1.

Introduction

Science is a broad spectrum of empirically evaluating all the transient things in the

world. It is an organized format of inquiry that is systematically acquired. From ancient

thinkers to contemporary, science has been molding theories on either society, natural

development, and technical inquiries. Therefore, it correlates with how man’s psyche

makes it a vital study (Porter, 2020).

Given how broad science can embrace, it is partitioned into four disciplines (1)

Natural Sciences, (2) Social Sciences, (3) Formal Sciences, and (4) Applied Sciences.

These are the subdomains under the branches of the discipline of science (Dileepa, 2021).

Nonetheless, although they are distinguished into four partitions, they are still

interdependent with each other. It forwards then that (1) Biology, (2) Chemistry, and (3)

Physics became the main branches of science for the said classifications attached to the

four disciplines.

Sciences is a manner of precluding natural phenomena (Debarati , 2021). However,

sciences cannot reach their goal without utilizing available and appropriate methods that

correspond to the assumptions (Hwang, Choi, & Hand, 2020). Thus, Mathematics is

necessarily combined with the discipline of sciences.

In this paper, the researcher will set forth a short evaluation of the three main

branches of science and provide a mathematical method for further analysis.

2. Areas of Mathematics used in General Science

The process of producing evidence of whether or not the assumption in the turf of

science is valid or not can only be determined with a type of model of mathematics (Kuttler

& Müller, 2015).

2.1. Deterministic and Discrete Models for Biology

There are two mathematical models found in the area of Biology. These two main

models are recognized as Deterministic Models and Stochastic Models (Kuttler & Müller,

2015). They both have many underlying methods. However, to avoid confusion,

deterministic models are somehow the ideal concept to apply to research, while discrete

models enhance the latter. Therefore, the researcher would provide one example of an

equation from the applied method of discrete models.

Deterministic Models are usually in the form of (1) difference equations, (2)

ordinary differential equations, and (3) partial differential equations. At the same time,

Discrete Models are considered to calculate population with time. It means to say that

development systems will be observed and calculated.

Example: Let xn be the population size in the n-th generation. Model assumption:

Each individual has (in the average) descendants. Then we get:

+1 = axn (a ∈ R+)

However, the interpretation of the factor a is a different one: a = 1 + γ − µ, where

γ is the birth rate, and µ is the death rate (per time interval, e.g., year). In this model, no

age structure of the population is included.

 xn

1 2 3 4

Generally:

xn+1 = f(xn) is denoted to be a differential equation of first order.

2.2. Measuring Matter for Chemistry

Measurement is an essential aspect bound to be part of any research done by

scientists, especially in chemistry (Gordon, 2021). Error in balancing the measurements

can lead to damaging the equipment. Hence, the application and method of conversions are

vital to be realized in this field of study.

Types of equipment in a laboratory often have direct measurements plastered, such

as measuring the volume of liquid with pipettes, burets, graduated cylinders, and

volumetric flasks. In contrast, the mass of solid or liquid substances with a balance is either

manual action or digital ones.

 Instruments that Measure Volume

Instruments that Measure Mass

Generally:

Unlike the other branches, chemistry usually uses basic math such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, or division.

2.3. Thermal Efficiency for Physics

From the main branches of science, Physics has the most complex calculations with

mathematics. It is a branch wherein a lot of formulas and methods were suggested and
used. However, the researcher will be providing an example within the scope of

thermodynamics.

A heat engine carries some active substance through a cyclic process during (1) the

working substance absorbs energy by heat from a high-temperature energy reservoir, (2)

work is done by the engine, and (3) energy is expelled by heat to a lower-temperature

reservoir.

For example:

Schematic representation of a heat engine.

The engine absorbs a quantity of energy |Qh| from the hot reservoir. For the

mathematical discussion of heat engines, we use absolute values to make all energy

transfers by heat positive, and the direction of transfer is indicated with a clear positive or
negative sign. The engine works Weng (so that negative work W = Weng is done on the

engine) and then gives up a quantity of energy |Qc| to the cold reservoir.

Because the working substance goes through a cycle, its initial and final internal

energies are equal: ∆Eint = 0. Hence, from the first law of thermodynamics, ∆Eint = Q +

W = Q – Weng = 0, and the network Weng did by a heat engine is equal to the net energy

Qnet transferred to it. As you can see from Active Figure, Qnet = |Qh| 2 |Qc|; therefore,

Weng = |Qh| 2 |Qc|

Therefore, thermal efficiency e of a heat engine is defined as the ratio of the net

work done by the engine during one cycle to the energy input at the higher temperature

during the cycle:

3. Conclusion

The models and mathematical calculations indeed vary. It has its satisfying usage

to be in the process of reaching the goal of either truth, knowledge, and development. It

has shown how science is every day riching itself with the constant alterations and

occurring unpredictable scientific dispute. Fortunately, the three main branches of science:

Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, are still practiced as one by scientists and aspiring

science learners, even if they have their disciplines.

4. Bibliography

Debarat, D. (2021). Importance of Science Education to Achieve Sustainable Society. In

D. Debarati, Advances in Science Education (pp. 6-11). Ermington, Sydney:
Lincoln Research and Publications Limited.
Dileepa, D. (2021, January 19). Branches of Science: The Complete List [2021 Update].
Retrieved from Science Mirror: https://www.sciencemirror.com/branches-of-
science-the-complete-list/
Gordon, E. (2021, March 20). Measuring Matter. Retrieved from Chemistry LibreTexts:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Furman_University/CHM101%3A_Chemistry
_and_Global_Awareness_(Gordon)/02%3A_The_Mathematics_of_Chemistry/2.0
1%3A_Measuring_Matter
Hwang, J., Choi, K. M., & Hand, B. (2020). Examining Domain-General Use of Reasoning
Across Science and Mathematics Through Performance on Standardized
Assessments. Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology
Education, 521-537.
Kuttler, C., & Müller, J. (2015). Methods and Models in Mathematical Biology. In C.
Kuttler, & J. Müller, Lecture Notes on Mathematical Modelling in the Life Sciences
(pp. 1-25). Switzerland: Springer.
Porter, T. M. (2020). Natural Science and Social Theory. In T. M. Porter, Companion to
the History of Science (p. 20). London: Routledge.