthetic fungicide belonging
to the dicarboximide group for B. cinerea and Previcure
(propamocarbe HCl) for P. citrophthora. The concentration
of the two fungicides ranged from 0.001 to 10 ppm. Two
types of control plates were used. One contained the me-
dium only and the other contained the medium plus 0.2% of
Tween 80.
Statistical analysis: Newman-Keuls’s test was under-
taken utilizing the procedure within the STATITCF statistical
program.
Results and Discussion
The results of GC/MS analyses of the oils led to the
identification of the main components with their percent-
ages in the oils (Tables I and II). The data reveals important
qualitative and quantitative compositional variations be-
tween the oils analyzed (Table II). Chrysanthemum
viscidehirtum oil consisted mainly of β-farnesene (25.0%),
limonene (21.8%), low percentage of sabinene (3.9%), β-
elemene (2.4%), geraniol (3.1%) and caryophyllene oxide
(2.4%). Aloysia triphylla oil contained mainly geraniol
(15.4%), spathulenol (13.1%) and nerol (11.9%) (Table I).
The oil of C. viscidehirtum showed the greatest antifungal
activities. A 150 ppm dilution completely inhibited the radial
growth of both fungi after seven days at 24 ± 1°C (Table III).

508/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 16, September/October 2004

 Pathogens

Table II. The main constituents of the oils of the other 17 Moroccan medicinal plants

Family Parts of Yield

Latin name the plant (w/w) Main constituents (%)

Asteraceae
Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert aerial parts 1.0 chamazulene (12.6), camphor (12.9), β-farnesene (3.7), caryophyllene
oxyde (1.9), prochamazulene (7.1), germacrene D (5.5), β-caryophyllene
(7.2), α-terpineol (6.0)
Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. aerial parts 1.0 camphor (12.9), chamazulene (12.6), β-caryophyllene (7.2),
prochamazulene (7.1), α-terpineol (6.0), germacrene D (5.5)
Artemisia absinthum L. leaf 2.5 α-thujone (5.4), ar-curcumene (5.2), (-)-spathulenol (4.6), γ-elemene
(2.0), linalool (4.6). caryophyllene oxyde (3.9), myristicine (1.0)
Artemisia herba-alba (Asso) aerial parts 0.3 camphor (46.0), α-thujone (33.2), β-thujone (9.0), camphene (8.5), 1,8-
cineole (6.4)

Cupressaceae
Cupressus sempervirens L. leaf 0.2 sabinene (24.4), terpinen-4-ol (21.1), α-pinene (16.3), γ-terpinene (8.0),
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myrcene (5.1)

Geraniaceae
Pelargonium sp. Willd. aerial parts 0.2 citronellol (50.0), geraniol (7.0), isomenthone (7.0).

Lauraceae
Cinnamonum zeylanicum Blume bark 2.0 (E)-cinnamaldehyde (61.2), α-terpineol (15.0), linalol (3.4), eugenol (2.4),
caryophyllene oxide (0.7)

Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn.
Myrtus communis L.
leaf 0.6 1,8-cineole (70.6), α-pinene (12.9), carveol (1.9), globulol (3.7), terpinen-
4-ol (0.2), borneol (0.3)
aerial parts - 1,8-cineole (40.8), α-terpineol (23.1), limonene (5.0), β-pinene (3.1), p-
cymene (1.2), camphene (1.3), sabinene (0.3)
leaf 0.3 α-pinene (37.6), 1,8-cineole (20.0), limonene (12.0), myrtenyl acetate
(5.0), linalool (3.0), myrtenol (1.0)

Pinaceae
Pinus pinea L. leaf 0.2 α-pinene (37.0), β-pinene (3.0), farnesyl acetate (9.0), 2-phesethyl
butyrate (4.3), myrcene (1.2)
Cedrus atlantica Endl. Leaf 0.3 α-pinene (34.1), β-pinene (31.7), myrcene (17.2), limonene (5.1)

Ranunculaceae
Nigella sativa L. seed - p-cymene (50.2), thymoquinone (8.9), β-longipinene (4.4), (E)-anethole
(3.8) terpinen-4-ol (4.5), longifolene (0.8)

Rutaceae
Citrus bergamia. Risso et Poiteau
Citrus limon (L.) N.L. Burm.
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck.
Ruta chalepensis L.
2.0 limonene (50.0), linalyl acetate (40.0), linalool (25.0)
flower 0.5 limonene (66.0), geraniol (20.4), bergamotene (4.2), neral (4.7), geranial
(2.3) linalool (0.2), linalyl acetate (0.4)
0.6 limonene (92.0), myrcene (2.3), sabinene (1.3), linalool (0.3), δ-3-carene (0.2)
aerial parts 1.1 p-cymene (15.1), camphene (10.5), linalyl acetate (11.3), β-pinene
(10.1), α-pinene (5.9), myrcene (3.0), limonene (6.0), caryophyllene oxide (4.7)

Oil from C. viscidehirtum was exhibiting a comparatively
higher antifungal activity. Which can either be related to its
high content of β-farnesene, limonene and sabinene or the
fact that these latter compounds may act together synergis-
tically as has already been suggested (24). Also, C.
viscidehirtum oil contained many oxygenated sesquiterpe-
nes, and it has been demonstrated that sesquiterpenes,
isolated from members of the Asteraceae, possess a wide
spectrum of biological activity (25) in which they appear to
play a role in plant defense mechanisms. The oil of A.
triphylla showed a moderate antifungal activity at 250 ppm
with 68% and 69% inhibition of the radial growth of P.
citrophthora and B. cinerea myceliums, respectively. The
other oils showed only 20-50% inhibition of the mycelial
growth, in decreasing order of Cinnamonum zeylanicum,
Cedrus atlantica, Citrus bergamia and Ruta chalepensis
against B. cinerea at 250 ppm (Table III). As shown in Table
III, the percentage of the inhibition of the oils against the
grey mold and the brown rot was dependent on the oil
concentration. Significant decrease in the mycelial growth
with increase in the oil concentration was observed. On the
other hand, the oils of Nigella sativa, Artemisia absinthum,

Vol. 16, September/October 2004 Journal of Essential Oil Research/509

 Chebli et al.

Table III. Inhibition percentage of the radial growth of Botrytis cinerea on PDA and Phytophthora citrophthora on V8 containing
essential oils (50, 150 and 250 ppm) isolated from several plants

Botrytis cinerea Phytophthora citrophthora

Concentration (ppm) Concentration (ppm)
Plants 50 150 250 50 150 250

Artemisia herba-alba 0.0e 0.0d 0.0e 0.0d 0.0f 25.2ef

Chamomilla recutita 0.0e 0.0d 0.0e 0.0d 0.0f 1.9g
Chamaemelum nobile 0.0e 0.0d 0.0e 0.0d 25.2d 41.6d
Chrysanthemum
viscidehirtum 80.0a 100a 100a 76.6a 100a 100a
Cupressus sempervirens 0.0e 0.0d 0.0e 0.0d 0.0f 36.3e
Pelargonium sp. 6.3c 15.6c 18.9d 0.0d 23.8d 49.5d
Cinnamonum zeylanicum 0.0e 21.9b 24.8d 6.5c 24.3d 37.9e
Pinus pinea 0.0e 0.0d 7.4de 0.0d 31.9c 40.4d
Cedrus atlantica 11.9b 28.2b 44.4bc 0.0d 38.0c 45.4d
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Eucalyptus globulus 0.0e 0.0d 2.2e 5.9c 29.6d 38.2e

Nigella sativa 0.0e 0.0d 0.0e 0.0d 0.0f 0.0g
Citrus bergamia 1.9cd 22.2b 27.0d 0.0d 4.4e 20.4ef
Citrus limon 0.0e 0.0d 4.1e 0.0d 0.0f 20.4ef
Citrus sinensis 0.0e 0.0d 3.7e 0.0d 0.0f 13.0f
Ruta chalepensis 19.0b 14.9c 34.1c 0.3d 27.6d 35.5e
Aloysia triphylla 3.7c 21.5b 69.3b 0.0d 34.1c 68.2b
Artemisia absinthum 0.0e 0.0d 0.0e 0.0d 0.0f 0.0g
Myrtus communis 0.0e 0.0d 0.0e 0.0d 0.0f 0.0g
Melaleuca viridiflora 0.0e 0.0d 0.0e 0.0d 0.0f 17.8f
Procymidone 100a 100a 100a
Propamocarbe HCl 100a 100a 100a
Control 0.0e 0.0d 0.0e 0.0d 0.0f 0.0g
Control plus Tween 80 0.0e 0.0d 0.0e 0.0d 0.0f 0.0g

*means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to the test of Newman-Keuls (α = 0.05)

and Myrtus communis were non-effective in controlling the Acknowledgements

fungi at lower doses (250 ppm). In general, P. citropthora
was more susceptible than B. cinerea to the volatile com-
pounds of all oils tested. Although these oils have long been
recognized as having good fungitoxic properties, they have
not been developed into products for post-harvest treat-
ment. It has been reported that most of the antifungal
volatiles and vapors reduce conidial germination, subse-
quently killing the fungi (26). Wilson et al. (6) found that a
number of fruit volatiles (benzaldehydes) that emanate from
peaches as they ripen are fungicidal. In 1997, they also
showed that fungitoxic compounds from oils could be uti-
lized to control post harvest disease of fruits and vegetables
(26). Hence, they suggested that natural plants could be
used as alternatives to synthetic fungicides. Müller-Riebau
et al. (27) indicated that under greenhouse and plastic
tunnel conditions, 10 mL of the oils of Thymbra spicata and
Satureja thymbra in 50 g of perlite/m2 of soil seem to be
effective against P. capsici infection in bell pepper plants.
Our study demonstrated the potential of C. viscideherthum
oil as an antifungal preservative in vitro study against two
post harvest pathogens: B. cinerea and P. citrophthora.
Further investigations in vivo are being carried out to exam-
ine the effect of these oils on the citrus fruits that are
susceptible to decay caused by these fungi in packinghouse
conditions, the exposure time for maximal control, and the
sensory quality of the treated fruit.
The authors wish to thank A.M. Ben Tattou for identification of
plant materials.
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