MBBS

Weightage of Marks (approximate) in biochemistry university theory

examinations

Paper – II
TOPIC approximate marks
Protein chemistry and metabolism 15
Mineral Metabolism 15
Nucleic acid chemistry and metabolism 10
Molecular Biology 15
Hormones 5
Extracellular matrix 5
Plasma proteins 5
Immunology 5
Cell and organelles, Cell membrane, 5
Transport across cell membrane
Cancer 5
Acid base balance and water 5
Electrolyte balance 15
PAPER – II- MODEL QUESTIONS:

PROTEIN(AMINO ACIDS) CHEMISTRY & METABOLISM:

ESSAY QUESTIONS:
1.What is the serum ammonia level. Explain about
formation and detoxification of ammonia (OR) Explain
transamination and transdeamination. How ammonia is
detoxified(Urea cycle/formation of urea). Explain the
disorders of urea cycle.
2.Name aromatic amino acids. Explain about
metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism
with disorders.
3.Name sulphur contain amino acids. Explain the
metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids with
disorders.
4.Explain the metabolism of glycine with disorders.
5.Explain the metabolism of tryptophan with disorders
6.Explain the structure or structural organization of
proteins.Add a note of denaturation of proteins.
7.Define amino acid. Classify amino acids with
examples
8.Classify proteins with examples. Add a note of
denaturation of proteins.
9.Disorders associated with protein metabolism
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1.Compounds derived from tyrosine
2.Compounds derived from glycine
3.Urea cycle and its disorders
4.Transmethylation reactions
5.Phenyl ketonuria and alkapatonuria
6.Disorders of sulphur containing amino acid
metabolism
7.Transamination and transdeamination
8.Disorders of tryptophan metabolism
9.Primary heperoxaluria
10.Classification of amino acids
11.Essential amino acids
12.Conjugated proteins
13.Primary and secondary structure of proteins
14.Tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins
15.Denaturation of proteins
16.Maple syrup urine disease
17.Creatine and creatinine
18.Digestion and absorption of amino acids
19.Absorption of amino acids
20.One carbon metabolism
21.FIGLU excretion test
22.Metabolism of branched chain amino acid
23.GABA
24.Zwitter ion and Isoelectric PH of proteins
25.Serum Electrophoresis and its clinical applications
26.Chromatography and its clinical applications
27.Biologically important peptides
28.Structure of insulin
29.Rare amino acids/Non-Protein amino acids/Unusual
amino acids
30.Glutathione and its importance
31.Types of hemoglobin
32.Protein/Amino acid sequencing and detection of N-
teminal & C-terminal amino acids
33.Color reactions of amino acids
MINERAL METABOLISM:
ESSAY QUESTIONS :
1.Explain about body distribution,RDA,dietary
source,functions,absorption of Calcium and a note on
blood calcium,its homeostasis and clinical conditions
associated with Calcium (OR) What is the normal
plasma calcium level. Explain about blood calcium
homeostasis.What are clinical conditions associated
with calcium metabolism.
2.Explain about body distribution,RDA,dietary
source,functions,absorption,transport,storage,excretion
,deficiency and toxicity of Iron.
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1.Blood calcium & its homeostasis
2. Iron deficiency anaemia
3.Deficiency and toxicity of iron
4.Hemosiderosis(toxicity of iron)
5.Absorption of iron (OR) Mucosal block theory of iron
absorption
6.Function of calcium
7.Functions, Transport , storage and excretion of iron
8.Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia
9.Hemo chromatosis & Bronze diabetes
10.RDA, sourses , Functions and deficiency of copper
11.Functions of iodine and zinc
12.Wilson’s disease.
13. Fluorine
14.Fluorosis
15.Functions of selenium/Glutathione peroxidase
16.Functions of phosphorus
17.Functions of manganese,molybdenum ,cobalt and
significance of lithium
18. Normal plasma or serum levels of
calcium,phosphorus and magnesium
HORMONES:
ESSAY QUESTIONS:
1.Define hormones and classify hormones. Explain the
Mechanism of hormone action.
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1.Mechanism of hormone action/mechanism of action
of steroid hormones(Grpup-I hormones)
2.Define hormones and classify hormones
3.Pancreatic hormones
4.Synthesis and functions of Insulin
5.Thyroid hormones
6.Gastric hormones
7.Adrenal hormones
8.Pituitary hormones
9.Signal transduction and G-proteins
10.Second messengers
CANCER:
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1.Tumor markers (definition, uses, disadvantages and
examples).
2.Cancer genes (oncogenes,proto oncogenes,onco
suppressor genes with examples)
3.Oncogenes and proto oncogenes with examples
4.Onco suppressor genes with examples
5.Anti cancer agents
6.Anti folates (Folic acid analogues / folate antagonists)
7.Carcinogens with examples
8.Carcinogenesis/Oncogenesis
9.Mutagens (to be explained about X-rays,gamma
rays,UV rays and all types of chemical carcinogens)
10.Examples for onco fetal proteins
11.AFP & CEA
12.CA-125 & PSA
13.Apoptosis
EXTRA CELLULAR MATRIX(ECM):
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1.Composition and functions of ECM(Extra cellular
matrix)
2.Structure and functions of collagen
3.Elastin , actin and myosin
4.Multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre syndrome
5.Protein targeting and sorting
CELL AND ORGANELLES, CELL MEMBRANE,TRANSPORT
ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE:
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1.Structure and functions of mitochondria
2.Structure of cell membrane/fluid mosaic model of cell
membrane
3.Transport mechanisms of cell membrane (OR) Active
transport,Passive transport - simple diffusion &
facilitated diffusion
4.Uniport, Symport and antiport
5.Cytoskeleton
6.Amphipathic lipids/phospholipids of cell membrane
7.Functions of cell and its organelles
PLASMA PROTEINS:
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1.Plasma proteins and their functions
2.Functions of albumin
3.Hypo albuminemia
4.Acute phase proteins(ceruloplasmin, C-reactive
proteins and alpha-2 macroglobulin-AMG)
ACID-BASE BALANCE:
ESSAY QUESTIONS:
1.What is the normal PH of blood. Explain the role of
plasma buffers and the renal mechanisms in the
maintenance of acid-base balance (OR) Name the
important buffer systems in the body. Describe the role
of buffers, kidney and lungs(renal & respiratory
regulation) in the maintenance of acid-base balance.
Add a note on Acid-base disturbances
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1.Bicarbonate buffer systems
2.Blood buffers
3.Acid – base disturbances
4.Metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis with
compensatory mechanisms
5.Respiratory acidosis and respiratoty alkalosis with
compensatory mechanisms
6.Explain the terms Anion gap, alkali reserve and
chloride shift
7.Henderson-Hasselbatch equation
CHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM OF NUCLEOTIDES:
ESSAY QUESTIONS:
1.What is the normal serum uric acid level. Explain
about degradation or catabolism of purine
nucleotides(synthesis/formation of uric acid).Add a
note on disorders of purine metabolism. What are he
suggestive methods of decreasing serum uric acid level.
2.Outline the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides
3.Outline the de novo sysnthesis of pyrimidine
nucleotides
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1.Catabolism or degradation of purine nucleotides
2.Gout
3.Lesch-Nyhan’s syndrome
4.Orotic aciduria
5.Salvage pathway of purines and pyrimidines
6.Synthetic nucleotides or synthetic analogues of
nucleotides,purine base analogues,pyrimidine base
analogues and modified purines.
7.Structure and functions of DNA/Features of Watson &
Crick model of DNA
8.Structure and functions of different types of RNA’s
9.Differences between DNA and RNA
10.Sources of carbons and nitrogens for purine and
pyrimidine ring
11.Define nucleoside and give examples
12.Define nucleotide and give examples
13.Catabolism of pyrimidine nucleotides
14.Renal Gout
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY:
ESSAY QUESTIONS:
1.Define Translation(protein synthesis). Explain the
process transalation under the following headings.
a.Activation of amino acid b.Initiation
c.Elongation d.Termination
E.Post translational modifications
F.Inhibitors of translation
2.Define replication.Explain the process of replication
with inhibitors.Add a note on Xeroderma pigmentosum
3.Define transcription. Explain the process of
transcription.Add a note on post transcriptional
modification.
4.Recombinant DNA Technology(RDT) and its
applications
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1.Xeroderma pigmentosum
2.Okazaki pieces
3.Post translational modifications
4.Post transcriptional modifications
5.Inhibitors of transcription and translation
6.RDT & its applications
7.Restriction endo nucleases
8.DNA repair mechanisms
9.Cell cycle
10.Genetic code
11.Mutations
12.Blotting techniques
13.PCR
14.Gene library
15.Gene therapy
16.Regulation of gene ecpression/Lac Operon
concept/Induction and repression of enzyemes
17.Vectors/Plasmids
18.Human genome project
19.Resctricted fragment length polymorphism(RFLP)
20.DNA sequencing
21.Protein folding
22.Introns, exons and cistron
23.DNA & RNA polymerases
24.Ribozymes
25.Bio medical waste disposal
IMMUNOLOGY:
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1.Structure and functions of immunoglobulins
2.Multiple myeloma and Bence-Jones proteins
3.Monoclonal antibodies with applications and
hybridoma technology
4.Cell mediated immunity and Humoral immunity(OR)
Explain cellular and humoral components of immune
system
5.Explain innate and adaptive immune
responses,self/non self recognition and the role of T-
helper cells in immune responses
6.Immune responses
7.Describe antigens and concepts involved in Vaccine
development
8. ELISA & RIA
9.Tumor necrosis facror(TNF) alfa & beta
WATER & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE:
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1.Hypo and heper kalemia
2.Hypo and hyper natremia
3.Osmotic diuresis
4.Functions of sidium, potassium and chlorides
5.Process involved in the water and electrolyte balance
of body fluids
5.Name serum electrolytes. Explain their normal values
and their role
6.Disturbances in fluid and electrolyte balance
7.Renin angiotensisn system
8.Osmolality and osmolarity
9.ABG(arterial blood gas analysis & Ion selective
electrodes(ISE)
PROBABLE CLINICAL CASES:
1.Hyper calcemia
2.Hypo calcemia
3.Iron deficiency anaemia
4.Wilson’s disease
5.Phenyketonuria
6.Alkaptonuria
7.Harnups’s disease
8.Maple syrup urine disease
9.Hyperammonemia
10.Hyperoxaluria
11.Homocystinurua
12.Nephrotic syndrome
13.Liver cirrhosis
14.Multiple myeloma
15.Metabolic acidosis
16.Metabolic alkalosis
17.Respiratory acidosis
18.Respiratory alkalosis
19.Hyper kalemia
20.Hypokalemia
21.Hyper natremia
22.Hypo natremia
23.Gout
24.Lesch-Nyhan’s syndrome