Professional Documents
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Children and Sports
Children and Sports
Motor Development
Motor development only happens when the child is biologically and mentally ready
for it. Motor development refers to the development of movement and various motor
abilities from birth till death. It is the ability to move around and manipulate his/her
environment. There are four stages of motor development in children
The first stage is marked by extremely rapid growth and development, as is the
second stage. By the age of 2 years, this development has begun to level out
somewhat. The final stage does not have any marked new development; rather it is
characterised by the mastering and development of the skills achieved in the first
two stages. Before the stages of childhood, there is the age of infancy that is from 0-
2 years.
1. Tone It refers to the ongoing contraction and state of the muscle at rest.
Tone can be normal, hypotonic or hypertonic.
2. Strength It refers to the force of a muscle contraction purposefully
exerted against resistance to carry out an activity.
3. Endurance This is the ability to maintain the exertion required for an
activity.
4. Motor Planning It is the complex and often intuitive ability to know how
to carry out the steps needed to complete a physical, activity.
5. Sensory Integration It is the ability to accurately interpret sensory input
from the environment and to produce an appropriate motor response.
Exercise Guidelines at Different Stages of Growth and Development
The motor development in children takes place in various stages of growth. The
infanthood or infancy is followed by the childhood, stage that is divided into three
stages : the early, middle and later childhood.
• Turns head.
• Moves arms and legs.
• Reaches and grasps objects.
• Rolls back from side to side.
• Crawls, stands and walks.
• Basic locomotor.
• Ball-handling.
• Eye-hand coordination.
• Running, jumping, hopping, skipping grasping.
• Games with-simple rules.
Weight Trainin
Weight training refers to the physical exercise which involves lifting weights to
improve the” performance of the muscles. Weight training-for children carries with it
a variety of advantages.
• Serious injuries have come from situations with home gym equipment
when there was no supervision.
• Another disadvantage is the risk of non-flexibility. This happens when
proper exercise to. increase flexibility is not done along with weight
training. If weight training is combined with flexibility exercises then this
problem will not occur.
2. Correct Posture of Sitting When we sit in a chair, our hips should be in a straight
line and erect. Legs should touch the ground and should not be in hanging position.
Thighs should be in horizontal position. The backbone should be erect with the
upper region of the backbone straight against the back of the chair. While we read,
the book should be on the table but the book should not be too away or too near the
eyes. The approximate distance between book and eyes should be at least 30 cms.
For writing, a table with slight inclination towards the outside is appropriate.
1. Pain or Past Injuries In order to avoid the pain in the body such as back
pain or simply to avoid pain from past injuries, people try to overcome
the pain by holding the body in a different position. When this posture is
continued for a long time, it can become a daily habit. Hence holding
yourself differently can be due to some pain or muscle injury in any part
of your body.
2. Low Nutrition Low nutrition and lack of vitamins and calcium in the diet
can affect the bones and muscles by not providing adequate strength
and flexibility to hold your body in a correct posture.
3. Hereditary Reasons Having a family history of bent back or flat foot,
may cause bad posture. The genes may be responsible for poor
posture.
4. Overweight and Obesity Extra body weight can also be the reason for
poor posture. Obese and overweight people tend to collect excess fat
around their stomach and hips. This puts strain on the skeletal system
as well as muscles thereby resulting in poor posture.
5. Habit Sometimes, the way you walk or . the way you hold things can be
the reason of bad posture. For instance, if you always walk with your
head down or slump your shoulders, this can cause your posture to pull
out from proper alignment. Sometimes, carrying weight on only one side
of the body can contribute to imbalanced or poor posture. This is
especially true for children who carry heavy bags to school on one side
of their body, as the bones are soft at this age. .
6. Type of Job People who have desk jobs often push their neck and head
forward and hunch their shoulders. All these factors contribute to our
inability to keep our spines straight and results in – poor posture.
7. Lifestyle and Fashion Clothing and shoes especially affect posture.
Women who walk in pencil heels are more prone to cause problems to
their posture. Besides high heeled shoes, wearing boots, tight fitting
clothes, low waist jeans and wide belts can cause bad posture. This
changes your centre of gravity, which ultimately causes your posture to
suffer.
Causes
Precautions
Corrective Measures
2. Flat Foot
It is a deformity of the feet. In this deformity, there is no arch in the foot and the foot
is completely flat. The individual faces problems in standings walking, jumping and
running; –
Causes
Precautions
Corrective Measures
• Walk on heels and toes.
• Pick up marbles with toes.
• Perform Vajrasana.
• Walk on wooden staircase.
3. Round Shoulders
It is a postural deformity in which the shoulders become round as they are drawn
forward, the head is extended and the chin points forward.
Causes
Precautions
Corrective Measures
4. Lordosis
It is the inward curvature of the spine or a deformity of spinal curvature. It is an
increased forward curve in the lumbar region. It creates problems in standing and
walking.
Causes
• Habitual over-eating.
• Improper environment.
• Diseases affecting vertebrae.
• Improper development of muscles.
• Lack of exercise.
Precautions
Corrective Measures
5. Kyphosis
It is a deformity of the spinal curvature in which there is an increase of exaggeration
of a backward curve or a decrease of a forward curve. It is also called as round
upper back.
Causes
• Malnutrition, illness.
• Carrying heavy load on shoulders.
• Habit of bending while walking.
• Wearing light and shapeless clothes.
Precautions
Corrective Measures
6. Bow Legs
It is a deformity just the reverse of the knock knee position. In fact, if there is a wide
gap between the knees, the deformity can be observed easily when an individual
walks or runs.
Causes
Corrective Measures
7. Scoliosis
It is a postural deformity of spinal curvature in which there is one ldrge lateral curve
extending through the whole length of the spine, or there may be two curves. This
type of deformity is also called curve.
Causes
Precautions
Corrective Measures