Sustainable Energy and Resources Technologies and Systems

ENERGY

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer

Structure

Introduction

Joule Cycle: Gas Turbines

Clausius-Rankine Cycle: Steam Power Process

Steam Generator
Steam Turbine
Condenser and Cooling Tower

Combined Cycle Power Plant

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 2
Definitions of Energy

Known from lecture “Systems”

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 3 Source: Own presentation
Energy Conversion Chain

▪ Conversion losses
Primary energy ▪ Distribution losses
(e.g. hard coal, lignite, crude oil, ▪ Self-consumption
natural gas, uranium, hydropower, ▪ Non-energetic
solar radiation, forest wood) consumption

▪ Conversion losses
▪ Distribution losses
▪ Self-consumption
▪ Non-energetic
consumption
Secondary energy
(e.g. coke, briquettes, gas,
biodiesel, heating oil, power,
wood logs, district heat)

▪ Conversion losses
▪ Distribution losses
▪ Self-consumption
▪ Non-energetic
consumption
Final energy
(e.g. briquettes, gas, heating
oil, natural gas, power, wood
chips, district heating)

Consumer
losses
Useful energy
(e.g. heat, power, light)

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 4 Source: Kaltschmitt (2000)
Definitions

▪ Energy carrier: energy carriers are physical manifestations and substances from
which energy can be produced. A distinction is made between primary, secondary and
final energy sources.
▪ Primary energy sources: primary energy sources are the energy sources offered by
nature in their original form not yet treated. Their energy content is called primary
energy. The primary energy sources are divided into regenerative and non-
regenerative sources.
▪ Secondary energy sources: energy sources that originate from one or more
processing or conversion processes (e.g. drying, desulfurization, power generation).
▪ Final energy sources: final energy sources are understood to be all energy sources
used by the end user to cover the energy demand.
▪ Useful energy: only the energy that is available to the consumer after the last
conversion to meet all needs is called useful energy.
▪ Energy services: energy services are the needs satisfied or goods produced from the
use of useful energy and other production factors (e.g. pleasantly tempered rooms,
information, transport, etc.)

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 5 Source: Kaltschmitt (2000)
The Conversion of Primary Energy into Useful Energy

▪ 1st law of thermodynamics: energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only
change its appearance.
▪ Primary forms of energy (forms of energy existing in nature) can only be used directly
for technical needs to a small extent → Primary forms of energy must be converted into
useful forms of energy.
▪ Primary forms of energy:
– Chemical internal energy of fuels (e.g. biomass)
– Electromagnetic radiation energy of the sun in its direct form (solar radiation on the ground) and
indirect form (kinetic energy of wind, potential energy of water)
– Geothermal energy
– Kinetic and potential energy of the oceans caused by tides
▪ Forms of useful energy:
– Mechanical Energy
– Electrical energy
– Thermal internal energy of different heat carriers (space heat, hot water and other process heat
carriers)

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 6 Source: Baehr & Kabelac (2012)
Conversion of Primary Energy into Mechanical and
Electrical Energy

Chemical energy Nuclear energy Solar radiation energy

e.g. biomass Uranium Electromagnetic waves

Uranium
Gasification
processing

Nuclear fission/
Combustion Absorption
heat transfer

Thermal internal energy of Thermal internal energy of Inner and kinetic energy
the combustion gas the "heat carrier" of the atmosphere

Hydrogen Evaporation and

production Heat transfer condensation of water

Internal
combustion
Subject of this Potential energy of Wind power
lecture water plant
engine
Solar
Heat engine cell
Hydropower

Shaft work (torque)

Fuel cell
Electric generator

Electrical energy

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 7 Source: Baehr & Kabelac (2012)
 Heat Engines

▪ Thermal power station or thermal power plant: the primary energy supplied is first converted into
thermal (internal) energy of an energy source and then transferred as heat to a thermal power
engine.
▪ Every power plant consists of two subsystems:
– Heat generator
– Heat engine
▪ There are three types of thermal power plants, differentiated by primary energy source:

Exhaust

Heat engine
Heat engine
Reactor Heat engine
Storage
Fuel

Air

Firing

Heat generator

Heat generator Heat generator

Power plant with fossil fuels Nuclear power plant Solar thermal power plant

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 8 Source: Baehr & Kabelac (2012)
Structure

Introduction

Joule Cycle: Gas Turbines

Clausius-Rankine Cycle: Steam Power Process

Steam Generator
Steam Turbine
Condenser and Cooling Tower

Combined Cycle Power Plant

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 9
Joule Cycle of a Gas Turbine Plant
(James Prescott Joule, 1818-1889)

Known from lecture “Systems”

p T

Qin 3 p2 = p3 = const.

2 3
p2 = p3
4
2 p1 = p4 = const.
W Q
p1 = p4
1 4 1
V s

Qout (∆s)Compressor (∆s)Turbine

W out: Qin:
−𝑊 = 𝑊𝑖𝑛 − 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
W in: Qout:

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 10 Source: Own presentation
Energy Conversion in a Gas Power Plant

Energy conversion chain:

Chemical Thermal Mechanical Electrical

Fuel Combustion Pressure, rotation Alternating current

▪ Chemical energy of the natural gas is converted into thermal energy during combustion and this is
converted into mechanical energy (rotational energy) in the gas turbine. A part of the chemical
energy of the natural gas is also used to operate the compressor. The rotational energy of the gas
turbine is transmitted through a shaft to a generator, where it is converted into electrical energy.
▪ In contrast to steam power plants, in gas power plants the hot flue gas is used directly as a working
fluid.
▪ The air or flue gas is present as a homogeneous medium for all changes of state.

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 11 Sources: Strauß (2006), Zahoransky (2015)
Structure

Introduction

Joule Cycle: Gas Turbines

Clausius-Rankine Cycle: Steam Power Process

Steam Generator
Steam Turbine
Condenser and Cooling Tower

Combined Cycle Power Plant

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 12
Energy Conversion in a Fuel-fired Steam Power Plant

Exhaust
Working fluid in
steam power plant:
water steam

Flue gas
cleaning
Chemical Thermal Potential Mechanical Electrical
energy energy energy energy power
Steam
Air Firing Turbine Generator Power
Fuel generator

Ash Feed water Exhaust

Con-
denser
Waste water

Coolign
tower

Waste heat

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 13 Source: Strauss (2016)
Thermodynamic Cycle of a Steam Power Plant

Simplified circuit diagram of a steam power (Ideal) circular process in the T,s-diagram
plant → Clausius-Rankine cycle

2
2 T
Superheater

Turbine

Combustion chamber

1
3
0 3
Condenser
Feed water pump
1 0

Component Function
s
Process step Description
Steam generator with firing Heat generator
0 to 1 Isentropic pressure increase in feed water pump
Steam turbine Heat engine 1 to 2 Isobaric heat input in combustion chamber
Condenser Condensation and heat dissipation 2 to 3 Isentropic relaxation of steam in steam turbine
Feed water pump Circulation 3 to 0 Isobaric condensation of the steam in condenser

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 14 Source: Baehr & Kabelac (2012)
Clausius-Rankine Cycle
1-2 Lifting of condensate to boiler pressure by Assumptions for ideal process (as shown):
supplying work to the process; wp
▪ Changes of states 1-2 and 5-6 are
2-3 Heating of feed water to evaporation temperature isentropic, thus isentropic pressure
3-4 Evaporation While heat increases relaxation
is supplied;
4-5 Superheating of steam qin ▪ Changes of states 2-5 and 6-1 are
5-6 Relaxation of steam within the turbine while work isobaric
is delivered; wT
6-1 Liquefaction of steam in the condenser while heat
is released; qout

5
K
qin T 4
3
2 5
qin
2 qout
1 6

qout
1 x=0 x=1
6
Autor: Volker Sperlich

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 15
Main Components of a Steam Power Plant

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 16 Source: Raschke (2011)
System Layout of a Pellet Steam Plant

Flue gas
Water preheating, heating etc
condensation
for calorific
Consumer location value utilization

Bypass valve Electrostatic

Induced draft blower
precipitator
Fresh water
supply

Steam turbine

Steam extraction

Safety valve Water level regulator

Exhaust outlet
Pneumatic
cleaner Inflow
Revision opening
Feed water pump
and control valve
group
Secondary air fan
fuel
Fuel supply

Primary air fan

Load cells Feed water tank

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 17 Image source: Schmidmeier (2017)
System Layout of a Steam Power Plant

Power plant process Environmental systems

DeNOx plant

Steam
Desulfurization
generator
Firing
Turbine

Condenser Furnace Fresh air Electrostatic Suction fan

blower precipitator

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 18 Source: Strauss (2016)
Energy Conversion Chain of a Steam Power Process

Losses: 1 to 3 %

approx. 55 %
Total losses:
Losses: 6 to 8 %

Thermal energy of the flue gas

Enthalpy of the high-tension

Losses: approx. 50 %
Fuel energy

steam
Losses: 1 to 2 %

Mechanical
energy

Electrical
energy
Firing Steam generation Turbine

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 19 Source: Strauss (2016); Image source: Kraftwerk Jänschwalde
Structure

Introduction

Joule Cycle: Gas Turbines

Clausius-Rankine Cycle: Steam Power Process

Steam Generator
Steam Turbine
Condenser and Cooling Tower

Combined Cycle Power Plant

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 20
Firing Systems

Working method Classification of the firing systems

▪ Function: release of chemical energy

from fuels Fluidizing layer
Lying layer Small layer Big layer Pneumatic particle
▪ Firing methods:

Pressure loss of the fluidized bed ΔP

expansion expansion discharge
– Fixed-bed or grate firing:
combustion of solid fuels on a
(moving) grate
– Fluidized bed combustion:
combustion of (mostly) solid fuels Stationary fluidized Circulating Dust firing
bed fluidized bed
in a fluidized bed of inert particles Exhaust

limestone
Limestone
through which air/oxygen flows

Fuel
Fuel
– Burner firing: fuel is injected Grate Steam
generator
firing
simultaneously with air/oxygen
(finally ground solid, liquid or Air Air

gaseous fuels)
Relaxation point Gas velocity w
Noticeable solids
discharge

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 21 Source: Strauss (2016)
Steam Generator

General information Water tube boiler

▪ Function: convert heat from firing into energy

Natural circulation Benson system
of steam
▪ Components: economizer, evaporator,
superheater, reheater, air preheater and
numerous auxiliary machines
▪ Execution:
– Natural circulation
– Forced circulation
– Forced flow (Benson and Sulzer)
▪ Conditions:
– Evaporation and superheating of large
mass flows a Feed water pump h Drum
– Long uninterrupted operating times ("travel b Feed water preheater i Circulation pump
time") with maximum efficiency
c Evaporator k Carbonate separator
– Flexibility regarding load changes,
d Rest evaporator l Mixing vessel
temperature deviations and pressure
fluctuations within a certain range e Radiation superheater m Air preheater
f Contact superheater n Burner
g Steam withdraw

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 22 Source: Strauss (2016)
Structure

Introduction

Joule Cycle: Gas Turbines

Clausius-Rankine Cycle: Steam Power Process

Steam Generator
Steam Turbine
Condenser and Cooling Tower

Combined Cycle Power Plant

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 23
Steam Turbine

Longitudinal section of a high-pressure

Fluid machines
turbine
▪ Further development of the steam engine
▪ Function: conversion of the potential energy
into kinetic energy and then into mechanical
energy d
▪ Structure and mode of operation:
– Fixed guide wheel (nozzle) accelerates the
working fluid and guides it onto the rotating
impeller
– The deflection of the current through the
impeller causes an impulse and a
corresponding torque
– Guide wheel and runner form one turbine
stage (large turbines can have up to 60
stages)
– Two designs: balanced-pressure and
a Inner housing
overpressure turbines
b Casing
c Labyrinth seal
d Shaft

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 24 Source: Strauss (2016)
Principle of a Steam Turbine

Different turbine types Depiction of a constant-pressure turbine stage

▪ Impulse turbines:
– Conversion of the
enthalpy gradient into
kinetic energy completely
in the guide wheel
– Inlet and outlet velocity
equal at impeller
▪ Overpressure turbines:
– Conversion of the
enthalpy gradient in both
the guide wheel and the
runner

a Steam flow
b Nozzle segments with vanes (fixed)
c Impeller with vanes (rotating)

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 25 Source: VDMA (1991)
Turbo-Generator Set: Power Plant Niederaußem

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 26
Structure

Introduction

Joule Cycle: Gas Turbines

Clausius-Rankine Cycle: Steam Power Process

Steam Generator
Steam Turbine
Condenser and Cooling Tower

Combined Cycle Power Plant

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 27
Condenser (1/2)

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 28 Source: Bohn (1985)
Condenser (2/2)

Functionality Scheme of a condenser system

▪ Function:
– Reversal of the evaporation
process (cooling/condensation)
and closing of the cycle
– Generation of a vacuum (steam
from turbine is expanded to lower
pressures than environment
→ higher efficiencies)
▪ Working method:
– Condensate and cooling medium a Exhaust steam from LP-turbine 𝜗1 Inlet temperature cooling water
in two separate circuits b Condensate drain 𝜗2 Outlet temperature cooling water
– Large quantities of heat to be c Cooling water supply 𝑐𝑝𝑤 Specific heat capacity cooling water
dissipated → as large as
d Cooling water removal ℎ𝐷 Enthalpy of the steam after the turbine
possible mass flow of the cooling
𝑚ሶ 𝑤 Mass flow cooling water ℎ𝐾 Enthalpy of the condenser
medium
𝑚ሶ 𝐷 Mass flow steam
– Heat sink: environment
(atmosphere, waters)
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂: 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ∙ 𝑐𝑝𝑤 ∙ 𝜗2 − 𝜗1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝐷 ∙ (ℎ𝐷 − ℎ𝐾 )

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 29 Source: Strauss (2016)
Cooling Systems

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 30 Source: Kugeler & Phlippen (1990)
Internal Structure of a Wet Cooling Tower

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 31 Image source: Cooling Tower Products (2018)
Differences Between Steam and Gas Turbines

Gas Turbine Steam Turbine

▪ Flue gas acts as working fluid
▪ Main components are compressor, combustor
and turbine
▪ Installation cost is lower
(20 to 50 % cheaper than steam turbines)
▪ Less efficient (max. 42 %) than steam turbines
▪ Gas turbines require less time and space
(7 to 20 m²/MW) for installation
▪ Mass per kW is less than it is for steam
turbines
▪ Gas turbines are independent of water supply
▪ High pressure steam acts as working fluid
▪ Main components are steam boiler and
accessories
▪ Installation costs are higher
▪ More efficient (~48 % SPP, ~60 % CCPP)
▪ Requires more time and space
(50 to 80 m²/MW) for installation
▪ Steam turbines depend on water supply, which
can be a particular burden in arid regions

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 32
Structure

Introduction

Joule Cycle: Gas Turbines

Clausius-Rankine Cycle: Steam Power Process

Steam Generator
Steam Turbine
Condenser and Cooling Tower

Combined Cycle Power Plant

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 33
CCPP: Combined Cycle Power Plants

▪ The simplest way to improve the efficiency of a gas turbine plant is to combine it with a
downstream steam power process → Combines gas and steam power plants.
▪ In the combined cycle process, the exhaust gases from the gas turbine are passed through a
waste heat boiler (steam generator), in which superheated steam is generated for the steam
power process.

CCPP

Diesel engine

Steam power
plant

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 34 Sources: Baehr & Kabelac (2012), Doležal (2001), Strauss (2016)
CCPP Process

Circuit Diagram T,s-Diagram

▪ In the combination of gas and steam turbines, a
gas turbine drives a generator to produce
electricity. However, the thermal energy of the still
very hot exhaust gases from the gas turbine is not
released unused into the environment but is
transferred to a steam power process via a heat
exchanger.
▪ This allows the advantages of both processes to GT
be combined: the high inlet temperature of the
gas turbine with the lower waste heat
temperatures in the water-steam process. The
utilization of the very high temperature difference
leads to very high efficiency levels.
ST

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 35 Source: Strauss (2016); Image source: Marchwoodpower (n. d.)
Energy Exchange Diagram for a 400 MW CCPP

Fuel 685 MW 100 %

Stack gas
57 MW 8,32 %
Exhaust gas
415 MW 60,58 %

Turbine Compressor
Condenser
540 MW 270 MW
223 MW
32,55 %

Auxiliaries
and losses
5 MW 0,73 %

Auxiliaries
Steam turbine output Gas turbine output and losses
130 MW 18,98 % 268 MW 39,12 % 2 MW 0,30 %

268 + 130
hGUD = • 100 = 58,1 % for combined cycle
685

268
hGT = • 100 = 39,1 % for simple cycle
685

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 36 Source and image source: SIEMENS Power Generation (n. d.)
References – Literature (1/2)

▪ Baehr & Kabelac (2012): Baehr, H. D.; Kabelac, S.; „Thermodynamik: Grundlagen und technische
Anwendungen ; mit zahlreichen Tabellen sowie 74 Beispielen“. 16., neu bearb. und erw. Aufl.
Springer-Lehrbuch. Berlin, 2016.
▪ Bohn (1985): Konzeption und Aufbau von Dampfkraftwerken, Band 5, Handbuchreihe Energie,
Verlag TÜV Rheinland, 1985.
▪ Boyce (1997): Boyce, M. P.: Gasturbinen Handbuch. VDI. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
▪ Dietzel (1974): Dietzel, F.: Gasturbinen – kurz und bündig. Industrielle Gasturbinen-Anlagen. Vogel-
Verlag, Würzburg.
▪ Doležal (2001): Doležal, R.: Kombinierte Gas- und Dampfkraftwerke. Springer Verlag, Berlin
Heidelberg 2001.
▪ Franzke (1987): Einführung in die Maschinen- und Anlagentechnik, Band 1: Kraftmaschinen und
Kraftanlagen, Springer Verlag.
▪ Kaltschmitt (2000): Kaltschmitt, M.: Regenerative Energien zur Stromerzeugung I, II; Skriptum zur
Vorlesung, Institut fur Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung, Universität Stuttgart,
2000.
▪ Kugeler & Phlippen (1990): Energietechnik. Technische, ökonomische und ökologische Grundlagen,
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
▪ geothermie (2017): http://www.geothermie.de/wissenswelt/glossar-lexikon/o/organic-rankine-cycle-
orc.html
▪ ORC Fachverband (2017): http://www.orc-fachverband.de/was_ist_die_orc_technologie_.html
▪ Rao (2006): Rao, A.: The Gas Turbine Handbook. Chapter: Advanced Brayton Cycles. National
Energy Technology Laboratory. 2006.
Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 37
References – Literature (2/2)

▪ Raschke (2011): Vorlesung Energie- und Versorgungswirtschaft - Energiesysteme - Technik und

Technologien, Fachgebiet Energie- und Rohstoffwirtschaft, Technische Universität Berlin, WS
2011/12 und Vorjahre.
▪ Strauss (2016): Kraftwerkstechnik zur Nutzung fossiler, nuklearer und regenerativer Energiequellen.
7. Auflage. Springer Verlag. Berlin.
▪ SIEMENS Power Generation (n. d.):
https://www.siemens.com/global/en/home/products/energy.html?tab=energy-1213565-
Power%20Generation
▪ Tsatsaronis (2013): Prof. Dr.-Ing. G. Tsatsaronis. Energietechnik I Vorlesung. SS 13. TU Berlin.
▪ VDMA (1991): Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbauer e.V., VDMA: German Turbines,
VDMA Druckschrift.
▪ Zahoransky (2015): Energietechnik – Systeme zur Energieumwandlung. 7., überarbeitete und
erweiterte Auflage. Springer Verlag, Wiesbaden 2015.

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 38
References – Image Sources

▪ Cooling Tower Products (2018): https://www.coolingtowerproducts.com/blog/how-cooling-towers-

work-diagram-pictures-2015.htm
▪ Marchwoodpower (n. d.): http://www.marchwoodpower.com/ccgt/
▪ pilotfriend (2006): http://www.pilotfriend.com/training/flight_training/tech/turbo/burner.htm
▪ Researchgate (2015): https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-of-the-organic-Rankine-Cycle-
ORC-system_fig3_279223503
▪ Schmidmeier (2017): CO2-neutrale Prozesswärme, Fachdialog von DIHK und BEE am 24.10.2017,
Schmidmeier NaturEnergie GmbH.
▪ Siemens Energy (2017): https://www.siemens-energy.com/global/en/offerings/power-generation/gas-
turbines/sgt5-2000e.html
▪ SIEMENS Power Generation (n. d.):
https://www.siemens.com/global/en/home/products/energy.html?tab=energy-1213565-
Power%20Generation
▪ Weebly (2015): http://gas-turbines.weebly.com/uploads/1/6/7/6/16761028/9239599_orig.png
▪ wikimedia (2013): https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Radialkompressor.jpg

Energy | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Müller-Kirchenbauer | Sustainable Energy and Resources – Technologies and Systems
Page 39