Automobile Engineering

ME 423

Dr. Kamlesh.
Assistant Professor, MED
SVNIT Surat
Wednesday, September 13, 2023
General classifications
 A sport utility vehicle or SUV is a car classification that
A sedan is defined as a 4-door passenger car with a trunk
combines elements of road-going passenger cars with
that is separate from the passengers with a three-box body:
features from off-road vehicles, such as raised ground
the engine, the area for passengers, and the trunk
clearance and four-wheel drive

A convertible is a car with a soft roof that can be folded

A hatchback is a car body configuration with a rear door that
down or removed.
swings upward to provide access to a cargo area.
Location of engine
• Engine at front
• Engine at the rear
• Engine at the center
Engine at front

• Advantages
• Faster and safer
• Natural cooling

• Disadvantages
• Noise and emissions
• Space limitations
Engine at the rear

• Advantages and disadvantages

• Better passenger comfort
• Less noise and emision in passenger compartment

• Disadvantages
• Required powerful fan for cooling
• Chances of wheel skidding is more
Engine at the center

• Advantages and disadvantages

Front engine Vs Rear Engine
•?
Type of Automobile according to Drive
• Front engine rear wheel drive
• Rear Engine rear wheel drive
• Front engine front wheel drive
• Front engine four wheel drive
• Rear engine all wheel drive
• Mid engine rear wheel drive
Front engine four wheel drive
Rear engine rear wheel drive
Hybrid electric vehicles
How EV’s work
Solar roof
How EV works?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHGXy_sjbgQ
On average a battery electric vehicle (BEV) contains about 83 kg of copper and a
plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)contains about 60 kg compared with an average
23 kg in an internal combustion engine car," said Citi analyst Max Layton

Copper is used throughout electric vehicles, charging stations and supporting

infrastructure because of the metal's durability, high conductivity and efficiency

The red metal is an essential component in EVs, and is used in electric motors,
batteries, inverters and wiring

Copper is used throughout electric vehicles, charging stations and

supporting infrastructure because of the metal's durability, high conductivity
and efficiency
BRAKES
 Brakes
• KE is converted to Heat energy
• To reduce the speed while turning
• To stop the vehicle
• To stop on gradient
• Hand brakes
• Braking power required is 3 times the power produced by engine.
Principle of braking
• Friction

• Kinetic energy into heat energy

• Pascal’s law
Classification of brakes
Cooling ?

Replacement of friction materials?

Expansions
Weight?
Braking effect?
Fade?
Visibility of brakes for inspection?

Life?
Heat dissipation?

Uniform wear?
Hand brake or parking brake

Parked position
Types of brakes
• Hand brake or parking brake or emergency brake
• Drum brake
• Disc brake
• Comparison of disc and drum brakes
• Hydraulic brakes: Most efficient
• Mechanical brakes
• Air brake: Compressed air
• Details of master cylinder
• Details of wheel cylinder
Used in larger straight trucks, and even trains
Brakes
• Pneumatic or air brakes
• Mechanical Vs Pneumatic or air brakes
• Hydraulic Vs Pneumatic or air brakes
• Power assisted brakes (vacuum brakes)
ABS (Antilock braking system)
• Steering system and wheels locks due to braking
• Skidding of vehicle
• Hydraulic pressure sensor in ABS
Master cylinder
Braking Torque (T)

Braking Torque (T) should be -------than Acceleration torque?

Braking force
• Braking force = Normal force * Coeff. of friction (0.3-0.4)
• Normal force
Braking efficiency
• BE = (Braking force / weight of vehicle) *100
Brake drum wear study
Scanning image microscope
PoD Working
Software analysis of disc brake
Brake system troubleshooting
• Loss of braking efficiency
• Leakage, soaked brake lining, air entry, brake lining worn, linkage
disconnected, brake shoe distorted, brake drum cracked, defective master
cylinder, rubber seal , caliper may be defective etc.
• Brake fade
• Deteriorated brake fluid, poor contact between lining and drum, brake
dragging, excessively use of brakes, driver habit of riding on brake pedal
• Brake Binding:
• Weak spring, shoe jammed, too tight parking brake, incorrect free pedal,
excessive fluid level in the master cylinder,
• Brake overheating
Brake system troubleshooting
• Brake overheating: brake binding, brake fade, prolonged use of brakes, piston
may be seized
• Vehicle pulling to one side:one or more brakes incorrectly adjusted, oil or grease
entered in the drum, defective oil seals, excessively lubricated or defective wheel
bearing, dust entry, uneven tyre pressure, weak suspension spring, dissimilar brake
pads
• Excessive loss of brake fluid: Leakage in master/wheel cylinder, loose
connections, damaged pipings
• Presence of air in the braking system: defective master cylinder, loose
connection in pipings
Brake design case study
• Design and Development of Effective braking system for Pneumatic
Tyer Bullock Carts
Brake system SELECTION CRITERIA
• Braking efficiency
• Appearance especially in cars disc brakes
• Vibration of rotor and drum
• Cost
• Brake cooling
Comparative brake data of some automobiles
• Types of brakes, diameter of drum and Linings etc.
• Maruti cars –models
• Ford vehicles –models
• Jeep –
• Ashok Leyland
• Tata
• Eicher Buses
Brake testing standards
Performance testing of automotive brakes involves determination of
stopping time, distance and deceleration level. Braking performance of
an automobile is required to be ensured for various surfaces like dry,
wet, concrete, bitumen etc. as well as for prolonged applications.
Various brake testing standards are used worldwide to assure vehicle
and pedestrian safety
• Indian Standards,
• Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and
• European Economic Commission Standards.
Brake testing standards- Parameters.
• Stopping Time
• Stopping distance
• Water fade test
• Test surface
• Brake temperature
• Wet brake test
• Dry brake test
• High speed test etc.
What is the braking torque at leading shoe if resultant frictional force acts at a distance of 250 mm from the

brake drum center, coefficient of friction between the shoe and the drum as 0.5, the free ends of the two shoes are pushed

apart with a force of 300 N which is acting at a distance of 320 mm from anchor, and two shoes are anchored together 170 mm away from the brake drum center?
Weight Transfer
Questions
• Books:Automobile Engg.,Vol 1 & 2 by Dr Kirpal Singh
• Books:Automobile Engg., P S Gill
• Books”Automobile Mechanics, N.K.Giri (for Brakes)