Data Communication 1

INTRODUCTION
TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
CHAPTER 1
https://www.youtube.com/@v2vedtechllp Mo - 9326050669 / 9372072139

Agenda
 PROCESS AND ITS COMMUNICATION
 PROTOCOLS,STANDARDS,STANDARD ORGANISATION
 BANDWIDTH,DATA TRANSMISSIN RATE, BAUD RATE
AND BITS PERSECOND
 MODES OF COMMUNICATION
 DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERSION
 ANALOG TO ANALOG CONVERSION C

Introduction
Sharing of information is called communication. This sharing can be

local or remote .
If sharing is face to face ,it is called as local communication. While

remote communication takes place over distances
Long distance communication is called telecommunication.

DATA REPRESENTATION
 Data is represented such as text,numbers,images, audio and video
 Text are represented in the form of codes ,numbers are convered

into binary.
 Images are composed of matrix of pixcels where each pixel is a

small dot. Size of pixel depends on the resolution.
 Audio refers to sound or music ,video refer to picture

DELIVERY ACCURACY
TIMELINESS JITTER

COMPONENTS AND PROCESS
OF DATA COMMUNICATION
INFORMATION MEDIUM OR PROTOCOL
SOURCE OR CHANNEL
MESSAGE
SENDER OR
TRANSMITTE RECEIVER
R

NETWORK
NETWORK IS A INTERCONNECTION OF SET OF DEVICES WHICH ARE THE PART OF
THAT COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 A host or end system like

computer,cellular phone ,etc
 Connecting devices such as routers,which

are used to connect the network to other
networks
 A switch which connects devices together

like modem (modulator-demodulator)
8
PROTOCOL
PROTOCOL IS A SET OF RULES FOR HAVING CONVERSION BETWEEN TWO
COMMUNICATING DEVICES
 In order for communicating devices to

exchange information there must be pre
existing agreement which gives guidelines
regarding data,speed,synchronization
 Standards are guidelines to be followed

when new design is to be formulated in a
uniform way
9
SYNTAX
01  It defines how data is structured. It gives
information about the order in which pieces
of information is package by sender and
opened up by receiver
ELEMENTS OF SEMANTICS
PROTOCOL 02  It allows sender and receiver of information
to interpret the information pieces
correctly depending on where in the stream
of data they appear
TIMING
03  It gives information about data
transmission rate and duration so that
sender and receiver prepare to
communicate with one another at right
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DE FACTOR STANDARD
 The meaning of de facto is “by convention”.

01  They area invented and owned by an organization
 These standard are adopted as a standard due to their
wide spread use.
DE JURE STANDARD
 The meaning of de jure is “by regulation”

 These standards are legislated by an official body
02
ADVANTAGES OF DISADVANTAGES OF
NETWORK STANDARDS NETWORK
STANDARDS
 Many computers from all over  If problems occur in standards

the world can connect together ,it becomes an international
because they are using the
international standard.
 Easier maintainence and  All companies and

installation, because of use of manufacturers must follow the
the standard. standards instead of developing
new technologies
STANDARDS ORGANIZATION
 STANDARDS PROVIDE GUIDELINES TO MANUFACTURERS SO THAT THEIR
PRODUCT SHOULD BE COMPATIBLE WITH EACHOTHER
 Standards ensure that products , services and

methods are appropriate for their intended use.
 Classified as :
 Standards creation committees
 Forums
 Regulatory agencies
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INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS
ORGANISATION
 Most members of ISO are representatives of their

respective government
 ISO is a non profitable standards creation
 The open system interconnection (OSI) model is a big
contribution of ISO.

INTERNATIONAL
TELECOMMUNICATIONS UNION
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
STANDARD SECTOR (ITU-T)
 United nations formed this committee, in response to

the demands from some nations , who were
developing their own national standards for data
communication

AMERICAAN
INTERNATIONAL
NATIONAL
STANDARDS
STANDARDS
ORGANISATION
INSTITURE
(ANSI)
 It is a private non profit organisation

 All ANSI projects are undertaken for social benefit
of us citizen

INSTITUTE OF
ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERS(IEEE)
 It is the biggest professional engineering body

in the world
 IEEE focus areas are developments in
electronics and electric engineering and radio
sciences

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTRONIC
STANDARDS
S
ORGANISATION
INDUSTRIES
ASSOCIATION
(EIA)
 It is a nonprofit organisation, which is aligned with

ANSI
 It focus on development of interfaces for physical

connections and electronic signal specifications
for data communication

FORUMS
 USER GROUPS , UNIVERSITY STUDENTS,INDUSTRY REPRESENTATIVE
AND EXPERTS SET UP FORUMS
 Forums address various issues and concerns of

data communications technology
 Examples :
 The internet society (ISOC)
 Internet engineering task force (IEFT)
19
MODES OF DATA
COMMUNICATION
1. SIMPLEX MODE
 Communication is unidirectional only

 entire capacity of the channel is used to send data in one direction
 examples : radio, tv
20
MODES OF DATA
COMMUNICATION
2. HALF DUPLEX MODE
 Both device can transmit but not at the same time
 When one device transmits , other must receive it and vice versa
 The entire capacity of a channel is taken over by the transmitting

device
 Examples :walkie talkie
21
MODES OF DATA
COMMUNICATION
3. FULL DUPLEX MODE
 Both devices can transmit and

receive data at the same time
 This is done by two or four wire
circuit
 In two wire , one wire is used for
data and one for ground
 In four wire , two wire for data
and two for ground
 Examples : telephone
conversation
Mo - 9326050669 / 9372072139
SIGNAL
 A SIGNAL IS A ELECTRICAL OR ELECTROMAGNECTIC CURRENT THAT
IS USED FOR CARRYING DATA FROM ONE DEVICE OR NETWORK TO
OTHER
 There are two types of signals :

 Analog signal
 Digital signal
23
PREIODIC SIGNAL
 A signal repeats itself after specific interval of time is called periodic signal
 Example : sine wave ,cosine wave
01
NON PERIODIC SIGNAL

 A signal which does not repeat itself after a specific interval of time is called non
periodic signal
 Example : noise signal , exponential signal
02
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ANALOG SIGNAL
 Analog signal is continuously varying signal and its smooth in nature
 Characteristic of analog signal
 Amplitude
 Frequency
 Phase
25
AMPLITUDE
01  The vertical distance from x axis is
amplitude
FREQUENCY
02  Frequency is the number of cycles or
periods a signal completes in one
second
CHARACTERISTICS  Its measured in hertz
OF  F=1/T
ANALOG SIGNAL
PHASE
03
 Phase is measured in degrees or radians
 A phase shift of 360 corresponds to shift
of a complete period.
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DIGITAL SIGNAL
 Digital has discreate states
 They are in the form of pulses
 Data stored in computer memory in the form of 0 and 1 .
27
BIT RATE
 It is the number of bits per second that can be

transmitted along a digital network
 It is also called as data transfer rate
BIT RATE = 1 / BIT INTERVAL
28
BAUD RATE
 It is the unit of signalling speed or rate of symbol

transmission
 Bit rate = baud rate , if data us transmitted with two level
representation as 0 and 1 .
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DATA TRANSMISSION RATE
 It is the speed with which data can be transmitted
from one device to another
 It depends on channel capacity
 Shannon channel capacity theorem is given by
30
BANDWIDTH
 It is the range of frequencies that are allowed to pass
without much reduction in amplitude
 Its also defined as range of frequencies over which

signal is transmitted
BW = Fh - FL
31
Parameter Analog Signal Digital Signal
 Name of  It is continuous in nature  It is digital in nature

signal
 Representat  An analog signal is  A digital wave is

ion represented by sine ,cosine represented by digital
wave wave
 Range  It has no fixed range

 It has finite range between
0 and 1
 Noise  More prone to noise
 Less prone to noise
Parameter Analog Signal Digital Signal
 Circuit  Complex  Simple

complexity
 Modulation  1. Amplitude modulation  1. Pulse code modulation

methods (AM) 2. Delta modulation
2. Frequency 3. Adaptive modulation
modulation(FM)
 Reliability 3. Phase modulation (PM)  Less but can be improved
 Size of  More  Small

system
 Bulky
Digital to Analog conversion
 To send digital data through analog transmission
media like telephone network , we need to convert it
 Its carried out by modem
 Three techniques : 1. Amplitude shift keying (ASK)

2. Frequency shift keying(FSK)


ampl
3. Phase shift keying (PSK)
34
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 Type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary data in the form of variations
in the amplitude of a signal.
 Type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary data in the form of variations
in the amplitude of a signal.
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Frequency Shift Keying (ASK)
 The carrier signal frequency is varied to illustrate binary 1 or 0. The frequency of the
signal during each bit period is constant, and its value based on the bit (0 or 1) both peak
amplitude and phase remain constant.
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Phase Shift Keying (ASK)
 It is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier signal is changed
by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time.
System ASK FSK PSK
Advantages  Its simplicity  Its more immune  Its more immune to

 It is vert easy to to noise than noise than ASK
generate and ASK  Bandwidth if BPSK
detect ASK is less than FSK
signal
Disadvantages  Very less noise  Requirement of  Generation and
immunity high bandwidth detection is not
easy
 ASK is used to  FSK is used for  PSK is efficient in

Application
transmit digital low data rate modulation
data at very MODEMs methods and used
low speed for high data rate
applications
Analog to Analog conversion
 If we transmit low frequency without modulation
,height of transmitting and receiving antenna
increases ,which is not feasible
 Hence we use high frequency carrier to transmit the

signal ,which reduces antenna height
 Types of analog to analog modulation:
 a\m
1. Amplitude modulation
2. Frequency modulation
3. Phase modulation
 a\m

39
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 Amplitude of the carrier signal changes in accordance with

modulating signal or information signal whereas a
frequency and phase of the carrier remains constant
 MODULATION INDEX (M) = MODULATING SIGNAL

VOLTAGE(Vm)
/CARRIER SIGNAL VOTALGE (Vc)
8/6/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 40

41
Advantages Disadvantages Applications

Transmission distance is Only one sideband Radio broadcasting
long transmits information
Bandwidth requirement is signal , so loss of power in
transmitting other Picture transmission in
less
sideband and carrier television signal
Am circuit is simpler and
cheaper Noise is more in AM than
FM

Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Frequency of the carrier changes in accordance with

modulating signal or information signal whereas amplitude
and phase of the carrier remains constant
 MODULATION INDEX (M) =CARRIER FREQUENCY

DEVIATION
/MODULATING SIGNAL
FREQUENCY
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44

It is more immune to noise Bandwidth requirement is FM radio broadcasting
Low transmission power more Sound transmission in
requirement Transmission distance is television
limited Point to point
communication

Phase Modulation (PM)
 Phase of the carrier changes in accordance with

modulating signal
 As modulating signal goes positive , amount of phase lag
increase and when modulating signal goes negative
,phase shift leads
 MODULATION INDEX (M) =MAXIMUM PHASE CHANGE

WITH ` RESPECT TO AMPLITUDE
OF MODULATING
46
47

Phase modulation and Phase ambiguity comes if Digital form of PM is
demodulation is easy as we exceed its modulation widely used in data
compared to frequency index by 180 degrees communication
modulation

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
 COMPARE ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL
 DEFINE PROTOCOL AND LIST DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF PROTOCOL
 WHAT ARE STANDARDS? NAME ANY FOUR STANDARD ORGANIZATION
 STATE MEANING > AMPLITUDE , FREQUENCY , BITRATE , BAUD RATE
 STATE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NETWORK STANDARDS
49
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
 DRAW COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM AND STATE FUNTION OF EACH COMPONENT
 DESCRIBE > PERIODIC SIGNAL , NON PERIODIC

SIGNAL , BANDWIDTH , DATA
TRANSMISSION RATE
 EXPLAIN SIMPLE ,HALF DUPLEX, FULL DUPLEX

COMMUNICATION WITH DIAGRAMS
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THANKYOU
51

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INTRODUCTION

https://www.youtube.com/@v2vedtechllp Mo - 9326050669 / 9372072139

https://www.youtube.com/@v2vedtechllp Mo - 9326050669 / 93720721392

Sharing of information is called communication. This sharing can be

If sharing is face to face ,it is called as local communication. While

Long distance communication is called telecommunication.

https://www.youtube.com/@v2vedtechllp Mo - 9326050669 / 93720721393

 Text are represented in the form of codes ,numbers are convered

 Images are composed of matrix of pixcels where each pixel is a

 Audio refers to sound or music ,video refer to picture

https://www.youtube.com/@v2vedtechllp Mo - 9326050669 / 93720721394

https://www.youtube.com/@v2vedtechllp Mo - 9326050669 / 93720721395

https://www.youtube.com/@v2vedtechllp Mo - 9326050669 / 93720721396

 A host or end system like

 Connecting devices such as routers,which

 A switch which connects devices together

 In order for communicating devices to

 Standards are guidelines to be followed

 The meaning of de facto is “by convention”.

 The meaning of de jure is “by regulation”

 Many computers from all over  If problems occur in standards

 Easier maintainence and  All companies and

 Standards ensure that products , services and

 Most members of ISO are representatives of their

https://www.youtube.com/@v2vedtechllp Mo - 9326050669 / 9372072139

 United nations formed this committee, in response to

https://www.youtube.com/@v2vedtechllp Mo - 9326050669 / 9372072139

 It is a private non profit organisation

https://www.youtube.com/@v2vedtechllp Mo - 9326050669 / 9372072139

 It is the biggest professional engineering body

https://www.youtube.com/@v2vedtechllp Mo - 9326050669 / 9372072139

 It is a nonprofit organisation, which is aligned with

 It focus on development of interfaces for physical

https://www.youtube.com/@v2vedtechllp Mo - 9326050669 / 9372072139

 Forums address various issues and concerns of

 Communication is unidirectional only

 Both device can transmit but not at the same time

 The entire capacity of a channel is taken over by the transmitting

 Examples :walkie talkie

 Both devices can transmit and

 There are two types of signals :

NON PERIODIC SIGNAL

 It is the number of bits per second that can be

BIT RATE = 1 / BIT INTERVAL

 It is the unit of signalling speed or rate of symbol

 Its also defined as range of frequencies over which

 Name of  It is continuous in nature  It is digital in nature

 Representat  An analog signal is  A digital wave is

 Range  It has no fixed range

 Circuit  Complex  Simple

 Modulation  1. Amplitude modulation  1. Pulse code modulation

 Size of  More  Small

 Its carried out by modem

 Three techniques : 1. Amplitude shift keying (ASK)

Advantages  Its simplicity  Its more immune  Its more immune to

 ASK is used to  FSK is used for  PSK is efficient in

 Hence we use high frequency carrier to transmit the

https://www.youtube.com/@v2vedtechllp Mo - 9326050669 / 9372072139

 Amplitude of the carrier signal changes in accordance with

 MODULATION INDEX (M) = MODULATING SIGNAL

8/6/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 40

Advantages Disadvantages Applications

https://www.youtube.com/@v2vedtechllp Mo - 9326050669 / 9372072139