ES 208 - Module 1:

Introduction
Engr. Jomar A. Dela Peña
Instructor, CE Dept., USTP-CDO
Outline
▪ 1.0 Introduction to Differential Equation
▪ 1.1 Definition and Classification of DE
▪ 1.2 Solution of a DE

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What is a Differential Equation?
▪ An equation involving derivatives of a function or functions

▪ An equation which contains one or more terms and the derivatives of one
variable (i.e., dependent variable) with respect to the other variable (i.e.,
independent variable)

▪ An equation containing the derivatives of one or more dependent variables with

respect to one or more independent variables, is said to be a differential
equation (DE)

▪ dy/dx = f(x), here “x” is an independent variable and “y” is a dependent variable.

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Classification of DE
▪ A differential Equations are classified by its Type, Order, and Linearity

Classification by

TYPE ORDER LINEARITY

DEGREE

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Classification of DE
Classification by Type

If an equation containing An equation involving

only ordinary derivatives → partial derivatives → it is
it is said to be Ordinary said to be Partial
Differential Equation (ODE) Differential Equation (PDE)

dy u u
1 + 5y = ex 2 u= +
dx x y

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Classification of DE

The order of a differential equation (ODE or

Classification by Order PDE) is the order of the highest derivative
appearing in the equation.

Example :  2
u  3
u
3 u = 2+ 3
4
1 y '+5 y = e y ' ' '
x
x y

2 
dy 5 x d y
2
4 u = 2 (u − w) + ( w2 + 5u )
4
2 ( ) + 2y = e
4
x y
dx dx 2

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Classification of DE

If an ODE can be written as a polynomial in

Classification by the unknown function and its derivatives,
Degree then its DEGREE is the power to which the
highest-order derivative is raised.

Example :  2
u  3
u
3 u = 2+ 3
4
1 y '+5 y = e y ' ' '
x
x y

2 
dy 5 x d y
2
4 u = 2 (u − w) + ( w2 + 5u )
4
2 ( ) + 2y = e
4
x y
dx dx 2

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Classification of DE
An nth ODE is said to be non-linear if the
Classification by degree of one unknown function F(x, y, y’,
linearity y’’,…,y(n)) is other than one (1). It is linear if
the degree is one (1).

Example :  2
u  3
u
3 u = 2+ 3
4
1 y '+5 y = e y ' ' '
x
x y

2 
dy 5 x d y
2
4 u = 2 (u − w) + ( w2 + 5u )
4
2 ( ) + 2y = e
4
x y
dx dx 2

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Classification of DE
An nth ODE in the unknown function y and
Classification by the independent variable x is linear if it has
linearity the form
𝑑𝑛𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑏𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛−1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑏0 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥

Example :
1 y '+5 y = e x y ' ' '  2
u  3
u
3 u = 2+ 3
4

x y

2 
dy 5 x d y
2
4 u = 2 (u − w) + ( w2 + 5u )
4
2 ( ) + 2y = e
4
x y
dx dx 2

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Classification of DE

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Classification of DE

Let's see examples DEs. Forms of DEs and their characteristics.

𝑑𝑦
2𝑥  8 = | ordinary, 1st order, degree 1, linear
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥2 + 𝑦2)𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 | ordinary, 1st order, degree 1, non-linear
𝑑2 𝑠
 𝑘2𝑠 + 𝑎 = 0 | ordinary, 2nd order, degree 1, linear
𝑑𝑡2
𝑦" + (𝑦)2 = 𝑦 | ordinary, 2nd order, degree 1, non-linear
𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 2
= h2 ( + ) | partial, 2nd order, degree 2, non-linear
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑦2

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Solutions of DE

Solutions of DE

General Solution Particular Solution

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Solutions of DE

General solution
In finding the general solution of a given DE, we have to perform integrations
and arrive at an equation involving an arbitrary constant, say C, for a DE of order
one or set of arbitrary constants for an nth order DE.
Moreover, a complete solution to an nth order DE contains 𝑛 arbitrary
constants and its general form is the function 𝑮(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝑪𝟏,𝑪𝟐, ... , 𝑪𝒏-𝟏,𝑪𝒏 ) = 𝟎
where 𝐶1, 𝐶2, ... , 𝐶𝑛-1, 𝐶𝑛 are the arbitrary constants.

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Solutions of DE

General Solution
EXAMPLE: Consider the given the DE 𝑦 = 𝑥2  𝟑.
If we want to perform an integration process, we must first transform the DE to
have differentials 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑦.

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Solutions of DE

Particular solution

A particular solution (PS) of a differential equation is a solution obtained from

the general solution (GS) by assigning specific values to the arbitrary constants.
The conditions for calculating the values of the arbitrary constants can be
provided to us in the form of an Initial-Value Problem, or Boundary Conditions,
depending on the problem.

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Solutions of DE

Particular solution
EXAMPLE: Find the particular solution of 𝑦= 5 given that 𝑦(0) = 2.

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Solutions of DE
Another thing to learn is how to eliminate an arbitrary constant or how to find
the differential equation by Elimination of Arbitrary Constant.

EXAMPLE: Eliminate the arbitrary constants 𝑨 and 𝑩 from the equation 𝒚 = 𝑨𝒆-𝟐𝒙 + 𝑩𝒆𝟑𝒙.

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Solutions of DE

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Solutions of DE
Another thing to learn is how to eliminate an arbitrary constant or how to find
the differential equation by Elimination of Arbitrary Constant.

EXAMPLE: Eliminate the arbitrary constants c from the equation 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒙.

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Solutions of DE

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THANK YOU

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