INTRODUCTION

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing,

recycling or disposal and monitoring of waste materials.

The two conventional principles of waste management

were: ‘Dilute and disperse’ or ‘concentrate and contain’.

The main necessity of waste management is to enrich the

resources which are being depleted due to rising
population and increasing consumption rates.
 Waste- Definition & Classification

Any material which is not needed by the owner, producer or

processor.

Classification
• Domestic waste
• Factory waste
• Waste from oil factory
• E-waste
• Construction waste
• Agricultural waste
• Food processing waste
• Bio-medical waste
• Nuclear waste
 Terms
i) Solid (non hazardous) Waste: any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste treatment
plant, e.g., domestic trash, metal scrap, empty containers, boiler slag & fly-ash.

(ii) Waste (or Refuse/rubbish/trash/garbage/junk): substances or objects which are

disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by
the provisions of the law” . It can be decomposing and non-decomposing,
combustible & non-combustible solid wastes.

(iii) Municipal Solid waste (MSW): trash/garbage consists of everyday items like
product packaging, grass cropping, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps,
newspapers, appliances, paint and batteries.

(iv) Hazardous Waste: Waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health
or the environment.
(V) Plastic waste- plastic bags, bottles, buckets etc.
(VI) Metal waste- unused metal sheet, metal scraps etc.
(VII) Nuclear waste- unused materials from nuclear power plants
 HEALTH IMPACTS OF SOLID WASTE

Exposure to hazardous waste can affect human health,

children being more vulnerable to these pollutants.

Improperly operated incineration plants cause air

pollution and improperly managed and designed landfills
attract all types of insects and rodents that spread disease.

Direct handling of solid waste results in chronic diseases

with the waste workers and the rag pickers being the most
vulnerable.
 STRUCTURE OF MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTE
MSW

Refuse Trash

Bulky wastes (TV, refrigerators goods,

Broken furniture, etc.)

Garbage Rubbish

Putrescible matter non-degradable (glass, rubber,

Metals, plastics non-metal set)

Vegetables, Meats, food

Wastes and other readily
Degradable organic wastes slowly degradable (paper, wood
Products, textiles etc.)
HIERARCHY OF INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Segregation at source MSW waste minimization

Waste collection from source to segregation centers

Waste segregation into degradable to non- degradable

Non degradable wastes organic waste size reduction

Recycling plant aerobic composting

Agricultural land, gardens etc

 WASTE MINIMISATION

Prevention of waste being created is known as waste

reduction which is an important method of waste
management.

The modern concepts based on the three ‘R’s are: Reduce,

Reuse and Recycle.

Methods of avoidance include reuse of second hand

products, designing products to be refillable or reusable,
repairing broken items instead of buying new etc.
 HIERARCHY OF
WASTE MINIMIZATION
 PROCESSES CARRIED OUT DURING THE
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Integrated solid waste management through the following

processes can provide a better reliable solution for the
problem of municipal solid waste generation.

 WASTE COLLECTION
 SEGREGATION
 RECYCLING
 SHREDDING OR PULVERIZING
 COMPOSTING
 WASTE COLLECTION

 From individual houses, wastes can be collected in person

with the help of vehicle.

 To minimize the time and cost involved in collecting waste

through vehicles, public can be given instruction to dump
their house wastes in one place (nearby their street).
 SEGREGATION

Segregation of wastes into degradable and non-degradable

wastes is to be done to recover or divert non-degradable
wastes (electric items, plastics, tyres etc.) and degradable
items (wood, textiles etc.) to its recycling plant and if
possible, it can be reused.

It is a tedious process which therefore needs labour.

Magnets can also be used to segregate ferrous metals.

This process will help in reducing the amounts of waste

going for composting and also earns money (through
selling wastes to recycling plant.
 RECYCLING

The non-degradable and degradable wastes can be

recycled very economically in the recycling
plants.

Apart from sending wastes to recycling plant, recycling of

some organic waste is possible.

Some of the waste recycling techniques are: Fly ash,

Organic wastes, Slag and scrap, Industrial gases,
Waste waters, Recovery of silver from photographic films.
 SHREDDING OR PULVERIZING

 This process involves in size reduction of organic wastes

before it goes for composting.

 This process reduces the overall volume by 40%.

ADVANTAGES:
 It will increase surface area availability for bacterial
activity (decomposition).
 Facilitates easy handling of moisture content and aeration.
 COMPOSTING

Aerobic composting is one of the cheapest and easiest

methods that are being available for MSW.

Generally, composting can be carried out in three

techniques. They are
i) windrow composting
ii) Aerated static pile method
iii) In vessel method
 Landfills
Landfill is the site for the disposal of waste materials by burial
and is the oldest form of waste treatment.
 management
Any waste or combination of wastes that poses a substantial danger, now
or in future to living beings and which therefore cannot be handled or
disposed of without special precaution
Classification of Hazardous wastes
• Specific type of wastes from nonspecific sources
• Specific type of wastes from specific sources,
• Specific substances identified as acute hazardous waste,
• Specific substances identified as hazardous wastes,
• Characteristic wastes which exhibit: ignitability, corrosivity (pH <2,
or >12.5), reactivity, toxicity.
 General hazardous waste management strategies

• Minimize, stimulate waste exchange, recycle, detoxify, reduce

the volume, incinerate, stabilize/solidify, disposal in special
landfills

Treatment technologies for hazardous wastes:

• Biological treatment, chemical treatment, neutralization,

oxidation, precipitation, reduction, carbon adsorption,
distillation, ion exchange, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis,
solvent extraction, incineration

Land disposal methods for hazardous wastes:

• Deep well injection
• land treatment
• Secure landfill.
 Management of radioactive waste

High level radioactive waste management:

•Store indefinitely,
•Reprocess,
•Dispose of by burial or
•Isolation.

Low-level radioactive waste management:

•waste minimization,
•volume reduction by compression,
•volume reduction by incineration, containment.
 NIMBY principle: Not in my
• backyard
The term is used to describe opposition by residents to a proposal for
a new development close to them.
• Household hazardous wastes: paints, insecticides, automotive
products, solvents, and some cleaners.
Guidelines for household hazardous chemicals:
• Inventory all products in your home
• Read product labels,
• Buy only what is needed,
• Keep out of reach of children,
• Don’t store chemicals with food,
• Don’t store flammable liquids or gases in home,
• Recycle,
• Use non-hazardous alternative products,
• Dispose off properly,
• Keep hazardous products in original containers,
• Never put hazardous wastes in household garbage,
• Never reuse pesticide containers
Disposal methods for household hazardous wastes:
1. Automotive products: Waste oil/gasoline:
o Drain used oil to a plastic leak-proof container with a tight-fitting
lid
o Take to a Service station or oil change business,
o Discard empty oil bottles in trash with lid on,
o Do not dump used oil on ground, into streets drains or down the
sink.
o Car batteries: exchange.
2. Paints & related products:
Paint and paint removers:
• Check into non-toxic alternatives for some of these products.
• Take to the household hazardous waste facility for collection.
• Use adequate ventilation & exercise caution with these products.
• Never put paint brushes in mouth.
Paint:
• Paint out small amounts on newspaper to empty cans.
• Recycle empty and dry paint cans with scrap metal.
• Alternative use latex and water based paints which do not require
hazardous cleanup materials, or buy non-toxic paints when available.
Paint solvents and thinner:
• Avoid using oil-based paints and other products that require solvents
or thinner for cleanup.
• In a closed jar, allow sludge to settle to bottom, pour off and reuse
the clear liquid on top.
• Unused portion to household hazardous waste treatment facility.
 3. Chemical waste: acids, alkali, solvents, chemicals, poisons &
cytotoxics.

Chemical incompatibilities: should not mix: acids and alkali,

bleaches, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, solvents &
flammables in waste containers: chemical reactions

•Ammonia with hypochlorite bleach,

•nitric acid with acetic acid/sulphuric acid,
•1-butanol with strong mineral acids,
•n-butylamine with copper and copper alloys,
•n-n-dimethyl formamide with halogenated HC,
•ethyl acetate with strong alkali,
•ethylene dichloride with strong oxidizing materials,
•ethylene glycol with sulphuric acid,
•MEK peroxide with flammable,
•1,1,1 trichloroethane with caustic soda and caustic potash.
4. Biomedical waste Surgical dressings, cultures, biological tissues,
needles and other sharps.

5. Infectious waste: Biohazardous waste, biologicl, medical,

hospital, microbial, pathological etc
• Human blood & blood products, cultures and stocks of infectious
agents,
• Pathological wastes,
• Contaminated sharps,
• Contaminated laboratory wastes,
• Contaminated waste from patient care,
• Discarded biologicals,
• Contaminated animal carcasses,
• Body parts, and bedding,
• Contaminated equipment & miscellaneous infectious wastes.
 CPCB Standards
Hospital wastes: Standards for incinerators:

A)Operating standards: Combustion efficiency shall be at least

99.00%.
B) Combustion efficiency (CE) = % CO2/ [ % CO2 + CO] * 100.
C)Secondary chamber gas residence time shall be at least one
second at 1050 ± 50 degrees C with minimum 3% Oxygen in
stack gas.
 Emission standards: Parameters
concentration mg/m3

• Particulate matter
150
• Nitrogen oxide
450
• HCL
50
• Min stack height shall be 30 m above
ground
• Volatile organic compounds in ash
shall not be more than 0.01%
Note:
• Suitably designed pollution control devices
should be installed filled with incinerator to achieve
the above emission limits, if necessary.

• Wastes to be incinerated shall not be chemically

treated with any chlorinated disinfection.

• Chlorinated plastics shall not be incinerated.

• Toxic metals in incineration ash shall be limited

within regulatory quantities as defined under the
hazardous waste management and handling rules,
1989.

• Only low sulfur fuel like diesel shall be used as

fuel incinerator.
 Standards for waste
autoclave
Gravity flow autoclave
Vacuum autoclave
• Proper time and temperature with
pressure
• Recording of operational parameters
• Validation test: spore testing- biological
indicator-Bacillus stearothermophilus-
vial or spore strips
• Routine test: chemical indicator for temp
at different locations
 Standards for liquid waste:

Effluent generated from hospital

 Standards for deep burial
• Dug a pit or trench about 3 meters deep. Half
filled with waste, covered with lime within 50
cm of surface before filling rest with soil.
• Ensure that animals do not have any access
to burial sites.
• A layer of 10 cm. of soil shall be added to cover
wastes.
• Burial under close and dedicated supervision.
• Deep burial site should be relatively impermeable
and no shallow well should be close to the
site.
• Pits should be distant from habitation, and
sited so as to ensure that no contamination
occurs of any surface water/ground water.
• Location must be authorized by competent
authority.
• Institution shall maintain a record of all pits for
Computer and electronic scrap
recycling
• Average life span of computer
system is 3-5 years
• Dioxin, CFC and halogens
• Beryllium, Mercury, Cadmium and
brominated flame retardants: not
easy to remove
• Mobiles, stereos & microwaves
• The manufacturer: (Extended
producer responsibility)
 Solution for e-waste
• Add tax or surcharge onto purchase
• The fund can be utilized: but customer remains
unaware
• Recycling programs by the makers: take back
– Product end of life management
– Eco design
– Life cycle thinking
– Extended producer responsibility
• WEEE- European union of electrical and electronic
equipment
• Manufacturers and those who sell their own
brand
• Resells under his own brands
• Importers and exporters
 CASE STUDY

According to the ABS, the recycling rate is high and is

increasing with 99% of households (2003 survey), up
from85% in 1992. This suggests that Australians are in
favour of reduced or no landfilling and the recycling of
waste.

In Taipei, the city government charges the waste by which

the amount of the waste produced is reduced.

In Canadian urban centres, curbside collection is the most

common method of disposal, whereby the city collects the
waste and is then transported to a regional landfill.
 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
ACHIEVED

First and foremost, the surroundings become very clean.

Air pollution resulting from the burning of the waste has

been eliminated completely.

The use of chemical fertilizers has been stopped in the

nurseries, instead of which organic manure is being used.

Income from the sale of manure and recyclable waste have

crossed 2 lakhs.
 OUTCOMES
The technique of Integrated Solid Waste management
(ISWM) can be practiced with short term training about
the fundamentals involved by the public.

The cost involved in establishing this technique is very

cheap and it is easy to install and maintain the process.

As it is very effective in managing the solid waste, it will

provide a better solution when implemented.

Thus, ISWM can be readily adopted for solid waste

problem at municipal level.