THE EFFECTIVENESS OF

PROJECT- BASED LEARNING

ON READING
COMPREHENSION IN
ELEMENTARY GRADES

Chapter 1
 Introduction
Rationale
Project-based learning is an instructional approach that emphasizes real-

world problem-solving collaboration and active engagement with the topic. It will

enhance students’ engagement in learning outcomes. On the other hand, reading

comprehension is critical skills for academic success and is typically taught

through traditional instructional methods. This has gained significant attention in

recent years as an educational approach that promotes student engagement and

critical thinking skills.

According to Angela Imbaquingo et al. (2023) reading plays a vital role in

the teaching-learning process, which is the reason promoting reading habits from

the early years of schooling is necessary not only in the native language but also

in learning English, which allows for a comprehensive education of the student.

Educational institutions must provide instruction in English as a foreign language

to ensure a complete and meaningful learning experience. various strategies,

such as educational projects, are encouraged for this purpose.

Additionally, appropriate techniques are being researched to develop

English reading skills. Generally, reading is not done for entertainment or

personal improvement, which is a disadvantage in schools and colleges.

Teachers find low reading attitudes and shared interest in reading, making it

challenging to foster interest in reading and learning English in children and

young people, especially texts in a different language. In addition, academic texts

differ entirely from other types of literature. Within the social framework,
conducting research is relevant since it contributes to the student’s education,

fostering a culture of study where the student has a leading role in their

education, actively participating in the English learning process, both in reading

and comprehension.

As a result, including language skills in the teaching of English as a

foreign language helps to increase students' interest and involvement in the

course through the use of didactic activities, allowing students to benefit fully

from their education and fostering their ability to learn a foreign language.

According to project-based learning, students are encouraged to learn

collaboratively, conduct research, use various technological media to solve

problems, and express themselves freely. In this teaching and learning process,

students take on. The central role while teachers guide them through each

proposed step to achieve effective project outcomes.

Project-Based Learning (PBL) stands as a pedagogical approach that has

sparked a keen interest in reading and bolstering English language

comprehension. At its core, this methodology posits that students attain

knowledge and skills most efficiently when immersed in meaningful and practical

projects, steering away from mere memorization. Within the realm of PBL,

students assume responsibility for the entire project lifecycle, involving planning,

researching, and development. Consequently, Project-Based Learning emerges

as a methodology that significantly contributes to the educational landscape,

impacting both teaching practices and the holistic development of students. It

introduces various active methods to inspire effective reading practices, nurturing

cognitive skills, as well as attitudinal and procedural capacities.Fresneda (2022)

highlight that teaching and learning to read has evolved from a decoding action

to an interaction between the reader and the text, involving the reader's

knowledge, goals, and interests. Mastering communicative conventions is crucial

for academic and professional success, and students must actively engage with

the text to draw conclusions. However, classroom resources often focus on

providing literal answers to questions through educational texts. Research on

how students access textual material through lesson plans that encourage active

learning and foster critical thought through expository texts in various languages

is limited.

Research Objectives

The study aimed to determine the Quantitative Analysis of the effectiveness of

Project-Based Learning on Reading Comprehension in Elementary Grades.

Specifically, the study focuses on the following;

1. To conduct a pretest assessment before conducting a reading

assessment.

2. To conduct a post-test reading assessment after reading assessment.

3. To determine between the reading skills of the learners in elementary

grades after the used of project-based learning.

4. To determine the significant difference grade of elementary grade

learners before and after the used of project-based learning.

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Review of Related Literature introducing the theories about the problem.

It contains foreign and local studies that would internationally and locally support

the study.

Project-Based Learning on Reading Comprehension

Project-Based Learning (PBL) emerges as an alchemist's workshop,

where scholars like Zambrano (2022) craft spells of student motivation,

collaborative learning, and technological wizardry. PBL becomes more than a

pedagogical tool; it is a portal into realms of imagination. Students

metamorphose into architects of their educational destiny, weaving projects that

transcend the ordinary and touch the extraordinary.

In the realm of PBL, where Martinez (2022) is maestro, the act of fostering

an interest in reading and elevating English language comprehension becomes

an improvisational drama. Traditional rote memorization methods take a

backseat, and the spotlight shifts to understanding, interpretation, and the

harmonious dance between language and cognition. PBL becomes not just a

teaching method but an immersive encounter with knowledge, reshaping the

educational landscape.

Students, within the framework of PBL, do not merely assume the cloak of

responsibility; they become protagonists of an epic saga. Guided by Mantilla-

Cabrera (2020) their journey through the entire project lifecycle transcends a
mere assignment; it is an expedition into realms of active engagement and

experiential learning. Each twist and turn becomes a stepping stone to a deeper

understanding of the subject matter, and PBL emerges as a transformative force

sculpting the very DNA of students' holistic development.

Working throughout the diverse artwork of literature, Cárdenas (2021)

discovers a symphony of knowledge that emphasizes the critical relevance of

building reading habits. This journey, like planting seeds of inquiry in the fertile

soil of early education, extends beyond mere information gain. It transforms into

a comprehensive journey, developing the very soul of lifelong learners and

mirroring the views of these scholastic giants.

Within the revered halls of educational institutions, the integration of

English as a foreign language transcends the mundane. Inga (2021) paints a

vivid vision where English transforms from a mere subject into a conduit for

cultural exploration and intellectual enlightenment. The strokes on the

educational canvas extend beyond linguistic nuances, crafting a well-rounded

education resonating with diverse notes of knowledge.

Educational projects emerge as vibrant strokes, creating a masterpiece of

comprehensive and meaningful learning experiences. Ripoll (2020) envision

these projects not as mere endeavours but as odysseys guiding students through

the labyrinth of knowledge. Each project becomes a narrative, a unique chapter

in the educational journey, sparking curiosity, and sculpting intellects into works

of educational artistry.
 The pen of innovation and progress, wielded by researchers like

Viramontes (2019) focus on effective techniques for the development of English

reading skills. This transcends a mere knowledge quest; it evolves into a saga of

enlightenment, rewriting the very chapters on how language is acquired and

mastered. Research becomes the compass guiding the educational voyage,

ushering in a transformative era.

According to Lopez (2020) students' education takes on an active form. It

becomes a participatory act, cultivating a culture of study and empowering

students to choreograph their narrative in the intricate dance of English learning.

Education echoes through the social corridors, both influencing and being

influenced by its surroundings.

The integration of language skills into the instruction of English as a

foreign language, as envisioned by Mirza (2023) becomes a transformative

process. It transcends linguistic endeavors, infusing the educational potion with

an elixir of engagement and interest. Proficiency in acquiring a foreign language

transforms into a journey of awakening dormant cognitive realms, marking a

holistic transformation in the language learning process.

The multifaceted benefits of PBL, as expounded by Castro (2022) extends

beyond the confines of classrooms. They become passports to a journey

equipping students with skills that serve as compasses in the uncharted

territories of personal and professional lives. Critical thinking, problem-solving,

and a proactive approach to learning are not mere tools; they are the very

essence of a resilient, future-ready individual.

 The symphony of intellectual enrichment and cognitive development,

painted by Santos et al. (2023) transforms reading into a dynamic dialogue

between the reader and the written word. It becomes more than a skill; it is a

portal to cognitive realms, enriching the mind and expanding intellectual

horizons.

The act of reading, according to Chigbu (2023), transcends a mechanical

decoding of words; it becomes a dance with ideas. This dance requires more

than a fleeting glance; it demands a comprehensive embrace of concepts, a

connection with existing knowledge, and a thoughtful application in alignment

with the intended purpose of the text. Reading transforms from a monologue to a

dialogue where the reader becomes a co-author of the narrative, actively shaping

the interpretation.

The cognitive process of reading, as dissected by Cueva (2022) is not a

labyrinth without a guide but a journey where educators equip students with the

tools for interpreting the subtleties of written content. It is not a solitary endeavor

but a collaborative act, where the intricacies of language and thought converge to

create a richer understanding of the material. Education becomes more than a

dissemination of information; it transforms into a co-creation of knowledge, a

dynamic process where both educators and students actively contribute to the

learning experience.

Foundational learning methods, championed by Rocha (2020) are more

than mere building blocks; they are the scaffolding on which students'

competencies are erected, providing a stable and robust foundation for further
intellectual growth. These methods are not static principles; they are dynamic

forces that propel creativity, imagination, and problem-solving beyond the

confines of textbooks. They become the foundational pillars upon which the

entire educational edifice stands, ensuring a resilient structure that supports and

nurtures the development of well-rounded individuals.

The integration of physical and digital formats, as envisioned by Tarchi

(2021) is more than a merger; it is a fusion of traditional and modern educational

tools. This fusion creates an engaging learning environment that transcends the

traditional boundaries of education. It is not just a marriage of mediums; it is a

symphony where physical and digital notes harmonize to compose the melody of

enhanced reading comprehension. The educational landscape becomes a

canvas painted with the vibrant hues of technological innovation.

In the grand saga of education, where literature is not a static repository of

facts but a living, breathing entity, Project-Based Learning emerges as a

transformative force. This force, guided by the insights of scholars, becomes not

just a teaching method but an odyssey, a journey into the uncharted territories of

knowledge. As we embark on the exploration of the quantitative analysis of the

influence of Project-Based Learning on reading comprehension in elementary

grades, we carry with us the echoes of these scholars, the harmonies of their

ideas, and the transformative spirit of education that transcends the ordinary and

touches the extraordinary (Martin, 2023).

According to Markham (2023), this comprehensive guide provides

educators with practical advice and tools to plan implement and assess
successful PBL experiences for their students. It offers a step-by-step process

that helps teachers design engaging and meaningful projects that foster critical

thinking collaboration and problem-solving skills. Markham has written additional

articles and studies on PBL in addition to his book, focusing on how effective it is

at preparing pupils for the problems of the modern world. He thinks that PBL

cultivates vital 21st-century abilities like creativity, communication, and

cooperation in addition to improving academic achievement. Additionally,

Markham is a fervent supporter of reinventing education to better meet kids'

needs in a world that is changing quickly. The author of "Redesigning Education:

Creating Learning Ecologies That Ignite Student Passion and Purpose" examines

how conventional educational paradigms might be changed to produce more

individualized and meaningful learning experiences. Thom Markham continues to

encourage educators and educational leaders to embrace project-based learning

as a potent method of teaching and learning through his publications, speaking

engagements, and consultancy work. His ideas, tactics, and tools offer helpful

pointers for successfully implementing PBL and enhancing the relevance and

interest of learning for students.

Learning comes via active contact with the world and personal

experiences, according to Main (2023). Main emphasized rote memorization and

passive receipt of knowledge, was insufficient for educating students for an ever-

changing environment. Dewey experiential learning consists of three major

components: action, reflection, and consequence. Students who actively

participate gain a stronger feeling of ownership and connection to the subject

matter. Because they have experienced the relevance and applicability of what

they have learnt, they are more likely to recall and implement what they have

learned. Furthermore, he contended that experiential learning fosters the

development of crucial life skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking,

teamwork, and adaptation. Students learn to negotiate hurdles, make decisions,

and solve problems via hands-on experiences.

Growth is the drive to improve at something and advance. Students can

participate in worthwhile hands-on experiences through project-based learning

that enable them to acquire skills, enhance their understanding, and feel a sense

of success. Students can enjoy the delight of autonomy, the satisfaction of

mastery, and the fulfilment of purpose through project-based learning.. Pink's

theories on motivation provide significant insights for teachers who want to

provide engaging, meaningful learning experiences that are in line with students'

inherent motivations. Motivation offers important insights into how well project-

based learning works (Pink, 2021).

Stager (2019) advocates for a project-based learning approach that

emphasizes creativity and practical learning in classrooms. This approach uses

advanced technology like 3D printers, robotics, and programming languages to

enhance student engagement and critical thinking. The authors argue that

children can shape their worldview through creating and inventing, developing

essential skills for the future. Teachers can integrate project-based learning by

creating maker spaces for collaboration and critical thinking. They emphasize
equity and inclusion, supporting diverse interests and valuing teachers' role as

facilitators.

Stager (2019) advocates for a project-based learning approach that uses

advanced technology like 3D printers, robotics, and programming languages to

enhance student engagement and critical thinking. They believe that children can

shape their worldview through creating and inventing, developing essential skills

for the future. Teachers can integrate this approach by creating maker spaces for

collaboration and critical thinking. Invent to Learn is a popular tool for

incorporating creativity and project-based learning into classrooms, motivating

students to develop a mindset of inquiry, creativity, and collaboration.

Shin (2018) emphasizes the importance of learner motivation in student-

centered learning. The expectation-value theory suggests that teachers'

motivation is a key driver of language learning, combining student needs and

goals. Self-efficacy, reflecting expectations for students' goals, should also be

considered in learning motivation. The study found that project-based learning,

incorporating technology, significantly impacted students' desire to learn English.

Short-term changes in motivational factors like self-assurance and contentment

were not significant. The project's relevance was tied to students' prior

knowledge, learning goals, and real-world circumstances. Students with high

self-efficacy favored challenging assignments, while those with low self-efficacy

resisted. Project-based learning improved students' vocabulary, language usage,

learning motivation, and attitudes.

 Reinventing Project-Based Learning is a book by Krauss (2018) that offers

a practical guide for educators to maximize the benefits of project-based learning

in modern, technologically advanced classrooms. The book aims to make

learning more active, student-driven, and connects to the outside world through

technological resources. It provides examples from educators worldwide and

offers guided opportunities for reflection and learning. The book covers project

management, implementation, and troubleshooting, as well as evaluation,

reflection, and sharing. It provides tried-and-true techniques, classroom

examples, and teacher interviews.

This working paper by Condliffe et al., (2017), updates a 2000 literature

review on PBL, focusing on its principles, application in K-12 contexts,

challenges faced by teachers, and the impact of school and district variables on

its adoption. PBL is based on design principles that emphasize active student

participation in knowledge production. However, disagreements exist regarding

its integration with other instructional methodologies, unit duration, student

choice, and evaluation methods. PBL can be implemented in various ways, such

as using external curriculum, developing own approaches, or as part of a whole-

school reform. Implementing PBL can be challenging, as it requires educators to

shift from being directors to facilitators of learning and allowing greater mobility,

commotion, and ambiguity in the classroom. Teachers must learn to use

technology appropriately and support their students' learning. The paper

suggests that PBL implementation heavily relies on professional development,

including initial training and ongoing support. The absence of reliable indicators
for deeper learning and interpersonal competences makes it difficult to assess its

effectiveness. Despite some positive outcomes in science and social studies

classrooms, its effectiveness in reading and math programming is supported by

less evidence; the paper offers suggestions for advancing PBL study and

comprehension.

Markham (2023) suggests that educators can enhance students' reading

comprehension by providing guidance and resources. Project-based learning

fosters 21st-century skills like creativity, communication, and cooperation,

improving academic learning. This chapter presents literature and research on

the quantitative investigation of project-based learning's impact on young

children's reading comprehension. The factors affecting project-based learning

explain why children's reading comprehension in primary school is affected, and

it has been shown to significantly influence communication in contemporary

classrooms.

According to Imbaquingo et al. (2023), because reading is so vital in the

teaching-learning process, it is critical to instill a love of reading in students from

a young age, both in their home language and while learning English. This will

provide the learner with a well-rounded education. Language skills are used in

the teaching of English as a foreign language to boost students' interest and

engagement. Students learn and grow most effectively when they engage on

meaningful and helpful assignments. Project-based learning fosters student

motivation, collaborative learning, and research, problem-solving using multiple

technological means, and spontaneous communication and expression. Students

must design, study, produce, and present projects linked to their areas of

interest. As a result, project-based learning motivates students.

According to Cárdenas (2023) the significance of using the PBL technique

is emphasized, as it facilitated the execution of tasks such as brief pieces, tales,

and legends derived from their motivational atmosphere, educational, narrative,

and informational texts Reading and English language acquisition in primary

school kids. As a Better academic achievement was obvious as a result of the

use of PBL, since it permitted designing, carrying out, and assessing reading and

learning activities English language, as mentioned by instructors in 80% of

reading activities involving students Students' engagement is encouraged by the

surroundings. The teacher acted as a guide or mentor. This led in favorable

consequences.

Project Based Learning and Reading Comprehension

According to the findings of Widiseta (2017), it was determined that there

was an enhancement in students' reading comprehension as a result of

implementing Project-Based Learning (PBL) in the teaching and learning

process. The outcomes of both observations and interviews indicated noticeable

improvements in students' reading comprehension. Furthermore, students

demonstrated increased interest and motivation to actively participate in the

teaching and learning activities during the PBL implementation. In conclusion,

this study presents positive outcomes in enhancing the students' learning

process in reading through the application of PBL, as evidenced by the mean

scores rising from 62.9 in Cycle I to 79.94 in Cycle II.

 Project-based learning (PBL) is a new model of inquiry-based learning that

is centered on the concepts and principles of a subject and uses multiple

resources and continuous inquiry-based learning activities in the real world to

produce a complete project work and solve multiple interrelated problems within

a specific time frame (Jingfu and Zhixian, 2002). Project-based learning, as a

new student-centered teaching approach, directly points to the goal of cultivating

21st-century skills, particularly higher-order thinking skills, and higher-order

thinking occurs based on problem-solving, a challenging problem that

emphasizes real-world situations and open environments, and project-based

learning motivates students to continuously explore in the process of problem-

solving, thereby promoting the development of higher-order thinking.

Bell (2010) assertion on Project-Based Learning (PBL) highlights its

instrumental role in fostering lifelong readers and cultivating the critical learning

skills essential for success in the twenty-first century. PBL, as emphasized by

Bell, transcends conventional learning approaches, providing students with a

dynamic educational experience that goes beyond rote memorization. This

approach aligns with the evolving educational landscape, preparing learners for

the complex challenges of the modern era. Bell's perspective underscores PBL's

transformative potential in shaping individuals who not only acquire knowledge

but also develop the critical acumen necessary for ongoing learning and success

in the contemporary world.

Patton (2012) defines Project-Based Learning (PBL) as a dynamic

process empowering students to engage in comprehensive project endeavors,

encompassing planning, creation, and execution. The distinctive feature of PBL,

as outlined by Patton, is the production of a publicly visible outcome, achieved

through methods such as publishing or presentations, or the creation of a

tangible product. This definition underscores the holistic nature of PBL,

emphasizing not only the academic aspects but also the real-world application

and communication of acquired knowledge. In Patton's view, PBL serves as a

vehicle for students to actively participate in meaningful projects that extend

beyond traditional educational boundaries, fostering a sense of accomplishment

through the tangible outcomes they produce and share with a wider audience.

In the study conducted by Gultekin (2005) on pupil motivation through

Project-Based Learning (PBL), a comparative analysis between traditional

teaching methods and PBL revealed that PBL emerged as the more effective

approach, advocating for its adoption in schools. Gultekin highlighted the

success of PBL in empowering students when provided with a task and a degree

of autonomy, coupled with guidance from the teacher. The essence of PBL, as

emphasized by Gultekin, lies in its capacity to allow students to chart their own

trajectory and framework, fostering the development of critical thinking skills. In

this pedagogical approach, students not only engage in the subject matter but

also actively participate in shaping their learning experience, contributing to the

cultivation of independent thinking and problem-solving capabilities.

Gee (2001) emphasizes the significance of social aspects in students

taking ownership of their learning style and skills. According to Gee,

incorporating social elements into the learning process is crucial for students to

develop a comprehensive understanding of their own capabilities.

On the other hand, Hammond (2010) contends that Project-Based

Learning (PBL) provides an opportunity for students to actively engage with and

enhance their literacy skills. Hammond expands on the notion that PBL goes

beyond traditional definitions of literacy, encompassing various aspects beyond

reading and writing. PBL, in Hammond's view, becomes a platform for students

to practice and refine a broader set of literacy skills, including critical thinking,

communication, and collaborative problem-solving. The contrast between Gee's

emphasis on social aspects and Hammond's focus on the multifaceted nature of

literacy within the context of PBL highlights the diverse perspectives on effective

learning strategies.

Jones (2003) contends that Project-Based Learning (PBL) presents a

notable advantage for students by fostering intrinsic motivation, leading to

increased effort and time investment in their learning. Traditional teaching

methods, particularly in the context of reading skills, can be perceived as a one-

sided conversation where the teacher assumes the role of the sole speaker,

rendering students passive listeners. This monologue-style teaching, akin to the

grammar translation method, limits active student participation and

understanding. Despite spending years learning English, many students struggle

to apply their knowledge effectively in real-world communication. While students

may possess vocabulary knowledge, they often face challenges in utilizing this
knowledge beyond the classroom setting. The issue extends to their inability to

actively employ their vocabulary skills in practical communication scenarios.

Numerous students encounter challenges in becoming focused readers

when they struggle to discern the relevance of assigned texts. Project-Based

Learning (PBL), as advocated by Bruce (2008), emerges as a solution by

providing a social setting that captivates students' interest in reading. By granting

students the autonomy to choose and create their projects, PBL becomes a

pathway to success.

Additionally, PBL fosters peer interaction, contributing to the enhancement

of literacy skills. According to Bell (2010), students not only teach these skills to

their peers but also reinforce their understanding through this collaborative

process.

A heightened level of dedication and increased effort from an inventive

and forward-thinking educator, who meticulously plans and systematically tailors

project-based activities to align with the preferences, interests, and capabilities of

students, yields a reservoir of high-quality knowledge that is not only acquired but

also applicable in everyday life. Project-based learning, viewed not merely as a

learning method but as a collaborative work strategy, requires the expertise of a

competent, highly motivated, and creative teacher. This educator must possess

the ability to adeptly plan, organize, and implement project-based learning in their

teaching practice. However, this approach necessitates more than just individual

teacher proficiency; it calls for adaptations in the curriculum and textbooks to

harmonize with the fundamental principles of project-based instruction, as

emphasized by Lazić et al. (2015). The outcomes of this study provide valuable

insights for mathematics teachers in lower elementary schools, equipping them

with the knowledge and strategies to effectively apply this impactful instructional

approach when structuring mathematics classes.

Larson (2005) extend this perspective, contending that literacy skills are

not solely acquired through conventional methods such as reading novels or rote

learning but are significantly enriched through meaningful interactions with peers.

This highlights the multifaceted benefits of PBL in cultivating literacy skills

through dynamic and socially engaging learning experiences.

Nevertheless, a teacher can create an optimal classroom environment by

implementing a strategy that centers on student-centric approaches. According to

Collie (2015), this involves dedicated efforts in teaching text comprehension,

motivating students to engage in reading, and fostering their active participation

in discussions. Implementing such an approach is not only conducive to deeper

comprehension but also integral to the language learning process. Furthermore,

it cultivates students' independence in learning, nurtures a lifelong learning

attitude, and promotes critical thinking skills. In essence, students, through this

approach, assume responsibility for their own learning, laying the groundwork for

effective collaboration and cooperation with others.

The next generation of information technologies, such as artificial

intelligence, big data, and the metaverse, are bringing enormous improvements

to education at an unthinkable pace, while also posing unprecedented obstacles

to talent training. Cultivating pupils with higher-order thinking abilities that can
adapt to the future evolution of society and appropriately deal with the

complicated real world has become a key goal in global education reform and

development (Ma and Yang, 2021).

Harmer (2020) underscores the essential role of reading as a means of

gathering information. The advantages derived from reading can be categorized

into two distinct types: instrumental and enjoyable. The instrumental aspect of

reading serves to aid the reader in achieving specific objectives. This includes

tasks such as extracting information from textual sources and understanding

instructions to determine the actions the reader needs to take. In essence,

reading not only serves as a source of pleasure but also as a practical tool for

accomplishing goals and understanding directions.

Pupils employ various skills to comprehend written materials, and as

Johnson (2008) notes, reading comprehension abilities encompass the strategies

readers use to acquire information and derive meaning from expository literature.

These cognitive processes are dissected into stages to facilitate comprehension.

Notably, these comprehension abilities, as highlighted by Brown (2009),

include valuable techniques such as skimming and scanning, which are

beneficial for both learners and native speakers. The versatility of these skills

allows for their application in diverse reading scenarios. Additionally, it is

emphasized by the author that many of these skills can be enhanced, trained,

and developed as students’ progress in their reading journey. The improvement

of reading comprehension abilities is deemed crucial for transforming individuals

into competent and successful readers.

 Project-based instruction, originating from the philosophical underpinnings

of pragmatism, is grounded in the idea that knowledge attains genuine value

when it serves as a practical tool for addressing and resolving real-life situations

(Sutinen, 2013). This educational approach emphasizes the practical application

of acquired knowledge, emphasizing its relevance to authentic problem-solving

scenarios in the real world.

Lazic et al. (2021) conducted a study that underscores the substantial

positive impact of employing the project-based teaching method on students'

educational achievements, particularly in the initial grades of primary school. The

research reveals a noteworthy advancement in student performance, cutting

across all students, regardless of their previous success levels in mathematics

teaching. This finding holds particular significance for students with historically

lower achievements in mathematics, as they exhibit marked improvements in

their results when exposed to the structured and engaging learning approach

inherent in project-based teaching. The approach not only fosters enhanced

educational outcomes but also demonstrates its effectiveness in catering to

diverse student learning needs, providing an inclusive and enriching environment

for mathematical understanding and application.

The research findings from Wah Chu et al. (2011) illuminate the positive

impact of incorporating collaborative teaching and inquiry-based Project-Based

Learning (PBL) approaches in GS projects on students' reading abilities within

the case study. The outcomes of group comparisons underscore the potential

advantages of the inquiry-based PBL approach, especially for students with

positive attitudes toward reading and a heightened perception of their reading

abilities. This underscores the efficacy of personalized teaching methods, such

as inquiry-based PBL, in tailoring educational approaches to individual students'

attitudes and perceptions, ultimately contributing to the overall enhancement of

reading skills.

Research conducted by Harris et al. (2015) provides evidence supporting

the effectiveness of Project-Based Learning (PBL) in yielding superior academic

achievement and improved knowledge retention when compared to traditional

teaching methods.

On the other hand, Ward (2016) highlighted a significant correlation

between student achievement and creativity. However, despite this

acknowledgment, the existing literature lacks in-depth exploration of how PBL

specifically influences students' creativity. This disparity in research focus

underscores the need for further investigation into the relationship between PBL

and creativity in educational contexts.

Within the extensive body of literature exploring Project-Based Learning

(PBL), certain recurring themes emerge as pivotal factors contributing not only to

the successful implementation of PBL but also to the enrichment of creativity

among students. These recurrent themes encompass crucial elements such as

student autonomy, collaborative endeavors, constructive feedback mechanisms,

reflective practices, and a willingness to embrace risks within an environment

that nurtures intrinsic motivation (Kitsantas et al., 2020).

 Despite existing robust support for the overall effectiveness of PBL in

educational settings (Savery, 2015), the distinctive contribution of this study lies

in its exploration of the nuanced connections between present-day PBL

methodologies and their specific influence on fostering creativity. Through an in-

depth investigation of this relationship, the study aims to provide comprehensive

insights into how these fundamental components of PBL intersect and shape the

cultivation of creative thinking skills among students.

Duke et al. (2020) found that Project-Based Learning (PjBL) significantly

improves student achievement, with a 63% gain in social studies and a 23%

improvement in informational reading. This suggests PjBL is an effective

strategy, offering 5 to 6 months of additional learning in social studies and

approximately 2 months in informational reading within a 9-month school year.

The study underscores the value of embracing PjBL, even for teachers in their

first year, as it outperformed classrooms using state or national curriculum

materials.

Barr (2016) investigates the impact of Project-based Reading Instruction

(PRI) on the English reading ability and intercultural communicative competence

of 32 Thai students majoring in Tourism Management. The 14-week semi-

experimental study demonstrated a significant increase in scores on both English

reading ability and intercultural communicative competence tests. The project-

based approach, involving stages such as preparation, research, cultural

analysis, project production, and self-reflection, contributed to positive outcomes.

Correlations were found between English reading ability and intercultural

knowledge, as well as English reading ability and intercultural attitudes.

Participants noted improvements in curiosity and openness to learning about

other cultures through PRI.

Theoretical Framework

The study will pinpoint the elements influencing reading comprehension in

elementary school assignments. The results will show how project-based

learning improves students' ability to comprehend what they read. The purpose

of the study is to ascertain how participants' reading comprehension skills are

affected by a number of factors, such as prior knowledge, project characteristics,

reading comprehension evaluation, self-assessment, and feedbacking.

According to Kolb's theory, effective learning occurs through a four-stage

process that comprises active experimentation, abstract conceptualization,

reflective observation, and genuine experience.

Constructivism, which emphasizes active construction of knowledge

through experiences, Experiential Learning, which emphasizes learning through

hands-on experiences, Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), which emphasizes

collaborative learning, Self-Determination Theory, which emphasizes autonomy,

competence, and relatedness in fostering intrinsic motivation, and Information

Processing Theory, which examines cognitive processes involved in reading

comprehension. The framework acknowledges the multifaceted nature of

learning and the various cognitive, experiential, and motivational factors that may

contribute to the observed outcomes. By incorporating these theories, the thesis

provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms through which

Project-Based Learning (PBL) may influence reading comprehension in

elementary students. By incorporating these theories, the thesis provides a

comprehensive understanding of the potential impact of PBL on reading

comprehension in elementary grades.

Conceptual Framework

The structure that the researcher sought to provide is provided by the

conceptual frameworks of the study. This section includes the variables that

affect reading comprehension in elementary school.

Project-based, is a teaching method that involves students in solving real-

world problems or challenges through active inquiry and collaboration (Halwachi

2023).

Reading Comprehension is the ability to read, text, process it and

understand its meaning. It relies on two interconnected abilities. The word

reading and language comprehension (Clements, 2014).

Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

Teaching
Methodology Reading
 Reading Comprehensio
Project-Based Comprehension n Levels
Learning (PBL) Levels
 Integration of
 Implementatio  Assessment
reading
n of project- comprehension of reading
based activities within comprehensi
learning PBL. on skills
strategies in  Active before and
 Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study

Significance of the Study

Finding the factors that influence reading comprehension in elementary school is the

study's main objective. The results of the study are expected to benefit the following.

Pupils. Pupil will benefit from the study's findings in determining the factors that

influence reading comprehension in primary school. Students will comprehend

how these factors affect reading comprehension

School Administrator. The school administrators will gain from this research

because they are essential in addressing the challenges the kids confront.

Additionally, this research will help them to strengthen the ways in which they aid

teachers and students in achieving their common goals

Researcher. The results of this study will help the researcher in her effort to

pinpoint the factors that influence project-based learning's effects on reading

comprehension in elementary grades. The results can be used by researchers to

help future educators pinpoint the elements that project-based learning's impact

on reading comprehension in primary school.

Future Researcher. In the future research, their baseline reference from this

study will be used.

Definition of Terms

The following concepts, which were employed in the study, have

conceptual and useful definitions.

Factors that Influence. To determine the key factors influencing the problem,

this might be utilized as a control variable.

Project-Based Learning. is a dynamic classroom approach that places a strong

emphasis on student interaction since it is thought that this style of learning will

help students understand concepts more deeply.

Reading Comprehension. It is the ability to read written material, understand

what it means, and combine it with existing knowledge. It depends on two

related skills that work together. linguistic comprehension and reading.

Elementary Grades. is a primary education school for children. The study will be

undertaken in Mamali Elementary School, as indicated by this.

Prior Knowledge. This refers to the background knowledge a learner possesses

prior to learning new information. It is essential since it will serve as the

foundation for new knowledge..

Project Characteristics. It refers to its own requirements and limitations. an

ongoing situation that could be functional or cross-organizational.

Self -Assessment. is the process of closely examining oneself to assess

qualities that are important to one's identity. It provides motivation for self-

improvement.
 Chapter III

Methodology
The procedures the researcher will use to get the required data are

described in this chapter. The study plan will be created using this as a guide. It

will go over the research instrument, data collection methods, statistical tools,

research site, respondents and sample approach, and ethical considerations.

Research Design

This study utilized the descriptive- correlational method to quantify the

Influence of Project-based learning on reading comprehension in elementary

grades.
 According to Sharma (2019), descriptive research study design is a

research method that observes and describes the behavior of subjects from a

scientific viewpoint with regards to variables of a situation.

According to McBurney & White (2009), descriptive-correlational designs

are utilized in investigations that seek to demonstrate relationships between

various variables and static depictions of the situation.

Research Locale

The Caloocan Elementary School is where the researcher carried out the

study. The researcher chose to conduct the study at Brgy. Caloocan, Caloocan

Elementary School it was easier for the researcher to get information from the

The study's goal is to determine the factors that the Influence of Project-based

learning on reading comprehension in elementary grades. And develop a

strategy can improve students reading comprehension.

Population Sample

The pupils of Caloocan Elementary School are the respondents of this

study. Thus, Total Enumeration sampling will be done to provide best information

to achieve the objectives of the study.

According to Sharma (2014), total enumeration sampling is a method in

which every subject meeting the criteria of inclusion is selected until the required

sample size is achieved.

Research Instrument
 The make use of Survey Research Method adopted and modified from the

study of questionnaire Designing for a survey (Satya 2012). The questionnaires

having two parts. Part 1 for Demographic Profile of the respondents and Part 2

are factors that influence the Project-based learning on reading comprehension

of elementary grades such as prior knowledge, project characteristics, reading

comprehension assessment, self-assessment and feedbacking.

Rating scale: 1 very unsatisfied 2. Unsatisfied 3. Satisfied 4. Very

satisfied

Collection of Data

After being gathered, data needs to be analyzed and summarized. The

researcher used descriptive research methodologies to create concrete

summaries of the study's findings by analyzing and interpreting the feature data.

Statistical Tool

Data should be summarized and analyzed after being gathered. By

analyzing and interpreting the study's feature data, the researcher employed

descriptive methods to produce tangible summaries of the study's findings.

The effects of project-based learning on reading comprehension in primary

grades will be quantified using weighted mean.

Ethical Consideration

In each chapter, this study examines the foundations of research ethics

and how they relate to various sorts of research scenarios. Throughout the

research process, the information and data collected from the respondents were

treated with the utmost confidentiality and anonymity. This study specifically
followed the standards of the RMMC ethics and review committee for the rules of

ethical consideration while dealing with the population and data. The researcher

will make sure that he personally interacted with the subjects, did not invade their

privacy without their permission, did not affect their emotions, and acknowledged

and properly reported any information gathered from them. During the 2024–

2025 academic year, the researcher takes extra time to select a response and is

required to uphold the participants' safety and dignity at all times. Pupils of

Caloocan Elementary School were chosen for the study because they can

respond to questions about how project-based learning affects reading

comprehension in primary school and can offer the researcher with information.

Experimental Reading of The Influence Of Project- Based Learning on

Reading Comprehension in Elementary Grades

In the bustling town of Meadowbrook, a child named Lily lived an energy-

filled life filled with curiosity and wonder. She eagerly explored and learned new

things in her environment, eager to discover the mysteries of the world. Her

imagination was boundless, with every blade of grass and butterfly holding a

story waiting to be discovered.

Lily's thirst for knowledge extended beyond her backyard, exploring the

wonders of nature, such as ants scurrying about their intricate tunnels, butterflies

dancing, and birdsong. In the heart of Meadowbrook, there lay a treasure trove of

learning waiting to be unearthed, from the cozy corner bookstore to the bustling
farmer's market. Lily eagerly soaked up every bit of information she could find,

her eyes alighting with excitement at the endless possibilities that lay before her.

In school, Lily was a shining star, devouring books like a hungry caterpillar,

soaking up every word and soaking up knowledge like a sponge. She

approached each subject with boundless enthusiasm, her mind a canvas waiting

to be painted with the colors of understanding.

In her interactions with others, Lily was always eager to listen and learn,

sparking lively conversations that danced like fireflies in the twilight sky. Whether

it was chatting with the friendly neighborhood grocer about the origins of exotic

fruits or listening intently to her grandmother's tales of days gone by, Lily

approached each interaction with an open heart and a hungry mind.

As the sun dipped below the horizon and the stars began to twinkle in the night

sky, Lily would curl up in bed, her mind buzzing with the excitement of all she had

learned that day. As she drifted off to sleep, a smile would play upon her lips,

knowing that tomorrow would bring even more adventures and discoveries in the

ever-expanding tapestry of her world.

Activity:

Nature Explorer Journal

Objective: To encourage students to engage with the text through hands-on

exploration and reflection, fostering curiosity and appreciation for the wonders of

nature.
Materials Needed:

- Copies of the text about Lily's adventures in Meadowbrook

- Journals or notebooks for each student

- Drawing materials (colored pencils, markers, crayons)

- Outdoor exploration gear (optional)

Procedure:

1. Pre-Reading Discussion: Begin by discussing the concept of exploration and

curiosity with the students. Ask questions such as:

- What do you think it means to be an explorer?

- What are some things in nature that you find interesting or mysterious?

- How do you feel when you learn something new?

2. Reading the Text: Read the passage about Lily's adventures in Meadowbrook

aloud to the students. Encourage them to visualize the scenes described and

imagine themselves in Lily's shoes.

3. Nature Exploration: Take the students outside to a nearby green space, such

as a schoolyard, park, or garden. If outdoor access is limited, bring natural

elements into the classroom (e.g., potted plants, nature specimens). Give

students time to explore and observe their surroundings, encouraging them to

use their senses to notice details like the sights, sounds, smells, and textures of

nature.

4. Journaling Activity: Provide each student with a journal or notebook and ask

them to reflect on their nature exploration experience. Encourage them to write or

draw about what they observed, felt, and learned during their outdoor adventure.

They can also make connections to Lily's experiences in the text.

5. Sharing and Discussion: Ask students to present their reflections to the class

following the journaling exercise. Urge them to ponder, to share intriguing

findings, and to draw parallels between Lily's experiences in Meadowbrook and

their own.

6. Optional Extension Activities:

Establish a nature diary in the classroom where pupils may record their thoughts

and observations all year long.

Plan a field trip or nature walk to learn more about the area's natural beauties.

- Based on kids' interests and findings, incorporate scientific lessons on

ecosystems, biodiversity, or the life cycles of plants and animals.

This activity encourages a better comprehension of the concepts of curiosity,

discovery, and respect for nature by involving pupils in practical research and

reflection motivated by the text. Additionally, it inspires pupils to draw deep

connections between what they read and their everyday lives.