II.

Thermal physics
2.1.1. States of matter
Solids:

 Solids have a fixed shape and volume.

 They have strong forces of attraction between particles
 Have a fixed pattern (lattice)
 Atoms vibrate but can’t change position.
Liquids:

 Have fixed volume but change shape depending on its container.

 Weaker attractive forces than solids
 No fixed pattern
 Particles slide past each other.
Gas:

 Almost no intermolecular forces

 Particles are far apart and move quickly, gases spread out to fill up the container and exert equal pressure on
all surfaces.
 They collide with each other and bounce in all directions.
 The hotter the material is, the faster its particles move, and the more internal energy they have.
 The pressure gases exert on a container is due to the particles colliding on the container walls.
Temperature:

 How hot or cold an object is.

 It is defined as the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance.
Kelvin scale:

 Celsius scale since the values go lower than 0.

 When a substance is heated, the temperature on the outside increases and the molecules inside start vibrating.
 The faster they vibrate, the higher the temperature of the substance.
 The Celsius scale has negative values.
 Since temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance, theoretically it means
that at 0ºC the particles should have 0 kinetic energy but that is false in the Celsius scale as it can go lower
than zero.
Internal energy

 Total sum of KE and PE of molecules in a substance.

 The further away the molecules are from each other, the more potential energy they have.
 The closer they are, the less potential energy they have.
Absolute zero:

 It is the lowest possible temperature recorded, -273ºC.