AE-2230-II Propulsion and Power

Lecture-2 Ideal Cycles

Dr Ivan Langella
Flight Performance and Propulsion (FPP)

Delft
University of
Technology

Challenge the future

 CONTENTS

1. Ideal Otto cycle

2. Ideal Brayton cycle
3. Classification of cycles
4. Variations of the Brayton cycle
5. Real Brayton Cycle

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 2

CONTENTS

Otto & Brayton Cycle

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 3

Reciprocating Engine

1. Intake/Induction Stroke
-process wherein vaporized gas and air
mixture is taken in
2. Compression Stroke

-mixture is compressed
3. Power/Combustion Stroke
-mixture is ignited
4. Exhaust Stroke
-removes exhausted fuel

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 4

The Otto cycle

Qin Wout

Win

Qout

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 5

 The Otto cycle
( qin - qout ) + ( win - wout ) = 0

( qin + win ) = ( qout + wout )

qin = u3 - u2 = cv (T3 - T2 )

qout = u4 - u1 = cv (T4 - T1 )
wnet ( wout - win ) ( qin - qout )
hth = = =
qin qin qin
æT ö
T1 ç 4 - 1÷
(q - q ) (T - T ) T
hth = in out = 1 - 4 1 = 1 - è 1 ø
qin (T3 - T2 ) æT ö
T2 ç 3 - 1÷ Valves
è T2 ø

Processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, and v2= v3 and v4= v1. Thus

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 7

 The Otto cycle

Processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, and v2= v3

and v4= v1.

k -1 k -1
T1 æ v2 ö æv ö T4
=ç ÷ =ç 3÷ =
T2 è v1 ø è v4 ø T3
æT ö
T1 ç 4 - 1÷
T T
hth = 1 - è 1 ø = 1 - 1
æT ö T2
T2 ç 3 - 1÷
è T2 ø
k -1 k -1
T æv ö æ 1 ö
hth = 1 - 1 = 1 - ç 2 ÷ = 1- ç ÷ Where CR is the compression ratio
T2 è v1 ø è CR ø
CR > 1

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 8

Reciprocating Engine vs Gas Turbine

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 9

Schematic of a Gas turbine

inlet compressor Combustion turbine duct nozzle

chamber

0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 10

 Brayton Cycle on T-S diagram
inlet compressor Combustion turbine duct nozzle
chamber

0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8

5 ,7

T
3
8

2
0,1

S
Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 11
 Brayton Cycle on p-v diagram
inlet compressor Combustion turbine duct nozzle
chamber

3 4
0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8

7
5
p

8
2 0,1

v
Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 12
Ideal Gas Turbine cycle

compressor combustion chamber

Hot Gases
Intake

turbine Exhaust
Nozzle

Gas Generator

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 13

 Ideal cycle - assumptions

Ideal basic cycle

§ Ideal gas with constant cp and cv T 43
and constant composition
§ constant mass flow g
§ compression and expansion 32
adiabatic and reversible (i.e. 48
isentropic) 21
s
§ no pressure losses
§ D kinetic energy per component = 0
In the reader, the station 8 is sometimes referred to as station 5
Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 14
h-S Diagram

Ideal basic cycle

p = constant
h
or 4
T

g
3
8

S
Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 15
Ideal cycle – process data

§1st law of thermodynamics: Ideal basic cycle

( ! 43
∆ 𝑚̇ 𝑐$ 𝑇 + !𝑣 + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑄̇ )* - 𝑊̇ +,- T
g
3
Compression 𝑊̇ !"# = 𝑚𝑐
̇ $ (𝑇# − 𝑇!) 2
48
21
Heat supply 𝑄̇ #"% = 𝑚𝑐
̇ $ (𝑇% − 𝑇#) s
Expansion 1 𝑊̇ %"& = 𝑚𝑐
̇ $ (𝑇% − 𝑇& )

Expansion 2 𝑊̇&& = 𝑊̇ &"' = 𝑚𝑐

̇ $ (𝑇& − 𝑇')

Heat discharge 𝑄̇ '"! = 𝑚𝑐

̇ $ (𝑇' − 𝑇!)

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 16

Power balance

𝑊̇ !"# + 𝑄̇ #"% = 𝑊̇ %"& + 𝑊̇&& + 𝑄̇ '"!

𝑊̇ !"# = 𝑊̇ %"& 43
T
g
𝑄̇ #"% = 𝑊̇&& + 𝑄̇ '"! 32
8
4
21
s
Ideal basic cycle

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 17

Ideal cycle – Efficiency

h th = Thermal efficiency of the cycle

æ work output ö æ W4-8 - W2-3 ö

h th = ç ÷ =ç ÷
è heat input ø è Q3- 4 ø
æ c p (T4 - T8 ) - c p (T3 - T2 ) ö
=ç ÷÷
ç c p (T4 - T3 )
è ø P Is the pressure ratio of the cycle
P = p3/p2 = p4/p8
æ (T4 - T8 ) - (T3 - T2 ) ö k = cp / cv
hth = ç ÷
è (T4 - T3 ) ø
æ T4 ö k -1 æ T3 ö k -1
However ç ÷= P k and ç ÷= P k
è T8 ø è T2 ø
Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 18
Ideal cycle – Efficiency
æ æ ö æ öö
æ æ T8 ö æ T2 ö ö ç T ç1 - 1 ÷ - T ç1 - 1 ÷ ÷
ç T4 ç1 - ÷ - T3 ç1 - ÷ ÷ ç 4ç k -1
÷ 3
ç k -1
÷÷
T4 ø T3 ø ÷ Õ ø
k
è Õ ø÷
k
hth = ç è è =ç è
ç (T4 - T3 ) ÷ ç (T4 - T3 ) ÷
çç ÷÷ ç ÷
è ø çç ÷÷
è ø

æ æ öö
ç (T - T ) × ç1 - 1 ÷ ÷
ç 4 3 ç k -1
÷÷ é 1 ù
hth = ç è Õ ø÷
k
h th = ê1 - k - 1 ú
ç (T4 - T3 ) ÷
ç ÷ êë P k úû
çç ÷÷
è ø
Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 19
Gas power
Ideal basic cycle
§Gas generator
34

Tg = T4 - (T3 - T2 ) = 32
g

48
k -1
=T4 -T2 ( P k - 1) 21

k k
æ T g ök - 1 é T2
p g = p4 ç ÷ = p2 P ê 1 -
èT4 ø ë T4
k -1 ùk - 1
P k -1 ú
û
( )
Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 20
 34
Specific power
g
Ideal basic cycle 32
48
21

Similarly the non-dimensional form of the specific power

can be derived as

𝑊̇ .,&& 𝑇% 1 0"(
= 1− 0"( − Π 0 −1
𝑐$ 𝑇! 𝑇!
Π 0

The subscript ‘s’ stands for specific (per unit mass of air)

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 21

Specific power and efficiency (ideal cycle)

0,7 64
hth 0,6 32
P opt 16
0,5
8
0,4
0,3 4 p3
P=
0,2
3 45 67
2 p2
0,1
T4 T
0 2
0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
Ws,gg
c pT2
The peak value of specific power for a give temp. ratio is the
optimum pressure ratio
Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 22
Optimum pressure ratio in T-s diagram
Ideal basic cycle

T >>Poptopt
P>> P== Popt
opt

<<Poptopt
P <<

Which cycle gives

the highest hth?

s
Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 23
Optimal pressure ratio
34
𝑊̇&& = 𝑊̇ &"' = 𝑚𝑐
̇ $ (𝑇& − 𝑇')
g
32
k -1
T3 T4 T4 48
P k = = ® T8 = T2 21
T2 T8 T3

Differentiating 𝑊̇&& w.r.t. T3 and equating it to zero

T3 = T2 × T4
k k
æ T3 ö k -1 æ T4 ö 2(k -1)
= P Opt =ç ÷ =ç ÷
è T2 ø è T2 ø
Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 24
 Optimal pressure ratio

k
W s, gg æ T4 ö 2(k -1)
Thus = max. when P Opt = ç ÷
c p T2 è T2 ø
It can be further proven that this implies that T3=T8

!
𝑊̇ .,&& 𝑇% 𝑇!
= −1 𝜂-2 1!"# = 1 −
𝑐$ 𝑇! 𝑇! 𝑇%
1!"#

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 25

Rankine Cycle

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 26

Combined Cycle: Brayton & Rankine

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 27

Process Classification
Process / Fluid Single Phase (gas) Dual Phase
(liquid / vapor)
OPEN BRAYTON or JOULE: gas CHENG gas
continuous turbine turbine with steam
injection
OPEN DIESEL and OTTO WATT
intermittent piston engines steam engine
CLOSED BRAYTON or JOULE: RANKINE steam
continuous closed cycle gas turbine cycle organic fluid
cycle

CLOSED STIRLING
intermittent

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 28

Process Application

Single Phase Application

gas turbines Aircraft / Electricity / Ships /

Trains

piston engines Cars / Motorcycles / Ships /

Trains
closed cycle gas Nuclear / Space / Solar
turbine

STIRLING experimental

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 29

Process Application

Dual Phase Application

gas turbine with steam Electricity / Ships

or water injection

steam engine Locomotives

RANKINE Electricity (coal / oil / gas /

steam cycle nuclear) Electricity (waste heat /
organic fluid cycle biomass / small scale)

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 30

VARIATIONS OF THE
STANDARD BRAYTON
CYCLE

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 31

 Gas turbine with an Afterburning

Fuel
inlet compressor Combustion turbine duct nozzle
chamber

Fuel
0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 32

 Source: KLu

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 33

 Gas turbine with an Afterburning
Fuel
compressor Combustion
inlet turbine duct nozzle
chamber

0 1 2 3 4 5 Fuel 7 8
7

T
5
8
3

2
0,1

S Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 34

Schematic of a land based Gas turbine

1- inlet Exhaust

compressor Combustion turbine

chamber
Filter

Shaft Power

2 3 4 5

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 35

 Land based Gas turbine (ideal cycle)

4
g

g
T
3
5, 8 Note: the pressure losses in inlet
2
filter, inlet duct, exhaust duct, etc
0,1
is neglected. The velocity of
exhaust gases is also neglected
S
Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 36
Gas turbine with power turbine
1- inlet Exhaust

Power
compressor Combustion turbine turbine
chamber
Filter

Shaft Power

2 3 4 45 5

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 37

Gas turbine with Recuperator
8 - Exhaust

1- inlet
Heat
Exchanger

Air Filter Combustion

Chamber
Compressor

Turbine Power
Turbine
Shaft Power
CC

2 3 31 4 45 5

How would the T-S diagram of this architecture look like??

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 38

 Gas turbine with Recuperator Exhaust

1- inlet
HE

Air Filter
CC
C T PT
CC Shaft Power

2 3 31 4 45 5
4

T 45

31 For an effective recuperation, the

5 cycle pressure ratio should be low
3
8

1, 2

S Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 39

Gas turbine with Recuperator

Can we have a recuperator in a Jet Engine?

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 40

Gas turbine with Recuperator

Can we have a recuperator in a Jet Engine?

Heat
Exchanger
nozzle

Combustion
Chamber
Compressor

8 - Exhaust
inlet

Turbine

CC

45 8
1 2 3 31 4 7

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 41

Gas turbine with Recuperator

Can we have a recuperator in a Jet Engine?

In theory yes, but practically very difficult

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 42

Chapter 2: Ideal Cycles 43