Certainly!

BRICS is an acronym for an association of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Here's some information about
BRICS:

1. *Origins*: The term "BRIC" was initially coined in 2001 by Jim O'Neill, an economist at Goldman Sachs, to describe the four emerging economies of Brazil, Russia,
India, and China. South Africa later joined in 2010, leading to the acronym becoming BRICS.

2. *Purpose*: The primary objective of BRICS is to promote cooperation and mutual assistance between its member countries on issues of common interest, especially
in economic development, trade, finance, and geopolitics.

3. *Economic Power*: Collectively, BRICS countries account for about 41% of the world's population and over 24% of the world's GDP (as of the last data available
before my last update in 2022). The group represents some of the fastest-growing economies in the world.

4. *Annual Summits*: The BRICS countries hold annual summits where leaders discuss various issues, formulating strategies for cooperation and collaboration in
multiple sectors.

5. *New Development Bank (NDB)*: Established by BRICS in 2014, the NDB aims to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in
BRICS and other emerging economies and developing countries.

6. *Political Cooperation*: Apart from economic cooperation, BRICS countries also engage in political dialogue and coordination on various global issues, such as
climate change, terrorism, and reform of global governance institutions.

7. *Challenges*: While BRICS countries have significant economic potential, they also face challenges such as infrastructure deficits, income inequality, and geopolitical
tensions that can sometimes hamper their collective objectives.

8. *Criticism*: BRICS has faced criticism for lacking concrete achievements and for being a disparate group of countries with differing economic structures, political
systems, and strategic interests.

Despite these challenges, BRICS remains an important forum for dialogue and cooperation among emerging economies and plays a crucial role in shaping global
economic and political landscapes

Of course! Let's delve deeper into some specific aspects of BRICS:

1. *Trade and Investment*:

- BRICS countries have been working towards increasing intra-BRICS trade and investment. They have established mechanisms to facilitate trade, reduce trade
barriers, and promote investments among member countries.

- They have also discussed the possibility of creating a BRICS-wide free trade area, although progress on this front has been slow.

2. *Technology and Innovation*:

- BRICS countries recognize the importance of technology and innovation in driving economic growth. They have discussed collaboration in areas such as information
technology, biotechnology, and space exploration.

- Initiatives like the BRICS Innovation Cooperation Action Plan have been launched to foster innovation and technological cooperation among member countries.

3. *Health Cooperation*:

- In the wake of global health challenges, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic, BRICS countries have emphasized the importance of health cooperation. They have
discussed joint efforts in vaccine development, healthcare infrastructure, and pandemic response.

- The BRICS Vaccine Research and Development Center has been proposed to promote vaccine research and production in the member countries.

4. *Cultural and Academic Exchanges*:

- BRICS countries aim to enhance cultural and academic exchanges to foster mutual understanding and cooperation among their peoples. Programs like the BRICS
Network University and the BRICS Film Festival have been initiated to promote cultural and educational ties.

5. *Geopolitical Influence*:

- BRICS countries, due to their economic size and growth potential, have sought to increase their geopolitical influence on the global stage. They have advocated for a
more multipolar world order and called for reforms in global governance institutions like the United Nations, IMF, and World Bank to better reflect the interests of
emerging economies.

6. *Environmental Sustainability*:
 - Recognizing the importance of environmental sustainability and combating climate change, BRICS countries have discussed joint initiatives in renewable energy,
sustainable development, and environmental protection.

- The BRICS Environment Ministers' Meeting serves as a platform for discussing environmental issues and promoting cooperation on climate change mitigation and
adaptation.

7. *Infrastructure Development*:

- Infrastructure development is a key focus area for BRICS countries, given its critical role in driving economic growth and development. They have discussed
cooperation in infrastructure financing, planning, and construction through mechanisms like the BRICS Infrastructure Cooperation Working Group.

In conclusion, BRICS is a multifaceted platform that encompasses economic, political, technological, and cultural cooperation among its member countries. While
challenges and differences exist, the group continues to work towards strengthening mutual understanding and collaboration to realize their collective potential and
contribute to global peace, stability, and prosperity..

BRIC is a term describing the foreign investment strategies grouping acronym that stands for Brazil, Russia, India, and China. The separate BRICS
organisation would go on to become a political and economic organization largely based on such grouping.[1]
The term was first coined by economist Jim O'Neill and later championed by his employer Goldman Sachs in 2001. O'Neill identified the four countries as
rising economic powers which were at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development. Goldman Sachs, of which O'Neill was the head of
global economics research, would continue reporting and investing in their BRIC fund until 2015.[2] The grouping is typically rendered as "the BRIC",
"the BRIC countries", "the BRIC economies", or alternatively as the "Big Four".[3][4][5][6]
The acronym was co-opted by the countries themselves beginning in the late-2000s. The 1st BRIC summit in 2009, which founded the BRICS
organisation, was held between the leaders of the four countries, with later summits involving South Africa beginning in 2010.[7][8] O'Neill commented on
the 2010 summit by drawing a distinction between his BRIC term and the BRICS organisation, arguing that South Africa was too small as an economy to
join the BRIC ranks.[9]

Jim O'Neill, a global economist at Goldman Sachs at the time, proposed that the economic potential of Brazil, Russia, India and China is such that they
could become among the most dominant economies by 2050.[10] These countries encompass over 25% of the world's land coverage and 40% of the
world's population and hold a combined GDP (PPP) of $20 trillion. On almost every scale, they would be the largest entity on the global stage. These
four countries are among the biggest and fastest-growing emerging markets.{Incal 2011}

"Dreaming with BRICS: The Path to 2050" (2003)[edit]

The BRIC thesis recognizes that Brazil, Russia, India and China have changed their political systems to embrace global capitalism.[12] Goldman Sachs
predicts that China and India, respectively, will become the dominant global suppliers of manufactured goods and services, while Brazil and Russia will
become similarly dominant as suppliers of raw materials. Of the four countries, Brazil remains the only polity that can continue all elements, meaning
manufacturing, services, and resource supplying simultaneously. Cooperation is thus hypothesized to be a logical next step among the BRICs because
Brazil and Russia together form the logical commodity suppliers.
In 2016, an economist from Australia predicted that in 2050, based on Gross Domestic Product per capita spending, China will be the first and followed
by India and the United States. Indonesia which nowadays does not belong to BRIC countries will jump from 9th position to 4th position. And Brazil will
be in the fifth position. It is due to the global economic center is shifting from the Atlantic to the Asia Pacific region.[13]

Follow-up report (2004)[edit]

The Goldman Sachs global economics team released a follow-up report to its initial BRIC study in 2004.[14] The report states that in BRIC nations, the
number of people with an annual income over a threshold of $3,000 will double in number within three years and reach 800 million people within a
decade. This predicts a massive rise in the size of the middle class in these nations. In 2025, it is calculated that the number of people in BRIC nations
earning over $15,000 may reach over 200 million people. This indicates that a huge pickup in demand will not be restricted to basic goods but impact
higher-priced goods as well. According to the report, first China and then a decade later India will begin to dominate the world economy.
Yet despite the balance of growth swinging so decisively towards the BRIC economies, the average level of individuals in the more advanced
economies will continue to far outstrip the BRIC economic average for the foreseeable future.
The report also highlights India's inefficient energy consumption and mentions the dramatic under-representation of these economies in the global capital
markets. The report also emphasizes the enormous populations that exist within the BRIC nations, which makes it relatively easy for their aggregate
wealth to eclipse the G6, while per-capita income levels remain far below the norm of today's industrialized countries. This phenomenon, too, will affect
world markets as multinational corporations will attempt to take advantage of the enormous potential markets in the BRICs by producing, for example, far
cheaper automobiles and other manufactured goods affordable to the consumers within the BRICs in lieu of the luxury models that currently bring the
most income to automobile manufacturers. India and China have already started making their presence felt in the service and manufacturing sector
respectively in the global arena. Developed economies of the world have already taken serious note of this fact.
(2007) Second Follow-up report[edit]
This report compiled by lead authors Tushar Poddar and Eva Yi gives insight into "India's Rising Growth Potential". It reveals updated projection figures
attributed to the rising growth trends in India over the last four years. Goldman Sachs asserts that "India's influence on the world economy will be bigger
and quicker than implied in our previously published BRICs research". They noted significant areas of research and development, and expansion that is
happening in the country, which will lead to the prosperity of the growing middle-class.[15]
India has 10 of the 30 fastest-growing urban areas in the world. Based on current trends, an estimated a massive 700 million people will move to cities
by 2050. This will have significant implications for demand for urban infrastructure, real estate, and services.[15]
In the revised 2007 figures, based on increased and sustaining growth, more inflows into foreign direct investment, Goldman Sachs predicts that "from
2007 to 2020, India's GDP per capita in US$ terms will quadruple", and that the Indian economy will surpass the United States (in US$) by 2043.[15] At
the same time, the report indicated that Russia, while continuing its dominance of the European energy market, would continue to struggle economically,
as its population declines.
"EM Equity in Two Decades: A Changing Landscape" (2010)[edit]
According to a 2010 report from Goldman Sachs, China might surpass the United States in equity market capitalization terms by 2030 and become the
single largest equity market in the world.[16] By 2020, America's GDP might be only slightly larger than China's GDP. Together, the four BRICs may
account for 41% of the world's market capitalization by 2030, the report said.[17] In late 2010, China surpassed Japan's GDP for the first time, with China's
GDP standing at $5.88 trillion compared to Japan's $5.47 trillion. China thus became the world's second-largest economy after the United States.[18]
According to The National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) based on International Monetary Fund figures, in 2012 Brazil has become
the sixth-biggest economy in the world by overtaking United Kingdom with $2.52 trillion and $2.48 trillion, respectively. In 2010, the Brazilian economy
was worth $2.09 trillion and UK with $2.25 trillion. Significant increase is caused by Brazilian economic boom on high food and oil prices.[19] Since the
beginning of the Great Recession, in Q3 2013 economy of Brazil contracted by 0.5 percent from the previous quarter as the first contraction since Q1
2009.[20]
After Standard & Poor's (S&P) stated that India's growth outlook could deteriorate if policymaking and governance do not improve, in June 2012 Fitch
Ratings cut its credit outlook to negative from stable with maintained its BBB− rating, the lowest investment-grade rating. A week before Fitch released
the rating, S&P said India could become the first of the BRIC countries to lose investment-grade status.[21]
For the year 2013, China for the first time surpassed $4 trillion of world trade and become as world's largest trading country, consist of: export $2.21
trillion and import $1.95 trillion. While the United States for 11 months of 2013 world trade figure totaling $3.5 trillion and seems cannot beat China.
China world trade balance in 2013 surplus by almost $260 billion a 12.8 percent increased from last year.[22]
Goldman Sachs has quietly closed down its BRIC fund after lost 88 percent of its asset value since 2010, instead channeling the fund into emerging
markets countries. Historically, Jim O'Neill, the inventor of the term "BRIC", was the former chief economist of Goldman Sachs. The head of emerging
markets for Morgan Stanley Investment Management, Ruchir Sharma, has released a book in 2012: Breakout Nations which mentioned that it is hard to
sustain rapid growth for more than a decade.[2]
Based on a March 2011 Forbes report, the BRIC countries counted 301 billionaires among their combined populations, exceeding the number of
billionaires in Europe, which stood at 300 in 2011.[23]
 Statistics

Categories Brazil Russia India China

Area 5th 1st 7th 3rd

Population 5th 9th 1st 2nd

Population growth rate 128th 177th 98th 148th

Labor force 5th 6th 2nd 1st

GDP (nominal) 8th 10th 5th 2nd

GDP (PPP) 7th 6th 3rd 1st

GDP (nominal) per capita 57th 47th 139th 72nd

GDP (PPP) per capita 75th 55th 126th 72nd

GDP (real) growth rate 180th 177th 3rd 12th

Human Development Index 85th 55th 114th 79th

 Statistics

Categories Brazil Russia India China

Exports 6th 8th 12th 1st

Imports 21st 17th 8th 2nd

Current account balance 187th 5th 186th 2nd

Received FDI 13th 16th 19th 4th

Foreign exchange reserves 10th 6th 9th 1st

External debt 20th 21st 22nd 12th

Public debt 42nd 190th 104th 184th

Electricity consumption 9th 4th 3rd 1st

Renewable energy source 3rd 5th 6th 1st

Number of mobile phones 4th 5th 2nd 1st

Number of internet users 5th 6th 2nd 1st

 Statistics

Categories Brazil Russia India China

Motor vehicle production 9th 15th 5th 1st

Military expenditures 11th 4th 5th 2nd

Active troops 15th 5th 2nd 1st

UN Peacekeepers 24th 77th 3rd 9th

Rail network 10th 3rd 4th 2nd

Road network 4th 7th 2nd 3rd

Gross Domestic Product in 2006 US$ billions[25]

Per
cen
R t
a incr
203
n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 eas
Co 0
k 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e
unt US
2 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 fro
ry DA[
0 0 5 0 5 0 26]
5 0 5 0 6 m
5 200
0 6 to
205
0

70, 57, 45, 34, 25, 18, 12,

Chin 22,20 8,1 4,6 2,6 2536
1 71 31 02 34 61 43 63
a 0 33 67 82 %
0 0 2 8 0 7 0

38, 25, 16, 10,

6,6 4,3 2,8 1,9 1,2 90 4043
2 India 66 27 51 51 6,600
83 16 48 00 56 9 %
8 8 0 4

Unite
38, 33, 29, 26, 22, 20, 17, 16, 14, 13,
d 24,80
3 51 90 82 09 81 08 97 19 53 24 190%
State 0
4 4 3 7 7 7 8 4 5 5
s

4 Brazi 11, 8,7 6,6 4,9 3,7 4,000 2,8 2,1 1,7 2,0 1,0 968%
l 36 40 31 63 20 31 94 20 87 64
Gross Domestic Product in 2006 US$ billions[25]

Per
cen
R t
a incr
203
n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 eas
Co 0
k 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e
unt US
2 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 fro
ry DA[
0 0 5 0 5 0 26]
5 0 5 0 6 m
5 200
0 6 to
205
0

Mexi 9,3 7,2 5,4 4,1 3,0 2,3 1,7 1,3 1,0 85
5 2,300 997%
co 40 04 71 02 68 03 42 27 09 1

Russi 8,5 7,4 6,3 5,2 4,2 3,3 2,5 1,9 1,3 98
6 2,400 773%
a 80 20 20 65 65 41 54 00 71 2

Note: All data above is from Goldman Sachs, except the 2030 USDA column is data from U.S. Department of Agriculture (2030 USDA) about World's 20 Largest
Economies in 2030, but only 16 match with Goldman Sachs data. In 2030 USDA, Mexico and Indonesia will topple South Korea (please see Section Proposed
inclusions). There is no South Africa of BRIC S in the above table. In 2030, the sole country from Africa is Nigeria and the US is still number one, but China almost
overtakes the US.
Gross Domestic Product per capita (real)[25]

Rank 2050 Country 2050 2045 2040 2035 2030 2025 2020 2015 2010 2006 Percent increase from 2006 to 2050

57,44
1 United States 91,683 83,489 76,044 69,019 62,717 53,502 50,200 47,014 44,379 106%
6

36,81
2 South Korea 90,294 75,979 63,924 53,449 44,602 29,868 26,012 21,602 18,161 397%
3

United 52,22
3 79,234 73,807 67,391 61,049 55,904 49,173 45,591 41,543 38,108 107%
Kingdom 0

26,06
4 Russia 78,435 65,708 54,221 43,800 34,368 19,311 13,971 9,833 6,909 1,037%
1

48,62
5 Canada 76,002 69,531 63,464 57,728 52,663 45,961 43,449 40,541 38,071 99%
1

48,42
6 France 75,253 68,252 62,136 56,562 52,327 44,811 41,332 38,380 36,045 108%
9

45,03
7 Germany 68,253 62,658 57,118 51,710 47,263 43,223 40,589 37,474 34,588 97%
3

46,41
8 Japan 66,846 60,492 55,756 52,345 49,975 42,385 38,650 36,194 34,021 96%
9
Gross Domestic Product per capita (real)[25]

Rank 2050 Country 2050 2045 2040 2035 2030 2025 2020 2015 2010 2006 Percent increase from 2006 to 2050

17,68
9 Mexico 63,149 49,393 38,255 29,417 22,694 13,979 11,176 8,972 7,918 697%
5

41,35
10 Italy 58,545 52,760 48,070 44,948 43,195 38,990 35,908 32,948 31,123 88%
8

12,99
11 Brazil 49,759 38,149 29,026 21,924 16,694 10,375 8,427 6,882 5,657 779%
6

12,68
12 China 49,650 39,719 30,951 23,511 17,522 8,829 5,837 3,463 2,041 2,332%
8

11,74
13 Turkey 45,595 34,971 26,602 20,046 15,188 9,291 7,460 6,005 5,545 722%
3

14 Vietnam 33,472 23,932 16,623 11,148 7,245 4,583 2,834 1,707 1,001 655 5,010%

15 Iran 32,676 26,231 20,746 15,979 12,139 9,328 7,345 5,888 4,652 3,768 767%

16 Indonesia 22,395 15,642 10,784 7,365 5,123 3,711 2,813 2,197 1,724 1,508 1,385%

17 India 20,836 14,446 9,802 6,524 4,360 2,979 2,091 1,492 1,061 817 2,450%

18 Pakistan 20,500 14,025 9,443 6,287 4,287 3,080 2,352 1,880 1,531 1,281 1,500%

19 Philippines 20,388 14,260 9,815 6,678 4,635 3,372 2,591 2,075 1,688 1,312 1,453%

20 Nigeria 13,014 8,934 6,117 4,191 2,944 2,161 1,665 1,332 1,087 919 1,316%
Gross Domestic Product per capita (real)[25]

Rank 2050 Country 2050 2045 2040 2035 2030 2025 2020 2015 2010 2006 Percent increase from 2006 to 2050

21 Egypt 11,786 7,066 5,183 3,775 2,744 2,035 1,568 1,260 897 778 808%

22 Bangladesh 5,235 3,767 2,698 1,917 1,384 1,027 790 627 510 427 1,125%

Gross Domestic Product in 2006 US$ billions[25]

Groups Countries 2050 2045 2040 2035 2030 2025 2020 2015 2010 2006

128,32 55,09 20,22

BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa 98,757 74,483 40,278 28,925 13,653 8,640 5,637
4 0 6

Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, 48,28 36,78

G7 66,039 59,475 53,617 43,745 39,858 33,414 30,437 28,005
US 1 1

The following three tables are lists of economies by incremental GDP from 2006 to 2050 by Goldman Sachs. They illustrate that the BRICs and N11 nations are
replacing G7 nations as the main contributors to the world's economic growth. From 2020 to 2050, nine of the ten largest countries by incremental GDP are occupied
by the BRICs and N11 nations, in which the United States remains to be the only G7 member as one of the three biggest contributors to the global economic growth. [25]

List of Economies by List of Economies by List of economies by

Incremental Nominal GDP Incremental Nominal GDP incremental nominal GDP
from 2006 to 2020 from 2020 to 2035 from 2035 to 2050

Increment Increment Increment

Ran al GDP in Ran al GDP in Ran al GDP in
Country Country Country
k billions of k billions of k billions of
2006 US$ 2006 US$ 2006 US$

1 China 9,948 1 China 21,718 1 China 36,362

List of Economies by List of Economies by List of economies by
Incremental Nominal GDP Incremental Nominal GDP incremental nominal GDP
from 2006 to 2020 from 2020 to 2035 from 2035 to 2050

Increment Increment Increment

Ran al GDP in Ran al GDP in Ran al GDP in
Country Country Country
k billions of k billions of k billions of
2006 US$ 2006 US$ 2006 US$

United United 2 India 27,154

2 4,733 2 8,119
States States
United
3 12,417
3 India 1,939 3 India 7,666 States

4 Russia 1,572 4 Brazil 2,769 4 Brazil 6,403

5 Brazil 1,130 5 Russia 2,711 5 Mexico 5,238

6 Mexico 891 6 Mexico 2,360 6 Indonesia 4,818

7 Japan 888 7 Indonesia 1,440 7 Nigeria 3,557

United South 8 Russia 3,315

8 791 8 1,136
Kingdom Korea
9 Vietnam 2,438
9 Germany 668 9 Turkey 976
10 Turkey 2,227
10 Italy 635 10 Vietnam 896
Philippine
11 2,128
11 France 621 United s
11 836
Kingdom
11 South 621 12 Egypt 1,884
12 Nigeria 777
List of Economies by List of Economies by List of economies by
Incremental Nominal GDP Incremental Nominal GDP incremental nominal GDP
from 2006 to 2020 from 2020 to 2035 from 2035 to 2050
Increment Increment Increment
Ran al GDP in Ran al GDP in Ran al GDP in
Country Country Country
k billions of k billions of k billions of
2006 US$ 2006 US$ 2006 US$
Korea South
13 1,439
13 Canada 440 13 France 752 Korea

14 Indonesia 402 14 Iran 729 14 Iran 1,390

15 Turkey 350 15 Japan 662 15 Pakistan 1,376

16 Iran 299 16 Canada 602 United

16 1,196
Kingdom
17 Vietnam 218 Philippine
17 593 17 France 1,025
s
18 Nigeria 185
18 Germany 529 Banglade
18 1,015
Philippine sh
19 172
s 18 Egypt 502
19 Germany 976
20 Pakistan 139 20 Pakistan 441
20 Canada 847
21 Egypt 128 Banglade
21 301 21 Japan 791
sh
Banglade
22 87 22 Italy 506
sh 22 Italy 220
At the World Economic Forum 2011, there were 365 corporate executives from BRIC and other emerging nations out of 1000 participants. It was a record number of
executives from emerging markets. Nomura Holdings Inc's co-head of global investment banking said that "It's a reflection of where economic power and influence is
starting to move." The International Monetary Fund estimated emerging markets might expand 6.5 percent in 2011, more than double the 2.5 percent rate for
developed countries. BRIC's takeover made record by 22 percent of global deals or increase by 74 percent in one year and more than quadrupled in the last five years.
[27]

According to The World Bank Doing Business report 2019 the BRIC economies introduced a total of 21 reforms, with getting electricity and trading across borders the
most common areas of improvement.[28]

History

The BRIC leaders in 2010

The BRIC alliance has its roots in the Russia-India-China (RIC) strategic triangle, which was envisaged by Russian prime minister Yevgeny Primakov in the 1990s.

Various sources refer to a purported "original" BRIC agreement that predates the Goldman Sachs thesis. Some of these sources claim that President Vladimir Putin of
Russia was the driving force behind this original cooperative coalition of developing BRIC countries. However, thus far, no text has been made public of any formal
agreement to which all four BRIC states are signatories. This does not mean, however, that they have not reached a multitude of bilateral or even quadrilateral
agreements. Evidence of agreements of this type are abundant and are available on the foreign ministry websites of each of the four countries. Trilateral agreements
and frameworks made among the BRICs include the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (member states include Russia and China, observers include India) and the
IBSA Trilateral Forum, which unites Brazil, India, and South Africa in annual dialogues. Also important to note is the G-20 coalition of developing states which includes
all the BRICs.

In an August 2010 op-ed, Jim O'Neill of Goldman Sachs argued that Africa could be considered the next BRIC.[29] Analysts from rival banks have sought to move
beyond the BRIC concept, by introducing their own groupings of emerging markets. Proposals include CIVETs (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South
Africa), the EAGLES (Emerging and Growth-Leading Economies) and the 7 percent club (which includes those countries which have averaged economic growth of at
least 7 percent a year).[30]
South Africa sought BRIC membership since 2009 and the process for formal admission began as early as August 2010.[31] South Africa was officially admitted as a
BRIC nation on 24 December 2010, after being invited by China and the other BRIC countries to join the group.[32] The capital "S" in BRICS stands for South Africa.
President Jacob Zuma attend the BRICS summit in Sanya in April 2011 as a full member. South Africa stands at a unique position to influence African economic growth
and investment. According to Jim O'Neill of Goldman Sachs who originally coined the term, Africa's combined current gross domestic product is reasonably similar to
that of Brazil and Russia, and slightly above that of India.[33] South Africa is a "gateway" to Southern Africa and Africa in general as the most developed African
country.[33] China is South Africa's largest trading partner, and India wants to increase commercial ties with Africa.[8] South Africa is also Africa's largest economy, but
as number 31 in global GDP economies it is far behind its new partners.[8]

Jim O'Neill expressed surprise when South Africa joined BRIC since South Africa's economy is a quarter of the size of Russia's (the least economically powerful BRIC
nation).[34] He believed that the potential was there but did not anticipate inclusion of South Africa at this stage.[33] Martyn Davies, a South African emerging
markets expert, argued that the decision to invite South Africa made little commercial sense but was politically astute given China's attempts to establish a foothold in
Africa. Further, South Africa's inclusion in BRICS may translate to greater South African support for China in global fora.[34] He has great belief that the "S" in "BRICS"
could be replaced eventually by SADC.

African credentials are important geopolitically, giving BRICS a four-continent breadth, influence and trade opportunities.[8] South Africa's addition is a deft political
move that further enhances BRICS' power and status.[8] In the original essay that coined the term, Goldman Sachs did not argue that the BRICs would organize
themselves into an economic bloc, or a formal trading association which this move signifies.[citation needed]

Marketing

The São Paulo Stock Exchange is the third-largest exchange operator by market value in the world.[35]

The BRIC term is also used by companies who refer to the four named countries as key to their emerging markets strategies. By comparison, the reduced acronym IC
would not be attractive, although the term "Chindia" is often used. BRIC's study specifically focuses on large countries, not necessarily the wealthiest or the most
productive and was never intended to be an investment thesis. If investors read Goldman's research carefully and agreed with the conclusions, then they would gain
exposure to Asian debt and equity markets rather than to Latin America. According to estimates provided by the USDA, the wealthiest regions outside of the G6 in
2015 will be Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore. Combined with China and India, these five economies are likely to be the world's five most influential economies
outside of the G6.

On the other hand, when the "R" in BRIC is extended beyond Russia and is used as a loose term to include all of Eastern Europe as well, then the BRIC story becomes
more compelling. At issue are the multiple serious problems which confront Russia (potentially unstable government, environmental degradation, critical lack of
modern infrastructure, etc.[citation needed]), and the comparatively much lower growth rate seen in Brazil. However, Brazil's lower growth rate obscures the fact that
the country is wealthier than China or India on a per-capita basis, has a more developed and global integrated financial system and has an economy potentially more
diverse than the other BRICs due to its raw material and manufacturing potential. Many other Eastern European countries, such as Poland, Romania, the Czech
Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and several others were able to continually sustain high economic growth rates and do not experience some of the problems
that Russia experiences or experience them to a lesser extent. In terms of GDP per capita in 2008, Brazil ranked 64th, Russia 42nd, India 113th, and China 89th. By
comparison, South Korea ranked 24th and Singapore 3rd.

Brazil's stock market, the Bovespa, has gone from approximately 9,000 in September 2002 to over 70,000 in May 2008. Government policies have favored investment
(lowering interest rates), retiring foreign debt and expanding growth, and a reformulation of the tax system is being voted in the congress. The British author and
researcher Mark Kobayashi-Hillary wrote a book in 2007 titled Building a Future with BRICs for European publisher Springer Verlag that examines the growth of the
BRICs region and its effect on global sourcing. Contributors to the book include Nandan Nilekani, and Shiv Nadar.

International law

Brazilian lawyer and author Adler Martins has published a paper called "Contratos Internacionais entre os países do BRIC"[36] (International Agreements Among BRIC
countries) which highlights the international conventions ratified by the BRIC countries, which allow them to maintain trade and investment activities safely within the
group. Martin's study is being further developed by the Federal University of the Minas Gerais State, in Brazil.

Financial diversification
It has been argued that geographic diversification would eventually generate superior risk-adjusted returns for long-term global investors by reducing overall portfolio
risk while capturing some of the higher rates of return offered by the emerging markets of Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America.[37] By doing so, these institutional
investors have contributed to the financial and economic development of key emerging nations such as Brazil, India, China, and Russia. For global investors, India and
China constitute both large-scale production platforms and reservoirs of new consumers, whereas Russia is viewed essentially as an exporter of oil and commodities-
Brazil and Latin America being somehow "in the middle".

Criticism

Academics and experts have suggested that China is in a league of its own compared to the other BRIC countries.[38] As David Rothkopf wrote in Foreign Policy,
"Without China, the BRICs are just the BRI, a bland, soft cheese that is primarily known for the whine [sic] that goes with it. China is the muscle of the group and the
Chinese know it. They have effective veto power over any BRIC initiatives because without them, who cares really? They are the one with the big reserves. They are
the biggest potential market. They are the U.S. partner in the G2 (imagine the coverage a G2 meeting gets vs. a G8 meeting) and the E2 (no climate deal without them)
and so on."[39] Deutsche Bank Research said in a report that "economically, financially and politically, China overshadows and will continue to overshadow the other
BRICs". It added that China's economy is larger than that of the three other BRIC economies (Brazil, Russia, and India) combined. Moreover, China's exports and its
official foreign-exchange reserves are more than twice as large as those of the other BRICs combined.[40] In that perspective, some pension investment experts have
argued that "China alone accounts for more than 70% of the combined GDP growth generated by the BRIC countries [from 1999 to 2010]: if there is a BRIC miracle it's
first and foremost a Chinese one".[41] The "growth gap" between China and other large emerging economies such as Brazil, Russia and India can be attributed to a
large extent to China's early focus on ambitious infrastructure projects: while China invested roughly 9% of its GDP on infrastructure in the 1990s and 2000s, most
emerging economies invested only 2% to 5% of their GDP. This considerable spending gap allowed the Chinese economy to grow at near-optimal conditions while
many South American and South Asian economies suffered from various development bottlenecks (poor transportation, aging power grids, mediocre schools).[42]

Other critics suggest that BRIC is nothing more than a neat acronym for the four largest emerging market economies,[citation needed] but in economic and political
terms nothing else (apart from the fact that they are all big emerging markets) links the four. Two are manufacturing-based economies and big importers (China and
India), but two are huge exporters of natural resources (Brazil and Russia). The Economist, in its special report on Brazil, expressed the following view: "In some ways,
Brazil is the steadiest of the BRICs. Unlike China and Russia, it is a full-blooded democracy; unlike India, it has no serious disputes with its neighbors. It is the only BRIC
without a nuclear bomb". The Heritage Foundation's Indices of Economic Freedom, which measures factors such as protection of property rights and free trade ranks
Brazil "moderately free" above the other BRICs, which are ranked as "mostly unfree".[43] Henry Kissinger has stated that the BRIC nations have no hope of acting
together as a coherent bloc in world affairs and that any cooperation will be the result of forces acting on the individual nations.[citation needed]

In a not-so-subtle dig critical of the term as nothing more than a shorthand for emerging markets generally, critics have suggested a correlating term, CEMENT
(Countries in Emerging Markets Excluded by New Terminology). Whilst they accept there has been spectacular growth of the BRIC economies, these gains have largely
been the result of the strength of emerging markets generally, and that strength comes through having BRICs and CEMENT.[44]

Based on IMF's World Economic Outlook Database, October 2016, the top economies in 2021 (by projected nominal gross domestic product (GDP)) are going to be
China, the U.S., India, Japan, Germany, Russia, Indonesia, Brazil, the U.K., and France respectively.[45] Nowadays Indonesia is not BRIC country, but as solely emerging
economies in the list sets on seven in projected 2021 top economies. There are no South Africa and no (South Korea, Mexico, (GCC Arab countries—Saudi Arabia,
Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman and the United Arab Emirates), Eastern Europe and Turkey) as mentioned above.

Proposed inclusions

Mexico and South Korea are currently the world's 13th and 15th largest by nominal GDP just behind the BRIC and G7 economies. Both are experiencing rapid GDP
growth of 5% every year, a figure comparable to Brazil from the original BRICs. Jim O'Neill, expert from the same bank and creator of the economic thesis, stated that
in 2001 when the paper was created, it did not consider Mexico, but today it has been included because the country is experiencing the same factors that the other
countries first included present.[46][47] While South Korea was not originally included in the BRICs, recent solid economic growth led to Goldman Sachs proposing to
add Mexico and South Korea to the BRICs, changing the acronym to BRIMCK, with Jim O'Neill pointing out that Korea "is better placed than most others to realize its
potential due to its growth-supportive fundamentals".[48] Again Jim O'Neil recently created the term MIKT that stands for Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, and Turkey.
[49]

A Goldman Sachs paper published later in December 2005 explained why Mexico and South Korea were not included in the original BRICs. According to the paper,[4]
among the other countries they looked at, only Mexico and South Korea have the potential to rival the BRICs, but they are economies that they decided to exclude
initially because they looked to them as already more developed. However, due to the popularity of the Goldman Sachs thesis, "BRIMC" and "BRICK" are becoming
more generic marketing terms to refer to these six countries. Because of the popularity of the Goldman Sachs thesis "BRIC", this term has sometimes been extended
whereby "BRICK"[50][51] (K for South Korea) and "BRIMC"[46][47] (M for Mexico) refer to these proposed expansions. Other proposed groupings include "BRICA"
(GCC Arab countries—Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman and the United Arab Emirates)[52] and "BRICET" (including Eastern Europe and Turkey)[53] and have
become more generic marketing terms to refer to these emerging markets.

In their paper "BRICs and Beyond", Goldman Sachs stated that "Mexico, the four BRIC countries and South Korea should not be really thought of as emerging markets
in the classical sense", adding that they are a "critical part of the modern globalised economy" and "just as central to its functioning as the current G7".[54]

The term is primarily used in the economic and financial spheres as well as in academia. Its usage has grown specially in the investment sector, where it is used to refer
to the bonds emitted by these emerging markets governments.[55][56][57]

Founding

The term BRIC was originally developed in the context of foreign investment strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication, Building Better Global Economic
BRICs by then-chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, Jim O'Neill.[17][18]

The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC General states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General
Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings.[19] A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.[20]
The BRIC grouping's 1st formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009,[21] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh,
and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending. [22] The summit's focus was on improving the global economic situation and
reforming financial institutions, and discussed how the 4 countries could better co-operate in the future.[21][22] There was further discussion of ways that developing
countries, such as 3/4 of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs. [22]

In the aftermath of the 2009 Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be "diverse, stable
and predictable."[23] Although the statement that was released did not directly criticize the perceived "dominance" of the US dollar – something that Russia had
criticized in the past – it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies. [24]

In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year. [25] South Africa officially became a
member nation on 24 December 2010, after being formally invited by China to join [26] and subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries.[25] The group was renamed
BRICS – with the "S" standing for South Africa – to reflect the group's expanded membership. [27] In April 2011, the President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, attended
the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya, China, as a full member.[28][29][30]

New Development Bank

Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro and Russian president Vladimir Putin during the BRICS in Brasília, Brazil

In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, this loan was conditional on IMF
voting reforms.[31] In March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution to cooperate with the
western-dominated IMF and World Bank.[32] They planned to set up this New Development Bank by 2014.[33]
 BRICS Tower headquarters in Shanghai

At the BRICS leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia $18 billion each; and South
Africa $5 billion. China, who held the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributes the bulk of the currency pool, wanted a more significant managing role.
China also wanted to be the location of the reserve.[34] In October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100 billion in funds designated
to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, confirmed that the fund would be created by March 2014.
[35]
However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015. [36]

New Development Bank's logo

In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, the BRICS signed the document to create the US$100 billion New Development Bank (formerly known as the
"BRICS Development Bank") and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an
agreement of cooperation on innovation were also inked.[citation needed] The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American
Nations presidents in Brasilia.[37]

Other initiatives
Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS group of countries (IBGE, Rosstat, the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the Central Statistics Office
(India) and Statistics South Africa) produce an annual joint statistical publication in order to put statistical production in perspective, compare adopted methodologies
and statistical results. The publication serves as single data platform for the mutual benefit of participating countries.

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries have been planning an optical fibre submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS
countries, known as the BRICS Cable.[38] Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the U.S. National Security Agency on all telecommunications that
flowed in and out of United States territory.[39] As of 2023, construction of the proposed cable network had not started.[citation needed]

In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector.
This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group [40] held in Brasília, Brazil.

Meeting of BRICS foreign ministers on 22 September 2022

The New Development Bank plans on giving out $15 billion to member states to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth
comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The 2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia and discussed how to handle the
COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix the multilateral system via reforms.[41] During the 13th BRICS summit, in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a
transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the World Health Organization with the full cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese leader Xi Jinping
spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the process. [42]

In May 2023, South Africa announced that they would be giving diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials so that they could attend the 15th
BRICS Summit despite the ICC arrest warrant for Putin.[43][44] In July 2023, the Russian president announced that he will not personally attend the BRICS summit in
Johannesburg on 22–24 August despite good relations with the South African government. Russian news channels noted that Putin will remotely participate online in
all BRICS leaders’ sessions, including its Business Forum, and also deliver his remarks virtually. [45]

2024 expansion

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that 6 emerging market group countries
(Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) had been invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1
January 2024.[46][47][48] However, the Argentine general election in November 2023 led to a change in president to Javier Milei, who had committed to withdraw the
country's membership application.[49] On 30 November 2023, incoming Foreign Minister of Argentina Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina would not join the
BRICS.[50] On 29 December 2023 the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders to officially announce its withdrawal from the application process. [51]

Saudi Arabia did not join BRICS at the start of 2024 as had been planned. However, they announced in mid January that they were still considering membership. [52]

The aim of latest expansion is touted as part of a plan to build a multipolar world order that puts weight to hitherto subdued voices of the Global South and brings
them to the centre of the world agenda.[53]

In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.[25] South Africa
officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010, after being formally invited by China to join[26] and subsequently accepted by other BRIC
countries.[25] The group was renamed BRICS – with the "S" standing for South Africa – to reflect the group's expanded membership.[27] In April 2011,
the President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, attended the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya, China, as a full member.[28][29][30]
New Development Bank

Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro and Russian president Vladimir Putin during the BRICS in Brasília, Brazil
In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, this loan was
conditional on IMF voting reforms.[31] In March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, the member countries agreed to create a global financial
institution to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank.[32] They planned to set up this New Development Bank by 2014.[33]
 BRICS Tower headquarters in Shanghai
At the BRICS leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia $18 billion
each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, who held the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributes the bulk of the currency pool, wanted a
more significant managing role. China also wanted to be the location of the reserve.[34] In October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said
that creating a $100 billion in funds designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega,
confirmed that the fund would be created by March 2014.[35] However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set
up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.[36]

New Development Bank's logo

In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, the BRICS signed the document to create the US$100 billion New Development
Bank (formerly known as the "BRICS Development Bank") and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation
between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also inked.[citation needed] The Fortaleza summit was followed by
a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations presidents in Brasilia.[37]
Other initiatives
Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS group of countries (IBGE, Rosstat, the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the Central
Statistics Office (India) and Statistics South Africa) produce an annual joint statistical publication in order to put statistical production in perspective,
compare adopted methodologies and statistical results. The publication serves as single data platform for the mutual benefit of participating countries.
Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries have been planning an optical fibre submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications
between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.[38] Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the U.S. National Security
Agency on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory.[39] As of 2023, construction of the proposed cable network had not
started.[citation needed]
In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication
Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group[40] held
in Brasília, Brazil.

Meeting of BRICS foreign ministers on 22 September 2022

The New Development Bank plans on giving out $15 billion to member states to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a
smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The 2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia and
discussed how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix the multilateral system via reforms.[41] During the 13th BRICS summit, in 2021, Indian
Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the World Health Organization with the full
cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese leader Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the
process.[42]
In May 2023, South Africa announced that they would be giving diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials so that they could
attend the 15th BRICS Summit despite the ICC arrest warrant for Putin.[43][44] In July 2023, the Russian president announced that he will not personally
attend the BRICS summit in Johannesburg on 22–24 August despite good relations with the South African government. Russian news channels noted
that Putin will remotely participate online in all BRICS leaders’ sessions, including its Business Forum, and also deliver his remarks virtually.[45]
2024 expansion
In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that 6 emerging market group countries
(Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) had been invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take
effect on 1 January 2024.[46][47][48] However, the Argentine general election in November 2023 led to a change in president to Javier Milei, who had
committed to withdraw the country's membership application.[49] On 30 November 2023, incoming Foreign Minister of Argentina Diana
Mondino confirmed that Argentina would not join the BRICS.[50] On 29 December 2023 the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders to
officially announce its withdrawal from the application process.[51]
Saudi Arabia did not join BRICS at the start of 2024 as had been planned. However, they announced in mid January that they were still considering
membership.[52]
The aim of latest expansion is touted as part of a plan to build a multipolar world order that puts weight to hitherto subdued voices of the Global
South and brings them to the centre of the world agenda.[53]

Summits

The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Prior to South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009
and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011. The most recent BRICS leaders' summit took place virtually on 23 June 2022 hosted by China. [54]
[55]
India hosted the BRICS 2021 summit in New Delhi and, amid tensions with China, Chinese leader Xi Jinping had made a soft move by supporting India's
Chairmanship in 2021.[56]

Sr. Host
Date(s) Host leader Location Notes
No. country

The summit was to discuss the global recession taking place at the time,
future cooperation among states, and trade. Some of the specific topics
Dmitry Yekaterinburg (Sevastianov's discussed were food, trade, climate trade, and security for the members.
1st 16 June 2009 Russia
Medvedev House) They called out for a more influential voice and representation for up-
and-coming markets. Note at the time South Africa was not yet admitted
to the BRICS organization at the time.[57]

Guests: Jacob Zuma (President of South Africa) and Riyad al-

Maliki (Foreign Minister of the Palestinian National Authority). The
Luiz Inácio
2nd 15 April 2010 Brazil Brasília (Itamaraty Palace) second summit continued on the conversation of the global recession and
Lula da Silva
how to recover. They had a conversation on the IMF, climate change, and
more ways to form cooperation among states.[57]

3rd 14 April 2011 China Hu Jintao Sanya (Sheraton Sanya Resort) First summit to include South Africa alongside the
original BRIC countries. The third summit had members debating on the
 global and internal economies of countries.[57]

The BRICS Cable announced an optical fibre submarine communications

cable system that carries telecommunications between the BRICS
Manmohan countries. The fourth summit discussed how the organization could
4th 29 March 2012 India New Delhi (Taj Mahal Hotel)
Singh prosper from the global recession and how they could take advantage of
that to help their economies. BRICS had the intention of improving their
global power and providing adequate development for their state.[58]

The fifth summit discusses the New Development Bank proposition and
South
5th 26–27 March 2013 Jacob Zuma Durban (Durban ICC) Contingent Reserve Agreement. BRICS also announced the Business
Africa
Council and its Think Tank Council.[58]

BRICS New Development Bank and BRICS Contingent Reserve

Dilma Fortaleza (Centro de Eventos do Arrangement agreements signed.[60] The members of BRICS conversed
6th 14–17 July 2014 Brazil
Rousseff Ceará)[59] with each other about political coordination, development, and economic
growth. They established the Fortaleza Declaration and Action Plan.[57]

Joint summit with SCO-EAEU. The seventh summit discussed global,

Vladimir
7th 8–9 July 2015 Russia Ufa (Congress Hall)[61] economic problems, and better ways to foster cooperation among
Putin
member states.[57]

Joint summit with BIMSTEC. The eighth BRICS summit debated on topics
Narendra like counter-terrorism, economies, and climate change. BRICS also issued
8th 15–16 October 2016 India Benaulim (Taj Exotica)
Modi the Goa Declaration and Action Plan, hoping to harden their
relationships.[57]

9th 3–5 September 2017 China Xi Jinping Xiamen (Xiamen International Joint summit with EMDCD. The ninth summit was an event that talked
Conference Center) about a bright future for BRICS and what their goals intend to be. They
still covered and debated international and regional issues with one
 another; hopeful to keep moving forward.[57]

South Cyril Johannesburg (Sandton The tenth summit had the members discuss their rising industries. Hoping
10th 25–27 July 2018
Africa Ramaphosa Convention Centre) they can cut a bigger slice of the industry market.

The eleventh summit discussed advancements in the BRICS's science and

13–14 November Jair innovation fields. Primarily trying to advance technology and digital
11th Brazil Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)[56]
2019 Bolsonaro currency. They made mutual agreements to help stop drug trafficking and
organized crime; both internationally and internally

21–23 July 2020

(postponed due Joint summit with SCO. Discussing a mutual agreement on helping BRICS
to COVID-19 Vladimir member countries to help foster better living standards and quality of life
12th Russia Saint Petersburg[64]
pandemic)[62] Putin for each country's people. Plans on focusing on peace, economies, and
17 November 2020 cultural societal issues.[65]
(video conference)[63]

9 September 2021 Narendra

13th India New Delhi BRICS Games 2021[66]
(video conference) Modi

A major development on the summit was creation of a new, basket type

23 June 2022 (video
14th China Xi Jinping Beijing reserve currency. The currency, which is challenging US dollar, combines
conference)
BRICS currencies and is backed by precious metals.

Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab
Emirates were invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to
South Cyril Johannesburg (Sandton take effect on 1 January 2024.[47][48] On December 29, 2023, the
15th 22–24 August 2023
Africa Ramaphosa Convention Centre) Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders officially
declining the invitation to join the bloc.[51] Saudi Arabia has not yet
confirmed its acceptance.[67]
 [68]
16th October 2024 Russia TBD Kazan

Member states

Main article: Member states of BRICS

GDP
Populatio Densit per
Fla Area HDI[57] Official Accessio
Country Capital n y cap. Currency Leaders
g (km2) [70]
languages n
(2016) (/km2) (PPP)
[69]

Head of State: Abdel

Egypt
Egyptian Fattah el-Sisi
Arab 1 January
Cairo 1,010,408 105,231,000 103.56 17,123 0.731 pound (LE) Arabic Head of
Republic 2024
(EGP) Government: Moustaf
of Egypt
a Madbouly

Ethiopia
Federal Afar Head of State: Sahle-
Democra Ethiopian Amharic Work Zewde
1 January
tic Addis Ababa 1,104,300 105,163,988 92.7 3,719 0.498 birr (BR) Oromo Head of
2024
Republic (ETB) Somali Government: Abiy
of Tigrinya Ahmed
Ethiopia
 GDP
Populatio Densit per
Fla Area HDI[57] Official Accessio
Country Capital n y cap. Currency Leaders
g (km2) [70]
languages n
(2016) (/km2) (PPP)
[69]

Head of State: Ali

Iran
Khamenei
Islamic Iranian rial (Rl) 1 January
Tehran 1,648,195 79,011,700 48.0 19,942 0.774 Persian Head of
Republic (IRR) 2024
Government: Ebrahim
of Iran
Raisi

Head of
State: Mohamed bin
United Zayed Al Nahyan
UAE 1 January
Arab Abu Dhabi 83,600 9,282,410[72] 121 88,962 0.911 Arabic Head of
dirham (AED) 2024
Emirates Government: Moham
med bin Rashid Al
Maktoum

South Pretoria (executive)

Africa Cape South African 24
Head of State: Cyril
Republic Town (legislative) 1,221,037 58,048,332 42.4 16,211 0.713 rand (R) 12 languages December
Ramaphosa
of South Bloemfontein (judic (ZAR) 2010
Africa ial)

Brazil Brasília 8,515,767 217,140,790 26 20,079 0.754 Brazilian Portuguese Head of State: Luiz Septembe
Federativ real (R$) also Inácio Lula da Silva r 2006
e (BRL) see Languages
Republic
 GDP
Populatio Densit per
Fla Area HDI[57] Official Accessio
Country Capital n y cap. Currency Leaders
g (km2) [70]
languages n
(2016) (/km2) (PPP)
[69]

of Brazil of Brazil

Head of
Russia Russian
Russian State: Vladimir Putin
Russian 17,075,40 also Septembe
Moscow 146,519,759 8.3 35,310 0.798 rouble (₽) Head of
Federatio 0 see Languages r 2006
(RUB) Government: Mikhail
n of Russia
Mishustin

Hindi (Devanag Head of

ari script) State: Droupadi
India
1,284,480,0 Indian rupee (₹) English Murmu Septembe
Republic New Delhi 3,287,240 364.4 9,183 0.640
00 (INR) Also Head of r 2006
of India
see Languages Government: Narendr
of India a Modi

Standard
Chinese[71]
China[b] written Head of State: Xi
Renminbi (Chine
People's 9,640,011 1,374,820,0 in simplified Jinping Septembe
Beijing [c]
139.6 23,309 0.727 se yuan, ¥)
Republic 00 characters[71] Head of r 2006
(CNY)
of China see Government: Li Qiang
also languages
of China
 Map key:

Member States

Applicant

Openly considering applying

Application and expansion process

While there is currently no formal application process to join BRICS, any hopeful government must receive the unanimous backing of all member states to receive an
invitation. It was not until the early 2020s that discussions regarding allowing new states to join the club were widely held. Leaders and senior diplomats from the
participating members began to discuss the prospect of adding additional members to the organization at that point. [73][74][75]

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab
Emirates had been invited to join the organisation on 1 January 2024.[47][48]

On 30 December 2023, the new government of Argentina, which formally submitted an application for BRICS membership under Alberto Fernández's government in
2022, officially declined the offer to join the bloc due to the new government's different foreign policy. [50][76]

On 1 January 2024, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates officially joined the bloc. [

Countries that have applied for membership

A total of 15 countries[77] have formally applied to join BRICS, listed as follows:[78]

  Algeria[75] 2  Cuba1  Senegal[85] 1

 Bahrain[79]1  Kazakhstan[83] 1  Thailand[85]

 Bangladesh[80] 1  Kuwait1  Venezuela1

 Belarus[81] 1  Pakistan[84] 1  Vietnam1

 Bolivia[82] 1  Palestine1  Nigeria[77] 1

1 - Applied in 2023.
[86]
2 - Applied in 2022, Expected to join in 2nd expansion round.

Potential candidates

In addition, the following countries have expressed interest in joining BRICS: [87]

 Afghanistan[73]  Guinea-Bissau[89]  Nicaragua[91]  Tunisia

 Angola[88]  Guyana  South Sudan  Turkey

 Cameroon  Jamaica  Sudan  Somalia

 Comoros  Libya  Suriname  Uganda

 DR Congo  Mexico  Syria[92]  Zimbabwe

 Gabon  Myanmar[90]  Tajikistan

Financial architecture
 The New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai. The New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve

Arrangement (CRA) were signed into treaty at the 2014 BRICS summit in Brazil. Equal distribution of shares between the shareholders of the
NDB

The financial architecture of BRICS is made of the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). These components were signed into
treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.

New Development Bank

Further information: New Development Bank

The New Development Bank (NDB), formally referred to as the BRICS Development Bank, [93] is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states. The
bank's primary focus of lending is infrastructure projects[94][95] with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually.[95] South Africa hosts the African headquarters of
the bank.[96] The bank has a starting capital of $50 billion, with wealth increased to $100 billion over time.[97] Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa initially
contributed $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion.[96][97] As of 2020, it had 53 projects under way worth around $15 billion.[98]

In 2021, Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay joined the NDB.[99]

BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement

Further information: BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement

The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for providing protection against global liquidity pressures. [94][97][100] This includes currency issues
where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures. [94][100] Emerging economies that experienced rapid economic
liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing an uncertain macroeconomic environment. [101] The CRA competes with the International Monetary
Fund (IMF). Along with the New Development Bank, it is an example of increasing South-South cooperation.[94] It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The
legal basis is formed by the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, signed in Fortaleza in July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of
the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on 4 September 2015, in Ankara, Turkey [102] it entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states,
announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.

BRICS payment system

At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from the BRICS states initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system.
The stated goal was to initially move to settlements in national currencies.[103] The Central Bank of Russia highlighted the main benefits as backup and redundancy in
case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system.[104]

China also launched its own alternative to SWIFT: the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, which enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive
information about financial transactions.[105] India also has its alternative Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS), as do Russia SPFS and Brazil Pix.[citation needed]

Potential common currency

BRICS countries committed to study the feasibility of a new common currency or similar, at the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa.[106][107][108] Fair and
easier international trade as well as a major reduction in costs of transactions would be some of the reasons why the countries could forge a currency union.[109]

Reception

The five leaders of BRICS in Brasília, Brazil, in 2019 Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro welcoming the BRICS leaders
In 2012, Hu Jintao, the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of
developing countries and a force for world peace.[110] Western analysts have highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including significant
economic instabilities,[111][112][113][114] disagreements among the members over the UN Security Council reform,[115] and India and China's disputes[116] over territorial
issues.[117]

On 9 April 2013, Isobel Coleman, director of the Civil Society, Markets, and Democracy Program at the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations, and later U.S.
representative to the UN, claimed that the BRICS members share a lack of consensus. They uphold drastically different political systems, from a vibrant democracy in
Brazil to entrenched oligarchy in Russia, and their economies are little integrated and are different in size by orders of magnitude. She also claimed that the significant
difference in GDP influences the reserves: China accounts for over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads to its bigger political say within the association. [118]

In 2014, the Indian Marxist author Vijay Prashad raised the limitations of the BRICS as a political and economic "locomotive of the South" because they
follow neoliberal policies. They have established neither new counter-balancing institutions nor come up with an alternative ideology. Furthermore, the BRICS project,
argues Prashad, has no ability to challenge the primacy of the United States and NATO.[119]

After the 2023 BRICS Summit, Con Coughlin, defence and foreign affairs editor at The Daily Telegraph, claimed "the challenge BRICS presents to the established world
order seems destined to failure" and accused the organization of being used by China as a vehicle for expanding its global influence. Coughlin also noted the
contradictions within the organization, such as the border dispute between China and India, and called for greater Western engagement with India as part of a new
strategic alliance.[16]

A multi-year study at Tufts University found that the "common portrayal of BRICS as a China-dominated group primarily pursuing anti-U.S. agendas is misplaced ... The
BRICS countries connect around common development interests and a quest for a multipolar world order in which no single power dominates. Yet BRICS consolidation
has turned the group into a potent negotiation force that now challenges Washington's geopolitical and economic goals". [120]

According to Thomas Hill, Atlantic Council, the de-dollarization efforts within BRICS, particularly in North Africa, present a significant challenge to US interests. The
inclusion of Egypt and the enthusiasm in Algiers and Tunis suggest that North African states may actively support BRICS's priority of de-dollarization. This poses a
threat to the US, as a coordinated de-dollarization effort in the region could diminish American influence and impact existing trade agreements. The expansion of
BRICS raises concerns for US policymakers, given the group's commitment to global de-dollarization, which aims to replace the dollar with the "R5" or “the renminbi,
ruble, rupee, real, and rand”, or with other multilateral central bank digital currency (CBDC) as the new global currency. This shift could limit the US ability to run
deficits and maintain low interest rates. Moreover, de-dollarization would undermine the effectiveness of US sanctions, relying on the SWIFT system, as BRICS seeks
alternative financial systems, potentially making SWIFT obsolete.[121]

BRICS Pro Tempore Presidency

The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS.
In 2019, the pro tempore presidency was held by the president of Brazil. [122]

The theme of the 11th BRICS summit was "BRICS: economic growth for an innovative future", and the priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 are
the following – Strengthening of the cooperation in Science, technology and innovation; Enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy; Invigoration of the
cooperation on the fight against transnational crime, especially against organized crime, money laundering and drug trafficking; Encouragement to the rapprochement
between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council.[123]
Currently the new President Pro Tempore is Russia and their goals are: investing into BRICS countries in order to strengthen everyone's economies, cooperating in the
energy and environmental industries, helping with young children and coming up with resolutions on migration and peacekeeping. [124]

Current leaders

Current leading highest state representatives:

Member Brazil Russia India China South Africa

Image

Name Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Vladimir Putin Narendra Modi Xi Jinping Cyril Ramaphosa

Prime Minister of President of

Position President of Brazil President of Russia President of South Africa
India China

Member Egypt Ethiopia Iran United Arab Emirates

Image

Name Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Abiy Ahmed Ebrahim Raisi Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan

Position President of Egypt Prime Minister of Ethiopia President of Iran President of the United Arab Emirates

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o Narendra Modi government

 Asian

 Middle Eastern

 South Asian

 Act East)

 Kashmir conflict

 Siachen conflict

 Conflicts with Pakistan

 Disputes with China

 Disputes with Nepal

 State visits to India

 State visits by prime ministers of India

o Jawaharlal Nehru
 o Indira Gandhi

o Atal Bihari Vajpayee

o Manmohan Singh

o Narendra Modi

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Foreign relations of China

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Bilateral relations

 Algeria

 Angola

 Benin

 Botswana
Africa
 Burkina Faso

 Burundi

 Cameroon

 Cape Verde
 Central African Republic

 Chad

 Comoros

 Congo, Democratic Republic of the

 Congo, Republic of the

 Djibouti

 Egypt

 Equatorial Guinea

 Eritrea

 Ethiopia

 Gabon

 Gambia

 Ghana

 Guinea

 Guinea-Bissau

 Ivory Coast

 Kenya

 Lesotho

 Liberia
 Libya

 Madagascar

 Malawi

 Mali

 Mauritania

 Mauritius

 Morocco

 Mozambique

 Namibia

 Niger

 Nigeria

 Rwanda

 São Tomé and Príncipe

 Senegal

 Seychelles

 Sierra Leone

 Somalia

 South Africa

 South Sudan
  Sudan

 Tanzania

 Togo

 Tunisia

 Uganda

 Zambia

 Zimbabwe

 Antigua and Barbuda

 Argentina

 Bahamas

 Barbados

 Bolivia

 Brazil
Americas
 Canada

 Chile

 Colombia

 Costa Rica

 Cuba

 Dominican Republic
  Ecuador

 El Salvador

 Grenada

 Haiti

 Honduras

 Jamaica

 Mexico

 Nicaragua

 Panama

 Peru

 Suriname

 Trinidad and Tobago

 United States

 Uruguay

 Venezuela

Asia  Afghanistan

 Armenia

 Azerbaijan

 Bangladesh
 Bhutan

 Brunei

 Cambodia

 East Timor

 Georgia

 India

 Indonesia

 Iran

 Iraq

 Israel

 Japan

o history

 Kazakhstan

 Kyrgyzstan

 Laos

 Lebanon

 Malaysia

 Maldives

 Mongolia
 Myanmar

 Nepal

 North Korea

o History

 Pakistan

 Palestine

 Philippines

 Qatar

 Saudi Arabia

 Singapore

 South Korea

o History

 Sri Lanka

 Syria

 Taiwan

 Tajikistan

 Thailand

 Turkey

 Turkmenistan
  United Arab Emirates

 Uzbekistan

 Vietnam

o Northern Domination

 Yemen

Europe  Albania

 Austria

 Belarus

 Belgium

 Bulgaria

 Croatia

 Cyprus

 Czech Republic

 Denmark

 Finland

 France

 Germany

 Greece

 Hungary
 Iceland

 Ireland

 Italy

 Kosovo

 Lithuania

 Luxembourg

 Moldova

 Montenegro

 Netherlands

 Norway

 Poland

 Portugal

 Romania

 Russia

 San Marino

 Serbia

 Spain

 Sweden

 Switzerland
  Ukraine

 United Kingdom

 Vatican City

 Australia

 Fiji

 Kiribati

 Micronesia

 Nauru

 New Zealand
Oceania
 Niue

 Papua New Guinea

 Samoa

 Solomon Islands

 Tonga

 Vanuatu

Former  Soviet Union

states  Yugoslavia

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Multilateral relations
 BCIM Economic Corridor

 BIMSTEC

 Africa

 Arab League

 BRICS

 Caribbean

 China–Japan–South Korea

 European Union

 Latin America

 Oceania

 Third World

 United Nations

 Arctic policy of China

 China and the Antarctic

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Diplomacy

 Central Foreign Affairs Commission (General Secretary)

 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister)

 Diplomatic missions of China / in China

 Belt and Road Initiative

 China's peaceful rise

 Chinese Century

 Confucius Institute

 Dates of diplomatic recognition

 Foreign policy of China

 Foreign Relations Law

 Foreign relations of Hong Kong

 Nine-dash line

 Panda diplomacy

 Political status of Taiwan

o Chinese unification

 Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

 Stadium diplomacy

 String of Pearls

 Major historical splits

o Albania

o Soviet

 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

 Treaties

 Theater diplomacy

 Wolf warrior diplomacy

 Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy

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Foreign relations of South Africa

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Bilateral relations

Africa  Algeria

 Angola

 Botswana

 Republic of the Congo

 Egypt

 Eswatini

 Ethiopia

 Ghana
  Kenya

 Lesotho

 Libya

 Madagascar

 Malawi

 Mauritius

 Mozambique

 Namibia

 Nigeria

 Rwanda

 Sahrawi Republic

 Tanzania

 Zambia

 Zimbabwe

Americas  Argentina

 Bolivia

 Brazil

 Canada

 Cuba
  Mexico

 Peru

 Trinidad and Tobago

 United States

 Uruguay

Asia  Azerbaijan

 Bangladesh

 China

 Hong Kong

 India

 Indonesia

 Iran

 Israel

 Japan

 Malaysia

 North Korea

 Pakistan

 Palestine

 Philippines
  Qatar

 Saudi Arabia

 Singapore

 Sri Lanka

 Taiwan

 Turkey

 United Arab Emirates

Europe  Bulgaria

 Denmark

 Finland

 France

 Germany

 Greece

 Ireland

 Italy

 Netherlands

 Poland

 Portugal

 Russia
  Serbia

 Spain

 Sweden

 Switzerland

 Ukraine

 United Kingdom

 Australia
Oceania
 New Zealand

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Multilateral relations

 European Union

 Commonwealth of Nations

 BRICS

 G8+5

 G20

 IBSA

 SACU

 Africa–India Forum Summit

 African Union
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Diplomacy

 Department of International Relations and Cooperation

 Diplomatic missions of South Africa

 Diplomatic missions in South Africa

 UNSC reform

 South African National Antarctic Programme

 Wars involving South Africa

 Treaties of South Africa

 South Africa and weapons of mass destruction

 Presidential visits by Cyril Ramaphosa

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Foreign relations of Ethiopia

Africa  Djibouti

 Egypt

 Eritrea
  Kenya

 Somalia

 Somaliland

 South Africa

 Sudan

 Brazil

 Canada

Americas  Cuba

 Mexico

 United States

Asia  Azerbaijan

 China

 India

 Indonesia

 Israel

 Japan

 Malaysia

 Palestine

 Qatar
  Turkey

 Denmark

 Finland

 France

 Germany

 Greece

 Ireland

 Italy

Europe  Kosovo

 Norway

 Russia

 Poland

 Serbia

 Spain

 Sweden

 United Kingdom

Former  Yugoslavia

Multilateral  African Union

relations
 European Union
Diplomatic
 Diplomatic missions of / in Ethiopia
missions

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Foreign relations of Iran

Africa  Algeria

 Burkina Faso

 Egypt

 Gambia

 Ghana

 Kenya

 Libya

 Morocco

 Senegal

 South Africa

 Sudan

 Tunisia
  Argentina

 Bolivia

 Brazil

 Canada

 Cuba

Americas  Ecuador

 Mexico

 United States

o after 1979

 Uruguay

 Venezuela

Asia  Afghanistan

 Armenia

 Azerbaijan

 Bahrain

 Bangladesh

 China

 Georgia

o History
 India

 Indonesia

 Iraq

 Israel

 Japan

 Jordan

 Kazakhstan

 Kuwait

 Kyrgyzstan

 Lebanon

 Malaysia

 North Korea

 Oman

 Pakistan

 Palestine

 Philippines

 Qatar

 Saudi Arabia

 South Korea
  Sri Lanka

 Syria

 Tajikistan

 Thailand

 Turkey

 Turkmenistan

 United Arab Emirates

 Uzbekistan

 Vietnam

 Yemen

Europe  Albania

 Belarus

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

 Croatia

 Czech Republic

 Denmark

 Finland

 France

 Germany
  Greece

 Holy See

 Italy

 Kosovo

 Netherlands

 Poland

 Portugal

 Romania

 Russia

 Serbia

 Spain

 Sweden

 Switzerland

 Ukraine

 United Kingdom

Oceania  Australia

 Rome
Former
 Yugoslavia

Multilateral  Arab League

  European Union
relations
 NATO

 Nuclear program of Iran

 Views on the nuclear program of Iran

 Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Disputes  Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

 Israeli–Sunni Coalition

 Sanctions

o U.S. sanctions

 Ministry of Foreign Affairs

 Minister of Foreign Affairs

 Diplomatic missions of / in Iran

 Trade Promotion Organization of Iran

Related
 Foreign direct investment in Iran

 Propaganda in Iran

 Iranian diaspora

 Ambassadors from Iran

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Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates

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Bilateral relations

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Multilateral relations

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Foreign relations of Egypt

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Bilateral relations

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Multilateral relations

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Disputes
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Related topics

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China–India relations

 Embassy of China, New Delhi

Diplomatic  Ambassadors of China to India

posts  Embassy of India, Beijing

 Ambassadors of India to China

 Greater East Asia Conference

 Sino-Indian Agreement 1954

Diplomacy
o Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

 2007 Delhi security summit

Conflicts  Sino-Indian War

o Origins of the Sino-Indian War

o 1962 Indian parliamentary resolution on China

 o Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962

o Forward policy

o Internment of Chinese-Indians

 Nathu La and Cho La clashes

 1987 skirmish

 2013 Depsang standoff

 2017 border standoff

 2020–2021 skirmishes

o Timeline

o Chinese Order of battle

o Indian Order of battle

Sino-Indian  Aksai Chin

border
 Dakpa Sheri
dispute
 Dehra Compass

 Depsang Bulge

 Doklam

 Dolam

 Sirijap

 Trans-Karakoram Tract
 o Sino-Pakistan Agreement

 Line of Actual Control

 Differing perceptions of the LAC

 Infrastructure

o Roads

 Report of the Officials on the Boundary Question

 Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993

 Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles, 2005

 Border Defence Cooperation Agreement, 2013

 India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question

 Special Representative mechanism on the India-China boundary question

 Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India–China Border

Affairs

 Border Personnel Meeting Point

 BRICS

o BRIC
Economic
 BASIC
relations
 BCIM Economic Corridor

 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

  India–Hong Kong relations

 India–Taiwan relations

 India–Tibet relations

o Five Fingers of Tibet

 Chindia

 Chinas

Related  Cheena Bhavana

 China–India railway

 China Study Group

o Tan Yun-Shan

 Zhengyou

 Cholas-Chinese relations

 Tamil-Chinese relations

Category:China–India relations

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China–Russia relations
  Embassy of China, Moscow
Diplomatic
 Ambassadors of Russia to China
posts
 Consulate General of Russia, Shanghai

 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement

 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship

 Altai gas pipeline

 2007 Delhi security summit

 Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline

Diplomacy
 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

 BRICS

o BRIC

 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia

Incidents  New Star incident

 Vostok 2018
Military
 Chinese missile warning system
relations
 Marine Security Belt

Related  History of Sino-Russian relations

 China–Soviet Union relations

  China–Russia border

o Sixty-Four Villages East of the River

o Outer Manchuria

 Russo-Chinese Bank Building

 Shenzhen MSU-BIT University

 Chinese Eastern Railway

 Chinese Orthodox Church

 Second Cold War

 Cyrillization of Chinese

 Li Yueran

 China and Russia

Category:China–Russia relations

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Authority control databases

International  VIAF

National  Catalonia

 Germany

 Israel

 United States
  Czech Republic

 Poland

Categories:

 BRICS

 2000s neologisms

 2009 in international relations

 Organizations established in 2009

 Economic country classifications

 International political organizations

 International economic organizations

 Multilateral relations of Brazil

 Multilateral relations of China

 Multilateral relations of India

 Multilateral relations of Russia

 Multilateral relations of South Africa

 Brazil–China relations

 Brazil–India relations

 Brazil–Russia relations

 Brazil–South Africa relations

 China–India relations
 China–Russia relations

 China–South Africa relations

 India–Russia relations

 India–South Africa relations

 Russia–South Africa relations