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Living Tissues
Living Tissues
Living tissues
A group of cells with a common origin that has been modified to perform particular
functions in the body is known as a tissue.
Plant tissues
Growing part is soft and light coloured. Mature part is rough and
dark coloured. This is because of the nature of tissues.
𝐒𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐓 𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐄 1
GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
Meristematic tissues
The tissues with cells that divide actively by mitosis to produce new cells are called
meristematic tissues.
Apical meristems
Found in shoot apex,root apex and
axillary buds. Plant increases its height
due to apical meristems
Intercalary meristems
Found at nodes.
The length of internode increases due
to intercalary meristem
They are found in plants of grass family.
Lateral meristems
Lateral meristems are present laterally
in the
stem and roots of plant.
They are found parallel to the
longitudinal axis of plant.
The diameter of the plant increases due
to the activity of this tissue.
Cambium tissue found in dicots is a
lateral meristematic tissue.
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GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
Permanent tissues
A tissue that lost its ability to divide and specialized to perform a particular
function is known as a permanent tissue
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. sclerenchyma
Parenchyma
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GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
Functions of parenchyma
Photosynthesis -
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
Food storage -
……………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
E.g. : Potato tuber, Carrot and Sweet potato roots,Papaw and Banana fruits.
Providing support -
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….
Collenchyma
Locations of collenchyma
Forms a cylindrical tissue inner to the epidermis of herbaceous stems.
Found in the veins of dicot leaves
Functions of collenchyma
Provides mechanical support to dicot
plant stem, before the formation of
wood.
Provides support to the plant leaves by
the collenchyma in veins.
Photosynthesis is carried out by
Chloroplasts are found in the
collenchyma of immature dicot stems
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GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
Sclerenchyma
Functions of sclerenchyma
Provide support to the plant body
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GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
Xylem tissue
Functions of xylem
Phloem tissue
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GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
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GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
Animal tissues
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GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
Epithelial tissue
Features
Cell Arrangement: Tightly packed
Basement Membrane: Cells placed on a basement membrane
Blood Supply: Nerve supply present; no blood supply
Classification
Cell Shape
Number of Layers
Locations
Blood Vessels
Glands - Thyroid
Cavity Linings - Nose, Bladder
Outer Covering - Skin
Functions
Protective Function: Lining and protection of organs
Absorptive Function: Absorption in digestive tract
Sensory Function: Perception of stimuli in tongue, nose
Secretory Function: Mucus secretion in respiratory tract
Excretory Function: Filtration in Bowman's capsule
Connective tissue
Introduction
Composed of different types of cells and
fibers embedded in a matrix
Possess nerve and blood supply
Provide connection between tissues/organs
and provide support
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GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
BLOOD TISSUE
Blood Tissue
Special connective tissue where matrix (plasma) not secreted by cells
Helps maintain connections between organs/tissues
Features
Composed of fluid matrix (plasma)
Contains cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Fibers not always present but appear during clotting
Functions
Transportation (gases, nutrients, waste, hormones)
Protection (white blood cells phagocytize and produce antibodies)
Homeostasis
Muscle tissue
Introduction
One of the main tissues of the human body
Made up of muscle cells/fibers
Cells have ability to contract and relax
Good blood supply → receives oxygen/nutrients at high rate
Acts as effector in coordinating responses
Types
1. Smooth Muscle Tissue
2. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
3. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
𝐒𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐓 𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐄 11
GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
Nervous tissue
Introduction
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Features of Neurons
1. Sensory Neuron
2. Inter Neuron
3. Motor Neuron
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GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
Types of Neurons
1. Sensory Neuron
Cell body in ganglion (collection of cell bodies)
Dendrites in sensory organs
Axon in central nervous system
Transmit impulses from sensory organs to CNS
2. Motor Neuron
Star-shaped cell body with many fibers
One long axon (can be >1m)
Cell body/fibers in CNS
Transmit impulses from CNS to muscles
3. Inter Neuron
Entire neuron in CNS
Short axon
Many dendrites
Connects sensory and motor neurons
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GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
REVISION QUESTIONS
1. What type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of organs like the digestive tract?
a) Skeletal b) Smooth c) Cardiac d) Intercalated
2. Which of these is a feature of smooth muscle tissue?
a) Striations b) Involuntary control c) Fatigue easily d) Multinucleate
Cardiac muscle tissue is located in the _____.
a) Skeleton b) Heart c) Digestive tract d) Reproductive organs
3. Which parts are present in a neuron?
a) Cell body and nerve fibers b) Node of Ranvier c) Myelin sheath d) All of the above
4. Sensory neurons transmit impulses _____.
a) From sensory organs to CNS b) From CNS to muscles c) Within CNS d) From sensory organs to muscles
5. The rhythmic contraction of cardiac muscle allows
a) Voluntary body movements b) Pumping of blood c) Fatigue resistance d) Attaching to the skeleton
6. Skeletal muscle fiber features include
a) Spindle-shaped cells b) Peripheral nuclei c) Involuntary control d) Intercalated discs
7. Which neuron type connects sensory and motor neurons?
a) Sensory b) Motor c) Interneuron d) Relay
8. Which of these is a simple plant tissue?
a) Parenchyma b) Xylem c) Sclerenchyma d) Collenchyma
9. Intercalated discs are found between
a) Skeletal muscle cells b) Smooth muscle cells c) Cardiac muscle cells d) Neurons
10. Which cells would be observed attached to a basement membrane?
a) Muscle cells b) Connective tissue cells c) Epithelial cells d) Sieve tube cells
11. Which is a characteristic feature of nervous tissue?
a) Striations b) Cell wall c) Large vacuole d) Axon
12. Dead cells are present in
a) Parenchyma b) Collenchyma c) Xylem d) Phloem
1. Smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of organs like the _______ and _______.
2. _______ muscle tissue is made of long, cylindrical, unbranched cells.
3. Cardiac muscle cells possess _______ between cells.
4. The structural and functional unit of nervous tissue is the _______.
5. _______ neurons carry signals from sensory organs to the central nervous system.
𝐒𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐓 𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐄 15
GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
True/False Questions
ESSAY QUESTIONS
A) The white blood cells, leucocytes are divided in to 2 categories depending on the availability of
granules in cytoplasm.
i) Name the leucocytes with granules and without granules.
a) Erythrocytes
b) Leucocytes
c) Platelets
B) Muscle tissues can be divided as striated muscles, unstriated muscles and cardiac muscle.
iii) Mention the places where these muscles are present in our body.
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GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
ii) Name another type of animal tissue, in addition to the tissues stated above.
iii) Smooth muscles are found in the human body, state 3 places smooth muscles found.
v) What common feature could be seen in a tissue when various plant and animal tissues are observed.
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GRADE 11 ENGLISH MEDIUM SCIENCE KASUN MADUSHANKA
iii) State 2 other functions performed by the tissue, mentioned in question no (ii).
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
iv) State two structural different between smooth muscle fiber and skeletal muscle fiber.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
v) State a characteristic which you used to identify tissue (B).
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
vi) Write 3 functions of epithelial tissue.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
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