THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Global Divides

RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD

 We are not
No, the same!
we are one
world.

RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD

Social stratification is essentially
the phenomenon of segregating,
grouping, and ranking people
based on differences in
class, race, economic
status, and other
categories.

RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD

Global stratification refers to the unequal
distribution of wealth, power, prestige,
resources, and influence among the world’s
nations.

RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD

 Global Stratification Map

Source: Adapted from UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library. (2009). Country income groups (World Bank RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD
classification). Retrieved from http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/country-income-groups-world-bank-classification.
 Theories that Explains the
Dynamics of Stratification
Modernization Theory suggest that all
societies undergo a similar process of
evolution - from agricultural, industrial, and
urbanized and modern - that is motivated and
catalyzed by internal factors.

RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD

 Theories that Explains the
Dynamics of Stratification
Dependency Theory suggest that countries
are either “core” (i.e., developed) or
“peripheral” (i.e., developing) such that
resources tend to flow from peripheries to the
core.

RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD

 Theories that Explains the
Dynamics of Stratification
World System a social system, one that has
boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of
legitimation, and coherence.
a multicultural territorial division of labor in which the
production and exchange of basic goods and raw
materials is necessary for the everyday life of its
inhabitants (Vela, 2001)
RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD
 “First World” refers to
so called developed,
capitalist, industrial
countries, roughly, a bloc
of countries aligned with
the United States after
world war II, with more or
less common political
and economic interests:
North America, Western
Europe, Japan and
Australia.
One World - Nations Online, n.d.
“Second World” refers
to the former communist-
socialist, industrial
states, (formerly the
Eastern bloc, the territory
and sphere of influence
of the Union of Soviet
Socialists Republic)
today: Russia, Eastern
Europe (e.g., Poland)
and some of the Turk
States (e.g.,
Kazakhstan) as well as
China.
“Third World” are all “Fourth World” first
the other countries, came into use in 1974
today often used to with the publication of
roughly describe the Shuswap Chief George
developing countries of Manuel's: The fourth
Africa, Asia and Latin world : an Indian reality
America. The term Third (amazon link to the
World includes as well book), the term refers to
capitalist (e.g., nations (cultural entities,
Venezuela) and ethnic groups) of
communist (e.g., North indigenous peoples living
Korea) countries as very within or across state
rich (e.g., Saudi Arabia) boundaries (nation
and very poor (e.g., Mali) states).
countries.
RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD
 RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD
Old terms and new worlds. (Source: Nuscheler/Wittmann 2019)
Global Divide
global disparities, often due
to stratification due to
differing economic affluence
but can also be in other
aspects of globalization.
(Botor et al., 2020)

RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD

The Brandt Line
RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD
RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD
RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD
Characteristics of the Brandt Line

(Tait, 2016)
RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD
The report's main argument was the idea of
mutuality — that for both the northern and
southern countries to thrive, the global
economy must be restructured, for instance
by transferring resources to southern
economies, thus ending poverty

RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD

 Contentions of Brandt Report:
A Daniel Sneider Summary
● "one world economic system" that governs even
countries' taxation of certain times
● "zero growth and Malthusianism" , which suggests
that controlling overpopulation will cure
underdevelopment
● "basic needs and appropriate technology" ,
focusing on labor than technology
● "promotion of solar energy"
● "strengthen the IMF/World Bank system"
RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD
 William D. Graf Critique
on the Brandt Report

First. the northern and southern hemisphere is not

represented according to "classes" because most of
the representatives are coming from political elites.
Second. the Brandt Reports recommendation are
not totally new as there are similar
recommendations in the past.
RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD
 William D. Graf Critique
on the Brandt Report

Third. it did not put emphasis on the antecedents

on why in the first place the north and the south
arrived to have such kind of dynamics

RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD

 William D. Graf Things to Consider
for a Global Economic Reform

1. look at the "historical evolution of the world

order"
2. examine "global relations" including "class
relations"
3. "define goals and objectives"
4. specify "strategy and tactic"

RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD

1. What are the affordance and pitfalls of viewing the
world as divided into Global North and Global
South?
2. Is the North and the South relationship
interdependent or dependent on the other?
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Global Divides

RUEL G. GERONA, LPT, PhD