Trimester 3, Session 2022/2023 (T2230)

EEE1046: Electronics III

TUTORIAL 2: Practical Op-Amp Limitations

Q1. Output offset voltage & compensation

Consider the inverting amplifier circuit as shown in Figure 1, with 𝑅𝐹 = 20 kΩ and 𝑅1 = 1 kΩ. The
op-amp is non-ideal with non-zero input offset voltage (𝑉𝐼𝑂 ), input bias current (𝐼𝐵 ), and input offset
current (𝐼𝐼𝑂 ).

(a) Assuming 𝐼𝐼𝑂 = 𝐼𝐵 = 0, show that the output offset voltage due to 𝑉𝐼𝑂 is approximated by:
𝑅𝐹
𝑉𝑂𝑆1 = (1 + ) 𝑉𝐼𝑂 .
𝑅1
(Guideline: Set 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 0 V, apply 𝑉𝐼𝑂 to the non-inverting input and derive the expression.)

(b) In the case of equal input bias currents at the two input terminals of the op-amp, show that the
output offset voltage component due to 𝐼𝐵 is approximated by:
𝑉𝑂𝑆2 = 𝐼𝐵 𝑅𝑓 .
(Guideline: set 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 0 V, apply 𝐼𝐵2 into the non-inverting input and 𝐼𝐵1 into the inverting input
and derive the expression.)

(c) The effect of the input bias current 𝐼𝐵 can be eliminated by introducing a resistor 𝑅𝑋 at the non-
inverting terminal of the op-amp. Prove that 𝑅𝑋 is equal to the parallel combination of 𝑅1 and
𝑅2 (𝑅𝑋 = 𝑅1 ||𝑅2).

(d) In the case of unequal input bias currents at the two input terminals of the op-amp, show that
the output offset voltage component due to 𝐼𝐼𝑂 is approximated by:
𝑉𝑂𝑆3 = 𝐼𝐼𝑂 𝑅𝐹 .

(e) The non-inverting amplifier circuit in Figure 1 is constructed using a A741 op-amp with input
offset current 𝐼𝐼𝑂 = 120 nA, input bias current 𝐼𝐵 = 250 nA, and input offset voltage 𝑉𝐼𝑂 =
8 mV. Calculate the following:
(i) The total output offset voltage.
(ii) The bias compensation resistance 𝑅𝑋 .
[Answer: (i) 170.4 mV, (ii) 952.38 ]
RF

R1 V


Vin V Vo

Figure 1

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 Trimester 3, Session 2022/2023 (T2230)
EEE1046: Electronics III

Q2. Operational modes

The input voltages of an op-amp are V+ = V1 = 1005 μV and V- = V2 = 995 μV. The op-amp
parameters are CMRR = 100 dB and AOL = 2  105. Determine the following:
(a) The differential voltage.
(b) The common-mode voltage.
(c) The magnitude of the common-mode gain.
(d) The output voltage.
[Answer: (a) 10 μA, (b) 1000 μA, (c) ±2, (d) 1.998 V to 2.002 V]

Q3. Zin & Zout

Consider the inverting amplifier circuit as depicted in Figure 2, where R1 = 15 kΩ, and Rf = 80
kΩ. The op-amp parameters are given as: RI = 2 MΩ, RO = 75 Ω, and AOL = 100,000. Calculate
the input impedance and output impedance.
[Answer: Zin ≈ 15 kΩ, Zout ≈ 4.75 mΩ]
Rf

R1
Vin
Vout

Figure 2

Q4. Frequency response – slew rate

Figure 3 illustrates a non-inverting amplifier circuit, with R1 = 4.7 kΩ and Rf = 80 kΩ. The
input signal is given as Vin = 0.2sin(10,000πt) V. Determine the minimum slew rate for the
op-amp.
[Answer: 0.113 V/μs)

Q5. Frequency response – slew rate

The op-amp in the non-inverting configuration in Figure 3 has a slew rate of 1 V/μs. The values
of the resistances are given as R1 = 10 kΩ and Rf = 40 kΩ. The op-amp is biased at 10 V.
Sketch the output voltage versus time for each of the three inputs shown in Figure 4.

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 Trimester 3, Session 2022/2023 (T2230)
EEE1046: Electronics III

Rf

V
Ri

Vout

Vin V

Figure 3

Vin (V)
(a)
1.0

(b)
0.4

(c)
0.1

0 1 9 10 Time ( s)
Figure 4

Q6. Frequency response – GBP

Calculate the closed loop bandwidth for the non-inverting and inverting amplifier as shown in
Figure 5(a) and Figure 5(b), respectively. The unity-gain bandwidth offered by the op-amp is
2 MHz.
[Answer: (a) 63.89 kHz, (b) 93.63 kHz]

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 Trimester 3, Session 2022/2023 (T2230)
EEE1046: Electronics III

Figure 5(a)

Figure 5(a)

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